MAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD

SOURCE OF SIGNAL:
The Earths time varying magnetic field is generated by two different sources which strongly differ in amplitude and in their time dependence behaviour. First source is magneto hydrodynamic process in earths outer core and second Magnetic field in the Earth due to their transient behaviour. The geomagnetic fluctuation range between to second or between frequencies of to hartz.Metrological activity such as lightening discharge produce Electromagnetic field with period shorter than 1 second between 0.5-5 hartz lies the dead-band at which the natural Electromagnetic fluctuations have a low intensity.Magnetitelluric measurement in this frequency range usually suffer from poor data quality.

BEHAVIOUR OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

The propagation of Electromagnetic fields can be a set of four relations called Maxwell equations. Given a polarised and magnetisable medium containing no electric and magnetic sources. The following relationship hold at all times for all frequencies. .B =0 .D=p E= H=J+ Equation 1 shows that Magnetic field, defined by Magnetic induction B(in tesla) are always source free. The electric displacement D (in c/mt2) is solely due to an electric charge density p (in c/mt2). Faradays law in equation3 shows that coupling of an induced Electric field E(In v/mt)in a closed loop due to a

time varying magnetic field B along the axis of induced Electric field. Curls of Magnetic field with a magnetic intensity H(in A/Mt) are caused by electric current densities J(in A/mt2) and time varying electric displacements. This is given in equations4 and is called amperes law.

But in the presence of a linear isotropic medium the material equation can be introduced. B=.H D=.E Symbols 1: =0.r (for Magnetic permeability) Symbols 2: =0. r(for dielectric permeability) Also 0=4 0=8.85 v-s/A-Mt A-S/V-Mt

0=Magnetic permeability for free space. 0=Dielectric permeability of free space. Current in the presence of an electric field can only flow if media has conductivity (in s/m) other than zero. J=.E (Ohms law) Now from these three equations such as B=.H D=.E J=.E Maxwell equations becomes

.B=0 .E=p/ E= B=E+

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IN HOMOGENOUS HALF SPACE

Now use the equations

B=E+
And take the curl of this equation ( ) = = ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( )

( ) (Telegraphy equation) But ( So

2

( ) ( ( ))

Assuming a time dependence

for B

Above Equation yields the Helmholtz Equation in the frequency domain

( 2- 2) Where denotes the complex wave no.
2

Undamped wave part travelling at a speed of C=1/ Is described by whose wavelength

In a homogenous medium such as earth the low frequencies utilised in Magneto telluric Method make the propagation constant (in m-1) play a important role(( )

This is quasistatic assumption and leads to diffuse equation for B field (

2 2

)B=0

Similarly for E Fields (

2 2

)E=0

These are two equations are the fundamental for the understanding the Magneto telluric Method in Comparison to other Geophysical Technique. One graph here Above two Equations are not only dependent on conductivity and angular frequency but are also depth dependent B=B(Z).Therefore diffusion Equation have following Equation B=B0 E=E0
1 1

B0, B1 ,E0 ,E1 are Electromagnetic fields at surface of the earth. B and E have to vanish for Z So solution of above equation B=B0 E=E0 With
2

AND Therefore B1

1=0

+B1 +E1 =
0

. .

Above equation shows that superposition of two characteristics of the fields. The fields vary sinusoidal with depth due to term but also a depth dependent attenuation due to term. The inversion of real part of is known as SKIN DEPTH. Since the magnetic permeability does not vary substantially in earth So skin depth in [m] ( ) is Of

is apparent resistivity of uniform half space(in ) and period in second. Electromagnetic fields are attenuated to a value of their surface amplitude at depth ( )

MAGNETOTELLURIC TECHNIQUE
Magnetotelluric is a passive exploration technique that utilizes a broad spectrum of naturally occurring geomagnetic variation as a power source for electromagnetic induction in earth.In this technique a current source is injected into ground.Magnetotelluric is more closely related to geomagnetic depth sounding.

SCHUSTER AND LAMB TECHNIQUE

These people have applied a mathematical technique for separating magnetovariational fields originating internal to earth from those of external origin,to geomagnetic observatory data and detected a significant internal component.

TICHNOV AND CAGNIARD THEORY

They realised that if electric and magnetic field variation are measured simultaneously then complex ratio describe the penetration of electromagnetic field into earth. The penetration depth of electromagnetic fields within the earth depends upon electromagnetic sounding period and on earths conductivity structure.

MAGNETOTELLURIC AS A PASSIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPLORATION METHOD AND ITS RELATION TO ACTIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC AND GEOELECTRIC METHOD
Magneto telluric is a passive electromagnetic technique that involves measuring fluctuation in natural electric and magnetic field in orthogonal direction at the surface of earth by determining conductivity structure of earth ranging from a few tens of meters to several hundred of kilometre. By Tikonov and cagniard principle Electromagnetic response from any depth could be obtained simply by extending magnetotelluric sounding period. This principle is embodied in electromagnetic skin depth relation which describe exponential decay of electromagnetic field as they diffuse into a medium. ( ) ( )1/2

Where ( )= Electromagnetic skin depth T= given time period = Averge conductivity of medium penetrated Magnetic permeability Note:1 At a depth ( ) electromagnetic fields are attenuated to amplitudes at surface of earth. of their

2:In M.T.studies one electromagnetic skin depth is generally equated with penetration depth of electromagnetic field in the earth. Above equation can be written as By using
-7

H/M

So ( )

Appearent resistivity of uniform half space So from these two equation one can follow that for a given sounding period the depth achieved by passive electromagnetic sounding will be dictated by the average conductivity of overlying sample of earth. Electromagnetic field that have penetrated earth have ranging from 10-3 to105 second.

CONDUCTION MECHANISM
Ascertaining subterranean electrical resistivity structure is rendered trivial unless electrical resistivity can be linked to other physical parameters. Temperature, pressure, permeability as well as frequency at which measurements are made play a crucial role in determining electrical resistivity exhibited by rocks and minerals.

The transmission of electric current by free charge carriers is referred. as conduction. Conduction occurs in rocks and minerals via three principal electric charge propagation mechanisms. 1:Electronic 2:Semi-conductor 3:Electrolytic ELECTRONIC CONDUCTION: It occurs in metallic ore mineral(Magnetic, Haematite)which can contain free electrons that transport charge.This is also significance in Earths core. A single crystal of graphite is an electronic conductor. SEMI CONDUCTION: It occurs in poor conductors containing few free charge carriers. Only a small proportion of electrons present in a semiconductor contribute conduction. It is dominated in mantle mineral such as Olivine. ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTION: It occurs in a solution containing free ions. Saline water is an electrolyte of particular relevance to crystal Electromagnetic studies.Fre water hasa significant effect on observed conductivites. In active tectonic region any partial melt generated by enhanced temperature, adiabatic decompression will also act as an Electrolyte.