Chapter 15 Miscellaneous Problems

C15S0M.001: Parametrize C: x = t, y =
4
3
t, 0 t 3. Then
ds =
_
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
dt =
5
3
dt and [x(t)]
2
+ [y(t)]
2
=
25
9
t
2
.
Therefore
_
C
(x
2
+y
2
) ds =
_
3
0
125
27
t
2
dt =
_
125
81
t
3
_
3
0
=
125
3
41.666666666667.
C15S0M.002: Parametrize C: x = t, y = t
2
, 1 t 1. Then
_
C
y
2
dx + x
2
dy =
_
1
1
(2t
3
+t
4
) dt =
_
1
2
t
4
+
1
5
t
5
_
1
1
=
2
5
.
C15S0M.003: We are given the curve C parametrized by r(t) = e
2t
, e
t
, e
t
, 0 t ln2. Because
F(t) = x, y, z , we can also write
F(t) = e
2t
, e
t
, e
t
,
and therefore
_
C
F T ds =
_
C
F dr =
_
ln 2
0
(2e
4t
+e
2t
e
2t
) dt =
1
2
_
e
4t
+e
2t
+e
2t
_
ln 2
0
=
69
8
= 8.625.
C15S0M.004: Parametrize the three line segments separately, as follows:
C
1
: x
1
(t) = 1 +t, y
1
(t) = 1, z
1
(t) = 2;
C
2
: x
2
(t) = 2, y
2
(t) = 1 + 2t, z
2
(t) = 2;
C
3
: x
3
(t) = 2, y
2
(t) = 3, z
2
(t) = 2 + 4t;
in each case the range for the parameter is 0 t 1. Hence
_
C
xyz ds =
_
C1
xyz ds +
_
C2
xyz ds +
_
C3
xyz ds
=
_
1
0
(2t + 2) dt +
_
1
0
(16t + 8) dt +
_
1
0
(96t + 48) dt
=
_
t
2
+ 2t
_
1
0
+
_
8t
2
+ 8t
_
1
0
+
_
48t
2
+ 48t
_
1
0
= 3 + 16 + 96 = 115.
C15S0M.005: Given the curve C with parametrization
x(t) = t, y(t) = t
3/2
, z(t) = t
2
, 0 t 4,
1
we substitute and nd that
_
C
z
1/2
dx +x
1/2
dy +y
2
dz =
_
4
0
_
t +
3
2
t + 2t
4
_
dt =
_
5
4
t
2
+
2
5
t
5
_
4
0
=
2148
5
= 429.6.
C15S0M.006: If (x, y, z) = xy
2
+
1
2
z
2
, then
= y
2
, 2xy, z ,
and therefore the given integral is independent of the path C from the xed point A to the xed point B.
C15S0M.007: Suppose that there exists a function (x, y) such that = x
2
y, xy
2
. Then
(x, y) =
_
x
2
y dx =
1
3
x
3
y +g(y),
and hence

y
=
1
3
x
3
+g

(y). (1)
But there is no choice of g(y) such that the last expression in Eq. (1) can equal xy
2
unless x is constant.
This is not possible on any path C from (0, 0) to (1, 1). Thus there is no such function , and thus by
Theorem 2 the given integral is not independent of the path from (0, 0) to (1, 1).
C15S0M.008: Let denote the (constant) density of the wire. The length of the wire is 2a, and hence
2a = M, the mass of the wire. Therefore (for future reference)
=
M
2a
. (1)
Parametrize the wire using x(t) = a cos t, y(t) = a sint, 0 t 2. Then
ds =
_
a
2
sin
2
t +a
2
cos
2
t dt = a dt.
Part (a): The moment of inertia of the wire with respect to the z-axis is then
I
z
=
_
2
0
a
3
dt = 2a
3
= Ma
2
(by Eq. (1)). Part (b): The moment of inertia of the wire with respect to the x-axis is
I
x
=
_
2
0
ay
2
dt =
1
4
a
3
_
2t sin2t
_
2
0
= a
3
=
1
2
Ma
2
(by Eq. (1)). It is also possible to solve part (b) mentally if you note that I
y
= I
x
and recall that I
0
= I
x
+I
y
.
C15S0M.009: Parametrize the wire W using x(t) = t, y(t) =
1
2
t
2
, 0 t 2. Then
ds =
_
[x

(t)]
2
+ [y

(t)]
2
dt =
_
1 +t
2
dt.
The density of the wire is (t) = x(t) = t. Therefore the mass of the wire is
2
m =
_
W
ds =
_
2
0
t
_
1 +t
2
dt =
_
1
3
(1 +t
2
)
3/2
_
2
0
=
5

5 1
3
3.3934466291663162.
Its moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis is
I
y
=
_
W
x
2
ds =
_
2
0
t
3
(1 +t
2
)
1/2
dt
=
_
1
15
(1 +t
2
)
1/2
(3t
4
+t
2
2)
_
2
0
=
50

5 + 2
15
7.5868932583326323.
If you prefer, I
y
m (1.4952419583303542)
2
.
C15S0M.010: Parametrize the given path C as follows: x = t, y = t
2
, z = t
3
, 1 t 2. Then
F(x, y, z) = t
3
, t, t
2
and r(t) = t, t
2
, t
3
.
Hence the work done is
W =
_
C
F dr =
_
2
1
(3t
4
+t
3
2t
2
) dt =
_
3
5
t
5
+
1
4
t
4

2
3
t
3
_
2
1
=
1061
60
17.683333333333.
C15S0M.011: Let R denote the region bounded by C. Then Greens theorem yields
_
C
x
2
y dx + xy
2
dy =
__
R
(y
2
x
2
) dA =
_
2
x=2
_
8x
2
y=x
2
(y
2
x
2
) dy dx
=
_
2
2
_
1
3
y
3
x
2
y
_
8x
2
x
2
dx =
_
2
2
_
512
3
72x
2
+ 10x
4

2
3
x
6
_
dx
=
_
512
3
x 24x
3
+ 2x
5

2
21
x
7
_
2
2
=
2816
7
402.2857142857142857.
C15S0M.012: Let R denote the plane region bounded by the given cardioid. Then
_
C
x
2
dy =
__
R
2x dA =
__
R
2r
2
cos dr d =
_
2
0
_
2
3
r
3
cos
_
1+cos
0
d
=
_
2
0
_
2
3
cos + 2 cos
2
+ 2 cos
3
+
2
3
cos
4

_
d
=
1
48
_
60 + 104 sin + 32 sin2 + 8 sin3 + sin4
_
2
0
=
5
2
7.8539816339744831.
C15S0M.013: Suppose that C is any positively oriented piecewise smooth simple closed curve in the xy-
plane. Let n be the outwardly directed unit vector normal to C. We will apply the vector form of Greens
theorem in Eq. (9) of Section 15.4,
3
_
C
F n ds =
__
R
F dA
where R denotes the bounded plane region with boundary C and F is a two-dimensional vector function of
x and y with continuously dierentiable component functions. If F(x, y) = x
2
y, xy
2
, then
_
C
F n ds =
__
R
(2xy 2xy) dA = 0.
Therefore the integrals given in the statement of Problem 13 are equal because each is equal to zero. It
is also possible to verify this by a direct computation. For example, using the parametrization x = cos t,
y = sint, 0 t 2 and the outer unit normal vector n = cos t, sint , the rst integral in Problem 13
becomes
_
C
F n ds =
_
2
0
(cos
3
t sint cos t sin
3
t)dt =
1
4
_
cos
4
t + sin
4
t
_
2
0
= 0 0 = 0.
C15S0M.014: Part (a): Parametrize C as follows: x = x
1
+ (x
2
x
1
)t, y = y
1
+ (y
2
y
1
)t, 0 t 1.
Then
_
C
y dx + xdy =
_
1
0
__
x
1
+ (x
2
x
1
)t

(y
2
y
1
) (x
2
x
1
)
_
y
1
+ (y
2
y
1
)t
_
dt
=
_
1
0
(x
1
y
2
x
2
y
1
) dt = x
1
y
2
x
2
y
1
.
Part (b): By the corollary to Greens theorem (Eq. (4) in Section 15.4) and part (a), the area of the polygon
with boundary C is
A =
1
2
_
C
y dx + xdy
=
1
2
_
(x
1
y
2
x
2
y
1
) + (x
2
y
3
x
3
y
2
) + (x
3
y
4
x
4
y
3
) + + (x
n1
y
n
x
n
y
n1
) + (x
n
y
1
x
1
y
n
)

=
1
2
n

i=1
(x
i
y
i+1
x
i+1
y
i
).
C15S0M.015: Suppose that
_
C
P dx + Qdy
is independent of the path in the plane region D. By Theorem 2 of Section 15.3, F = P, Q = in
D where is some dierentiable scalar potential function. Suppose that C is a simple closed curve in D.
Choose a point (a, b) on C. Then by Theorem 1 of Section 15.3,
_
C
P dx + Qdy =
_
(x, y)
_
(a,b)
(a,b)
= (a, b) (a, b) = 0.
4
C15S0M.016: If Q
x
= P
y
on D, C is a piecewise smooth simple closed curve in D, and R is the region
bounded by C, then
_
C
P dx + Qdy =
__
R
(Q
x
P
y
) dA =
__
R
0 dA = 0.
If
_
C
P dx + Qdy = 0
for every piecewise smooth simple closed curve C in D, then
_
J
P dx + Qdy
is independent of the path in D. Heres why: Suppose that A and B are two points of D. Let J and K
be two paths in D from A to B. Let C = J (K). Then C is a closed path in D, and it follows that
0 =
_
C
P dx + Qdy =
_
J
P dx + Qdy
_
K
P dx + Qdy,
and therefore
_
J
P dx + Qdy =
_
K
P dx + Qdy.
Consequently F = P, Q = for some scalar potential dened on D (by Theorem 2 of Section 15.3).
Therefore
P
y
Q
x
=
xy

yx
= 0
on D, and thus P
y
= Q
x
on D.
C15S0M.017: The surface S is described by h(x, y) = 2 x
2
y
2
, and thus
dS =
_
1 + (h
x
)
2
+ (h
y
)
2
dA =
_
1 + 4x
2
+ 4y
2
dA.
Therefore
__
S
(x
2
+y
2
+ 2z) dS =
__
S
(4 x
2
y
2
) dS =
_
2
=0
_

2
r=0
r(4 r
2
)
_
1 + 4r
2
dr d
= 2
_
1
120
(41 + 158r
2
24r
4
)
_
1 + 4r
2
_

2
0
= 2
371
60
=
371
30
38.8510291493937764.
C15S0M.018: A unit vector normal to S is
n(x, y, z) =
1
a
x, y, z ,
and therefore
5
__
S
F n dS =
__
S
1
a
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
2
dS =
__
S
a
3
dS = 4a
2
a
3
= 4a
5
.
C15S0M.019: The upper surface S
1
is described by h(x, y) = 12 2x
2
y
2
, and thus
dS =
_
1 + (h
x
)
2
+ (h
y
)
2
dA =
_
1 + 16x
2
+ 4y
2
dA.
An outwardly pointing vector normal to S
1
is
_

h
x
,
h
y
, 1
_
= 4x, 2y, 1 ,
and therefore a outwardly pointing unit vector normal to S
1
is
n =
1
_
1 + 16x
2
+ 4y
2
4x, 2y, 1 .
Hence the outward ux of F = x, y, z across S
1
is
__
S1
F n dS =
__
S1
4x
2
+ 2y
2
+z
_
1 + 16x
2
+ 4y
2

_
1 + 16x
2
+ 4y
2
dS =
__
S1
(4x
2
+ 2y
2
+z) dS
=
__
S
(12 + 2x
2
+y
2
) dS =
_
2
=0
_
2
r=0
(12 + 2r
2
cos
2
+r
2
sin
2
) r dr d
=
_
2
0
_
6r
2
+
1
8
r
4
(3 + cos 2)
_
2
0
d =
_
2
0
(30 + 2 cos 2) d =
_
30 + sin2
_
2
0
= 60.
The lower surface S
2
is described by h(x, y) = x
2
+ 2y
2
. By computations similar to those shown earlier in
this solution, we nd that
dS =
_
1 + 4x
2
+ 16y
2
dA
and that an outer unit vector normal to S
2
is
n =
1
_
1 + 4x
2
+ 16y
2
2x, 4y, 1 .
Thus the ux of F across S
2
is
__
S2
F n dS =
__
S2
(2x
2
+ 4y
2
z) dS =
__
S2
(x
2
+ 2y
2
) dS =
_
2
0
_
2
0
(r
2
cos
2
+ 2r
2
sin
2
) r dr d
=
_
2
0
_
1
4
r
4
cos
2
+
1
2
r
4
sin
2

_
2
0
d =
_
2
0
(4 cos
2
+ 8 sin
2
) d =
_
6 sin2
_
2
0
= 12.
Therefore the total outward ux of F across the boundary of T is
= 60 + 12 = 72 226.19467105846511316931.
6
C15S0M.020: Suppose that the surface S has area a(S) and that (x, y, z) is a point of S. Let f(x, y, z)
denote the distance between (x, y, z) and the xed point P of space. Then (in analogy with the denition
used in Problems 47 through 53 of Section 14.6, Problems 39 and 40 of Section 14.7, and Miscellaneous
Problems 36 through 42 of Chapter 14) we dene the average distance of points of S from the point P to be
d =
1
a(S)
__
S
f(x, y, z) dS.
To nd the average distance of points of the spherical surface S of radius a > 0 from a xed point P on S,
we choose for S the spherical surface of radius a tangent to the xy-plane at the origin and otherwise lying
above the xy-plane. A spherical coordinates equation of S is = 2a cos . We parametrize S as follows:
x(, ) = sin cos = 2a cos sin cos ,
y(, ) = sin sin = 2a cos sin sin,
z(, ) = cos = 2a cos
2
, 0
1
2
, 0 2.
With r(, ) = x(, ), y(, ), z(, ) , we have
r

i j k
2a(cos
2
sin
2
) cos 2a(cos
2
sin
2
) sin 4a sin cos
2a sin cos sin 2a sin cos cos 0

= 8a
2
sin
2
cos
2
cos , 8a
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin, 4a
2
(sin cos
3
sin
3
cos )
= 4a
2
(sin cos ) 2 sin cos cos , 2 sin cos sin, cos
2
sin
2
.
Thus
|r

|
= 4a
2
| sin cos |(4 sin
2
cos
2
cos
2
+ 4 sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
+ cos
4
2 sin
2
cos
2
+ sin
4
)
1/2
= 4a
2
| sin cos |(4 sin
2
cos
2
+ cos
4
2 sin
2
cos
2
+ sin
4
)
1/2
= 4a
2
| sin cos |
_
[cos
2
+ sin
2
]
_
1/2
= 4a
2
| sin cos | = 4a
2
sin cos .
(We may drop the absolute value symbols in the last step because 0 /2.) Choose P to be the origin.
The distance of the typical point (, , ) of S from P is then ; moreover, = 2a cos . Therefore the
average distance of points of S from the xed point P is
d =
1
4a
2
_
2
=0
_
/2
=0
(2a cos ) (4a
2
sin cos ) d d =
2 8a
3
4a
2
_

1
3
cos
3

_
/2
0
=
16a
3
12a
2
=
4
3
a.
Alternatively, we may choose for S the spherical surface of radius a centered at the origin; we will compute
the average distance of points of S from its north pole P(0, 0, a). If a point of S is at distance w from P
and its spherical coordinates are (, , ), then the law of cosines implies that
w
2
= a
2
+
2
2a cos = a
2
+a
2
2a
2
cos = 2a
2
(1 cos ).
7
Therefore the average distance of points of S from the xed point P is
d =
1
4a
2
_
2
0
_

0
_
2a
2
(1 cos ) (a
2
sin) d d =
2a
3
4a
2
_

0
(sin)
_
2(1 cos ) d
=
a
2
_
2
3
2
1/2
(1 cos )
3/2
_

0
=
a
2

2
3
2
1/2
2
3/2
=
4
3
a.
C15S0M.021: We compute the three Jacobians in Eq. (17) of Section 15.5 using the parameters y and z.
The result is
(y, z)
(y, z)
=

y
y
y
z
z
y
z
z

= 1,
(z, x)
(y, z)
=

z
y
z
z
x
y
x
z

=
x
y
, and
(x, y)
(y, z)
=

x
y
x
z
y
y
y
z

=
x
z
.
Therefore
__
S
P dy dz + Q dz dx + R dx dy =
__
D
_
P Q
x
y
R
x
z
_
dy dz.
C15S0M.022: Suppose that the surface S is described by y = g(x, z) for (x, z) in the region D of the
xz-plane. Then S is parametrized by r(x, z) = x, g(x, z), z . Thus
r
x
r
z
=

i j k
1 g
x
0
0 g
z
1

= g
x
, 1, g
z
.
Therefore
|r
x
r
z
| =
_
1 + (g
x
)
2
+ (g
z
)
2
,
and consequently
__
S
f(x, y, z) dS =
__
D
f(x, g(x, z), z)
_
1 + (g
x
)
2
+ (g
z
)
2
dA =
__
D
f(x, g(x, z), z) sec dx dz.
C15S0M.023: Here we have
z =
1
V
___
T
z dV =
1
V
___
T

0, 0,
1
2
z
2
_
dV =
1
V
__
S
1
2
z
2
dx dy =
1
2V
__
S
z
2
dx dy
8
by Eq. (4) of Section 15.6.
C15S0M.024: By symmetry, x = y = 0. Parametrize the curved surface S of the hemisphere in the usual
way:
x = a sin cos , y = a sin sin, z = a cos , 0 /2, 0 2.
Then z
2
= a
2
cos
2
and
(x, y)
(, )
=

a cos cos a sin sin

a cos sin a sin cos

= a
2
sin cos .
There is no need to integrate on the bottom face of the solid; it is in the xy-plane, where z
2
= 0.
Consequently,
z =
3
4a
3
__
S
z
2
dx dy =
3
4a
3
_
2
0
_
/2
0
(a cos )
2
(x, y)
(, )
d d
=
3
4a
3
_
2
0
_
/2
0
a
4
cos
3
sin d d =
3a
4
2
_

1
4
cos
4

_
/2
0
=
3
8
a.
C15S0M.025: By Eq. (23) of Section 15.5, the heat ow across the boundary sphere S into B is given by
R =
__
S
K(u) n dS.
The divergence theorem then gives
R =
___
B
(Ku) dV =
___
B
K
2
u dV.
C15S0M.026: Let the ball B be subdivided into small volume elements V
1
, V
2
, . . . , V
n
. The heat
capacity c is measured in units such as calories per degree per cubic centimeter, so if u is small, then
approximately (c u) V
i
calories of heat are required to raise the temperature of the volume element V
i
by u degrees. It follows that the rate at which heat is owing into this volume element is given by
R
i
lim
t0
(c u) V
i
t
= c
u
t
V
i
.
The total rate of heat ow into B is therefore
R =
n

i=1
R
i

n

i=1
c
u
t
V
i

___
B
c
u
t
dV.
C15S0M.027: Problems 25 and 26 imply that
___
B
c
u
t
dV =
___
B
K
2
u dV
9
for any small ball B within the body. This can be so only if cu
t
K
2
u; that is, u
t
= k
2
u (because
k = K/c).
C15S0M.028: By Problem 17 of Section 15.6,
__
S
f
f
n
dS =
___
T
|f |
2
dV
where f/n = (f) n. Part (a): Let f = u
1
u
2
. Because f 0 on S,
___
T
|f |
2
dV =
__
S
f
f
n
dS = 0.
Therefore f = 0 at each point of T. Part (b): f
x
= f
y
= f
z
= 0 at each point of T. Therefore f is
constant on T. Because f 0 on the boundary S of T, it now follows that f 0 on T. Therefore u
1
u
2
on T.
C15S0M.029: We begin with r = x, y, z and = (r) where r = |r| =
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
. Part (a):
(r) =
_
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
_
=
_

(r)
x
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
,

(r)
y
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
,

(r)
z
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
_
=

(r)
_
x
r
,
y
r
,
z
r
_
=
r
r

(r).
Part (b): We use the result in part (a) and the result in Problem 28 of Section 15.1:

_
(r)r

= (r)( r) + () r = (r)(1 + 1 + 1) +
r r
r

d
dr
= 3(r) +r
d
dr
.
Part (c): We use the result in part (a) and the results in Problems 29 and 35 of Section 15.1:
((r)r) =
_
(r)
_
(r) + () r = 0 +
r r
r

d
dr
= 0.
C15S0M.030: Cut the upper half of the torus using the two semicircles in which any plane containing
the z-axis intersects the torus. The outer boundary circle is oriented counterclockwise; the inner boundary
circle, clockwise. Zeugma!
C15S0M.031: Let us envision a M obius strip M in space constructed from a long narrow rectangular strip
of paper by matching its ends with a half-twist. Let the strip of paper be subdivided into smaller rectangles
R
1
, R
2
, . . . , R
n
as indicated in the following gure, with the boundary curve of each of these rectangles
oriented in the positive fashion described in Section 15.7. Then the arrows cancel along any interior segment
indicated in the gure, and the arrows on the ends of the strip are as indicated thereupward on the right
and downward on the left.
10
The M obius strip is formed by matching these two ends of the rectangular paper strip, with the two end
arrows matching in direction (thus providing the necessary half-twist). If we denote by S
i
the ith curvilinear
rectangle on the M obius strip (corresponding to the original R
i
), then Stokes theorem gives
_
Ci
F T ds =
__
Si
(F) n dS
for each i. Taking account of cancellation of line integrals in opposite directions along segments corresponding
to interior segments in the gure, summation then yields
__
M
(F) n dS =
n

i=1
__
Si
(F) n dS
=
n

i=1
_
Ci
F T ds =
_
C
F T ds + 2
_
J
F T ds,
where C denotes the boundary curve of the M obius strip and J denotes the single interior segment along
which the arrows match, so that the line integrals along J do not cancel. Because of the nal term in the
last equation, this calculation does not yield Stokes theorem in the form
__
M
(F) n dS =
_
C
F T ds
for the M obius strip. Greater generality would take us too far aeld, but surely you can well imagine that a
similar failure to cancel would occur for any subdivision of the original narrow rectangular strip.
C15S0M.032: Let denote the angle between u and r. The point P with position vector r is at distance
|r| sin from the line of rotation determined by u. Hence, because |u| = 1, the velocity of P is
v = |r| sin = |u| |r| sin = (u) r = r.
Finally,
v = (r) = 2
by the result in Problem 36 of Section 15.1.
C15S0M.033: Part (a): If S
i
is a small piece of the boundary sphere S of the small ball B, and
i
,
v
i
, and n
i
denote (respectively) the density, uid ow velocity vector, and outward unit normal at time t
at a typical point of S
i
, then the rate of outward uid ow across this area element S
i
is approximately

i
v
i
n
i
S
i
. Hence the rate of ow of uid into B at time t is given by
Q

(t)
n

i=1

i
v
i
n
i
S
i

__
S
v n dS.
Part (b): Equating our two expressions for Q

(t), we get
___
B

t
dV =
__
S
v n dS =
___
B
(v) dV
(applying the divergence theorem on the right). The fact that
11
___
B
_

t
+ (v)
_
dV = 0
therefore holds for any small ball B within the uid ow region implies that the integrand must vanish
identically; that is,

t
+ (v) = 0.
Special thanks to the following:
Bela Bartok
Cesar Franck
Reinhold Gli`ere
Edvard Grieg
Percy Heath
Milt Jackson
Bob James
Connie Kay
John Lewis
Modest Mussorgsky
Sergei Rachmanino
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsako
Camille Saint-Saens
Alexander Scriabin
Dmitri Shostakovich
Monday, November 26, 2001
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S-T
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12