The Illustrated Christian Martyrology; Being an Authentic and Genuine Historical Account of the Principal Persecutions Against the Church of Christ, In Different Parts of the World, By Pagans and Papists

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THE
ILLUSTRATED
U^'l
CHRISTIAN
MARTYROLOaY;
AUTHENTIC AND GENUINE HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL
PERSECUTIONS AGAINST THE CHURCH OF CHRIST,

IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF
THE WORLD,
PAGANS AND PAPISTS.

COMPILED FROM THE LATEST SOURCES,
BY REV.
C.
SPARRY.
PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY LEARY & GETZ.

NO. 138
NORTH SECOND STREET.
18
58.
THE KEW YORK
prBLlC LlBllAUY
019B
ASTOH, LENOX AND N'DATIONS ' L 1943 n
T'.LDEN
INTRODUCTION
T
is
the design of this
work
to
through
all
the periods of her history, per-
open an honest page of the

history of the church of
It
secution has been the doctrine and practice of the church, as
Rome.
con-
well those of a mild

;
makes no attempt wrong which

is
to
as of an
inhuman temper
it is
an unalter-
ceal the deformity, or excuse
able and essential feature of popery,
which
the
discloses.
at all,
it
that history
If
Romanism
worth knowing
it
no change or modification can destroy, and no circumstances for a time suppress. We

shall be
is
worth knowing as
is.
it
If the
happy
if
the sad and mournful tale
voice of the past utters any lesson,
should
we have
The
to tell shall
produce a conviction
be
not
fully stated
and
fairly learned.
The
of this truth.
editor does not possess,
and therefore has

liberality
aspect of the times both favor and

a general and thorough discussion
It
practised
upon, that false
demand
is
which shrinks from

names. kind enough
right
recital of the
for
calling things by their

is
;
of the character and claims of popery.
Truth
good enough and and

if
him
the faithful
deeds of
it
Rome
pain the ear

fault
no longer a question of speculation or theory. The encroachments which popery has made upon every department of society,
and shock the heart,

of
can not be the
him who makes it, but of the system whose records constitute the revolting de-
and the position of influence, respectability, and force, which it is fast assuming, render
it
fearfully practical.
It
has become the
tails.
We desire to create
it
a salutary dread
naturally and
great question of the age, and whatever
of popery, by showing
inevitably
how
may
it
be our reluctance
to enter
leads to cruelty, intolerance,
can no longer be avoided.

is
upon it, it At such a time,
and superstition.
its
Such has always been

its
the belief of the editor, that a work,

I i
history, and, from

will be.
very nature,
al-
presenting the system in the form and aspect of impartial history, will be both acceptable and useful.
.
ways
ciples
The assumptions and The
prin-
of the system
render persecution
is
unavoidable.
infallible,
idea that the church
The work
earliest
is
a diligent
and laborious
present time.
i
5
and that there can be no salva-
compilation of Christian Martyrology, from

the
tion out of her, almost sanctifies the perse-
period to
the
what she esteems heresy, and turns the cruelties and bloodshed, which
cution of
may
be requisite to suppress
it,
to
guard
the
Access has been had to a great variety of materials, and the editor's aim has been to select and present, in a succinct and striking
form, the principal instances of persecution
\ ?
l
'
the church from supposed corruption, into

positive virtue and benevolence.
Thus
and cruelty practised by the Romish church.
purest and most compassionate, under the

influence of the system, are equally liable
The work
lustrations
fore,
will contain
many
facts
and
ilj I
which have never appeared be-
upon the revolting principle, as the ambitious or the cruel. Our design is to illustrate this truth by showing that,
to practise
and will, when completed, form a complete and accurate portraiture of Rome
as
it
<
was and Rome
as
it
it.
Great ex|
^-
; ; :
ar
INTRODUCTION.
pense and care have been incurred to em-^ and its encroachments, the editor will think it with engravings, whicn will often his toil well expended,
>
hellish
be found to carry as striking a lesson, and as forcible an idea, as any des'^-iption could
do.
It is
In the following pages,
we have aimed
j
;
to observe a spirit of candor,
the result of
much
labor and care,
and
if it shall
accomplish something towthe
>
and have not recorded a single word too highly colored for sober truth. We have aimed to give a
faithful history of
ard making
iniquity,
known
great mystery of
its
'>
wicked
acts
acts
which
and of guarding against
wiles
every honest papist in his heart condemns.
Our work's begun we'll trace through each The bloody bigotry of every age
!
sad stage
And with
truth's pencil paint to all
mankind,
How
superstition clouds the

errors
all
human mind;
While popish
mount on reason's throne.
And war
with
opinions but their
own
Then common
sense, and charity, and truth.
Without regard to sex, to age, or youth, Are sacrificed at prejudice's shrine. While pampered priests on cruelties refine. What instruments by bigot zeal are used
!
How
grossly
human nature
is
abused.
The rack, exhausted patience to control. The ensanguined dagger, and the poisoned bowl; The bloody sword, bestained with pious gore The axe with martyrs' crimson covered o'er; The boiling caldron, where the just expired The flaming pile, by popish malice fired; The bending gibbet, innocence to bear; The red-hot pincers, harmless flesh to tear; The precipice, from whence the victim's thrown; The famined death, immured in walls of stone;
;
Fierce
bulls, to toss
the object into air;
Sharp dogs to worry, and wild beasts to tear;
The dreadful pits, where dangerous serpents lurk. To finish inhumanity's great work; The melted draughts of lead, the thorny crown The stones to bruise, the rapid stream to drown; The slings to dislocate, the bloody knife.
That by
incision drains the sap of life;
Slow_^res to broil, and dry pans to destroy;
With other
All, all the
arts that popish fiends
employ
Romish bigotry
disclose.
And
bid you such a bloody faith oppose
faith vindictive, holding endless strife
With
Liberty, Compassion, Truth, and Life.
CONTENTS.
I
^
Introduction
Persecutions in the
first
page
Ages of the World
1
5
]
Life of Jesus Christ, with his Sufferings and

I
>
Martyrdom
13
Lives, Sufferings, and Martyrdom, of the Apostles
15
19
]
t
The First Primitive Persecutions, under Nero The Second Primitive Persecutions, under Domitian The Third Primitive Persecutions, under the Roman Emperors The Fourth Primitive Persecutions, under the Roman Emperors The Fifth Primitive Persecutions, under the Roman Emperors The Sixth Primitive Persecutions, under the Roman Emperors The Seventh Primitive Persecutions, under the Roman Emperors The Eighth Primitive Persecutions, under the Roman Emperors The Ninth Primitive Persecutions, under the Roman Emperors The Tenth Primitive Persecutions, under the Roman Emperors The Persecutions against the Christians of Persia The Persecutions under the Arian Heretics The Persecutions under Julian the Apostate The Persecutions of the Christians by the Goths, etc The Persecutions under the Arian Vandals
Persecutions from the Sixth to the Tenth Centuries
23
25
27
I ?
>
34
36 39
I
'
42
47
50
63
',
^
>
65 68 74
77 80 89 94
102
104
113 115 117
'/
'
Persecutions in the Eleventh Century
'f
Horrible Massacre in France, A. D. 1572
The
Siege of Sancerre
Persecutions of the Waldenses, in the Valleys of Piedmont
Further Persecutions in the Valleys of Piedmont
',
More
Persecutions in the Valleys of Piedmont
Persecutions in
I
Germany
Persecutions in Lithuania Persecutions in Poland
120
Destruction of the City of Lesna

in
124
t
Rise and Progress of the Inquisition
Spain and Portugal
127
141
The Inquisition of Spain and Portugal The Lives of Doctor ^gidio, Doctor Constantine, The Persecutions in Italy The first Persecutions under the Papacy in Italy The Persecutions in Calabria
Individuals martyred in different parts of Italy
Nicholas Burton, and William Gardener..
147
153
154 156 158

163
The Persecutions f the Marquisate of Saluces
CONTENTS.
The
Persecutions
in
the Valtoline
page 164
165
Protestant Minister torn in Pieces by Dojjs

in
Persecutions
Bohemia
166
173 174
Persecutions in Bohemia, after the High Court of Reformers ....
General Persecutions in Germany

Persecutions in England during the Reign of Henry
IV
176
18] 187
>
Hugh
Latimer, Bishop of Worcester
<
Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London
Thomas Cranmer,
the
first
Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury
190
199
Persecutions in England during the Reign of
Queen Mary
Persecutions in Scotland during the Reign of Henry
VHI
212
>
The
Life, Sufferings,
and Martyrdom, of George Wishart
220
229 242
Persecutions of Prgtestants in Ireland
The Irish Massacre
;;
Popish Cruelties in Mexico and South America
Judgments of God on Persecutors
250
'/
; ;
THE
CHRISTIAN MARTYROLOGY.
PERSECUTIONS IN THE FIRST AGES OF THE WORLD.
MONG
ture,
primitive persecu-
tions of an individual na-
respectively saved by the Almighty, and their persecutors punished for their
all
we may reckon
that
perfidy.
Abel, who was persecuted and slain by his the persebrother Cain cution of the righteous Noah by the acof
;
The Jews were
persecuted by the neigh-
boring idolaters during the lime of their

building and fortifying Jerusalem,
till
that
cursed Ham, his son
the persecution of
work was Nehemiah but

great
;
finished
after its
by the care of
completion they
Lot
at
Sodom, and
that of
Joseph by his
general per-
brethren.
In these early ages, the secutions
first
may
be deemed that of the chil-
dren of Israel by Pharaoh.

not only afflicted both sexes of
This tyrant
all
were frequently disturbed by the Persians, and the successors of Alexander the Great, though that monarch himself had granted the most unlimited favors. But a little more than a century and a
half before the birth of Christ, Antiochus
ages, by
means of
the most cruel task-masters, but
seized upon and sacked the city of Jerusa-
even ordered the new born infants of the Hebrew women to be muidered. He was, however, punished
first
lem, plundered the temple, and murdered
many
to
of the Jews
idolatry,
who
refused to conform
for
his
persecutions
by ten dreadful plagues, and afterward by being swallowed up in the Red sea,
with
all
by scourging, strangling, crucifying, and stifling them, and by closing up the mouths of the caves to which they
his
fled for shelter.
his host.
The
from
secuted
children of Israel, after being freed
Antiochus and his idolatrous tormentors

were, however,
at
bondage,
were
successively
per-
length bravely opposed
Ammonites, Egyptians, Ethiopians, Arabians, and Assyrians and many of the prophets and chosen of God were persecuted by several of the kings of Judah and Israel. The three righteous children were thrown into the fiery furnace by Nebuchadnezzar Daniel was cast into the lion's den by order of Darius and Mordecai was persecuted by the malicious Haman but these were
by the
Philistines,
;
; :
by Matthias, a
beus.
the principal of
and his valiant sons, Judas MaccaThis able commander, Judas, with
priest,
whom was
his brave brothers, inspired the dispirited
Jews with new courage, defeated the geneAr nochus, freed their country from bondage, and afterward turned their arms against the Edomites and Ammonites, over whom they were equally successful.
rals of
;
At
lngtj;i
^ntioqhus died a
terrible death.
;;
12
his flesh having been for
quite
putrid,
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYROLOGY.

some time before
cast to a leopard, but the beast refusing to
and producing maggots, so touch him, he was suffered to languish till that he became loathsome to himself, and he expired with the excruciating pain and nauseous to all about him. His succes- loss of blood. Machir, the third son, was bound to a sors, however, continued their enmity to
till his bones were all dislocated head and face were then flayed, his The Jews now entered into a treaty tongue cut out, and being cast into a pan he was fried to death. offensive and defensive with the Romans Judas, the fourth son, after having his but soon after lost their worthy champion, Judas Maccabeus, who was slain in a bloody tongue cut out, was beat with ropes, and battle fought with the Greeks, under the then racked upon a wheel. Achas, the fifth son, was pounded in a command of their general, Bacchides.
the
Jews
but they were
opposed, with
globe
various success, by the Maccabees.
his
Antiochus Epiphanes,
Syria, and having
now
reigning in
large brazen mortar.
Jews, went
to
some success against the Jerusalem, where he ordered

to
Aieth, the sixth son,

pillar
was
fastened to a
with his head downward, slowly

fire
Eleazer the priest

swine's flesh.
be put to death in the

for
roasted by a
his
kindled at some distance
most cruel manner,
refusing
to
eat
tongue was then cut out, and he was
Then
seizing on a family
lastly fried in a pan.
of Maccabees, consisting of a matron
named
Jacob, the seventh and youngest son,

off,
Salamona, and her seven sons, he carried had his arms cut them all to Antioch. Here he would fain out, and was then
have persuaded them to embrace his idolatry, which they nobly and unanimously
refusing, he ordered
his tongue plucked
fried to death.
They
all
bore their fate with the same
intrepidity as their elder brother,
and called
them
all
to
be put
to
upon the Almighty

heaven.
to
receive them into
death.
Maccabeus, the
beaten.
eldest,
was accordingly
to a
Salamona, the mother,
after
having
in a
stripped, stretched on the rack, and severely
He was
next fastened
to his feet
till
manner died seven deaths in beholding wheel, martyrdom of her children, was, by
tyrant's
the the
and weights hung

cracked.
his sinews
order,
stripped
naked,
off,
severely
Afterward his tormenters threw

till
scourged, her breasts cut

fried
till
and her body
him
ed
;
into a fire
he was dreadfully scorch-
she expired.
then they drew
him
out, cut out
his
The
tyrant
who
inflicted these cruelties

;
tongue, and put
was afterward struck with madness and As long then his flesh became corrupted, and his a slow fire under it, till he died. as he had life, and power of expression, bowels mortified, which put an end to his under these exquisite torments, he fervently wicked life.
called
him
into a frying-pan, with
upon God, and exhorted his brothers

perseverance.
fast-
to a similar
" Thus the
afBictPfl innocent expire,

;
Calm
in their sufftTiiiRs, clieerfiil in the fire
After the second son had his hands
ened with chains, with which he was hung up, his skin was flayed off from the crown
of his head to his knees.
Kxpecting, for a momentary pain, Eternal joys, and everlasting gain.
While the the tyrannic and the wicked A tortured body, and tormented mind
find,
He was
And when
then
they close, hell of horrors, and eternal woes."

their vile atrocious lives
13
THE LIFE OF JESUS CHRIST, WITH HIS SUFFERINGS AND MARTYRDOM.
AVING
earliest
briefly brought
he
at last
down accounts
of the
afflictions,
sunk under the oppression of his and expired in the most miserthe
persecutions,
able manner.
from the remotest periods to the time of our
Herod
Less
having
mairied
the
daughter of the king of Arabia, repudiated

her, and espoused Herodias,
;
Savior's birth,
we
is
shall
his brother
full
now
sary,
enter into the most important point of

divine history.
Philip's wife
for
which marriage,
of
human and
ere
But
it
necesthe
incest and adultery, John the Baptist boldly
we engage
in
delineating
and severely reproved him. formed by

ter
St.
This freedom
chap-
birth, actions,
sufferings and death of the
greatly incensed Herodias, for Ave are in-
Redeemer of the World, to mention some circumstances, which are either introductory to our subject, or should be pre-
Matthew,
in the xivth
of
his
gospel, that
"
When
Herod's
birthday teas kept, the daughter of Herodias
liminary to
it,
in order not to
break in upon
danced before
ivhereiipo7i he
them,
and pleased Herod

to
the uniformity of the narrative.
promised, with an oath,
give
she,
Herod
the
Great being informed that a
her whatsoever she
would ask.
And
king of the Jews should be born in Bethlehem, sent a number of troops to destroy all
the children under two years of age, in
that place,
being before instructed of her mother, said,

Git)e tne here
John
Baptist''s
head in a char;
ger.
And
the king
was sorry
nevertheless,
coast.
and throughout the neighboring By this cruel order he hoped to

;
for the oath^s sake, and them which sat with
him at meat, he commanded

her.
it
to
be given,
have destroyed the child Jesus
but in this
he was not only disappointed, but punished with such a spirit of lunacy, that he slew
his
And he sent and beheaded John in the prison. And his head was brought in
a,
charger and given to the damsel

brought
this
it to
and she
severely
own
wife, children, relations, friends,
her mother."
The
authors of
&c.
He was
afterward
visited
by the
in-
cruelty were, however,

;
all
most grievous maladies, particularly an
punished
for the
daughter of Herodias
ice,
it
ward burning, slow, but unremitting
an
being afterv/ard dancing upon the

broke, and she falling
in,
uncommon
appetite,
;
continually
craving,
had her head sev;
but ever unsatisfied a cramp that racked him with pain a flux that reduced him to weakness worms that bred in him and gnawed him vermin that engendered a general about him and devoured him and in putrefaction that consumed him fine, all those complicated disorders which could possibly render him hateful to him;
; ;
its again closing and Herod, and the incestuous adulteress HerodiaSj falling under the displeasure of the Roman emperor, were banished, and died
ered from her body by
miserably in exile.
;
This martyr's
nativity
happened on the 24th of June. But to proceed to the history of our blessed Redeemer. In the reign of Herod
the
self,
and odious
to others.
His torments
Great already mentioned,
the
angel
at
length became so intolerable, that not
Gabriel
was
sent
called
to
having either the comforts of religion or

the support of a good conscience to sustain his sinking spirits,
holy virgin,
seph,
by the Almighty to a Mary. This maiden
was betrothed
a carpenter,
named
Jo-
he attempted to lay violent hands upon himself. Being prevented in this attempt by those about him,
who
resided at Nazareth, a city of

the
;
Galilee, but
then taken place
consummation had not for it was the custom of
14
THE CHRISTIAN MAETYROLOGY.

and the walking on the surface of the
water.
the eastern nations to contract persons of
\
I
each sex from their childhood. The angel informed Mary

she was favored
of
<
At the time of the passover Jesus supped with his disciples informed them should conceive a son by the Holy Spirit, that one of them would betray him and for travel- another deny him, and preached his farewhich happened accordingly Soon after, a multitude of ling to Bethlehem to pay the capitation-tax well sermon. then levied, the town was so crowded that armed men surrounded him, and Judas
highly
how
God, and
that
she
I i
they could only get lodgings in a stable, where the holy virgin brought forth our
blessed Redeemer, which
to the
kissed him, in order to point him out to

the soldiers
ally.
who
did not
know him person-
was announced
:
In the scuffle occasioned by the ap-
>
world by a star and an angel the wise men of the east saw the first, and the After Jesus had been shepherds the latter.
circumcised, he was presented in the tem;
prehending of Jesus, Peter cut off the ear of Malchus, the servant of the high-priest,
for
'
i
<
which Jesus reproved him, and healed wound by touching it. Peter and John upon which occa- followed Jesus to the house of Annas, pie by the holy virgin sion Simeon broke out into the celebrated who, refusing to judge him, sent him bound words " Lord, nou) lettest thou thy servant to Caiaphas, where Peter denied Christ, as but on Christ's depart in peace according to thy word, for the latter had predicted mine eyes have seen thy salvation." Luke reminding him of his perfidy, Peter went
the
: ;
ii.
29, 30. Jesus, in his youth, disputed with the

in the temple,
out and wept bitterly.
When
the
council
assembled
in
the
most learned doctors

\ I
and
morning, the Jews mocked Jesus, and the
soon after was baptized
elders suborned false witnesses against at the river Jordan by John, when the Holy Ghost descended him the principal accusatitm against him upon him in the form of a dove, and a being, that he had said, " / will destroy voice was heard audibly to pronounce these this temple that is made with hands, and
;
<
words: " This

I
is
my
beloved son, in
whom
within three days I will build another,
made
am
well pleased."
without hands."
Mark
if
xiv. 58.
Caiaphas
af-
Christ afterward fasted forty days and

nights in
the wilderness,
then asked him

of God, or no
firmative,
;
he was Christ, the son
when he was
all
being answered in the
temi)ted by the devil, but resisted

alluremer:ts.
his
first
He
then performed his

;
'
miracle at Cana, in Galilee

convt-rscd
v.itli
I
'<
rosiond
to life
he likewise the good Samaritan, and a nobleman's dead child.

tht;
he was accused of blasphemy, and condemned to death by Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, who, though conscious of his innocence, yielded to the solicitation of the
to
Jews, and condemned him
Travelling tlirough Galilee he restored the

I
be crucified. Previous to the crucifixion, the Jews,

derision, clothed
blind to sight, cured the lame,
lepers,
&,c
by way of
other benevolent actions, at the
Christ in
a
his
Among
regal robe, put a
crown of thorns upon
<
pool of JJclla-s.la he cured a paralytic
man
head, and a reed, for a sceptre, in
his
who had been lame
thirty-eight years, bid-
hand
they then mocked him, with ironi-
ding him take up his bed and walk; and he al'ierwiird cured a nian whojsc right hand
cal compliments, spit in his face, slapped
his cheeks,
and taking
llie
reed out of his
Having hand, they struck him with it upon the Pilate would fain have released chosen his twelve apostles, he preached head. him, but the general cry was " Crucify the cclehraied sermon upon the Mount after which he performed several miracles, him! crucify Ami .'" which occasioned the
was
sliniiik
up and
withered.
I
/
particularly the feeding of the nmllitude,
'
governor
to call for a baain of water,
and
B-

having washed his hands, he declared himself innocent of the blood of Christ,
\
15
<
priests
said,
whom
"He
and scribes also reviled him, and saved others, but can not save
Indeed, one of the malefactois
crucified with him, cried out
he justly termed a just person.
The Jews,
himself."
however
festly
Let his blood be upon us and our children ;" which wish has manitaken place, as they have never since
said, "
who was
said, " If
anJ you are the Messiah, save your;"
self
and us
but the
other
malefactor,
been a collected people.

In leading Christ to the place of crucifixion,
having the greatest reliance upon Jesus,

exclaimed,
" Lord,
to
they obliged him
bear the cross,
thou comest into thy kingdom."
remember me when To which
which he being imable to sustain, they compelled one Simon, a native of Cyrenia,
to
Christ replied, " This day thou shalt be
with
earth
me
in
Paradise."
cross, the
carry the cross the rest of the way.

the place of execution,
While Christ was upon the
Mount Calvary was
was covered with darkness, and
the
\
where being arrived, the soldiers offered stars appeared at noonday, which struck him a mixture of gall and vinegar to drink, even the Jews with terror. In the midst which he refused. Having stripped him, of his tortures, Christ cried out, " My God, they nailed him to the cross, and crucified my God, why hast thou forsaken me !" and him between two malefactors. After being then expressed a desire to drink, when one
fastened to the cross, he uttered this benevolent prayer for his enemies, " Father, for-
of the soldiers gave him, upon the point of a reed, a sponge dipped in vinegar, which, however, Jesus refused. About
o'clock in the afternoon he gave up
know do." The soldiers who being four in number, now

give them, for they
to
not what they

crucified
him three
cut his mantle
the ghost, and at the
same time a
violent
pieces, and divided
it
between them
earthquake happened,
rent,
when
the rocks were
but his coat being without seam, they cast

lots for
it.
the
mountains
trembled,
and
the
While Christ remained in the graves gave up their dead. These were agonies of death, the Jews mocked him the signal prodigies that attended the death and said, " If thou art the Son of God, of Christ, and such was the mortal end of come down from the cross." The chief the Redeemer of mankind.
OF THE LIVES, SUFFERINGS, AND MARTYRDOM OF THE APOSTLES, ETC.
AINT STEPHEN,
to or first martyr,
the proelect-
blaspheming God and Moses.

ried before the council,
was
Being carhe made a noble

his
ed, with six others, as a dea-
defence, but that so
much exasperated
con, put of the Lord's sev-
judges, that they resolved to

this instant
enty
disciples.
Stephen At
condemn him. Stephen saw a vision from

state, sit-
was an
'
able and successful
heaven, of Jesus, in his glorified

ting at the right
preacher.
This vision ing to five Jewish synagogues entered into so greatly rejoiced him, that he exclaimea many altercations with him but he, by in raptures, "Behold, I see the heavens the soundness of his doctrine, and the opened, and the Son of man standing on strength of his arguments, overcame them the right hand of God." They then con;
The
principal persons belong-
hand of God.
'.^
all,
which so much
irritated
them, that they

:
demned him, and having dragged him

of the city, stoned
hirii
out
<
suborned fa^se witnesses to accuse him of
(o death.
On
the
; ;
a
16
',
ST. PHILIP. This apostle and martyr was born at Bethsaida, in Galilee, and was the first called by the name of disciple. ed a superb church. The death of Stephen was succeeded He was honored with several important by a severe persecution in Jerusalem, in commissions by Christ, and being deputed which 2,000 Christians, with Nicar the to preach in Upper Asia, labored very diland many others igently in his apostleship. He then travdeacon, were martyred
spot where he was martyred, Eudocia, the empress of the emperor Theodosius, erect;
obliged to leave the place.
elled into Phrygia, and arriving at Heliopolis,
ST. JAMES THE GREAT, a Galilean, was the son of Zebedee, a fisherman,
the elder brother of St. John,
;
was
greatly grieved to find the in-
habitants so sunk in idolatry as to worship
and a rela- a large serpent. St. Philip, however, conmother Sa- verted many of them to Christianity, and lome was cousin-german to the "Virgin even procured the death of the serpent. Mary. Being one day with his father, This so enraged the magistrates, that they fishing in the sea of Galilee, he, and his committed him to prison, had him severely His brother John were called by our Savior to scourged, and afterward crucified. become his disciples. They cheerfully friend, St. Bartholemew, found an opportion to Christ himself
for his
\ \
obeyed the mandate, and leaving

ther, followed Jesus.
It is to
their fa-
tunity of taking
down
the body and bury-
be observed,
ing
it
for
which, however, he was very

fate.
<
that Christ placed a greater confidence in
near suffering the same
His martyr-
them than
in
any other of the
apostles,
dom happened
eight years after that of St.

;
I }
\ '
<
} i
James the Great, A. D. 52 and his name, together with that of St. James the Less, or the sons of thunder, on account of their is commemorated on the 1st of May. ST. MATTHEW. This evangelist, fiery spirits and impetuous tempers. Herod Agrippa, being made governor of apostle, and martyr, was born at Nazareth Judea by the emperor Caligula, raised a in Galilee, but resided chiefly at Caperpersecution against the Christians, and naum, on account of his business, which particularly singled out James as an object was that of a toll-gatherer, to collect tribute of such as had occasion to pass the of revenge.
Peter excepted.
Christ called these brothers Boanerges,
I <
James, being condemned
to death,
spirit,
ed such an intrepidity of
<
showand con-
sea of Galilee.
ciple,
On
being called
a.s
a disleft
he immediately complied, and

to follow Christ.
stancy of mind, that his very accuser was

struck with admiration, and
vert to Christianity.
everything
After the as|
'.
became a con- cension
of his master, he continued preach| 5
I s
This transition so ing the gospel in Judea about nine years. enraged the people in power, that they Designing to leave Judea, in order to go likewise condemned him to death; when and preach among the Gentiles, he wrote James the apostle, and his penitent accu- his gospel in Hebrew, for the use of the ser, were both beheaded on the same day, Jewish converts, but it was afterward transand with the same sword. These events lated into Greek by St. James the Less,
took place in the year of Christ 44
\ {
>
and the 25lh of July was fixed by the church for

;
Going
to Ethiopia,
he ordained preachers,
|
|
settled churches,
commemoration of this saint's martyr- He but returning to had the same success dom. Much about the same period, Timon Ethiopia, he was slain by a halberd in the and Parmenas, two of the seven deacons, city of Nadabar, about the year of Christ and his festival is kept by the church suflêred martyrdom the former at Cor- 60 He wa? inth, and the latter at Philippi, in Mace- on the 21st day of September.
the
; ; ;
and made many converts then proceeded to Parthia, where he
donia.
remarkably inoffensive
in hig conduct,
and
m^
I
;

Hence
bruised, and stoned
17
<
temperate in his mode of living.
him
and then das.ied
we may
Whose
say,
this great apostle
out his brains with a club, such as
was used
festival,
\
>
Well might
life
was but
mend the age, a comment on his page.
by fullers in dressing togeAer with that of
cloths.
His
St. Philip, is
kept on
<
ST. MARK. This evangelist and mar- the first of May. tyr was born of Jewish parents, of the ST. MATTHIAS. tribe of Levi. martyr was called to It is imagined that he was
to Christianity by St. Peter, he served as an amanuensis, and he attended in all his travels. Bemg entreated by the converts at Rome to commit to writing the admirable discourses
This apostle and

the apostleship after
converted
the death of Christ, to supply the vacant
I
I
whom whom
place of Judas,
ter,
who had betrayed his masand was likewise one of the seventy
disciples.
He was
martyred
at
Jerusalem,
;
being
first
stoned, and then beheaded

is
and
they had heard from St. Peter and himself,
the 24th of February
observed for the

apostle and marSt.
this
request he complied with, and
celebration of his festival.
composed his gospel accordingly, in the Greek language. He then went to Egypt,
and constituted a bishopric at Alexandria afterward he proceeded to Lybia, where he
;
tyr
ST. ANDREW. This was the brother of

to
Peter,
and
preached the gospel

tions.
many
Asiatic na-
Arriving
at
Edessa, the governor
made many converts. Returning to Alex- of the country, named Egeas, threatened andria, some of the Egyptians, exasperated him very hard for preaching against the at his success, determined on his death. idols there worshipped. St. Andrew per-
To
accomplish
this
they tied his

streets, left
feet,
sisting in the propagation of his doctrines,
dragged him through the

to remain, bruised as
all
he was,
in a
him he was ordered to be crucified on a cross, dungeon two ends of which were transversely fixed
in the ground.
sers, that
and the next day burnt his body. This happened on the 25th of April, on
night,
He
boldly told his accu\ \
which day the church commemorates his martyrdom. His bones were carefully gathered up by the Christians, decently interred, and afterward removed to Venice, where he is considered as the titular saint, and patron of the state. ST. JAMES THE LESS. This apostle and martyr was called so to distinguish him from St. James the Great. He was the son, by a first wife, of Joseph, the reputed father of Christ.
salem.
he would not have preached the glory of the cross, had he feared to die on
it.
And
again,
when they came

it.
to crucify
| \
him, he said that he coveted the cross, and
longed to embrace
his death might be
situation
He was
fastened
to the cross, not with
nails but cords, that
more lingering.
In this
he continued two days, preaching
>
the greatest part of the time to the people,
and expired on the 30th of November, which is commemorated as his festival.
\ >
He
was, after the
ST.
PETER.
bom
Lord's ascension, elected bishop of Jeru-
martyr was
This great apostle and at Bethsaida in Galilee,
He
wrote his general epistle
to all
being the son of Jonah, a fisherman, which
Christians, and converts whatever, to sup-
press a dangerous error then propagating, viz. : that " a faith in Christ was alone
sufficient
for
employment St. Peter himself followed. He was persuaded by his brother to turn Christian, when Christ gave him the name
of Cephas, implying, in the
| i
salvation,
without
good
Syriac lanat
works."
The Jews
being, at this time,
guage,
a rock.
He was
called,
the
greatly enraged that St. Paul

their fury,
had escaped
same time
as his brother, to be an apostle

for the
mined
to
by appealing to Rome, deterwreak their vengeance on James,

age.
beat,
gave uncommon proofs of his zeal

the principal speaker
service of Christ, and always appeared as
who was now ninety-four years of They accordingly threw him down,
8L.
among
the apostles.
|
He
had, however, the weakness to deny
'iS
18

tine
his master, after his apprehension, though
the
Great erected one of the most

Before
he defended him
at the
time
but the sin-
stately churches in the universe over the
cerity of his repentance
made an
atone-
place.
we
quit this article,
it
is
ment
for the atrociousness of his crime.
requisite to obser-ve, that previous to the
The Jews,
continued
to
after the death of Christ, still
death of St. Peter, his wife sufl'ered mar-
persecute the Christians, and

far as to
tyrdom
horted,
for the faith of Christ,
and was exto death, to
even went so
apostles,
order several of the

Peter, to be
when going
to
be put
remember the Lord Jesus. ST. PAUL, the apostle and martyr, scourged. This punishment they bore with the greatest fortitude, and rejoiced that was a Jew of the tribe of Benjamin, born He was at first a they were thought worthy to suffer for the at Tarsus, in Cilicia. great enemy to, and persecutor of the sake of Christ. Herod Agrippa having caused St. James Christians but after his miraculous conthe Great to be put to death, and finding version, he became a strenuous preacher
;
among whom waa
that
it
pleased the Jews, resolved, in order himself farther with the peofall
of Christ's gospel.
At Iconium,
St.
Paul
to
to ingratiate
and St. Barnabas were near being stoned

Lyconia.
ple, that
fice to
Peter should
the next sacri-
death by the enraged Jews, wherefore they

fled to
his malice.
He was
accordingly
;
At Lystra,
St. Paill
was
apprehended, and thrown into prison
but
stoned, dragged out of the city, and
left for
an angel of the Lord released him, which so enraged Herod, that he ordered the sentinels who guarded the dungeon in which he had been confined, to be put to death. St.
dead.
He, however, happily revived, and to Derbe. At Philippi, Paul and and Silas were imprisoned and whipped both were again persecuted at Thessalonescaped
;
Peter, after various other miracles, retired

to
ica.
Being afterward taken

to
at
Jerusalem,
to
Rome, where he
defeated
all
the arti-
he was sent
Caesar at
Cesarea, but appealed
fices,
and confounded the magic of Simon,
Rome.
for
the magician, a great favorite of the

ror Nero.
tianity
empe- oner
Chris-
at large
He
likewise converted
to
leased, he visited
Here he continued pristwo years. Being rethe churches of Greece

in
one of the concubines of that monthe tyrant, that

St. Peter
and Rome, and preached

Spain.
France and
arch,
which so exasperated
Returning
to
Rome, he was again
and St. Paul to apprehended, and, by the order of Nero, During the time of their martyred, by being beheaded. Two days confinement, they converted two of the cap- are dedicated to the commemoration of this the one for his conversion, the tains of the guard, and forty-seven other per- apostle the first being Having been nine other for his martyrdom sons, to Christianity. months in prison, Peter was brought out on the 25th of January, and the latter on
he ordered both be apprehended.
thence
for execution,
when,
after
being se-
the 29th of June.
verely scourged, he
head downward
ST. JUDE, the apostle and martyr, the was crucified with his which position, however, brother of James, was commonly called
His
festival is ob-
Being sent to Edessa, he wrought many miracles, and made many His body converts, which stirring up the resentment well as St. Paul, suffered. being taken down, embalmed, and buried of people in power, he was crucified, A. D. and the 28lh of October is, by the in the Vatican, a church was afterward 72 but this being de- church, dedicated to his memory. spot erected on the
was
at his
own
request.
Thaddaeus.
served on June 29, on which day he, as
stroyed by the emperor Heliogabalus, the
ST.
several
cles,
BARTHOLOMEW
countries, performed
preached
in
body was removed,

of
till
the twentieth bishop
many
mira-
Rome,
called Cornelius,
;
conveyed
it
'again to the Vatican
afterward Constan-
translated St.
and healed various diseases. He Matthew's gospel into the
U.
tt-

Indian language, and propagated
it
19
in that
country
but at length, the idolaters grow-
ing impatient with his doctrines, severely

beat, crucified,
and flayed him, and then
cut
off"
his head.
is
The
as
anniversary of his
disciple of John the Bapand afterward not only one of the twelve apostles, but one of the three to whom Christ communicated the most secret passages of his life. The churches
list,
was previously a
|
\
j ^
martyrdom
on the 24th of August.

he was called in
in
ST.
THOMAS,
Syriac, but
Didymus
Greek, was an
apostle and martyr.

thia
He
preached
in
Par-
and India, where, displeasing the pagan priests, he was martyred by being His death is thrust through with a spear. commemorated on the 2 1st of December.
Asia founded by St. John were, Smyrna, Pergamus, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea, and Thyatyra, to whom he directs his book of Revelations. Being at Ephesus, he was ordered by the emperor Domitian to be
in
sent bound to
demned
oil.
to
Rome, where he was conbe cast into a caldron of boiling

in his
oil
But here a miracle appeared

;
ST. LUKE, was the author
the evangelist and martyr,
of a most excellent gospel.
He
travelled with St. Paul to

to
Rome, and
till
and Domitian therefore not being able to put him to death, banished him to Patmos to
did
injury,
favor
the
him no
preached
olive-tree.
divers barbarous nations,
work
called
at the
the priests in
Greece hanged him on an

anniversary of his
mar-
mines. He was, however, reby Nerva, who succeeded Domitian
The
tyrdom
is
on the 18th of October.

apostle
ST. SIMON, the was distinguished by

from his zeal.
and martyr,
of Zelotes,
after his decease, but was deemed a martyr on account of having undergone the mode of an execution, though it did not take ef\
the
name
feet.
He
wrote his epistles, gospel, and
>
He
preached with great
revelations, all in a diflêrent style, but they
>
success in Mauritania, and other parts of

Africa, and even in Britain, where, though
are
all
equally admired.
He
w'as the only

|
;
apostle
who escaped
a violent death
lived
he made many converts, he was crucified the longest of any of them, being near 100 by the then barbarous inhabitants of that years of age at the time of his death and island, A. D. 74 and the church, joining the church commemorates the 27th day of
;
>
him with
tival
St. Jude,
commemorates
at
his fes-
on the 28th day of October.
December to his memory. ST. BARNABAS was

prus, but of
is
ST. JOHN.
prophet,
martyr.
apostle,
This saint was,

divine,
once, a
evangelist,
and his death
a native of CyJewish parents the time of uncertain, but supposed to be

:
He
is
called the beloved disciple,

to
about the year of Christ 73

val is kept
and was brother
James the Great.
He
and on the 11th of June.

;
his festi-
THE FIRST PRIMITIVE PERSECUTIONS UNDER NERO.
HE
the
first
persecution,
in
space of
five years,
with tolerable credit to
primitive
ages
of
himself, but then gave
way
to the greatest
was begun by that cruel tyrant Nero Domitius, the sixth emperor of Rome, and A. This monarch reigned, for the
the church,
extravagance of temper, and

atrocious
barbarities.
to
the most
<
Among
fire,
other dia-
,^
bolical outrages, he
ordered that the city
<
<
of
Rome
should be set on
which was
done by his
cfiicers, guards,
and servants,
j
20

city
While the
to the
was
in flames,
he went up dom, being tortured

,
to
death by the pagans
tower of Maecenas, played upon his
at Philippi.
Aristarchus, the Macedonian, was born and being converted by all things before his death." Among the Paul, became his constant companion. He noble buildings burnt was the circus, or was with that apostle at Ephesus, during It was a commotion raised in that city by Deplace appropriated to horse-races.
harp, sung the song of the burning of Troy,
and declared that " he wished the ruin of
in Thessalonica,
half a mile in length, of an oval form, with
metrius, the
silversmith.
insults
They
both re-
rows of seats rising above each
other,
and ceived several
capable of receiving, with ease, upward of
upon the occasion from the populace, which they bore with
100,000 spectators. Many other palaces Christian patience, giving good advice in and houses were consumed and several return for ill-usage, and not in the least reAristarchus accomthousands of the people perished in the senting any indignity. flames, were smothered or buried beneath panied Paul from Ephesus into Greece,
;
where they were very successful in propThis dreadM conflagration continued agating the gospel, and bringing over many when Nero, finding that his to Christianity. Having left Greece, they nine days conduct was greatly blamed, and a severe traversed a great part of Asia, and made a odium cast upon him, determined to lay the considerable stay in Judea, where they
the ruins.
;
whole upon the Christians, at once to excuse himself, and have an opportunity of
witnessing
were very successful in making converts.

After this, Aristarchus went, with Paul to
new
cruelties.
The
barbarities
Rome, where he
the apostle
;
suff'ered the
same
fate as
exercised upon the Christians, during the

first
for,
being seized as a Christian,
persecution, were such as even excited
the
commiseration of the Romans them')
he was beheaded by the command of Nero. Trophimus, an Ephesian by birth, and a
Nero even refined upon cruelty, Gentile by religion, was converted by Paul all manner of punishments to the Christian faith, and accompanied his Upon his account for the Christians. In particular, he had [master in his travels. some sewed up in the skins of wild beasts, the Jews raised a great disturbance in the and then worried by dogs till they expired temple at Jerusalem, the last time Paul was and others dressed in shirts made stifl" with in that city. They even attempted to murselves.
and contrived
wax, fixed
ral
to axletrees,
and set on
fire in
der the apostle, for having introduced him,
his gardens.
This persecution was genethroughout the whole Roman empire

it
being a Greek, into the temple.
Lysias,
the captain of the guard, however, inter-
but
rather increased than diminished the
posed, and rescued Paul by force from their
spirit of Christianity.
Besides Paul and
hands.
On
;
quitting Jerusalem,
first to
Peter,
many
others,
whose names have not attended

and who were and followers, sufto
tle
his master
Trophinms Rome, and then
been transmitted
to posterity,
Spain
passing through Gaul, the apos-
some
fered
;
of their converts the facts

shall
concerning the principal
made him bishop of that province, and About a left him in the city of Aries.
of
twelvemonth after, he paid a visit to Paul proceed to describe. Erastus, the chamberlain of Corinth, in Asia, and went with him, for the last was converted by Paul, and determined to time, to Rome, where he was witness to follow the fortune of that apostle. For this his martyrdom, which was but the forerunfor, being soon after seized reason he resigned his office, and accom- ner of his own panied Paul in his voyages and travels, till on account of his faith, he was beheaded
; [
whom we
the latter left
him
at
Macedonia, where he
of that province
<
was
U^
first
made bishop
;
by the
Christians
and afterward
suflTered raartyr-
by order of Nero. Joseph, commonly called Barsabas, was a primitive disciple, and is usually deemed
WSf
BURNING OF THE CITY OF ROME.
Page
21.
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYROLOUY.

*
23
one of the seventy.

gree, related to the
He
was,
;
in
some^le-
.Tews, at length obtained martyrdom, being
Redeemer
and he be-
came
I
a candidate, together
with Matthias,
murdered by the pagans in .ludea. Ananias, bishop of Damascus,

person
is
cele-
to
I I
\
fill
the
office of
Judas Iscariot.
The
other
brated in the sacred writings for being the
ecclesiastical writings
make very
little
who
cured Paul of the blindness
mention of him
that
but
Papias informs us,
with which he was struck by the amazing

brightness which happened at his conversion.
'(
he was once compelled to drink poison, which did not do him the least injury,
to
He was
I (
one of the seventy, and was
agreeably to the promise of the Lord,

those
martyred
in the city of
Damascus.
church was
After
built
>
who
believe in him.
He
was, during
his death, a
Christian
his life, a zealous preacher of the gospel

I
over the place of his burial, which
is
now
{
and having received many insults from the
converted into a Turkish mosque.
THE SECOND PRIMITIVE PERSECUTION UNDER DOMITIAN.
HE
emperor Domitian was

he
first
During
Christians.
this reign, there
were a vaiiety
naturally of a cruel disposition

:
of tales composed, in order to injure the
slew his
raised
Among
other falsehoods, they

:
brother, and
then
were accused of indecent nightly meetings

of a rebellious, turbulent spirit
;
the
second
the
persecution
Christians.
of being
;
against
inimical
His rage was such, that he even put to death some of the Roman senators some through malice, and others to confiscate their estates and he then commanded all the lineage of David to be extirpa; ;
to the Roman empire of murdering their children, and even of being cannibals and at this time, such was the
;
infatuation
of the pagans, that
if
famine,
pestilence, or earthquakes, afflicted
any of
the
Roman provinces,
these calamities were
ted.
Two
him,
Christians
were brought betribe
said
fore
accused of being of the

;
to be manifestations of the Divine wrath occasioned by their impieties. These
of Judah, and line of David
but from their

idiots,
persecutions increased the number of in-
answers, he despised them as

dismissed them accordingly.
er,
and
He, howev-
was determined
occasions
;
to
be more secure upon
and many, for the sake of gain, swore away the lives of the innocent. When any Christians were brought before
formers
;
other
for
he took
awayê
the magistrates, a test oath
was proposed,
if
property of
many
Christians, put severaTto
when,
if
they refused
;
it,
death was pro-
death, and banished others.
nounced against them
and
they con-
numerous martyrs that suffered during this persecution, was Simeon, bishop of Jerusalem, who was crucified and John, who was boiled in oil, and afterward banished to Patmos. Flavia, the
the
;
Among
fessed themselves Christians, the sentence

I
?
was the same. The various kinds of punishments and inflicted cruelties, were, imprisonment, racking, searing, broiling, buming, scourging, stoning, hanging,
and wor-
daughter of a banished
"
that
Roman
;
senator,
to Pontus and a no Christian, once brought before their tribunal, should be exempted from punishment without renouncing his reli-
was likewise law was made,
rying.
Many were
torn
piecemeal with
'
red-hot pincers, and others were thrown upon the horns of wild bulls. After hav-
I '
ing suffered these cruelties, the friends of

the deceased were refused the privilege of
j
'
gion."
burying their remains.

.J4
^%
TH-E
}
The following were the most remarkaMe among the numerous martyrs who suffered during this persecution
:
tyred at Milan
but the particular circum-
<
stances of their deaths are not recorded.
<
Timothy,
the celebrated disciple of St.
DioxvsiuSjthe Areopagite, was an Athenian by birth, and educated in

fill
Paul, and bishop of Ephesus,
was born
at
all
the use-
Lysfra, in the province of Lycaonia, his

fatlier
and ornamental literature of Greece.

to
being a Gentile, and his mother a
lie then travelled
Egypt
and
to
study as1
tronomy, and made very particular obserrations
on
the
great
supernatural
But both his parents and his grandmother embraced Christianity, by which means young Timothy was taught
Jf^vess. the precepts of the gospel from his infancy.
St.
eclipse
which happened
at the
time of our
Savior's crucifixion.
Paul coming
to
Lycaonia, ordained
appears, that
| <
On
meted
his return to
Athens he was highly

at
Timothy, and then made him the compani"" of his pious labors.
It
honored by the people, and

(^hrated city.
length pro-
to the dignity of senator of that eel-
Becoming a c<mvert
to the
he attended the apostle, his zeal could be only equalled by his fidelity; for
while
StPî"'
gospel, he changed from the worthy pagan

I
mentions liim with peculiar re| |
magistrate to the pious Christian pastor

for
even while involved
in
the darkness of
sp^N and declares that he could find none s" tndy united to him, both in heart and
m>f"'i
he was as just ns the gross errors of paganism would per fut.

idolatry,
His words wpro homl? , /iiso;iths u'or--> oncles ; His love sincere hi* l)ioughts hpiK'Volent His tears pure rnessentrers sent from his heart His heart as far from fraud as heaven from earth.
; ;
as Timothy.
Indeed the apostle,
"P"" various occasions, speaks of him in the most afTectionate terms,- which is a sufficient
proof of his great merit, and evinces
that
he was a disinterested and diligent

St.
servant of Christ.
|
?
It
is
easy
to
be
ima<.nnod, that a soul

lustre while
Timothy attended
nia,
Paul
to
Macedopropa-
which could appear with some

superstition, must, wlien
^
'
and there, with the apostle and Silas,

the
St.
left
loaded with original sin, and tainted with

illuminated with
he lal)ored with assiduity in

gation
>
of
to
the
gospel.
When
Paul
the light of
the
gospel,
shine with
the
went
to
Achaia, Timothy was
behind
most splendid brilliancy.
strengthen the faith of
those already
The
j
sanctity of
his
conversation, and
converted, or to induce others to quit the
purity of his manners,
recommended him
darkness of ignorance for the light of gospel
i RO strongly to the Christians in general, that
knowledge.
St.
he was appointed bishop of Athens. 'ischarged his duty with the utmost
nee
a
I
He
dili-
^
]
At length
Paul sent
for
Timothy
to
to
Athens, and then despatched him
Thes-
till
the second year of this persecu-
in,
viz.
A. D. 96,
s^îca, to strengthen the suffering Chris when he was appre- plans there against the terrors of the perse
crown of mar^
^
/.
iiended, and reiteiverl the
cution which then raged.
lyrdom, by being beheaded.
When Timothy
arrived at the place of

all
i
<
N1C0.MKDES, a Christian of some disfinction at
his destination, he did
that a zealous
Rome, during
the rage of
1 j
tian's persecution, did all
Domi- Christian could for the service of his Having performed his mishe could to s<^rve Redeemer.
I
5
the afHicled, comforting ihe jxmr, visiting
sion,
he returned
epistles
to
to
Athens, and Thessalonians.
there
the
those
confined,
exhorting
faitliful.
the
wavering,
^ <
assisted St. Paul and Silas in
composing
3 and confirming the

:
For those and
two
the
He
other pious actions

(.christian,
he was seized as a
sentenced,
<
then accompanied St. Paul to Corinth, JeAfter performing several other conimis
',
and
being
was rusalem, and Ephesus.

|
scourged
to death.
]
'
pROTASU'S and Gi;rvasius were mar-
sions for St. Paul, and attending him upoi

various other journeys, the apostle consliI
\
a
25
'
tyrdom, he returned to Ephesus, where he

the church
till
him bishop of Ephesus, though he zealously governed was only thirty years of age and in two 97. At this period admirable epistles gave him proper instruc- to celebrate a feast
tuted
;
A. D.
the pagans were about

called Catagogion, the
<
tions for his

I
charge.
J I
conduct in so important a principal ceremonies of which were, that '^ the people should carry battoons in their
so very temperate in his
Timothy was
living, that
St.
hands,
go masked,
and bear about the

their gods.
Paul blames him
for
being
streets the
images of
|
I
>
and recommends to him the moderate use of wine to recruit his strength and spirits. St. Paul sent to Timothy while he was
too abstemious,
in his last
Timothy, meeting the procession, severely reproved them for their ridiculous
idolatry,
confinement
at
Rome,
to
come
mar-
which so exasperated the people that they fell upon him with their clubs, and beat him in so dreadful a manner, that
he expired of the bruises two days
after.
to
j
him
and
after that great apostle's
THE THIRD PRIMITIVE PERSECUTION UNDER THE ROMAN EMPERORS.
^"ERVA
succeeding Do-ôf which,

j i
all
that could
be found of that
were put to death, to the Christians but Symphorosa, a widow, and her seven reigning only thirteen sons, were commanded by the emperor to
race"
;
mitian, gave a respite
>
months, his successor sacrifice to the heathen deities.

<
Unani-
Trajan,
year of his reign, and in
lOthjmously refusing to comply with such an A. D. 108, began | impious request, the emperor, in a rage,
in
the
the third persecution against the Christians,
told
her,
that for her
obstinacy, herself
slain, to
;
While the persecution raged, Plinius Se- and her sons should be
1
appease
to
cundus, a heathen philosopher, wrote to
which the emperor in favor of the Christians, to she answered, that if he murdered her and whose epistle Trajan returned this indeci- her children, the idols he adored would
s
\ s
the wrath of his offended deities
>
sive
to
answer,
"The
but
Christians ought not
only be held in the greater detestation.

|
be sought
after,
when brought
before
The emperor, being

at
this,
greatly exasperated
|
the magistracy, they should be punished."
ordered her to be carried
to
the
claim, in the
This absurd reply made Tertullian ex- temple of Hercules, where she was scourgfollowing words," 0, con- ed, and hungup, for some time, by the hair
5
he would not have them of her head then being taken down, a sought for as innocent, and yet would have large stone was fastened to her neck, and them punished as guilty." The emperor's she was thrown into the river, where she incoherent answer, however, occasioned expired. With respect to the sons, they the persecution in some measure to abate, were fastened to seven posts, and being as his officers were uncertain, if they car- drawn up by pulleys, their limbs were disfused sentence
; *
Tied
it
on with severity,
to
how ho might
Trajan,
located.
These
tortures, not affecting their

:
>
choose
wrest his
own meaning.
resolution, they
however, soon after wrote to Jerusalem, and gave orders to his officers to extermi-5 throat
|
wre thus martyred Crescentius, the eldest, was stabbed in the

;
>
Julian, the second, in the breast

;
>
nate the stock of David; in consequence) Nemesius, the third, in the heart
Primi-
26
Tius, the fourth, in the navel
fifth, in
;

Justice, the
sixth, in
^
sacrifice to
Neptune, was, by the immefirst
the back
Stacteus, the
diate order of Trajan, cast
into a hot
j
the side;
and Eugenitjs, the youngest, |lime-kiln, and being drawn from thence, was sawed asunder. was thrown into a scalding bath till he Phocas, bishop of Pontus, refusing to êxpired.
>
IGNATIUS
(died in the year 111).

j
Trajan likewise commanded the martyr-
with his two deacons were martyred
as
j
dom
holy
of Ignatius, bishop of Antioch.
This
and
man was
Christ
the person
whom, when an
his
were Quirinus and Hermes, with their families, Zenon, a Roman nobleman, and
about ten thousand other Christians.
|
!
infant,
took into
arms,
showed
to his disciples, as
one that would
In Mount Ararat
many were
crucified,
into
be a pattern of humility and innocence.
crowned with
thorns,
and spears ran
He
received the gospel afterward from St.
their sides, in imitation of Christ's passion.
John the Evangelist, and was exceedingly

zealous in his mission.
Eustachius, a brave and successful
Roman
to
He
boldly vindi-
commander, was by the emperor ordered

to join in
cated the faith of Christ before the emperor,
an idolatrous sacrifice
his
cele-
which, being cast into prison, he was tormented in a most cruel manner for after
for
;
brate
faith
some of
own
victories
but his
(being a Christian in his heart) was

greater than his vanity, that he
j
being dreadfully scourged, he was compelled to hold

fire in
so
much
his hands,
and
at the
same
time, papers dipped in oil
to his sides,
and set on
light.
were put His flesh

at to
last
was then torn with red hot pincers, and he was despatched, by being torn
pieces by wild beasts.
latter
Trajan being succeeded by Adrian, the continued this third persecution with
Enraged at the denial, the ungrateful emperor forgot the services of this skilful commander, and ordered him and his whole family to be martyred. At the martyrdom of Faustinus and Jovita, brothers and citizens of Bressia, their torments were so many, and their panobly refused
it.
tience
so great, that Calocerius, a pagan,
as
much
severity
as
his
predecessor.
<
beholding them, was struck with admiration,
About this time Alexander, bishop of Rome,
and exclaimed in a kind of ecstasy,
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYROLOOY.

" Great
27
Adrian dying in the year A. D. 138, was is the God of the Christians ;" for which he was apprehended, and suffered succeeded by Antoninus Pius, one of the most amiable monarchs that ever reigned a similar fate. Many other similar cruelties and rigors for his people gave him a title which he were exercised against the Christians, till justly deserved, viz " The Father of VirQuadratuSjbishop of Athens, made a learned tues." Immediately upon his accession to apology in their favor before the emperor, the imperial throne, he published an edict, who happened to be there and Aristides, forbidding any further persecutions against a philosopher of the same city, wrote an the C?iristians, and concluded it in these " If any hereafter shall vex or elegant epistle, which caused Adrian to words relax in his severities, and relent in their trouble the Christians, having no other
;
: ;
:
favor.
He
that
indeed went so
far
as to
com- cause but

<
that
they are such,

the
let
the ac-
mand
no Christian should be punished

I
>
cused be released, and

punished."
accusers be
on the score of religion or opinion only

but this gave other handles against
This stopped the persecution,
Jews and pagans, for their sufferings during this emperor's reign, employ and suborn false witnesses, to though their enemies took every occasion accuse them of crimes against the state or to do them what injuries they could in an civil authority. underhand manner.
the
to
>
them to then they began
and the Christians enjoyed a respite from
>
'/
>
THE FOURTH PRIMITIVE PERSECUTION UNDER THE ROMAN EMPERORS.
NTONINUS
succeeded
PIUS, was on account of his faith, behaved with such by Marcus astonishing courage, that several pagans beAuRELius Antoninus came converts to a faith which inspired such Verus, a. D. 162, who, fortitude. This enraged others so much,
;
being a strong pagan, bethat they cried out, he merited death
and
gan the fourth persecu- many of the multitude, wondering

tion, in
at this
tyred, particularly in several parts of Asia,
and in
which m&ny Christians were mar- beloved martyr for his constancy and virtue, began suddenly to cry out with a loud voice, saying, ' Destroy the wicked men France.
;
The
cruelties
used 'n
this persecution
tlie
let
Polycarpus be sought
for."
And
while
to
were such,
that
many
at
of
at
spectators
a great uproar and
tumult
began
be
shuddered with horror
the sight,
and
raised upon those cries, a certain Phrygian,
were astonished
sufferers.
the intrepidity of the
Some
of
the
martyrs
were
named Quintus, country, was so
lately
arrived
from his
afflicted at
the sight of
obliged to pass, with their already

feet,
wounded
the wild beasts, that he rushed to the judg-
ment-seat and upbraided the judges, for were scourged which he was put to death. till their sinews and veins lay bare Polycarpus, hearing that he was sought and after suffering the most excruciating tor- after, escaped, but was discovered by a tures that could be devised, they were child. From this circumstance, and havdestroyed by the most terrible deaths. ing dreamed that his bed suddenly became Germanicus, a young man, but true on fire, and was consumed in a moment, he Christian, being delivered to the wild beasts concluded that it was God's will that he
over thorns, nails, sharp shells, &c.,
;
with their points
others
28
<
should seal his faith with martyrdom.

therefore would not attempt to
He were amazed
5 >
at
his serene
countenance
make
a sec-
and comely gravity.
After feasting them,
I ^
ond escape when he had an opportunity of>he desired an hour in prayer, which being so doing. Those who apprehended him ^ allowed, he pi ayed with such fervency, that
POLYCARPUS
^ '
his guards repented they
had been
instru-
^
/
was admonished not

'est
to deliver his
body
other
mental in taking him.
He
was, however,
the people
to
should leave Christ, and
carried before the pro-consul, condemned,
begin
|
worship
him.
Twelve
>
and conducted
being
to the market-place.
Wood
Christians,
\
who had been

a minister,
intimate with
provided,
to
the
holy
man
earnestly
Polycarpus, were soon after martyred.
Heaven, after being bound to the stake; and as the flames grew vehement,
prayed
the executioners gave the heat
Mktrodorus,
boldly,
who preached
and Pionius, who made some esChristian faith,
way on
both sides,
In the
cellent apologies for the
now becoming
intolerable.
I '
meantime the bishop sung praises to God midst of the flames, but remained of a considerable family, and great virtues, unconsumed therein, and the burning of the I was a devout Christian. She had seven wood spreading a fragrance around, the sons, whom she had educated with the guards were much surprised. Determined, most exemplary piety. The empire having
in the
) I
were likewise burned. Felicitatas, an illustrious Roman lady
however,
struck
quantity
to
put an end
into
to
his
life,
they
the
been about
this
time grievously troubled
spears
of
his
that
body,
issued
when
from
with earlh(]uakes, famine, inundations, &c.,

the Christians
blood
the
were accused as the cause,
wounds extinguished
'.
the
flames.
After) and Felicitatas
was included
her
in the accu-
considerable attempts, however, they put'sation.
The
lady and
family being
him
to death,
and burned his body when

it
>
seized, the
dead, not being able to consume

I
while
the
Roman
emperor gave orders to Publius, governor, to proceed against
<i
This extraordinary event had such her. Upon this, Publius began with the an effect upon the people, that they began mother, thinking that if he could prevail to adore the martyr; and the pro-consuH with her to change her religion, the examalive.
^
>
THE CHRISTIAN MARIYROLOGY.

would have great influence with her Finding her inflexible, he turned his entreaties to menaces, and threatened her with destruction to herself and family, She despised his threats as she had done
pie
f
29-
were ordered
eldest,
for
execution.
Januarius,
th<?
sons.
was scourged and pressed

;
to death
with weights
next,
Felix and Philip, the two

hrains
had
;
their
dashed out
willi
clubs
Sylvanus, the fourth, was murdered

;
his promises
he then caused
i.er
sons
to
I j
be brought before him,

separately.
whom
he examined
in
three younger sons, viz

lis,
by being thrown from a precipice and the Alexander, Vi-ta:
They
all,
however, remained
and unanimous
steadfast in their
their opinions,
faith,
and Martial, were all beheaded. The mother was beheaded with the same sword
on which the whole family
as the three latter.
JUSTIN
MARTYR
He
Justin Martyr, the celebrated philoso\
great delight.
}
pher,
fell
a martyr in this persecution.
he was
thirty years
About the year 133, when of age, he became a
<
was a native of Neapolis, in Samaria, and convert to Christianity, and then, for the was born A. D. 103. He had the best first time, perceived the real nature of truth. education those times would afford, and He wrote an elegant epistle to the Gentravelled into Egypt, the country where the tiles, to convert them to the faith he had polite tour of that age was made for im- newly acquired, and hved in so pure and provement. At Alexandria he was inform- innocent a manner, that he well deserved
I \ >
?
<
<
>
ed of everything relative
interpreters
to
the seventy
the
title
of a Christian
philosopher.
He
of the
sacred writings,
shown
I ?
the rooms, or rather cells, in
and which
'
likewise employed his talents in convincing

the
Jews
of the truth of the Christian rites,

in travelling,
till
their
work was
lover
performed.
Justin
a
was and spent much time

/
}
he
d great
of truth, and
universal
took up his abode in
Rome, and
fixed his
scholar; he investigated the stoic and peripatetic philosophy,
<'
habitation upon the Viminal mount.
and attempted the Pytha-
He
who
kinds.
kept a public school, taught

afterward
many
|
gorean system
its
>
but the behavior of one of
>
became great
to
men, and
all
'
professors disgusting him, he applied
',
wrote a treatise
confute heresies of
himself to the Platonic, in which he took
As
the pagans
began about
this
30
J

5
time to treat the Christians with great severily, Justin
wrote his
first
apology
in
Monarchy A Dialogue with Trypho the Jew, and an Epistle to Diagnetus.

;
their favor,
TOT, to
and addressed it to the empetwo princes whom he had adopted

senate and people
in general.
Several were beheaded

sacrifice to
ticular
for refusing to
;
the image of Jupiter
in par-
as his sons, and to the
Concordus, a deacon of
the city o/
of
Rome
This piece displays

is
Spoleto,
great learning and genius,
written with
and ordered
but spit in
being carried before the image, to worship it, not only refused,
its
a manly elegance, and occasioned the emperor to publish an edict in favor of the
Christians.
face
for
which he was
se-
verely tormented, and afterward had his head cut off with a sword.
Soon
after
he entered
into frequent con|
Some
\
of the northern nations beinor in
arms against Rome, the emperor marched to encounter them. He was, however, drawn life and conversation, but a celebrated cynic philosopher and his arguments appeared into an ambuscade, and dreaded the loss Enveloped with mounso powerful, yet disgusting to the cynic, that of his whole army. he resolved on, and in the sequel accom- tains, surrounded by enemies, and perishing with thirst, the troops were driven to plished, his destruction.
tests with
Crescens, a person of a vicious
'.
>
All the pagan deities Justin's second apology was occasioned the last extremities. by the following circumstanc3s A man were invoked in vain ; when the men beand his wife, who were both bad livers, longing to the niilitine, or thundering leresided at Rome. The woman, however, gion, who were all Christians, were coinbecoming a convert to Christianity, at- manded to call upon their God for succor tempted to reclaim her husband but not they immediately withdrew from the rest, succeeding, she sued for a divorce, which prostrated themselves upon the earth, and A miraculous deliverso exasperated him, that he accused her prayed fervently. Upon her petition, ance immediately ensued a prodigious of being a Christian. however, he dropped the prosecution, and quantity of rain fell, which being caught
I
:
>
I
<
levelled his malice at Ptolemeus,
who had by
\
1
converted her.
to die
;
Ptolemeus was condemned
men, and filling the dikes, afforded The ema sudden and astonishing relief.
the
peror, in his epistle to the
I
^
son,
and one Lucius, with another permet with the same fate, for expressing wherein the expedition is described, after mentioning the difiicullies to which he had themselves too freely upon the occasion. The apology of Justin, upon these se- been driven, thus speaks of the Christians
| \
:
Roman
senate,
| }
verities,
I
',
gave Crescens the cynic an op-
"
When
saw myself not

I
able to en-
portunity of prejudicing the emperor against

the writer of it; upon
counter with the enemies,

I
^
craved aid of
| | 5
which Justin, and our country gods; but at their lipnds findsix of his companion.s, were apprehended, ting no relief, and being cooped up by the Being commanded as usual to deny their enemy, I caused those men, which we call who being musChristians, to be sent for faith, and sacrifice to the pagan idols, they On their tered, I found a considerable number of absolutely refused to do either. refusal, ihey were condemned to be first them, against whom 1 was more incensed
\ ;
scourged and then beheaded; which senlence

I
than
was executed with
all
imaginable
severity.
had just cause, as I found afterward for by a marvellous power, they forthwith used their endeavors, not with ammunition,
I
:
Of
I
the writings of this celebrated martyr
and great philosopher, only seven pieces The two Apologies are now extant, viz
: ;
drums, and trumpets, abhorring such preparations and furniti-ve, but only praying
unto, and trusting in their
God,
whom
tliey
An Exhortation
I
to
;
the Gentiles
An Ora\
carry about with them in their consciences.

It is
tion to the
Greeks
Treatise on Divine
therefore to be believed, although
we

them wicked men,
in their hearts
;
1 ;

call
31
that they
worship
was asked
if
he was a Christian
To
God
trate
for they, falling pros-
which, answering in the affirmative, he
was condemned to death, and suffered the crown of martyrdom accordingly. Many, me, beseeching God to help me in that owr animated by this young man's intrepidity, extreme want of victuals and fresh water boldly owned their faith, and suffered as (for we had been five days without water, he had done. Blandinia, a Christian, but of a weak and in our enemy's land, even in the midst of Germany); I say, falling upon their constitution, being seized and tortured upon faces, they prayed to God unknown to me, the account of her religion, received so
on the ground, prayed, not only for me, but for the army also which was with
|
I ^
<
and immediately thereupon fell from heaven but a most pleasant and cold shower
;
much
turers
strength from heaven, that her tor-
became
tired
frequently, and
were
among our enemies
great
store of hail,
:
'.
surprised at her being able to bear her tor-
mixed with thunder and lightning
so that
ments with such resolution, and

a length of time.
for so great
we
we
soon perceived the invincible aid of the

to
Sanctus, a deacon of Vienna, was put torture, which he bore with great tianity, lest, by their prayers, we be pun- fortitude, and only cried, " I am a Chrisand I thereby make my- tian." Red-hot plates of brass were placed ished by the like self the author of all the evil that shall ac- upon those parts of the body that were crue by the persecution of the Christian tenderest, which contracted the sinews religion." but he remaining inflexible, was reconductIt appears that the storm which so mied to prison. Being brought out from his raculously flashed in the faces of the enemy place of confinement a few days afterward, so intimidated them, that part deserted to his tormenters were astonished to find his the rest were with ease wounds healed, and his person as perfect the Roman army defeated, and the revolted provinces were as before they tormented him they, howentirely recovered. ever, again proceeded to torture him but This affair occasioned the persecution not being able, at that time, to take away a to subside for some time, at least in those life which was miraculously preserved, parts, immediately under the inspection of they only remanded him to prison, where for we find that it soon after he remained for some time after and havthe emperor raged in France, particularly at Lyons, ing had this resj ite, received the crown of where the tortures to which many of the martyrdom by being beheaded. BiBLiAS, a weak woman, had been an Christians were put almost exceed the powers of description. The aspersions, apostate, but having returned to the faith false accusations, taunts, threats, revilings, was martyred, and bore her sufferings with menacings, which were but forerunners to great patience. Attains of Pergamus, was another sufferer; and Pothinus, the veneraall manner of punishments, torments, and painful deaths such as being banished, ble bishop of Lyons, who was ninety years
most mighty God
give these be with us
;
therefore
men
;
leave to profess Chris-
to the
plundered, beaten, imprisoned, stoned, assassinated, hanged,

burnt, &c.,
of age,
was so unmercifully
treated
by the
and even
Chris-
the servants and slaves of opulent

tians
enraged pagan mob, that he expired two days after in prison.
were racked and
tortured, to
make
When
the Christians,
upon these occa-
them accuse
their masters
and employers.
sions received martyrdom, they were orna-
The
principal of these martyrs

:
were the
mented, and
flowers
;
following
Vetius Agathus,
young man, who

\
having boldly pleaded the Christian cause,
crowned with garlands of which they in heaven received eternal crowns of glory. The torments were various and, exclufor
;

E~ 32
J
; ;

the persecution began first to rago Lyons, they were in the prime of life, and to avoid the effects of its severities,
at
sive of those already mentioned, the martyrs of
When
Lyons were compelled

till
to sit in red-
hot iron chairs
their flesh broiled.
This
was
ers.
inflicted
with
peculiar
severity
on they thought proper

boring village.
to
withdraw
to a
neigh-
Sanctus already mentioned, and some oth-
Here they were
for
some
Some were sewed up

who
in nets,
;
and time
concealed
by a Christian widow,
to their retreat,
thrown on the horns of wild

carcases of those
bulls
and the
',
whose
piety protected while her obscurity
died in prison pre-
gave a sanction
vious to the appointed time of execution,.
As they were eminent persons, the malice

of their persecutors sought after them with
indefatigable industry, and pursued
to their place
were thrown
to dogs.
Indeed, so
far did
the malice of the pagans proceed, that they

set guards over the bodies while the beasts
them
't
of concealment with unre-
were devouring them,

the
I
<
lest the friends
of
>
mitting assiduity.
tirement, they
deceased should get them away by

;
Dragged from their rewere committed to prison

:
stealth
and the
to
ofl'als
left
by the dogs
>
without examination
but their misfortunes

;
were ordered
I \
be burned.
could
did not oppress their spirits
for,
shielded
The
martyrs of Lyons, according to the
by the gospel, they were secure against the
best accounts
we
obtain,
who
suf-
woes incident
to this life
fercd for the gospel,
were
forty-eight in
in
number, and their executions happened

the
year of Christ 177.
They
all
died
" The gospel 'tis which streaks the morning bright, 'Tis this which gilds the honors of the night. When wealth forsakes us, or whcli friends arc few ;
When
with great fortitude and serenity of mind,

evidently evincing that they preferred the
everlasting pleasures of an
j
immortal and
| \
I
,
hnppy life, to the transitory scenes of one that was precarious, dashed with afflictions,
and
at
best but short and fleeting.

fallinsf
<
"
Like to the
of a star,
;
<
Or as the flights of eagles are Or like tlie fresh spring's gaudy hue, Or silver drop^ of iiiorning dew Or like a wind that chafes the flood, Or bubbles which on water stood I'.ven such is man, whose borrowed light
;
;
friends are faithless, or when foes pursue ; 'Tis this V- hich wards the blow, or stills the smart, Disarms afliiciion, or repels its dart Within the breast bids purest raptures rise, Bids awful conscience spread her cloudless skies. When the storm thickens, and the thunders roll, When ihe earth trembles to the atiVighled pok, The virtuous mind, nor doubts nor fcurs assail, For storms are zephyrs, or a gentler gale But when disease obstructs the laboring breath, When the pulse thickens, and each gasp is death, Even then religion shall sustiin the just, Grace their last moments, nor desert their dust."
;
'
Being
amined
gans.
Christ,
at
at
the expiration of three
days
brought before the governor, they were exI

,-
in the
presence of a crowd of paconfessed

the
divinity
Is straight called in,

;
and paid
to night.
j \
The wind blows out the bubble dies The spring entombed in aulunin lies The dew dries up the star is shot The light is past, and man forgot." ,
;
They when
What
if
of
the governor, being enraged

their insolence, absurdly
what he termed
>
Besides the
above
martyrs of Lyons,
said, "
tions,
signifies all the former
execu-
who
are usually enumerated together,
some
dif-
'
others suflTered in that cily, and in the

ferent parts of the empire soon after.
'
Of
some yet remain who dare acknowledge Christ!" Having separated them, that they should
not console with, or fortify each other, he
these the principal were

\
Ei'ii'onius and
Alexander,
otlier.
celebrated
began
to
tamper with Epipodius, the young-
for their great friendship,

tian union with
and their Chris-
est of the two.
With
to
a dissemi)led kindpity his condition,

to ruin
}
each
The
to
for
first
was
ness, he pretended
born
at
Lyons, the
latter in
Greece; they
-each other,
receiving a
and entreated him not

obstinacy.
himself by
were of mutual assistance

and
prepared themselves
| \
"Our
deities,"
continued he,
|
I
" are worshipped by the greater part of the
'
crown of martyrdom in this world, and a people in the universe, and their rulers; crown of glory in the next, by the continual we adore them with feasting and mirth, we, to practice of all manner of Christian virtues. while you adore a crucified man
? j ( ;

>
33
honor them, launch into pleasures you, by your faith, are debarred from all that in;
dulges the senses.

I
Our
;
religion enjoins
feasting,
I
yours fasting
ours the joys of
first on the 22d of and the other on the 24th of the same month. Valerian and Marcellus, who were
fered A. D. 179; the

April,
licentious blandishments, yours the barren

virtue of chastity.
nearly related to each other, were impris-
I
>
Can you expect pro- oned at Lyons in the year 177 for being By some means, however, of tection from one who could not secure Christians. persecutions of a con-. which we are not informed, they made himself from the Then quit a profession their escape, and travelled different ways. temptible people ? Marcellus made several converts in the of such austerity, and enjoy those gratifications
which the world

this illusive
affords,
and which
territories of
your youthful years demand."

I
j
being
apprehended,
Bezancon and Chalons, but was carried before
harangue Epipodius re- Priscus, the governor of those parts. That magistrate, knowing Marcellus to he contemned his compassion, as a not want it. be a Christian, ordered him to be fastened heart full of faith could " Your pretended tenderness," said he, " is to some branches of a tree, which were
To
plied
you drawn down for that purpose. When he was tied to different branches, they were describe, is Christ suffered for us, that our pleasures let go, with the design that the suddenness should be immortal, and hath prepared for of the jerks might tear him to pieces. This invention failing in its proposed The his followers an eternity of bliss. two parts, end, he was conducted to Chalons, to be frame of man being composed of body and soul the first, as mean and per- present at some idolatrous sacrifices, at ishable, should be rendered subservient to which, refusing to assist, he was put to the Your idolatrous torture, and afterward fixed up to the waist the interests of the last. in which position, after refeasts may gratify the mortal, but they inin the ground that can not there- maining three days, he expired, A. D. 179. jure the immortal part
actual cruelty
;
and the agreeable
life
replete with everlasting death.
Valerian was soon after apprehended, which destroys the Your and by the order of Priscus was first put most valuable moiety of your frame. pleasures lead to eternal death, and our to the rack, and then beheaded, in the same
fore
be enjoying
life
>
year as his friend and relation. Much about the same time the following manly and rational speech, beaten, and then martyrs suffered, but we have not any cirEpipodius was severely put to the rack, upon which being stretched, cumstantial or particular accounts of their Hav- deaths his flesh was torn with iron hooks.
pains to perpetual happiness."
For
this
:'
ing borne his torments with incredible patience,
Benignus,
at
and unshaken
fortitude,
he was taken
from the rack and beheaded.

us,
\
Alexander, the companion of Epipodiwas brought before the judge two days
execution of that excellent young
his absolute refusal to renounce
after the
man.
I \
On
Christianity, he
was placed upon
the rack
and beat by three executioners,

lieved
who
re-
^
'
each other alternately.

as
He
bore
as
his sufferings with his friend
much
at
fortitude
had done, and

crucified.
length received
the conclusion of his glorious
by being
martyrdom These martyrs suf-
34
particular.
his vices
He had neither his virtues nor he was without his learning and
same time without
His
to
'
peers, the
Roman
senators, to
to
whom
he
j
had appealed, condemned
be beheaded.
18th
morality, and at the
his
The
sentence was executed on the

April, A.
prejudices against Christianity.

cipal
foible
prin-
was
it
pride,
and
to
this
;
we
for,
chiefly ascribe the errors of his reign
D. 186, his accuser having previously had his legs broken, and been put to death.
day of
having taken
vanity
into his
head
fancy him-
EUSEBIUS, ViNCENTIUS, PoTENTIANUS,

and Peregrinus, were all martyred for refusing to worship Commodus as Hercules.
Julius, a
self Hercules,
he sacrificed
those to his
who
refused to subscribe to his ab-
surdity.
Roman
sacrifice
senator,
becoming a
Apollonius, a Roman senator, became This eminent pera martyr in his reign. son was at once skilled in all the polite literature of those times, and in all the purest precepts taught by our blessed Redeemer.
convert to Christianity,
emperor
professed
to
was ordered by the to him as Hercules.
This Julius absolutely refused, and publicly

himself a Christian.
On
this
account, after remaining in prison a con-
He
gentleman, and a sincere Christian.
was, indeed, an accomplished siderable time, he was, in the year 190, pursuant to his sentence, beat to death
own
This worthy person was accused by his with cudgels. Virtue, whose essence is slave Severus, upon an unjust and religion, supported him, however, to the contradictory, but unrepealed edict, of the last, and he died a glorious martyr to the
truth.
emperor Trajan's. This inconsistent law condemned the accused to die, unless he recanted his opinion and at the same time
;
" Thine, virtue thine is each persuasive charm, Thine every soul with heavenly raptures warm Thine all the bliss that innocence bestows.
!
ordered the execution of the accuser for
And thine the heart that feels another's woes. What though thy train neglected, or unknown,
Have sought the silent vale, and sighed alone ? Though torrents streamed from every melting eye ? Though from each bosom burst the unpitied >igh ? Though oft with life's distracting cures oppressed, They long to sleep in everlasting rest i
O, envied misery what soft delight Breathed on the mind, and smoothed the gloom
!
calumny.
Upon
rus
this ridiculous statute

;
was Apollo-
nius accused
for
though his slave Sevedie for the accusation,
knew he must
was
yet such
his diabolical malice and de-
sire of revenge, that
he courted death,
in
order to involve his master in ruin.
The accused
Apollonius refusing to reof his
of night, When nobler prospects, an eternal train. rapture glow in every beating vein ; Made When heaven's bright domes the smiling eye surveyed, And joys that bloomed more sweetly from the
cant his opinions, was, by order
shade."
THE FIFTH PRIMITIVE PERSECUTION UNDER THE ROMAN EMPERORS.

(HE
Severus having been recovered from a emperor Commodus^ dying in the year 191,? severe fit of sickness by a Christian, bewas succeeded by the came a great favorer of Christians in genePerti- ral and even permitted his son Caracalla short-reigned
I \
NAX
^
and he again was

still
to
succeeded by the
shorter-reigned Julianus.
of the last, in the year 192,
be nursed by a female Christian, Hence, during the reigns of the two em-
On
the death
perors already mentioned,

ly
who
successive-
Severus
be-
came emperor.
>
succeeded Commodus, and some years of the latter's reign, the Christians were

not persecuted
;
; ;; ; ;
35
saving that
idols, as
for
we
find that
they had
to take a certain oath, refused,
a respite of several years.
he could not swear by the
Roman
At length, however, the prejudice and

fury of the ignorant multitude prevailed, and
he was a Christian.
they heard
but
Struck with surprise,
obsolete laws were revived and put in ex-
ecution against the Christians.
The
progress of Christianity alarmed the
first believe what he had no sooner confirmed the same, than he was dragged before the judge, committed to prison, and
the people could not at

;
pagans, and they revived the stale calumny

of placing accidental misfortunes to the ac-
speedily afterward beheaded.
IrenjEus, bishop of Lyons, was born in
count
of
its
professors.
Fire,
sword,
Greece, and received both a polite and a

Christian education.
It is
scourges, wild beasts, and cruel imprison-
generally sup-
ments, were
now used
and even the dead
posed that the account of the persecutions

at
bodies of Christians were torn from their
Lyons was written by
himself.
He
suc-
graves with pagan prejudice, to be mangled
by popular fury. But though persecuting malice raged, yet propriety: he was a zealous opposer of the gospel shone with resplendent bright- heresies in general, and about A. D. 187,
ness,
ceeded the martyr Pothinus as bishop of Lyons, and ruled his diocese with great
and, firm as
an impregnable rock,
its
wrote a celebrated tract against heresy
withstood the attacks of
boisterous ene-
and
in
A. D. 202, he was beheaded.

a
mies
with success.
Tertullian, who
us, that
if
Agapetus,
boy of Praeneste,
fifteen
in
Italy,
lived in
this age, informs
the
who was
only
years of age, abso-
Christians had collectively withdrawn themselves from the

pire
lutely refusing to sacrifice to the idols,
was
Roman
territories, the
em-
severely scourged, and then hanged up by

the
feet,
would have been greatly depopulated. Victor, bishop of Rome, suffered martyrdom in the first year of the third century, viz: A, D. 201, though the circumstances are not particularized.
and boiling water poured over

afterward worried by wild
him.
He was
The officer named Anliochus, who superintended this execution, while it was performing fell
beasts, and at last beheaded.
Leonidas, the father of the celebrated suddenly from his judicial seat, cried out Origen, was beheaded for being a Chris- that his bowels bnrnt him, and expired
tian.
Previous to the execution, the son,
while the martyr patiently suffered, in hopes
him in of a glorious resurrection, when the follow" Beware, sir, ing picture shall be realized these remarkable words that your care for us does not make you " Roused from their sleep unnumbered myriads come. change your resolution." Many of OriAll waked at once, and burst the yielding tomb; O'er the broad deep the loosened members swim gen's hearers likewise sufl'ered martyrdom Each sweeping whirlwind bore the flying Umb j The living atoms, with peculiar care, particularly two brothers named PlutarDrawn from their cells, came speeding thro' the air CHus and Serenus another Serenus, Whether they lurl<ed through ages undecayed, Deep in the roclc, or clothed some smiling mead Heron, and Heraclides, were beheaded; Or in the lily's snowy bosom grew Rhais had boiling pitch poured upon her Or tinged tlie sappliire with its lovely blue Or m some purling stream refreshed the plains j head, and was then burnt, as was Marcella, Or formed tlie mountain's adamantine veins
in order to
encourage him, wrote

:
to
her mother.
Potamiena, the sister of Rhais, was executed in the same manner as Rhais had
been
;
Or, gayly sporting in the breathing spring, Perfumed the whispering zephyr's balmy wing: All heard ; and now, in fairer prospect shown, Limb clunsf to limb, and bone rejoined its bone Here stood, improved in strength, the graceful
but Basilides, an officer belonging
to the
army, and one ordered
to attend
her
frame There flowed the The beaming eye

;
circling blood, a purer stream its dazzling light resumes,
execution,
became her
convert.
ofl^cer,
Basilides being, as an
Soft on the lip the tinctured ruby The beating pulse a keener ardor
blooms warms.
required
And beauty
triumphs in immortal charms."
.Jl

')
36
THE SIXTH PRIMITIVE PEHSECUTION UNDER THE ROMAN EMPERORS.
A. D. 235, Maximinus being
emperor, he
tion
raised a persecuthe
against
Christians.
In Cappadocia, the president,

Sereniianus, did
to
all
he could
\
in want and poverty of mind, These marks the church of Christ designed, And living taught, and dying left hehind. The crown he wore was of the pointed thorn, In purple he was crucified, not born They who contend for place and high degree, Are not his sons but those of Zebedee."
Patience
exterminate the Christians
Martina,
\
a noble
and beautiful
tortured,
virgin,
from that province.
likewise suffered martyrdom for the sake
A Roman
laurel
soldier, refusing to wear a of Christ, being variously crown bestowed on him by the em- terward beheaded.
\
'>
and
af-
peror, and confessing himself a Christian,
Hippolitus,
Christian
prelate,
was
he
was scourged, imprisoned, and afterward

put to death.
\
tied to a wild horse,

fields,
and dragged through

till
stony places, bushes, &c.,
PoxTiANUs, bishop of Rome, for preaching against idolatry, was banished to Sardinia,
expired,
During
|
this persecution, raised
by Max-
and there
a
slain.
iminus, numberless Christians were slain
Anteros,
the
Grecian,
who succeeded
to the
without
i"
trial,
5
last-mentioned bishop in the see of
^^^P
and buried indiscriminately sometimes fifty or sixty being
Rome, gave so much offence

tyrs, that
ernment, by collecting the acts of the mar-?
.1.1he
1
suffered
1,
zr
.1 martyrdom himseli,
;.,!, dignity only
J-
together, without the least gov-^^^^^ "'^^ ^ P" ^^^"^^' The tyrant Maxiininus dying, A. D. 238, t, If >
\ \
.
alter
c,
having held his
11
r,-
r^
forty
'
vvâs
.
succeeded by Gordian, during whose '.

'
''.
days.
reign, and that of his successor, Philip, the
Pammachius, a Roman
senator, with his
church was free from persecution

249, a
vio-lent
for the
family, and other Christians to the
number
their
space of more than ten years; but A. D.

persecution
of forty-two, were, on account of their re-
broke
out
in
beheaded in one day, and heads set up on the city gates. SiMPLicius, another senator, met
ligion, all
Alexandria.
that this
It is to
be observed, however,
instigation of a
was done
at the
ûh
P^g'^" Pnt, without the
knowledge of the
, ,
exactly the same

r^
,
.
fate.
r^y
pmperor.
5
, , f. Calepodius, a Christian minister, after

.
The
, ,
popular fury being

'.
let
,
loose against
,
being inhumanly treated,
111 and barbarously

1
the Christians, the

'
mob broke open

,
their
dragged about the

^
.
,
streets,
,
1 1 lastened about his neck, and
had a millstone thrown was .,

\
houses, stole
i
$
away
.
r i, the best of their prop-
into tlie river liber.
.,
,,,-,
(.See engraving.)
r oi
,o
erty, destroyed the rest, and murdered the r, owners: the universal cry being, ^^ Burn
' '
-..,,, lamily and domestics,

all
burn em: ^ II -.u ' his QuiRiTus, a n Roman nobleman, with I,- >em,
^
'
,,
kill
e7n,
,
kill
em.
is
n-,,
he
,
were, on account
names
5 I
of the martyrs (tiiree excepted) and

',
being Christians, put to the most exthen to the

this
the particulars of this aliair, however, have
\,-
cruciating tortures, and

painful deaths.
most
suf-
not been transmitted to posterity.
Thus
nobleman
The
three
:
martyrs alluded to were the

Chris-
fered the confiscation of his effects, poverty,
following
^
revilings, imprisonment, scourgings,
Mktrus, an aged and venerable

tian, refusing to
tortures,
and loss of his
life, for
the sake of
blaspheme his Savior, was

pricked
his blessed
Redeemer
well knowing, that
beaten
with
clubs,
with
sharp
" Our Savior came not with a gaudy show, Nor was his kingdom of the world below:
reeds, and at length stoned to death.
QuiNTA, a Christian woman, being
car-
-T^^r ^^JJ
CALIPODIUa
THROWN INTO THE KIVEK
TIBER.
Page 37.

ried to the temple,
39
to their great sur-
and refusing
to
worship
feet
meant
prise,
to
recant,
when,
there
the idols there,
was dragged by her

scourged
she immediately threw herself into
over
sharp
flint-stones,
with
the flames and
was
whips,, and at last despatched in the
same
plainly evinced
fears of death,
that
she
consumed which contemned the

;
manner as Metrus. Apollonia, an ancient maiden

fessing herself a Christian, the
lady, con-
j
>
tare reward, for

in this life,
and trusted to a lasting fua temporary punishment
mob dashed
accordingly
1 1 1
out her teeth with their

irx h,^rn ^loôli.r^ to burn her alive.
fists,
and threatened
A
\
<^ , ,, fire was
11''
^,
prepared
to a
it
for the
,
purpose, an^ she fastened

.
Slake slake
but requesting to be unloosed,

that
<
<
was granted, on a supposition
she
" Submit thv fatc to Heaveii's iiidulffeiit caTc, though all seem lost, lis imp.ous to des,.air: The tracks of Providence, like rivers, wind, Here run before us, there retreat behind And thougli immerged in earth from human eyes, Again break forth, and more conspicuous rise."
THE SEVENTH PRIMITIVE PERSECUTION UNDER THE ROMAN EMPERORS.
ECIUS
of
ful
being now emperor Rome, began a dreadpersecution

against
first
person of eminence
verity of this persecution.
who felt the seThe deceased
the Christians, A. D. 249.
emperor Philip had, on account of his integrity, committed his treasures to the care
of this good man. as
This
was
occasioned,
But Decius, not finding
partly by the hatred
he
his
<
much
as his avarice
to
bore to his predecessor, Philip,
who was determined

<
deemed a
Christian,
and
pariV
to
good prelate.
made him expect, wreak his vengeance on the He was accordingly seized,
jealousy concerning the amazino increase

of Christianity
;
and on the 20th of January, A. D. 250,

suffered martyrdom, by being beheaded,
for
the
heathen temples
began
to
be
forsaken, and the Christian
<
Abdon and Skmen, two

seized on
as strangers
;
Persians, were
but being found
churches thronged.
These reasons stimulated Decius

j
to at-
<
Christians, were
put to death, on account
tempt the very extirpation of the

Christian
;
name
of
of their faith; and
and
it
was unfortunate
for the
beheaded
for the
Moyses, a same reason.
priest
was
are
I
s
cause of the gospel, that

Christians
other
;
many
errors
:
had
the
Julian, a native of Celicia, as
we
about this time crept into the church

I
;;
informed by
St.
Chrysostom, was seized
were
at
variance
divided
with
those
;
each
'
upon
ble
for
for
being a Christian.
still
He was
fre-
self-interest
whom
and the
quently tortured, but

;
remained
inflexiprisoi.
social love ought to
have united
<
and though often brought from

execution, was again
object
virulence of pride occasioned a variety of

factions.
j
]
remanded
to be
at
the
of greater
to
cruelties.
He
The
heathens, in general, were ambi-
length
was obliged
travel for twelve
tious to enforce the imperial

this occasion,
decrees upon
and looked upon the murder order

'
months together, from town to town, in to be exposed to the insults of the

Finding the endeavors
to
of a Christian as a merit in themselves,
ignorant populace.
The
give
martyrs, upon this occasion, were
iti'-s
>
numerable; but of the principal
we
shall
cant his religion ineffectual, he
make him rewas brought

whipped
in
some account in their order. Fabian, the bishop of Rome, was the
before his judge, stripped, and

a
most dreadful manner.
He was
then
40
I <

^
put into a leathern bag, together with a
to gratify his revenge, as
he could not his

|
number
of serpents and scorpions, and in ^passion.
that condition
Pursuant to his orders she was scourged, was not more burnt with red-hot irons, and lorn with Having borne these torremarkable for her personal and acquired sharp hooks. endowments, than her piety her beauty ments with admirable fortitude, she was was such, that Quintain, governor of Sicily, next laid naked upon live coals intermin-
thrown into the sea.
'
|
I
Agatha,
a Sicilian ladj%
'>
'
became enamored of her, and made many gled with glass, and then being carried back to prison, she there expired on the attempts upon her chastity. As the governor was reputed to be a 5th of February, 251. Alexander, bishop of Jerusalem, about great libertine, and a bigoted pagan, the very discreetly thought proper to this time was cast into prison on account lady withdraw from two such dangerous enemies of his religion, where he died, by the se<
'
'i
as lust and superstition.
She accordingly
verily of his confinement.
retired from the town, but being discovered

in
to
her retreat, she was seized, and brought

Catana.
',
dria,
Serapian, being apprehended at Alexanhad all his bones broken, and was
loft,
then thrown from a high

killed
when he was
^
'<
Finding herself thus
in
the
power of an
',
by the
fall.
enemy, both
to
her soul and body, she

a
Julianus, an old man, lame with the

gout, and
recommended
\
i
{
^
Cronion, another Christian, were bound on the backs of camels, severely scourged, and then thrown into a fire and relief from her miseries. The governor, in order to gratify his consumed. A person who stood by, and passions with the greater conveniency, put seemed to commiserate them, was ordered the virtuous lady into the hands of Aphrod- to be beheaded, as a punishment for enterica, a very infamous and licentious wo- taining sentiments of too tender a nature. Macar, a Lybian Christian, was burnt; man. This wretch tried every artifice to
herself to the protection of
the Almighty, and prayed for death, as
i | |
the desired prostitution, but ^ Heron-Ater and Isidorus, Egyptians, her efTorls were vain; for herewith Dioschorus, a boy of fifteen, after found chastity was impr'egnable, and she well suffering many other torments, met with a knew that virtue alone could procure true similar fate and Nemesion, another Egyptian, was first tried as a thief; but being happiness.
win her
to
all
"
Know then this truth (enough for man to know), Virtue alone is happiness below That only jjoint where human bliss stands still, And ta>tes the good, without the fall to ill Where only merit constant pay receives, Is blessed in what it takes, and what it gives The joy unequalled, if its end it gain, And if it lose, attended with no pain
!
was accused of Christianity, which confessing, he was scourged, toracquitted,

tured, and burnt.
Without
And The
Less
satiety, though e'er so blessed, but more relished, as the more distressed broadest mirth unfeeling folly wears pleasing far than virtue's very tears
IsEHVRiAN, the Christian servant of an nobleman and magistrate, was run through with a pike by his own masEgyptian
ter, for
\
refusing to sacrifice to idols;

fifteen,
NANTius, a youth of
j^ j^^j
'
Vewas martyred
Secundianus having been accused as a was conveyed to prison by some On the way, Verianus and with the soldiers. Aphrodica acquainted Quintain " Where are ye carryof her endeavors, who, enraged Marcellinus said, inefficacy
Christian,
^ ^
Oood'from each object, from each' place acquired, For ever exercised, yet never tired Never "lated, while one man's oppressed Never dejected, while another's blessed And where no wants, no wishes can nmain, Since but to wish more virtue, is to gain."
;
| / >
^^^^
'
j;^^,
yiroins at Antiocl), after

i
prisonct being imprisoned and scourged, were burnt.
to
be foiled
in his
designs, changed his

'
ing
the
innocent?"
lust into
>
that
On her confessing resentment. she was a Christian, he determined
occasioned
three,
after
them
This interrogatory seized, and all having been tortured, were

to
be

w-

hanged
cut
off.
;
41
and when dead their heads were
The
these
Christians, refusing to comply with

rites,
were charged with being au-
Cyril, bishop of Gortyna, was seized by order of Lucius, the governor of that
place,
thors of the calamity.
Hence
the storm
of persecution spread from the interior to
who, nevertheless, exhorted him to I the extreme parts of the empire, and many obey the imperial mandate, perform the fell martyrs to the impetuosity of the rabsacrifices, and save his venerable person ble, as well as the prejudice of the magisfrom destruction, for he was now eighty- trates. The good prelate reCornelius, the Christian bishop of four years of age. plied that he could not agre# to any such Rome, was among others seized upon this requisitions. occasion. He was first banished to CenThe governor then pronounced sentence tum-Cellae, or Civita-Vecchia, as it is now
<
,
against the venerable Christian in these re-
called
and
after
having
been
cruelly
markable words
lost his senses,
scourged, was, on the 14th of September,
" / order and appoint, that Cyril, ivho has
252, beheaded, after having been bishop

fifteen
and
is
a declared enemy of
our gods, shall be burnt alive."
Lucius,
months and ten days. who succeeded Cornelius as
The worthy
prelate heard this sentence
bishop of Rome, was the son of Porphyrins,
and a Roman by birth. His vigilance, as underwent his mar- a pastor, rendered him obnoxious to the place of execution, and foes of Christianity, which occasioned him tyrdom with great fortitude. Origen, the celebrated presbyter and to be banished but in a short time he was
without emotion, walked cheerfully to the
;
catechist
sixty-four,
of Alexandria,
at
the
age
of
permitted to return from exile.
Not long after, however, he was appreinto a loathheavy fetters, his hended, after having been bishop about six feet placed in the stocks, and his legs ex- months, and beheaded March 4, A. D. 253. tended to the utmost for several successive This bishop was succeeded by Stephanus,
was
seized,
thrown
some
prison, laden with
>
days.
He was
threatened with
fire,
and
man
of a fiery temper,
who
held the dig-
tormented by every means that the most

infernal imaginations could suggest.
nity a
But
unappalled with dangers, and unshaken by

sufferings, his Christian fortitude bore
few years, and might probably have fallen a martyr, had not the emperor been murdered by his general ^milian, when a whole empire, and the persecution of course
ceased.
him profound peace succeeded throughout the
through
all.
Indeed, such was the rigor
of his judge, that his tortures were ordered

to
be lingering, that death might not too

to his miseries.
Most of
church
the errors
which crept
into the
soon put a period

died,
During
at this
time arose from placing hu;
this cruel temporizing, the
emperor Decius
man
but
reason in competition with revelation
and Gallus, who succeeded him, en-
the fallacy of such arguments being
gaging
tians
in a war with the Goths, the Chris- proved by the most able divines, the opinmet with a respite. In this interim ions they had created vanished away like
Origen obtained his enlargement, and

tiring to
re-
stars before the sun.
Tyre, he there remained
till
his
in
death,
which happened when he was
" Dim as the borrowed beams of moon and
stars.
To
lonely, weary, wîndering travellers,

;
the sixty-ninth year of his age.
Gallus, the emperor, having concluded

his wars, a plague broke out in the empire
:
sacrifices to the pagan deities were ordered by the emperor, and superstition immedi-
and as on high, Is reason to the soul Those rolling fires discover but the sky, Nor light us here ; so reasoji's glimmering lent, not to assure our doubtful way, But guide us upward to a better day. And as those ni^fhtly tapers disappear,
ray
Was
ately
bowed
the knee to idols.
day's briglit lord ascends our hemisphere, So pale grows reason at religion's siglit So dies, and so dissolves in supernatural light."
;
When
-n
'
42
THE EIGHTH PRIMITIVE PERSECUTION UNDER THE ROMAN EMPERORS.

/^ffip
FTER
the death of Gallus,
j
I
tians.
were brought before Junius Donatus,

inflexible
to all
iEmilian, the general, not
governor of Rome.
being properly supported
Being
?
remonstrances,
tortures,
by the army, was

the empire.
\
slain,
to
and having passed through several

they, A. D..,.257,
and Valerian elected
sealed their martyrdom
^^^^ their blood, by being beheaded.
Stephen, bishop of Rome, was beheadFor the space of four years this emperor ed in the same year and about that time governed with moderation, and treated the riiristianswithpeculiar lenity and respect. Saturninus, bishop of Thoulouse, was set upon and seized by the rabble of that D.it, A. D. 257, an Egyptian magician,
;
nism'ed Macrianu's, gained
great ascento per-
p'ace, for preventing, as they alleged, their
I
I
d.ncy over him, and persuaded him

secute the Christians.
oracles
from
speaking.
On
refusing to
sacrifice to the idols,

all
he was treated with

imaginable,
feet to the tail of
Edicts
being published, the ungovern-
the
barbarous
indignities
able rage of ignorance and superstition
was
\
and then fastened by the

a bull.
The per1.1 loose against the Christians. sccution began in the month of April, and
continued for three years and six months. The martyrs that fell in this persecution
Upon
a signal given, the enraged
animal was driven

|
down
.
the steps of the
temple,
by which
the
worthy
martyr's
'
brains were dashed out.

;
The
small
num-
Thoulouse had not were innumerable, and their tortures and ber of Christians in courage sufficient to carry off the dUd The most (Laths as various and painful. 'body, till two women conveyed it away, (uiinent martyrs were the following, though and deposited it in a deep ditch. ii-ither rank, sex, or age, was regarded : This martyr was a most orthodox and RuFiNA and Secunda, were two beaudaughters of ^worthy primitive Christian, and his doctiful and accomplished ladies, gentleman of eminence in Rome. trines are to be firmly depended upon. (See
?
A^terius, a
Rufina, the elder,

for
was designed in marriage Armentarius, a young nobleman and

;
engraving.)
|
Sc-cunda, the younger, for Verinus, a person of rank and opulence. The suitors, at the time of the perseculion's
of
Sextus succeeded Stephen as bishop Rome. He is supposed to have been a
for
\
Greek by birth, or by extraction, and had some time served in the capacity of a
commencing, were both Christians

renounced their
faith.
but
when danger
appeared, to save their
His great fidelity deacon under Stephen. singular wisdom, and uncommon courage,
dibtinguished him upon
fortunes, they
They
many occasions
look great pains to
pûadc
the ladies to
and the happy conclusion of a controversy

with some heretics,
to his piety
is
do the same, but failed in their purpose, lUifina and Secunda, though too just to
generally ascribed
change
their religious sentiments,
were too
on
diffident of their
own
strength to remain
;
and prudence. In the year 258, Marcianus, who had the management of the Roman government,
procured an order from the emperor Valerian, to put to death all the Christian clergy
I
\ungv.T the objects of
such solicitations
left
wuich account they
the city.
D.s^ppointed in their purpose, the lovers wore base enough to inform against the
i
'
in
Rome.
The
1
senate testifying their obedience to
ladies,
who
being apprehended as Chris-
the imperial mandate,
Skxtus was one
of
SATURNIUS FASTENED TO A BULL.
Page
43.

E'

5
45
the
first
who
felt
the severity of the rescript,

that
spectators so exalted an idea of the dignity
Cyprian
I
'
tells
us
he was beheaded
and truth of the Christian religion, that
August 6, 258. We are likewise informed that six of his deacons suffered with
him.
>
many became
After
converts upon the occasion.

for
|
I
lying
some time upon
this
burning bed, the martyr called out to the

emperor,
jocose distich,
I
[
Laurentius, generally
called St.
Lau-
>
rence, the principal of the deacons,
who
>
who was present, in a kind of made extempore, which may

:
taught and pr>3ached under Sextus, follow-
be thus translated
ed him
to the
place of execution
when
" This side enough is toasted, Then turn me, tyrant, and eat And see, whether raw or roasted I seem the better meat."
Sextus predicted, that he

days
tain
after,
should, three
meet him
of
in
heaven.
Laurentius looking upon this as a cerindication

his
>
own
approaching
{
The
and
|
executioner turned him accordingly,
martyrdom,
all
at his return
gathered together
after
having laid a considerable time

still
the Christian poor, and distributed the
longer,
ficient
he had
left
strength and spirits suf-
treasures of the church, which had been
| 1
to
triumph over the tyrant, by

great serenity, that he
committed
ing the
of,
to his care
among them,
into the
think-
telling
him, with
money
could not be better disposed

fall
<
was
his
dressed
enough,
and only wanted

lifted
or less liable to
hands of
<
serving up.
He
then cheerfully
up
on
the
the
for
the pagans.
<
eyes
to
heaven, and with calmness

spirit
This
liberality
alarmed the persecutors,
<
yielded
his
to
the
Almighty,
make a discovery August 10, A. D. 258. whence it arose, and commanded him to Romanus, a soldier who attended give an immediate account to the emperor martyrdom of Laurentius, was one of
seized on him to
i <
^
who
of the church treasures.
converts to his sufferings and fortitude

this,
He
order
;
promised he would do
three
but beg-
he could not help feeling the greatest veneration for a
ged a short respite
to put things in
proper
God who
all
inspired his votaries
when him, he was

getlier a
days being granted

;
| <
with such courage, and rendered his martyrs superior to
suffered to depart
whereto-
the cruelties of their
upon, with great diligence, he collected

great
persecutors.
number of aged,
;
helpless,
<
The
brave Romanus,
when
the martyr
and impotent poor

magistrate,
said, "
he repaired to
to
the
Laurentius was remanded
to prison,
took
and presenting them
him
<
that opportunity of fully inquiring into the
These
are the true treasures of the

I
nature of the Christian faith

entirely satisfied
and being
baptism
church."
by Laurentius, became
his
to
Incensed
I
at the
disappointment, and fanin
firmly a
Christian, received
eying the matter meant

\
ridicule, the
\
from the captive, and seemed
have his
governor ordered him

scourged.
rods,
set
to
be immediately
He was
then beaten with iron
mind impressed with a lively idea of the kingdom of Christ a kingdom replete with
;
upon a wooden horse, and had

.
eternal joys and everlasting happiness.
his limbs dislocated.
In Africa the persecution raged with pefortitude

I
These
I
:
tortures
he endured with
;
culiar violence
many thousands
received
and perseverance
to
when he was ordered

a large gridiron,
be fastened
fire
to
it,
crown of martyrdom, among whom the with a following were the most distinguished
I
the
slow
the
under
that his death
might be
characters
more lingering. His astonishing constancy during these trials, and serenity of countenance while under such excruciating torments, gave the
| I
Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, was an eminent prelate, and a pious ornament of

the church.
The
brightness of his genius

the solidity of his judg-
was temjjcred by
46

accomplishments and polished manner, are requisite in every preacher who would make an impression His doctrines were ortho- on the hearts of his audience. This was
all
ment; and with

the Christian.
;
the
of the gentleman he blended the virtues of
dox and pure his language easy and ele- ?the practice of St. Paul, and this was the gant; and his manners graceful and win- accomplishment of Cyprian. ning in fine, he was both the pious and The latter, it is said, was so perfectly a
:
polite preacher.
Indeed, an easy delivery.
master of the rules of rhetoric, and the
CYPRIAN
j
(died in the year 259)
precepts of logic, and so complete in the

|
About the yeai 246, Coelius, a Christian

minister of Carthage,
'
practice
j ;
of elocution,
and the principles
became
the
happy
;
of philosophy, that he
was made
professor
instrument of Cyprian's conversion
on
|
>
of those sciences in his native city of Carthage,
which account, and

his
for the great love that

for the author of
where he became so popular, and
he always afterward bore

conversion, he
taught with such success, that

students
many
of his
was termed
C(ecilius
afterward became shining ornapolite learning.
Cyprian.
<
ments of
Previous to his baptism he studied the

Scriptures
I
<
In his youth he was educated in the

principles of gentilism, and having a con-
with
care,
and being struck

the virtues
to his
with the beauties of the truths they contained,
siderable fortune, he lived in the very ex-
he determined
to practise
travagance of splendor, and

of pomp.
all
the dignity
therein
recommended.
Subsequent
Gorgeous
in attire, luxurious in
baptism he sold his estate, distributed the

|
feasting, vain
of a numerous retinue, and
money among
plain
terity.
attire,
the poor, dressed himself in

life
<
',
fond of every kind of fashionable parade,
and commenced a
after
of aus-
<,
he seemed
gratify all
to
fancy that
appetites,
man was
born to
for
his
and created
lie
was soon
made
a presbyter
'(
pleasure alone.
'
">.
Pleasure but cheats us with an nmpty name, StiJl snems to vary, yot is still the smnc Annusements all its utmost skill can boMst, By use it lessens, and in thought is lost."
;
and being greatly admired for his virtues, and his works, on the death of Donatus, in
A. D. 248, he was almost unanimoi'*'-''
J
|
\
'
elected bishop of Carthage.

A. D. 250, Cyprian was publicly proscribed by the emperor Decius, under the
appellation of Cmcilius Cyprian, bishop of
the Christians; and the universal cry of the pagans was, " Cyprian to the lions
>
' 47
accordingly, which octo
gan
in
to
persecute
casioned an epistle from them
Cyprian,
answer
to
which he vindicates the cause
of Christianity.
A. D. 257, Cyprian was brought before

the
Cyprian
to the beasts !"
pro-consul Aspasius Paternus,
when
The
fects
bishop, however, withdrew himself

ef-
being
commanded
to
conform
to
the reli-
from the rage of the populace, and his
gion of the empire, he boldly

fession of his faith, and
were immediately confiscated. During his retirement he wrote thirty but pious and elegant letters to his flock
;
made a conowned himself a
Christian.
This confession, however, did

to a little
not occasion his death, but an order for his
several schisms that then crept into the
banishment, which exiled him

city
\
church gave him great uneasiness.

to
The
his
on the Lybian
to
sea.
On
the death of
rigor of the persecution abating, he returned
the pro-consul
who banished
him, he re-
Carthage, and
to
did
everything in
turned
Carthage, bnt was
soon
after
pawer
expunge erroneous opinions.

plague breaking out
at
seized and carried before the
new
gover-
terrible
it
Car-
nor,
thage,
was, as usual, laid to the charge

;
who condemned him to be beheaded, which sentence was executed on the 14th
of the Christians
and the magistrates be-
of September, A. D. 258.
THE NINTH PRIMITIVE PERSECUTION UNDER THE ROMAN EMPERORS.

|HE
emperor Aurelian, A. D. ^merian, succeeded him; and during 274, commenced a perse- these reigns the church had peace.
\
all
cution against the Christians

;
>
Dioclesian mounting the imperial throne,
showed great favor to the In the year 286 he associated Christians. ferers being Felix, bishop of Rome. Maximian with him in the empire; and This prelate was advanced to the Roman some Christians were put to death before see in 274. He was the first martyr to any general persecution broke out. Among
the
principal
suf\
A. D. 284,
at first
j
\
Aurelian's petulancy, being beheaded on

the
these were
22d of September, in the same year. Agapetus, a young gentleman who sold
Fklician and Primus, two brothers. These Christians were seized by an order
from the imperial court
selves
Christians, and
:
his estate and gave the
money
to the poor,
>'
they
owned them^ |
\
was seized as a then beheaded at

a day's journey of
\
Christian, tortured, and Praeneste, a

city within
were accordingly
scourged, toitured, and at length beheaded.
Rome.
only martyrs
it
>
These
are the
record during this reign, as

to
left upon was soon
Tiburtius, a native of Rome, was descended from a considerable family not that any merit was due to him on that ac;
!put a stop
dered by his
own domestics
by the emperor's being murat Byzantium.
'>
count, for
<
Aurelian was succeeded by Tacitus,

I '
who
\
>
Those who on glorious ancestry enlarge, Produce their debt instead of their discharge."
'>
was followed by Probus, as the latter was by Carus this emperor being killed by a thunder-storm, his sons, Carnius and Nu:
Being accused as a Christian, he was
commanded
to
either to sacrifice tp idols, or

|
walk upon burning
coals.
He
chose

them without ways be ready to obey, as we have been damage, when Fabian passed sentence hitherto but when the orders of our prince and those of the Almighty differ, we must upon him that he should be beheaded which sentence was performed in the always obey the latter. Our arms are demonth of August, A. D. 286, and his body voted to the emperor's use, and shall be was afterward buried by some Christians. directed against his enemies ; but we can
the latter, and passed over
; ;
'
In the year of Christ 286, a most re-
not submit to stain our hands with effusion

of Christian blood
;
'.
markable
diers,
affair
occurred
a legion of sol-
and how, indeed, could

should
consisting of 6,666 men, contained
you,
?
emperor
be secure of our allegi-
none
but
Christians.
called the
Theban
legion,
in
had been raised
This legion was because the men Thebaus they were

:
ance and
fidelity,
we
violate
our
obligation to our God, in
whose service we
quartered in the east
till
the emperor
to
Maxto
in the
were solemnly engaged before we entered army ? You coiumand us to search

:
imian ordered them to march

assist
Gaul,
out and to destroy the Christians
it is
not
him against the
rebels of Burgundy.
<
necessary
of that such, and
to
look any farther for persons

;
the
They passed the Alps into Gaul, under command of Mauritius, Candidus, and
denomination
we
ourselves
are
we
glory in the name.

fall
We
saw
Exupernis, their worthy commanders, and

at length joined the emperor.
our companions
position
without the least op
or
murnuiring, and thought them
general sacrifice, at which the whole
a happy in dying for the sake of Christ. army Nothing shall make us lift up our hands were to assist; and likewise he command- against our sovereign we had rather die ed that they should take oaths of allegiance, wrongfully, and by that means preserve
Maximian, about
this
time, ordered
and swear
at the
same time
to assist
him
in
our innocence, than live under a load of

guilt
;
the extirpation of Christianity in Gaul.
whatever you
to suffer
;
command, we
are
Alarmed
of the
at
these orders, each individual

legion
absolutely refused
the oaths pre-
ready
we
confess ourselves to
Theban
be Christians, and therefore can not persecute Christians, nor sacrifice to idols."
either to sacrifice, or take

sf^-
Ibed.
This so greatly enraged Max-
declaration like this,
it
might be pre-
.ian,
that
he ordered the legion

is,
to to
be
be
ecimated, that
every tenth
man
sumed, would have softened the emperor, for, enraged but it had the contrary effect
:
selected from the rest, and put to the sword.

.
<
execution, those
This bloody order having been put into who remained alive were still inflexible, when a second decimation
took place, and every tenth
living
and unanimity, he commanded that the whole legion should

at
their
perseverance
death,
be put
to
executed by the other troops,

to pieces
which was accordingly who cut them
man
of those
with their swords.
<
\
J
This affair happened on the 22d Sepwere again put to death. more im- tember, A. D. 286 and such was the inThis second severity made no the sol- veterate malice of Maximian, that he sent pression than the first had done few detachments diers preserved their fortitude and their to destroy every man of a that had been draughted from the Theban principles, but by the advice of their ofand despatched to Italy. ficers, drew up a remonstrance to the em- legion, Alb AN, from whom St. Alban's, in Heit peror, in which they told him, that they
;
I
I
'i
were his subjects and his could not at the same time
;
soldiers, but
fordshire, received
its
name, was the
first
forget the Al-
British martyr.
This island had received

first
'.
mighty that they received their pay from him, and their existence from God. ' While
your commands are not contradictory those of our common Master, we shall
to
al-
the gospel of Christ from Lucius, the

]
Christian king, but did not suffer by the
'/
rage of persecution
for
many years
after.
I J
Alban was originally a pagan, but being
:; : ;
No useful

naturally of a very
49
:
humane and tender
dis-
part of dutj' left behind
\ I
Here the consenting
priiicipies unite,
position, he sheltered a Christian ecclesiastic

ficers
beam
named Amphibalus, when some

were
in pursuit of
of-
And
divine directs our steps aright, shows the moral in the Christian light.'
| ] )
Thegovernor ordered him to be scourged, which he bore with great fortitude, and his religion. The pious example and edifying dis- seemed to acquire new resolution from his he then was sentenced to be courses of the refugee, made a great im- sufferings beheaded. pression on the mind of Alban he longed The venerable Bede assures us that, to become a member of a religion which charmed him, and to imitate what he ad- upon this occasion, the executioner sudmired. The fugitive minister, happy in denly became a convert to Christianity, him on account of
:
>
|
/
the opportunity, took great pains to instruct
and entreated permission either

Alban, or with him.
:
to die for
latter
^
>
him
and before his discovery, perfected

to
Obtaining the
Alban's conversion.
request, they
were beheaded by a
soldier,
>
Alban now took the firm resolution
who
voluntarily undertook the task of exe-
This happened on the 22d of die the death of a martyr. The enemies June, A. D. 287, at Verulam, now St. Alof Amphibalus having intelligence of the ban's, in Hertfordshire, where a magnifiplace where he was secreted, came to the cent church was erected to his memory
preserve the sentiments of a Christian, or
cutioner.
^
/
| >
house of Alban
in order to
apprehend him.
in
about the time of Constantine the Great.
Alban, desirous of protecting his guest
This
edifice being destroyed in the
Saxon
to
it,
and instructor, changed clothes with him

order
to
wars, was rebuilt by Offa, king of Mercia,

|
facilitate
his
escape
and when
|
and a monastery erected adjoining
the soldiers came, offered himself up as the
some remains
and the church
| |
'
of
is
which are
still
visible,
^
>
person they were seeking
for.
a noble Gothic structure.
Being, carried before the governor, the

deceit
was immediately discovered

to
QuiNTiN was a Christian, and a native and of Rome, but determined to attempt the
'
j
>
Amphibalus being absent,

termined
Alban.
that officer de-
propagation of the gospel in Gaul.
He
wreak
all
his
vengeance upon
;
accordingly went to Picardy, attended by
one
prisoner
Lucian
;
they preached together at

^
The
ed
to to
was accordingly command- Amiens

and
to sacrifice
after
which Lucian
went
to
>
advance
to the altar,
Beawaris, where he was martyred.

Quintin remained in Picardy, and was
the
pagan
deities
or
threatened, in
case of refusal, with the vengeance intend-
very zealous in his ministry.

tinual prayers to the
His conto in-
ed
to
be exercised against the person
who
Almighty were,
had escaped by his contrivance.

Unterrified
crease his
faith,
and strengthen his
facul|
'
clared that
by these menaces, he de- ties to propagate the gospel. The breathhe would not comply with such ings of his soul might be well expressed
in the following lines
:
idolatrous injunctions, but freely professed
himself to be a Christian
and breathed
:
" Awful heaven

Great ruler of the various hearts of man Since thou hast raised me to conduct thy church Without the base cabal too often practised, Beyond my wish, my thought, give me the lights, The virtues, which that sacred trust requires A loving, loved, unterrifying power, Such as becomes a father humble wisdom ; kind zeal Plain, primitive sincerity For truth and virtue rattier than opinions And, above all, the charitable soul Of healing peace and Christian moderation."
!
; ;
out such sentiments as these
" The Christian beam Illuminates my faith, and bids me trust All that may happen to the will of Heaven
*
New
force inspires me, and strengthened soul Feels energy divine : the fair example Of steadfast martyrs, and of dying saints, Has warmed me to better thoughts I now Can with a smile behold misfortune's face, And think the weight of miseries a trial. The heavenly precepts brighten to mind
:
my
my
Being seized upon as a was stretched with pulleys
Christian,
till
he-
his joints
50

:
were dislocated
his
body was then
torn
J
<
Varus, the governor, being obliged

pair to
to re-
with wire scourges, and
boiling oil and

:
pitch poured on his naked flesh
lighted
<
torches were applied to his sides and armpits

;
<
Vermandois, ordered Quintin to be conducted thither under a strong guard, where he died of the barbarities he had
suffered,
and
after
he had been thus

to prison.
tortured,
<
on the 31st of October, A. D. 287

in the
he was remanded back
'
and his body was sunk
Somme.
THE TENTH PRIMITIVE PERSECUTION UNDER THE ROMAN EMPERORS,
COMMONLY CALLED THE ERA OF THE MARTYRS.

5
E VERAL reasons have

of
this
been
par-
was followed by
a severe edict
all
command-
<
assigned for the occasion

persecution,
ticularly the great increase
ing the destruction of
other Christian
churches and books
and an order soon

all
succeeded
to
render Christians of
de-
of the
Christians,
<
numbers of them having lost their of trust, profit, or dignity, or of receiving humility, and given themselves up to vanity, any protection from the legal institutions by dressing gay, living sumptuously, build- of the realm.
formidable
;
whose nominations outlaws, and consequently to rendered them make them incapable of holding any place
many
ing
stately
edifices
;
for
churches,
&c.,
The
tian
,
publication of this edict occasioned

;
which created envy
and the hatred of

of Dioclesian,
an immediate martyrdom
not only tore
it it
for a bold Chris-
>
Galerius, the adopted son
down from
the place
>
who being
bigoted
stimulated
by his mother, a
ceased persuading
to
which
was
affixed, but execrated the
'
pagan, never
name
of the emperor for his injustice.
the emperor to enter upon the persecution

till
he had accomplished his purpose. The fatal day fixed upon to commence
was sufficient to down pagan vengeance upon his head he was accordingly seized, severely torprovocation like this
call
;
I >
>
23d of February, tured, and then burnt alive. All the Christian prelates were then apA. D. 303, that being the day in which the Terminalia were celebrated, and on which, prehended and imprisoned and Galerius as the pagans boasted, they hoped to put privately ordered the imperial palace to be
the bloody work,
was
the
a termination to Christianity.
set on
fire,
that the
Christians might be
On
began
the day appointed, the persecution

in
charged as the incendiaries, and a plausible pretence given for carrying on the per-
Nicomedia, on the morning of

praefect of that
city
which the
ants, to the
repaired,
assist-
secution with the greatest severities.
with a great number
of ofiicers
and
A
; ;
general
sacrifice
was commanded,'
martyrdoms.
church of the Christians, where,
which
occasioned
various
having forced open the doors, they seized upon all the sacred books, and committed
Among
was
ral
others a Christian
named Pkter
;
tortured, broiled,
an8 then burnt
seve-
them
I 1
to the flames.
deacons and presbyters were seized

;
The whole
of this transaction
was
in the
presence of Dioclesian and Galerius, who,

I
upon and executed by various means and the bishop of Nicomedia, named AnthiMus, was beheaded.
not content with
burning the books, had
the church levelled with the ground.
This
No
distinction
was made
of age or sex
51
THE CHRISTIAN MART UROLOGY.

the
name
of Christian
all
was
fell
so obnoxious
perfect lesignation to the chastisements of
to the
I
]
pagans, that
indiscriminately
Heaven being one

duties
;
of the greatest Christian

:
sacrifices to their opinions.
Many
;
houses
for, as
a learned divine says
were
lies
set
on
fire,
and whole Christian famithe
" Naked as from the earth we came,
and others had stones fastened about their necks, and

perished
in
flames
And
We
crept to life at first, to the earth return again.
And
mingle with our dust.
being tied together were driven into the

sea.
all
>
the
The persecution became general in Roman provinces, but more par;
" The dear delights we here enjoy, And fondly call our own, Are but short favors borrowed now,
To
be repaid anon.
ticularly in the east

I \
and as
it
lasted
ten " 'Tis God that lifts our comforts high, Or sinks them in the grave He gives, and blessed be his name, He takes but what he gave."
years,
it is
impossible to ascertain the num-
bers martyred, or to enumerate the various
modes of martyrdom
in
some were beheaded

beasts
Arabia
many devoured by wild

;
Tired with slaughter,

imperial court that
at length, several
numbers were broiled on gridirons in Syria others had their bones broken, and in that manner were left to expire in Cappadocia and several in Mesopotamia were hung with their heads downward over slow fires, and suffocated. In Pontuo, a variety of tortures were used, in particular, pins were thrust imder the nails of the prisoners, melted lead was poured upon them, and various modes were
in Phoenicia
great
governors of provinces represented to the

it
was
" unfit to pollute
the cities with the blood of the inhabitants,

or to
defame the government of the em-
perors with the death of so
many
subjects."
Hence many were

tion, but
respited
from executo to
though they did not put them
death, as
much
as possible
was done
render their lives miserable.
Accordingly, as marks of infamy,

their noses
their
many
off,
adopted in tormenting the Christians, the
of the Christians had their ears cut

slit,
indecency of which could be only equalled
their right eyes put
out,
by the savage barbarities practised

execution.
in their
limbs rendered useless by dreadful
dislocations,
and
their flesh seared in con-
In Egypt the Christians were martyred
spicuous places with red-hot irons.
It is necessary now to particularize the by means of the four elements, some were buried alive in the earth, others were drown- most conspicuous persons who laid down edin the waters of the Nile, many were hung their lives in martyrdom in this bloody perup in the air till they perished, and great secution.
numbers received their death by being thrown into large fires.

Racks,
scourges,
ily,
Vitus, a Sicilian of a considerable famwas brought up a Christian when his

;
swords,
daggers,
virtues increased with his years, his con-
crosses, poison, and famine,
were made
despatch the
stancy supported him under
all
afflictions,
use of in various parts

Christians
;
to
and his
faith
was superior
Hylas,
to the
most dana pagan,
and invention was exhausted to devise tortures against such as had no crime, but thinking difl'erently from the
votaries of superstition.
gerous perils.
His
father,
who was
finding that Jie had been instructed in the

principles of Christianity by the nurse
who
city of
Phrygia, consisting entirely
brought him up, did

to
all
his endeavors to
of Christians,
was surrounded by a number bring him back

setting
it
paganism.
all
of pagan soldiers to prevent any from es-
Failing in his design, he forgot
the
caping
who
on
the
fire, all
the in-
feelings of a parent, and informed against

to
habitants
perished
in
flames.
But his son

a
Valerian, governor of
active
in
Sicily,
though the
suflêrings
of the
Christians
:
who was very

Christians.
persecuting the
were many,
their
souls
were serene
b2
Vitus, at the time

of his being appre-
he styled Christ.
replied, that
hended upon the information of his father, was little more that twelve years of age
;
Valerian, therefore, on account of his ten-
In answer to which he he "preferred the service of that dead man, who was in reality the Son of God, and was risen from the grave, to
all
der age, thought to frighten him out of his faitn. He was accordingly threatened with
great
the advantages he could

;
receive from
the emperor's favor
that
he was a soldier
care
anger, and ordered to be scourged
of Christ, and would therefore take

that the post
severely.
Having received
this
punishment, the
he held under an earthly prince, should never interfere with his duty to the
;
governor sent him back
to his father, think-
ing that what he had suffered would tainly mnke him change his principles and Hylas, in this he was mistaken
;
cer:
King of heaven and that as for the gods, whose worship they recommended to him, but he could not think them any better than
evil spirits."
find-
ing his son inflexible, suffered
nature to
He was
reply,
loaded with reproaches for this
sink under superstition, and determined to

sacrifice his son to the idols.
but being a
man
of rank, he
was
sent to the emperor to receive his final sentence.
Vitus, on being apprized of his design,
he was by order of Valerian put to death June 14, A. D. 303 but in what manner
;
Being by order stretched upon the rack, turned his eyes toward heaven, and prayed to God to endue him with patience after which he underwent the tortures with we are not informed. Crescentia, the nurse who brought most admirable fortitude. After the execuhim up as a Christian, and a person who tioners were tired with inflicting torments escaped with him, called Modestus, were on' hiiTi, he was taken from the rack and conveyed to a close dark dungeon. He martyred at the same time. Victor was a Christian of a good family was afterward sentenced to be thrown into he spent a great a mill, and crushed to pieces with the at Marseilles, in France
escaped
to
Lucania, where being seized,
he
part of the night
in visiting
the
afflicted,
stones.
and confirming the weak, which pious work
'This cruel sentence was, in

ure, put into execution
into
;
he could
not, consistent with his

;
own
safety,
Victor
some measwas thrown

apparatus
it
perform in the daytime
and his fortune he
the
mill,
but
part
of the
spent in relieving the distresses of poor

Christians, thinking that riches
less unless subservient to
breaking, he
bruised
;
was drawn from

till it
terribly
j
were usecharity,
to
and the emperor not having pato
>
works of
tience to stay
his
and otherwise employed, were a bane

mankind.
" Mark whore yon mines
head
be struck
was mended, ordered off, which was ex-
>
i *
ecuted accordingly, A. D. 303.
Who
their radiant stores unfold, Peru's rich dust, or Chili's heds of gold Insidious bane, that makes destruction, smooth ; Thou foe to virtue, liberty, and truth: Whose arts the fate of monarchies decide, gddst deceit, the darling child of pride : How oft allured by thy persuasive charms, Have earth's contending jjowers appeared in arms What nations bribed have owned thy jjowerfid reign, For thee what inillinris ploughed the stormy main, Travelled from pole to j)ole with ceaseless toil, And felt their blood alternate freeze and boil !"
: !
Andronicus was next brought up for examination, when being asked the usual
;
questions, he said
"
am
a Christian, a
native of Ephesus, and descended from one
of the
first
families in that city."
After a
great deal of altercation, in which the gov-
ernor was unsuccessful in endeavoring to

j
dissuade him froiH his

to
fate,
he was ordered
He was
thvi
at length,
however, seized by
emperor's orders, and being carried be-
undergo punishnicnts similar to those of Tarachus and Probus, and then to be re-
fore
two
prrcfects,
they advised him to emforfeit the
manded
After
to prison.
brace paganism, and not
favor
being confined some
days,
the
of his prince, on account of a dead man, as
three prisoners were brought before
Max-
;: ; : ;

iinus again,
53
who begaa
first to
reason with
even acknowledged by your

priests ?"
own
the
poets and
Tarachus, saying that as old age was honored from the supposition of
its
being ac-
Incensed
at this
speech,
governor
companied by wisdom, he was in hopes that ordered him to be struck upon the mouth, what had already past must, upon delibera- for uttering what he called blasphemy his he tion, have caused a change in his senti- body was then seared with hot irons ments. Finding himself, however mista- was put to the rack and afterward scourged
;
; ;
ken, he ordered him to be tortured by vari-
his
:
head was then shaved, and hot coals
ous means
in the
particularly, fire
;
was placed placed
upon
the
crown
and
after
to
all
palms of his hands

feet,
he was hung these tortures he was again sent

;
con-
up by his
and smoked with wet straw
finement.
a mixture of
salt
;
and vinegar was poured and he was then again

for,
:
Andronicus being again brought before
into his nostrils
Maximus, the
latter
attempted to deceive
remanded
if
to prison.
him, by pretending that Tarachus and Pro-
Probus being then called

he would
sacrifice, replied
;
and asked
I
bus had repented of their obstinacy, and
come bet- owned the gods of the empire. To this " Lay not, O govfor what I have the prisoner answered ter prepared than before already suffered has only confirmed and ernor, such a weakness to the charge of
"
:
strengthened
me
in
my
resolution.
Em-
those,
in this
who have appeared

cause
;
here before
it
me
ploy your whole power upon me, and you

will find that neither
nor imagine
in
your pow| [
you nor your masters, er to shake my fixed resolution with artful the emperors, nor the gods whom you speeches. I can not believe that they have serve, nor the devil who is your father, disobeyed the laws of their fathers, reshall oblige me to adore gods whom I know nounced their hopes in our God, and obeynot."
:;
ed your extravagant orders

to for
nor will
ever
|
>
The governor then attempted

with him on religious subjects
a slender education, he ing his talents
; ;
reason
fall
short of
them
in faith
and dependance
:
having
upon our common Savior

neither
thority
;
thus armed,
for
was proud of showthose who know little
know your
fulfil
gods, nor fear your authreats,
your
execute your
are fond of talking casuistry for
much, and by mistaking reason, would fain deceive
most sanguinary inventions, and employ

every cruel
art in
your power on
bear
it
me
I
^
others as they do themselves.

forth into the
He
launched
am
prepared
to
for the
sake of
most extravagant praises of

their
;
Christ."
the pagan deities, and as he enumerated
them described
respective
powers
deities,
elly scourged,
This answer occasioned him to be cruand his wounds were aftersalt.
and separate virtues
and inferred, from
ward rubbed with

well again in
Being perfectly
having suffered
him.
what himself had

possessed
of
said, that
such
a short time, the governor

for
such
admirable
qualities,
reproached the jailer
ought
to
be
worshipped.
" However,"
is
some physician
in his
to attend
The
jailer,
continues he, " as your chief objection

against a plurality of gods,
I
own
defence, declared that no person
will not press

;
whatever had been near him, or the other

prisoners, and that he
feit
you
ful,
to sacrifice to all of
them
sacrifice
only to Jupiter, the chief, the most power-
and most invincible, of our deities." Probus, however, easily confuted his
to r.dicule,
would willingly forany allegation of the kind Andronicus could be proved against him.
his
head
if
corroborated the testimony of the jailer,
arguments, turned his casuistry

:
and in particular said " Shall I pay divine honors to Jupiter, to one who married his own sister to an infamous debauchee, as is
and added, that the God whom he served was the most powerful of physicians, and the plant of grace the most salutary of
vegetables."
>
"c
54

Not Asia's
J (
" The sick and weak the healing plant shall aid, From storms a shelter, and from heat a shade No sigh, no murmur, the glad world shall hear,
;
fields the
impetuois flood retain
I >
It bounds with fury o'er the wide champaign Whate'er to view revolving seasons bring,
From every eye he wipes off every tear. The dumb shall speak, the lame his crutch And leap exulting like the bounding roe
;
Each opening
forego.
'l
And
In adamantine chains shall death be bound. hell's grim tyrant feel the eternal wound."
flower, the painted child of spring, Bleak wmter's snow, with summer's rosy pride, And autumn's ripening stores, augment the tide : On its broad wave it bears the shining spoil, Hills burst, rocks melt, woods blaze, aud oceans
boil."
These
brought
three
worthy Christians
examination,
were
to a third
when they
tor-
Marcellinus was an
I
ecclesiastic
at
retained their constancy,

tured,
were again
Rome
being apprehended on account of
and
at
length ordered for execution.
his religion, he
was ordered
to
be privately
and was beheaded Being brought to the amphitheatre, sevth&je accordingly. eral beasts were let loose upon them but Peter, a Christian, apprehended for none of the animals, though hungry, would touch them. This so greatly irritated Max- the same cause, was executed at the same imus, that he severely reprehended the time and place. Much about this period Smaragdus, keeper, and ordered him to produce a beast that would execute the business for which Largus, and Cyriacus, a deacon of the he was wanted. Th^ keeper then brought Christian church, were martyred but the out a large bear, that had that very day de- mode of their deaths is not specified by
executed
in the forest,
; ;
stroyed three
men
but this creature, and
martyrologists.
a fierce lioness, both refused to touch the

prisoners.
Finding the design of by the means of wild beasts inefiectual, Maximus ordered them to be slain by a sword, which was accordingly executed on
the 11th of
all
Susanna, the niece of Caius, bishop of Rome, was pressed by the emperor Diocledestroying them sian to marry a noble pagan, who was
nearly related to him.
Susanna, however,
that of a Chris-
refused the honor intended her, on account

of her religion,
tian,
which was
October, A. D. 303.
They
which
so greatly enraged the
em-
declared, previous to their martyrdom,
peror, that she
was beheaded by
his order.
that as death
was the coinmon lot of all men, they wished to meet that for the sake
which they must of course
on account of nature
life to faith,
;
DoROTHEUS,
\
the high-chamberlain of the
household
to
Dioclesian,
to
of Christ,
fall
and took great pains

his religious labors
a victim
to
and
to
was a Christian, make converts. In he was joined by Gor-
resign that
wise be the
losophical
which must other- GONius, another Christian, and one belongThey were both high palace. prey of disease. These sen- ing to the
in the emperor's favor,
timents are noble, Christian-like, and phi;
but
soon had an
for
as death
is
certain,
the
opportunity of evincing that worldly honors
time and
mode are not of that importance and temporary pleasures were nothing commonly imagined. Even the world it- when set in competition with the joys of
self will
meet with death
in its
general
immortality
for
being
informed against,
dissolution.
they were
first
tortured and then strangled.
"
a broader range the deluge raves. through the boiling waves O'er all the hills the rising (lames aspire, The mouniains blaze a mighty ridge of fire. Where stood the snow-crowiK-d Alj)s (an awful
in
Now
And
rolls triunipliaut
peror,
Peter, was
eunuch belonging
Ilis
a Christian of singular
and humility.
emmodesty humility caused him to

to the
name
undertake any menial ofilce to serve the

afllicted
;
!)
Now
rolled the doubling smoke, a spiry flame ; o'er the Andes in a whirlwind driven, Burst the blue gleam, and darkness wrapt the heaven. Even Ktna rocks, with a reluctant groan. Sunk in a flame moT" dreadful than its own :
and his benevolence occasioned

assistance
While
him
to
give whatever he possessed, to those

;
who needed
that
convinced
happiness,
that
fiery
stream the deep volcano pours,

its nioiith
riches did not constitute
and
And from
incessant thunder roars. Each humbler vale partakes the general doom, The smiling meads resign their lovely bloom ;
want could give instructiont
which
wealth could never bestow.

Being informed against as a Christian,
and confessing the charge, he was scourged
\
;:
father
was
confined, and shared the very
>
same
fate as their parent.

tor\
was torn in a most terrible and then salt and vinegar were thrown upon the wounds. Having endured
till
his flesh
;
Eight other Christians were

tured on the
manner
much
in the
same day as Saturninus, and same manner. Two expired
\ \
i.
these tortures with the utmost tranquillity,
he
I \
was
laid
on
fire
a gridiron,
till
and broiled
Albitina,
on the spot through the severity of their suff'erings, and the other six being sent
over a slow
he expired.
o*"
back
a
in his
to prison,
were
suflrtcated
by means
<
Saturninus, a priest town of Africa, used to
of the closeness of the dungeon.
I X
<
Victor, a native of Ancyra, was accused clerical capacity, preach, and administer by the priests of Diana, of having abused For this imputed crime he the sacrament, to a society of Christians, their goddess. who privately assembled at the house of was seized upon, committed to prison, his
officiate
<
>
I.
Octavius
Felix
for the
severity of the
house plundered, his family turned out of

doors, and his estate confiscated.
<
times were such that they could not publicly
<
perform their religious duties.

against, Saturninus, with
Being informed
four
Being put to the rack, his resolution failed him, and he besran to waver in his
faith
of his
children,
and several other

;
through the severity of the torments.
and that their Being carried back to prison, in order to punishment might be the more exemplary make a full recantation, God punished him and public, they were sent to Carthage, the for his intended apostacy for his wounds capital of all Africa, where they were ex- mortified, and put an end to his life in a amined before Anulinus, the proconsul of few days. Timothy, a worthy Christian, being that quarter of the globe.
persons, were apprehended
;
>
On
the
examination,
Saturninus
gave
carried before Urban, governor of

tine,
Pales-
such spirited answers, and vindicated the

Christian religion with such force of elo-
>
was sentenced to be burned to death by a slow fire which sentence was exe;
quence, as showed that he was worthy to

preside over an assembly that professed a
faith of
cuted at Gaza, in the year 304, on the 19th
>
day of August.
Philip,
Christian
purity and truth.
Anulinus, en-
bishop
of
Heraclea,
had,
in
raged
at his superior
arguments, which he
every act of his

;
life,
appeared as a good
could not confute, ordered him to be stopped
the chief of his disciples were

;
from saying any more, by being put
to a
variety of tortures, such as scourging, tear-
Severus, a priest, and Her.aies, a deacon and these three did all in their power to
promote the cause of Christianity.
ing his flesh with hooks, burning with hot

irons,
&c. All this he bore with the most manjy patience, breathing such generous
and pure sentiments as these
This worthy bishop was advised

i
to se-
crete himself, in order to avoid the storm
of the persecution
|
\
but he reproved those
who
,i
,
counselled him so to do, telling them

.i
"
heaven-born patience, source of peace and rest,

;
'
Descend infuse thy spirit through my breast, That I may calmly meet the hour of fate,
that their merit

sufferings,
My foes
u û,i by their would be enhanced u,r V.i and that death had no terror for
>
forgive, and triumph o'er their hate. This body let their engines tear and grind. But let not all their racks subdue my mind."
the virtuous.
"
After being tortured he
was remanded
of
to
Him fortune can not sink, nor much elate, Whose views extend beyond this mortal state
By
age when
prison, and there starved to death.
summoned
to resign his breath,

;
| | | }
The four children

after
Saturninus,
>
Calm and serene he sees approaching death As the safe port, the peaceful silent shore,
being variously tormented, remained

faith,
Where he may
]
rest, life's tedious

is
voyage o'er
He, and he only
of death afraid,
;
steady in their
on which they were
Whom his own conscience has a coward made While he who virtue's radiant course has run,
Descends
like a serenely-setting sun,
j | '
sent back to the dungeon in
which
their
56

Philip being taken to the market-place,
'-
And hope
His thoughts triumphant heaven alone employs, anticipates his future joys."
was ordered
to
sacrifice
to
the
Roma*i
An
I \
officer
named Aristomachus, being

up the Christian churches
deities in general,
and
to a
very handsome
<
employed
to shut
image of Hercules
in particular; to
which
thus
in Heraclea, Philip took great pains to con-
vince him that the shutting up of buildings
command, " Alas !" replied the " how unhappy are you, who
and so ignorant
prelate,
are
>'
<
made by hands could

remained
:
not destroy Christi-
grossly mistaken in the nature of the deity,

|
anity, while the living temples of the
Lord
in the truth, as to
worship
value
is
'<
for the true faith consisted not
your
own workmanship: what

the earth
?
in the places
where God
is
adored, but in
there in
gold, silver, brass, iron, or lead,
the hearts of those

I <
who adore him.

denied
entrance into
to
which are dug out of which

pacities
is
;
You
are
Being, however,
the
unacquainted with the divinity of Christ,

[
<
church,
where he used
preach,
incomprehensible to human cabut what
<
Philip took up his station at the door, and

there exhorted the people to patience and
<
perseverance.
<
These things caused him
to
be seized
power can your idols boast, which are made by base mechanics, a drunken statuary, or a debauched carver, and tricked up by the arts of the tailor, and
the
^ <
and carried before the governor, who severely reprimanded him, and then continued
'
goldsmith
and 'yet these are your
gods."
And
after
some other observations
to
speak
all
sternly
in
these
words
on the absurdities of the pagan religion, he

concluded, that, from what he had already
said,
it
Bring
the vessels used in your wor-
and the scriptures which you read and teach the people, and surrender them
ship,
to
appeared that the heathens wor-
>
shipped what might lawfully be trod on,
>
me, before you
tortures."
are forced thereto
" If," replied the bishop, "
by you
and made gods of such things as Providence had designed for their use.
take any pleasure in seeing us suffer,

are prepared for the worst
we
The governor
then tried the constancy
you can do. of Hermes, but finding him as inflexible as This infirm body is in your power use it the bishop, he committed them both to as you please. The vessels you demand prison. Soon after this, the governor's
;
'/
shall be delivered up, for
God
is
not hon-
time of ruling their parts being expired, a
ored by gold and

his
silver, but
by the fear of
to
new
was
the
governor named Justin arrived

to the full as cruel as his
but he
power
the ornaments of the souls of
predecessor,
j
)
his servants are
more pleasing
:
him than
Philip
was dragged by
the feet through
the decorations of churches
but as to the
streets,
severely scourged, and
then
sacred books,
part
it
is
neither proper for
me
to
brought again to the governor,
who charged
>
with them, nor for you to receive
him with
obstinate rashness, in continuing

j
^
'
them."
This answer so much incensed the governor, that he ordered one Mucassor, a
manity, to torture the prelate.
disobedient to the imperial decrees, but he " present behavior is boldly replied
:
My
person particularly distinguished for inhu-
not
the effect of rashness, but
proceeds
Hermes, from my love and fear of God, who made such the world, and who will judge the living barbarities, was likewise ordered to be and the dead, whose commands I dare not transgress. I have hitherto done my duty scourged. Proceeding to the place where the to the emperors, and am always ready to scriptures and the church-plate were kept, comjjly with their just orders, according to the the doctrine of our Lord Christ, who bids both wore seized by the pagans church was unroofed, the doors were us give both to Cajsar and to God their but I am obliged to prefer heaven to walled up, the plate was embezzled, arid due earth, and to obey God rather than man." the scriptures were burned.
expressing
himself
freely
against
<

The
^
'M
\
59
governor, on hearing this speech,

to
bad morals, and having spent his wife's and

his
immediately passed sentence upon him
own
patrimony, he had the baseness to
be burnt, which was executed accordingly,
inform against her as a Christian.

Publius, however, dying soon after, his
and the martyr expired, singing praises
to
God
in the
midst of the flames.
wife was released
but continuing to peracts

to
Agricola, as we are informed by St. Ambrose, was a Christian of so very amiable a disposition, that he even gained the
I >
form
many
charitable
distresspd
Christians^
she
was again
to
and delivered up
Illyricum.
apprehended Florus, governor of
esteem and admiration of many pagans.
Florus
to
>
Being apprehended as a Christian, he was

crucified in imitation of the death
should be put
the torture,
faith,
commanded that she when finding

he ordered her
to
'(
of our
her constant in the

ecution on
Savior
cross,
>
and his body, together with the were buried in one grave, at Bologne,
;
be burnt, which sentence was put in ex-
December
25, A. D. 304.
The
in Italy.
event taking place about a month after the
ViTALis, the servant and convert of the above martyr, Agricola, was seized upon
on the same accoimt as his master, and
being put
to torture,
I \
martyrdom of Chrysogonus her instructor. MouRis and Thea, two Christian women of Gaza, were martyred in that city some
time in the year 304.
died under the hands
The
former died
of his tormentors, through the severity of

his sufferings.
under the hands of her tormenters, and the
latter perished in prison, of the wounds VicTORius Carpophorus, Severus, and she had received in being tortured Severianus, were brothers, and all four Amphianus was a gentleman of eminence employed in places of great trust and honor in Lucia, and a scholar to Eusebius presHaving exclaimed sing through the crowd while the proclain the city of Rome. against the worship of idols, they were ap- mation for sacrificing to idols was read, he prehended and scourged with the plumbetse, caught the governor, Urbianus, by the hand, or scourges, to the ends of which were and severely reproved him for his impiety. fastened leaden balls. This punishment The governor being highly incensed at was exercised with such excess of cruelty, this freedom, ordered him to be put to the
;
that the pious brothers fell
martyrs
to
its
torture,
and then thrown into the sea,
in
severity.
the
waves of which he expired.
I
'(
<
Chrysogonus, a worthy Christian of iEoKsius, brother to the above martyr, was beheaded by order of Dio- was, for nearly the same oflênce, much clesian, for having instructed a young lady about the same time, martyred in a similar of that city in the Christian faith. maimer at Alexandria. Anastasia, the young lady brought up JuLiTTA, a Lyconian of royal descent, by the foregoing martyr, was descended but more celebrated for her virtues than from an illustrious Roman family. Her noble blood, wâs a Christian lady of great mother, named Flavia, was a Christian, humility. and dying while her daughter was an inWhen the edict for sacrificing to idols fant, she bequeathed her to the care of was published at Iconium, she withdrew
Aquileia,
Chrysogonus, with a
ity.
strict
injunction to
from that city
instruct her in the principles of Christian-
to avoid the bigoted rage of Domitian, the governor, taking with her
>
formed
i
Chrysogonus punctually per- only her young son Cyricus, and two young lady, women servants. She was, however, seizwho was a pagan, gave her in marriage to ed at Tarsus, and being carried before
;
This
but the father of the
'/
a person of his
Publius.
own
persuasion,
The husband was
of a
named Alexander, the governor, she acknowledged that she was a Christian. good family, but For this confession her son was taken
60
i

to the rack,
;
from her, and she was put
and
for-
tian,
which he had not before known,
or-
tortured with great severity

I
but she bore
dered him to be tortured, and then beheadj
all
I >
her sufferings with a true Christian
ed,
titude.
which was done July 27, A. D. 305. Hermolaus, a venerable and pious
a great age, and an
his
Young Cyricus cried bitterly to get at Christian of mother when the governor observing acquaintance
,
intimate
of Pantaleon's, suffered mar-
the beauty, and being melted at the tears
tyrdom
]
for his faith
on the same day, and
of the child, took

I ^
him upon
his
knee and
called
in the
endeavored
to
pacify him.
Nothing, howstill
>
ever, could quiet
Cyricus, he
upon the name of his mother, and

in
at length,
I
imitation of her words, lisped out, "
This innocent expression converted the governor's compassion he lost the man in the bigot, into rage
a Christian."
;
am
and throwing the child furiously against the pavement, dashed out its brains. The mother, who from the rack beheld
whole transaction, thanked the Almighty that her child was gone before her and she should be without any anxiety concerning his future welfare, and certain that
the
;
same manner as Pantaleon. Eustratius, secretary to the governor of Armenia, was thrown into a fiery furnace, for exhorting some Christians, who had been apprehended, to persevere in their faith. AuxEUTius, and Eugenius, two of Eustratius's adherents, were burnt at Nicopolis Mardarius, another friend of his, expired under the hands of his tormentors and Orestes, a military officer, was, for wearing a golden cross at his breast, broiled to death on a gridiron. Theodore, a Syrian by birth, a soldier by profession, and a Christian by faith, set fire to the temple of Cybele, in Amasia,
; ;
j
\
|
<
now no advantage
could be taken of his
through an honest indignation

atrous worship practised therein
at the idol:
tender years, to pervert his principles, and
for
which
defraud him of his salvation.

I
being
Julitta
apprehended,
he
was
severely
To
complete the execution,
had
scourged and then burnt, February 18, A.
boiling pitch poured on her feet, her sides
D. 306.
torn with hooks, and received the conclu-
Dorothy,
a Christian
of Cappadocia,
sion of her
martyrdom by being beheaded,

(See engraving.)
native of Nicomedia,
was, by the governor's order, placed under

the care of two
April 16, A. D. 305.

I
s
women, who had become

|
<
Pantaleon, a
his father,
was
apostates to the faith, with a view that she
taught most branches of
human
learning by
might be induced
to follow their
example,
who was
a pagan, and the pre-
Her
effect
discourses, however, had such an
I
I
|
<
cepts of the gospel by his mother,
who
was
a Christian.
upon the two apostates, that they became reconverted, and were put to death
for
Applying to the study of medicine, he became eminent in the knowledge of physic, and in process of time was appointed phyemperor Galerius. His name in Greek signifies humane, and the appellation well suited his nature, for he
sician to the
not
succeeding.
Soon
after
which
Dorothy herself was tortured, and then beheaded.
Pancratius, or Pancrass, was a native of Phrygia, but

tian,
being made a Chris-
and brought
suffered
to
Rome by
his uncle,
was one
of the most benevolent
men
living.
he there
martyrdom, being bedecease of his uncle,
He
assisted the poor to the utmost, with his

;
headed soon
after the
fortune
and, by the help of God, his skill
who
died a natural death.
in physic
was attended with the most
as-
Basiltdes, Nabor, Nazarios, and Cvrinus, four worthy Christian

oflicors
at
]
tonishing success.
His reputation roused the jealousy of the pagan physicians, who accused him to the Galerius finding him a Chrisemperor.
Rome, were thrown into pri.son for their faith, and being condemned wore sccmrged
with rods of wire and then beheaded.
^^..^..
V.
w.
^ ^_
MARTYRDOM OF
JULITTA, A LICONIAN.
Page 61.

THE CHRISTIAN MARTYROLOQY.
63
PEHSECUTIONS AGAINST THE CHRISTIANS IN PERSIA.

jHE
gospel having spread
\
The emperor
then told him that

all
if
he did
itself in Persia, the pa-
<
not kneel, he, and
the Christians in his

;
gan
priests
alarmed,
were greatly dominions, should be put to death but and dreaded Simeon rejected with disdain the proposal
I
)
'/
| $
the loss of that influence
to kneel,
and told him that he would abide
>
which they had hitherto

maintained over the people's minds and
\ I
the consequences.
On
in
this reply the
emtill
\ >
peror ordered him to be sent to prison,
properties.
Hence they thought
it
expe-
>
he had considered
ish him.
what manner
to
pun\
dient to complain to the emperor that the
Christians were enemies to the state, and
short time after,
held a treasonable correspondence with the
low-prisoners,
Simeon with his felwas again examined, and

worship the sun, agreeably
;
>
\ I
Romans, the great enemies of Persia.
commanded
to
to
The emperor, being
naturally averse to
the Persian custom
but this they
all
what was said against the Christians, and gave orders to persecute them in all parts of his empire. On account of this mandate many fell marChristianity," easily believed
;.
unanimously refused. The emperor then sentenced them to be beheaded, and they were executed accordingly.
been tutor
tyrs to the ignorance
and ferocity of the
>
Usthazares, an aged eunuch, who had to the emperor, and was in great
foregoing
martyr,
j
I
pagans, the suflTerings of the most eminent

of
estimation at court, on observing Simeon,
whom we
shall enumerate.
v/ith
>the
?
leading
to prison,
Simeon, archbishop of Selencia,
many
other ecclesiastics, to the
number of
Simeon, however (as Usthazares had formerly been a Christian, and

turned apostate from the faith to oblige the
saluted him.
a hundred and twenty-eight, were appre-
hended and accused of having betrayed the

I
emperor), would not return his salute, but

sharply
affairs of
',
Persia to the
Romans
to
The emperor
before him.
being greatly exasperated
against them, ordered

J
\
Simeon
reproved him for his apostacy. This so affected the eunuch, that he burst " Ah be brought into tears, and exclaimed wo is
:
!
<.
I
<
how shall I hereafter look upon my ing into his presence, boldly acknowledged God, whom I have denied, when Simeon, his faith, and nobly defended the cause of my old companion, and familiar acquaintChristianity. The emperor, being offend- ance, disdains to give me a gentle word,
archbishop cora!
The worthy
me
<.
ed at his freedom, not only reproved him

for
[
<
or to return
my
salute
!"
',
as
it, but ordered him to kneel before him, he had always done heretofore. Simeon answered, that " before, having
The emperor, being

tutor
told that his ancient
was
greatly afflicted, sent for him,
|
'.
the free admittance to his presence, he did
and asked whether he desired or wanted anything which could be conferred upOn,
or procured for him.
replied
that
not scruple to conform to the customary

salutation of the country
;
To which
the
eunuch
but being
now
it
|
\
brought before him a prisoner, for the truth

of his religion, and the sake of his God,
was not lawful

his
faith,
for
to
him
to kneel, lest
to
he
he wanted which this earth could afford but that his grief was of another kind, and for which he justly mourned, namely, that to
that
;
there
was nothing
should be thought
worship and
betray
oblige
him he had denied
his God, and
had
which he was
fully resolved to
| >
defend with his
last breath."
dissemblingly worshipped the sun, against his own conscience ; " for which," contin-

64
ued he, "
first,
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYBOLOGY.

I
am
deserving of a double death,
for
denying of Christ, and secondly
for
dissembling with
my
king
at the
same
time
solemnly protesting that
he would
nevermore forsake the Creator of the world, to worship the creatures which he had
made.
Suenes, a Christian nobleman, refusing deny Christ, had his wife taken from him, and given to one of the meanest of and what added to the emperor's slaves his mortification was, that he was ordered to wait upon his wife and the slave, which
to
;
at
length broke his heart.
The emperor being
greatly offended at
Theodoret,
for the
a deacon,
was imprisoned
preach the doc-
the explanation of the cause of his grief,
space of two years, and being re-
ordered Ustliazares to be beheaded.
While
he
leased,
trine
was ordered not
to
he was going
the
to the placg of execution,
of Christ.
Disregarding, however,
for which being was miserably tormented,
;
desired that a messenger might be sent to
the order, he did his utmost to propagate
emperor,
might be
request the favor that it proclnimed, that " Usthazares

to
the
gospel
of
Christ
seized upon, he
\
did not die a traitor for
any crime against

but only that being
the king or the state
nails
by having sharp reeds thrust under his and then a knotted branch of a tree
;
a Christian, he would not deny his God."
was forced up
>
his body, and he expired in
This
ed,
petition,
we
are informed,
was
grant-
the greatest agonies.
Bademus, a Christian of Mesopotamia, and accordingly performed; which was a great satisfaction to Usthazares, gave away his fortune to the poor, and dewhose chief reason for desiring it was, be- termined to devote his life to a religious cause his falling off from Christ had caused retirement being filled with the humble many others to follow his example, who sentiments thus finely described by the
|
; I ;
now hearing
that
he died
for
no crime but
poet
his r'jjigion, they might learn, like him, to /eturn to Christ,
and become fervent and

faith.
constant in the
Usthazares, being
|
thus satisfied, cheerfully yielded his neck

,o the stroke of the executioner,
and joyj
Blessed be his name, whose matchless goodness sends A fund of blessings and a choice of friends Unawed by custom, tyrant of mankind, Faithful to reason, sovereign of tlie mind, steer ihroui^h life's tempestuous sea, Serene
I
fully received his
crown of martyrdom.
|
'
Good Friday, after the above execution, an edict was published, to put to death all who confessed themselves Chris-
On
the
ciiart Christianity. of pride, the insoh-nce of power, transient glittering bubbles of an hour; I'ârth's Envenomed tongues; law with its mazy snares,
My
pilot faith,
my
The wrecks The
din of folly
all,
^
'<,
Proclaim to
and the broil of wars, with one united voice.
That liumblc
virtue is the wisest choice."
tians,
suffered.
on which occasion great multiludeb About this time the empress of
<
'i'his
inoffensive Christian, together with
Persia falling sick, the sisters of Simeon,

the archbishop, were accused by
some of
seven others, were seized upon and cruelly The seven tortured for being Christians.
the magi,
This absurdity being believed, they were, by the emperor's order, sawed in quarters, and their quarters fixed upon poles, between
of being
the
occasion.
',
who were apprehended with Bademus, received the crown of martyrdom, though the particular manner is not
Christians,
recorded
brought
and
Bademus
months
himself,
in
after
which the empress passed as a charm

recover her. (See engraving.)
to
having been
to the
four
prison,
was
place of execution, and be-
AcEPsiMUs, and many other clergymen, were sfized upon, and ordered to adore the
sun; which refusing, they were scourged, and then tormented
to death, or suffered to
headed by Narscs, an apostate Christian,

|
who was
ordered to act as the executioner
of this worthy man, in order to convince the emperor that he was sincere in the
remain
in prison
till
they perished.
renunciation of his faith.
65
THE PERSECUTIONS UNDER THE ARIAN HERETICS.
HE
author of the Arian herI
Arian bishop, engaged Sebastian, the genêral, to fall
esy was Arius, a native of

Libya,
upon them with his soldiers, and a priest of while they were at prayers. On this ocAlexandria, who, in A. D. casion several fella sacrifice to the popular 318, began to publish his ^fury of the troops, and received the crown
i
errors.
He was condemnI
of martyrdom for no other offence than per-
ed by a council of the Libyan and Egyp- aorming necessary acts of piety. The tian bishops, and that sentence was con- modes of cruelty were various, ad the firmed by the council of Nice, A. D. 325. ^degrees difl'erent for they were beaten
I
;
After the death of Constantine the Great,

the Arians found
means
to ingratiate
all their features were them- disfigured; then they were lashed with
I
over their faces
till
palm-trees, newly cut, with such and hence violence, that they expired under the blows, a persecution was raised against the or- or by the mortification of the wounds.
selves into
the favor of
Constantius, his
;
hwigs of
son and successor in the east
Many, whose lives had been spared, were were, however, banished to the deserts of banished, and their sees filled with Arians. Oasis, where they suffered unspeakable In Egypt and Libya thirty bishops were hardships but their exile admitted of their martyred, and many other Christians cru- indulgence of the most pious thoughts, and
thodox bishops and clergy.
celebrated
The
Athanasius and other bishops
elly
tormented
and, A. D. 336, George,
their
''
sorrows were of a salutary nature.
the Arian bishop of Alexandria, under the

Alas,
how
vain
is
happiness below,
authority of the emperor, began a perse-
Man
cution in that city, and

carried
ity.
it
its
environs, and
on with the most infernal severassisted

in
He was
his
diabolical
soon or late must have his share of wo ; Slight are his joys, and fleeting as the wind, His griefs wound home, and leave a sting behind His lot distinguished, from the brute appears, Less certain by his laughter than his tears
malice by Catophonius, governor of Egypt

Sebastian, general of the Egyptian forces
;
For ignorance too oft our pleasure breeds. But sorrow from the reasoning soul proceeds."
Secundus, an orthodox
in point of doctrine
priest, diflfering
Faustinus, the treasurer

a
and Heraclius,
raged in such a
Roman officer. The persecution now
same name
all
from a prelate of the the bishop, who had imbibed
the heretical opinions of Arianism, de-
manner, that the clergy were driven from termined to put Secundus to death for reAlexandria, their churches were shut, and jecting opinions which he had thought the severities practised by the Arian here- proper to embrace. Taking one Stephen tics were as great as those which had been with him, who was as much an Arian as practised by the pagan idolators. If a man himself, they sought out Secundus privately,
accused of being a Christian, made his es- and being unable to make him change his cape, then his whole family were massa- opinion, they fell upon and murdered him cred, and his effects confiscated. when the holy martyr, just before he ex; /
The orthodox
privnd of
the
city
all
Christians, being
now
de-> pired, called upon

(
Christ
to receive
his
places of public worship in
soul,
and
to forgive his executioners.
of Alexandria, used to
perform
their devotions in a desert place, at
Not content with the cruelties exercised some upon the orthodox Christians in Alexandria,
\
\
distance
from
it.
Assembling
for
this
the principal persecutors applied to the
em-
purpose on a Trinity Sunday, George, the

I
peror for an order
to
banish them
from

m-
66

to put their
Egypt and Libya, and
churches
into the possession of the Arians.
>
They
obtained their request, and an or-
gave out, that Alexander had bestowed great commendations on Macedonius for sanctity, and had only given Paul
ness,
the reputation of eloquence, and a capacity
for
der was sent for that purpose to Sebastian,

the commander-in-chief of the
>
Roman
for-
'<
business
it
is
true, indeed,
he was a
\
ces in those provinces.
<
master in the
ding
;
art
of speaking and persualife
As soon
der,
all
as the general received the orto
but the sequel of his
and
suffer-
he signified the emperor's pleasure
'
ings sufficiently evinced the absurdity of

their
I (
>.
deeming him a man formed for the manded that the mandate should be imme- world. But, after some struggle, the orthoHence a great dox triumphed, and Paul was consecrated. diately put into execution. Macedonius being greatly offended at -number of the clergy were seized, and
the sub-governors and officers, and
com-
\
]
imprisoned for examination;

I \
when
it
ap-
this preference, did his
utmost
to
calumnij
.'
pearing that they adopted the opinions of

Athanasius, an order
ate
the
new
bishop, and
;
was very severe

but not gaining
<
was signed
for their
upon
his moral character
banishment into the most wild, uncultivated,
any
belief,
he dropped the charge, and rec-
and desert places.
'.
dox clergy used, were condemned to the mines, or compel- media, who resumed the accusations under Some few two heads, viz led to work in the quarries. 1. That he had led a disorderly life beindeed escaped to other countries, and several were weak enough to renounce their fore his consecration. 2. That he had been placed in the see faith, in order to avoid the severities of the
:
Thus were the ortho- onciled himself to Paul. This, however, and many of the laity was not the case with Eusebius of Nico-
\
'<
persecution.
of Constantinople without the
consent of
>
'
I
'/
>
Paul, the bishop of Constantinople, was the bishops of Nicomedia and Heraclea, a Macedonian by birth, and was designed, two metropolitans, who ought to have been consulted upon that occasion. from his birth, for a clerical life. To support these accusations, Eusebius When Alexander, the predecessor of Paul, was on his deathbed, he was con- procured the emperor's authority, by represuited by some of the clergy on the choice senting, that Paul having been chosen when, we are informed, during the absence of Constantius, the imof a successor he told them that, " if they were disposed perial dignity had been insulted. This to choose a person of an exemplary life, artifice succeeded, and Paul being deposed, unexceptionable character, and thoroughly Eusebius was placed in his room.
;
j
'
'
[ i
capable of instructing the people, Paul was

f
Paul having
lost
his
authority in the
the
j
'
who, though young, had all the east, retired to the territories of Constans, prudence and gravity of more advanced in the west, where he was well received At age but if they had rather have a person by the orthodox prelates and clergy. of a well-composed appearance, acquainted Rome he visited Athanasius, and assisted with worldly affairs, and fit for the conver- at a council held there, by Julius, the bishop
man
;
sation of a court, they might then choose
of that see.
to
Letters being written by this
Macedonius, who had all the proper quali- council Macedonius was a deacon in turned fications.
the church
office
the
eastern
prelates,
Paul
rere-
to Constantinople, but
to
was not
of Constantinople,
in
which
stored
his
bishopric
till
the death of
great experience
he had spent many years, and gained Eusebius. The Arians, however, constiand the dying prelate tuting Macedonius their bishop, by the
;
did both
him and Paul
justice in their dif-
title
of bishop of Constantinople, a sedition,

civil
ferent characters.
Nevertheless, the Ari-
and a kind of
war ensued,
in
which,
ans, with- their accustomed disingenuous-
many
lost their lives.

The emperor
at
'm 67
Constantius,
who was
then
ed
to
issue out an excommunication against
Antioch, hearing of these matters, laid
Julius, bishop of
Rome
Paul, bishop of
the whole blame upon Paul, and ordered
Constantinople
Athanasius,
bishop
of
he should be driven from ConstantiHermogenes, the officer, who had nople.

that
Alexandria
and several other prelates.
In A. D. 350, the emperor Constans died,
received the emperor's order, attempted in

vain to put
it
which gave the Arians fresh courage, and

they immediately applied
Constantius,
heart, wrote
to
to the
into execution
in
for the ortho-
emperor,
in his
dox Christians rising
defence of Paul,
a scuffle that
who being an Arian

an order
Hermogenes was
ensued.
killed in
to the prefect Philip,
This transaction greatly exasperated the emperor, who left Antioch though in the depth of winter, and immediately returned
to Constantinople, to
remove Paul from the bishopric of Conand banish him again, to restore Macedonius. Being exiled to Cucucus, he was constantinople,
fined in a small, loathsome, dark dungeon,
with a design severely
punish the Christians.
But
their sub-
where he was kept

and then strangled.
fortitude, as
six days without food,
mission and entreaties softened him, and
He
met death with
he contented himself with banishing Paul and suspending Macedonius.

Paul retired again
emperor,
and,
to the territories of
signed in
he was always perfectly remisfortunes, and convinced of the

life,
vanity of this transitory

similar to those given
for
reasons
Constans, implored the protection of that
by his intercession, was
by Solomon, in the expressive passages, which have been thus

finely
again invested in his see.

sion,
On
this occa-
paraphrased
we
are informed, that " his re-estab-
lishment did but exasperate his enemies,
" Ye sons of men, with just regard attend, Observe the preacher, and believe the friend,
Whose
That That
who were
his
life,
at that
time constantly employed,
both in secret and open attempts against

against which the affections of his
;
serious muse inspires him lo explain, act and all we think is vain. in this pilgrimage of seventy years, O'er rocks of perils and through vales of tears. Destined to march, our doubtful steps we tend,
all v/e
people were his only security
and being convinced that the emperor had no other

motive for allowing his stay
at
Tired with the That from the
Of follies,
Constantihis
toil, yet fearful of its end, womb we take our fatal shares passions, labors, tumults, cares And at approach of death shall only know The truths, which from these pensive numbers flow,
:
nople,
brother.
but
the
dread
of disobliging
That we pursue
false
joy and suffer real wo."
Paul could not

to
think
himself
The
Arian party
now
prevailing,
made
wholly restored
very
his
bishopric,
;
while
Gregory of Cappadocia, a very obscure per-
things were in this
and being son, bishop of Alexandria, after having dewhat the orthodox posed Athanasius for his strict adherence In the accomplishbishops suffered from the power and malice to the orthodox faith. of the Arian faction, joined Athanasius, ment of this affair, they were assisted by
situation
at
much concerned
who was
then in Italy in soliciting a gen-
Philagerius, the governor of Egypt,

apostate,
all
who
to
eral council."
council
was accordingly held
at
was an Sar- commit
and who suffered them
manner of outrages.
Hence
<fcc.,
dica, in Illyrium, in the
year 347, at which were present one hundred bishops of the western, and seventy-three of the eastern empire. But disagreeing in many points,
the Arian bishops
Philippolis,
in
arming themselves with swords, clubs,

of Alexandria,
they broke into one of the principal churches
where great numbers of
or-
thodox Christians were assembled

;
at their
east retired to devotions and falling upon them in a most and forming a barbarous manner, without the least respect meeting there, they termed it the council to sex or age, the principal part of them of Sardica. From this place they pretend- were murdered.
of the
;
Thrace
68
THE PERSECUTION UNDER JULIAN THE APOSTATE.
ULIAN
of
the apostate,
Julius
commonly called was the son

Constantius,
of Con-
clergy of the privileges granted them
by
Constantine the Great.
Hence was
aimed
to
this persecution
more dan-
and the
nephew
<
gerous than any of the former, as Julian
stantine the Great.
He
<
sap the foundations of Christianity,
studied the rudiments of
instead of attacking the superstructure, and
under the inspection of Mardonius a eimuch, and a heathen of ConHis father sent him somestantinople. time after to Nicomedia, to be instructed in
grammar
under the mask of clemency, practised the greatest cruelty in wishing to delude many
\ <
thousands of their eternal salvation.
The
Christian
faith
was thus
in
more
the Christian religion, by the bishop Eusebius his
kinsman
but his principles
were
^
danger of being subverted than it ever had been before, by the means of a monarch, at once witty and wicked, learned and hypocritical
;
corrupted by the pernicious doctrines of
Ecebolius the
the magician.
rhetorician,
and Maximus
<
who,
at first,
made
his attempts,
"Ot by the
means of
fire,
sword, and poison,
Constantius dying in the year 361, Julian
but by flatteries,
gifts,
and favors; not by
succeeded him, and had no sooner attained the imperial dignity, than he renounced Christianity, and embraced paganism,
i
using racks and tortures, but by bestowing

offices
and dignities
and then, by prohibitcompelled the

il-
ing Christian schools, he
which had
disrepute.
for
some years
fallen into great
children of the. gospel either to remain

literate, or
'
But he again
restored idola-
become
idolaters.
to
trous worship, by opening the several temI
Other methods taken by Julian were,

!
pies that had been shut up, rebuilding such

\
;
order that Christians might be treated coldly
as were destroyed, and ordering the magistrates
upon
all
occasions, and in
to
all
parts of the
'
and people
to follow
his
example.
J
I \
however, made no public edicts against Christianity, but tried to do that privately
He
which other emperors had done openly.
He
but
recalled
all
l)anislied
pagans, allowed
the free exercise of religion to every sect,
employ several witty persons to turn them, and their principles, into ridiMany were likewise martyred in his cule. reign for though he did not publicly persecute them himself, he connived at their being murdered by his governors and offiempire, and
;
deprived
all
Christians of offices at
'
cers
court, in
<
the magistracy, or in the army.
|
^
tronise
and though he affected never to pathem for their murders, he never
He was
chaste, temperate, vigilant, labori-
offered to punish
them
for their
delinquency.
ous, and seemingly pious, so that by his hypocrisy and pretended virtues he for a
We
shall recount the
names, sufferings, and
\
J
time did more mischief to Christianity than the most profligate libertine of his predccessors.
martyrdoms of such as have been transmitted to the present times, that their example
may
inspire fortitude, and their lives give
Thus he attempted
and
to
to niiderinine
a useful lesson to maidvind in general.
Christianity by artifice, instead of expelling

I I
'.
Hash, made himself
first
famous by his
it
by more
force
make
his
measures the
opposition to Arianism, which brought upon
';
he prohii)ited any Christian from keeping a school or puldic seminary of learning, and deprived all the Christian
effectual
him
to
the vengeance of the Arian bishop of
',
Constantinople,
who
issued out an order
prevent his preaching.
He
continued.

however,
to
-a 69
perform his duty
at
Ancyra,
at his or-
the governor
to
for
it
was
the policy of .Tulian
the capital of Galatia.
Enraged
appear
all
moderation and
clemency,
as possible,
thodox and manly proceedings, his enemies accused him of being an incendiary, and a
disturber of the public peace
;
and
to
to suffer others, as
much
seem
the ostensible persons in acts of
the monarch,
to
cruelty.
In this
afTair,
however, a future
however, was too intent on an expedition

Persia, to take notice of
circumstance made the emperor forego his

usual policy, and sacrifice his affected mer-
the accusation,
and their malice

pointed.
at
that time
was
disap-
cy
to his
resentment.
The
strenuously
emperor's agents in vain tampered
Basil continued to preach
with Basil by means of promises, threats,
against the idolatry of paganism on the one
and racks
he was firm
in the faith,
and
re-
hand, and the errors of Arianism on the

other
:
mained
in prison to
undergo some other
and earnestly exhorted the people

truth.
to
sufferings
when
the
emperor came acci-
serve Christ, in the purity of faith, and fer-
dentally to Ancyra.
vency of
heathens
By
this
conduct,
both
The
people no sooner
knew
in
of Julian's
and Arians were exasperated against him, and appeared equally desirous of accomplishing his destruction.
approach, than they met him

cession, and presented to
grand pro-
him their idol, the goddess Hecate. The two agents then Meeting one day with a number of pa- gave the emperor an account of what Basil gans going in procession to a sacrifice, he had suffered, and how firm he had been. boldly expressed his abhorrence of such idol- Julian, on this, determined to examine
atrous proceedings, and inveighed against
such absurd worship,

and decent manner.
Basil himself, when that holy man being once in a manly brought before him, the emperor did everyThis freedom caused thing in his power to dissuade him from
at
the people to seize him, and carry

fore Saturninus, the governor,
him be- persevering in the faith. Basil not only where they continued as firm as ever, but, with prohim,
phetic
spirit, foretold
brought
viz
:
three
accusations
against
the death of the
em-
peror, and that he should be tormented in
1.
Reviling the gods.
the other
life.
Abusing the emperor. Enraged at what he heard, Julian lost 3. Disturbing the peace of the city. his usual affectation of clemency, and told On hearing these accusations which were Basil, in great anger, that though he had equally malicious as groundless, Saturninus an inclination to pardon him at first, yet he desired to know his sentiments from his had now put it out of his power to save his own mouth when finding him a strenuous life, by the insolence of his behavior. He Christian, he ordered him first to be put to then commanded, that the body of Basil the rack, and then he committed him to should be torn every day in seven different
2.
;
were entirely This inhuman sentence was exproceedings to the emperor, who was at ecuted with rigor, and the martyr expired this time very busy in establishing the under its severities, on the 28th day of worship of Cybele, the fictitious mother June, A. D. 362. of the fabulous deities. Julian, upon reDoNATUs, bishop of Arezzo, and Hilarceiving the letter, sent Pagosus and Elpi- INUS, a hermit, suffered about the same dius, two apostates, to Ancyra, the city time for the faith the first being beheaded, where Basil was confined, to employ both and the latter scourged to death. promises and threats to engage him to reGoRDiAN, a Roman magistrate, having a nounce his faith, and in case of their fail- Christian brought before him for examinaure, to give him up totally to the power of tion, was so charmed with the confession
parts,
till
prison.
his skin and flesh
The
govegrnor wrote an account of his
mangled.
70

taking
of his faiih, that he not only discharged the

prisoner, but
away Constantine
the Great's stand-
became himself
to
a Christian.
praefect, that
ard of the cross of Christ, threw up their
<
Being apprehended on acthey were carried beed which sentence was executed, A. D. fore the governor of the east, who commanded them to sacrifice to the gods, and 362. John and Paul, two brothers, of a good obey the emperor's orders but they refamily, and in high offices under the em- plied, that as they were no longer his solperor, on being accused of professing diers, but the soldiers of Christ, they would The governor had them sepChristianity, were deprived of their posts, do neither. and allowed ten days to consider, whether arately examined, and finding them as incommissions.
This so enraged the Roman

he ordered him
;
be scourged and behead-
count of their
faith,
they would renounce their
faith
and be pro?
flexible
when
asunder, as
when
together,
Imoted,
or retain their faith and be martyred
Making choice of the latter alternative, they were both beheaded, A. D. 362. Artemius, commander-in-chief of the RoI
man
I {
i
forces in Egypt, being
a Christian,
he ordered Bonasus to be beaten with whips that had leaden bullets at the ends of the thongs, and Maximilian to be scourged. Being remanded back to prison, they were allowed nothing but bread and water
for subsistence,
had these two charges exhibited against him by the pagans. formerly demolished 1. That he had
several idols in the reign of Constantine
and the bread was marked

idol
with the seal of the emperor, the intpression of
which was an
on which ac-
count they refused to eat
it.
They were
the Great.
I i
soon afterward again examined, and then,

assisted the bishop of
2.
That he had
in
according
to the
sentence pronounced upon

the
Alexandria
plundering the temples.
them, beheaded.
an,
BiniANA was On the exhibition of these charges, Juliwho was then at Aniioch. ordered the and Dafrosa, two
them.
daughter of Flavian
Flavian her
Christians.
general to repair thither, in order to answer

j
'i
father, held a considerable post
under the
for
to
On
Artemius's arrival, he
:
't
the charges, and his faith

first
owned government, when he was faith, died in

was,
for
;
but
being banished
his
exile.
Dafrosa, her mother,

to
deprived of his commission, then of his
the
same reason, ordered
be
estate,
J
and
lastly of his head.

in the
starved
but Aj)roniaiuis, governor of
Rome,
<
Cassian, a schoolmaster of Imola,

to the idols,
thinking her too long in dying, had her be-
province of Romagna, refusing to sacrifice

I
'
headed.
Bibiana, and her sister Demetria, after
the death of their parents, were stripped of
was hurried before
the judge
<
who
being apprized of his profession, and
<
many of the boys had an all their efl'ects, and being brought before him on account of the strictness the governor, were ordered to renounce their which he kept them to their studies, religion. Demetria suddenly dropped down Iwith determined that they should have permis- dead in the governor's presence, and Bision to murder their master. He was ac- biana resolutely refused to renounce her
informed that
aversion
to
<
<
cordiiigly
delivered,
to the
with his hands
tied
faith
on which account she was scourged
behind him,
i
boys,
who
fell
upon him
in
to death,
December
2, A.
D. 362.
but as
with rods, whips, sticks, and

steel
stiles, or the
The
persecution raged dreadfully about

;
pencils
which were then used
the latter end of the year 363
many
writing, and
murdered him.
This singular
martyrdom happened on
A. D. 362.
of the
I
the i3thol*August,
(See engraving.)
officers
Bonasus and Maximilian, two
handed down to us, it is necessary to remark in general, that in Palestine many were burnt alive, others were dragged by their feet through
of the particulars have not iieen
Herculean guards, upon Julian's
the streets
naked
till
they expired
some
CASSIAN, A CHRISTIAN SCHOOLiMASTER OF IMOLA, SCOURGLD TO DEATH.
Page 71

were scalded
with
cUibs..
73
to death for
to death,
many
stoned, and
tian oflicers,
were put
reproving
;
great numbers had their brains beaten out
the emperor, on account of his idolatries but the
In
Alexandria innumerable
suffered
were the martyrs who

sword,
stoned.
by the
We
and
manner of their deaths is not known. shall now enter upon some detachto
burning,
crucifixion,
and
being ed particulars necessary

finish this chapter
be preserved,
In Arethusa several were ripped
with the conclusion
of the persecutions under Julian the aposwho, tate. in devouring the grain, likewise devoured Julian intending an expedition against the entrails of the martyrs and in Thrace, the Persians, set a large fine upon every Emilianus was burnt at a stake, and Do- one who refused to sacrifice to the idols, MiTius murdered in a cave, whither he had and by that means got a great sum toward
open, and corn being put into their bellies,
swine were brought
to feed therein,
fled for refuge.

I
defraying his expenses from the Christians.

for his
faith,
I
and singing In collecting these fines, many of the the praises of God, was apprehended and officers exacted more than their due, and put to the tortures of a martyr, though not some of them tortured the Christians to After being taken from the rack, make them pay what they demanded, at the to death.
Theodorus,
he was asked how he could so patiently same time telling them in derision, that endure such exquisite tortures. To which " when they were injured, they ought to he returned this remarkable reply " At the take it patiently, for so their god had com:
first I felt
some
pain, but afterward there
manded them."
'
appeared
by me a young man, who The inhabitants of Csesarea were fined wiped the sweat from my face, and fre- three hundred weight of gold, and several
to stand
quently refreshed
me
with
that
I
cold
water,
of the clergy obliged to serve in the wars,

as a punishment for having overthrown the
which so delighted me,

ing
regretted be-
let down from the rack." Marcus, bishop of Arethusa, having
temples of Jupiter, Apollo, and Fortune.

de-
At Meris,
in Phrygia, the
governor hav-
stroyed a pagan temple in that city, erected

a Christian church in
its
ing cleansed and opened a pagan temple,

\
room, on which
the Christians in the night broke in, and

idols.
account he was accused

peror, as a Christian.
to Julian, the
em- demolished the

\
Next day
the gov|
/
Being apprehended, ernor ordered all Christians that accidenthis persecutors had no respect to his ven- ally came in the way to be seized, that he erable person, but stripping him naked, might make examples of them, and by this He was then means was going to execute several innomost cruelly beat him. But those who really perthrust into a filthy jake, or sink, till he cent persons. was almost suffocated afterward he was petrated the fact, being too noble and just goaded with sharp-pointed sticks and last- in their sentiments to suffer such an in\
;
;
>
ly,
he was hung up in a basket in the heat justice,

all
voluntarily
delivered
first
themselves
all
of the sun, after having been smeared
up
when
they were
of
scourged
| \
over with honey, in order to be tormented

to
severely, and then broiled to death upon

gridirons.
death by wasps.
up,
hung
As soon as he was they asked him if he would rebuild

?
their temple
To which he
it
answered, that
nor advance a
;
The emperor, Julian the apostate, of a wound which he received in his
died
j
Per-
he would neither rebuild

single doit toward
its
sian expedition, A. D. 363, and even while
being rebuilt
fell
upon
expiring uttered the most horrid blasphej
which they
insects.
left
him, and he
a martyr
mies.
He was
succeeded by Jovian, who

|
to the dreadful stings of
those troublesome
restored peace to the church.

After the decease of Jovian, Valentinian
Maxentius and Juventius, two
Chris-
succeeded
to the
empire, and associated
<
to himself
Valens,
who had
the
command
',
the officer, "of the emperor's order, to put to
of
ttie east.
death
all
who
are found there ?"
"
I
have,"
the
Valens was
a great favorer of Arianism,
said she, " and for that cause
and so incensed against the Christians, that he ordered, on a certain day, all of them in Edessa to be slain, while they were at their
devotions in their churches.
more haste." " And whither," said the ofRcer, " do you lead that child V " I take him
make
with me," replied she, " that he also
may
be
'
The
officers,
j >
reckoned
however, being more compassionate than the emperor, privately gave notice to the
Christians, not to assemble on
tlie
Upon
this
number of the martyrs." the humane officer returned to the

in the
all
emperor, and told him, that
the Christians
day ap-
pointed, so that they might escape death,

i '
>
and themselves be excused for non-perform-
were prepared to die in defence of their faith, and represented tu him how rash it would be to murder so great a multitude,
^^^ entreated the emperor
length complied with.
to
ance of dutv.
<
drop the de-
The
Christians thanked the officers for
sign, at least for the present,
which he
at
their advice, but disregarded both that,
and
the emperor's menaces, sooner than they
Menedemus, Urbanus, and Theodo>
would neglect
their duty.
They
the
accordtroops
rus, with several other orthodox clergymen,

to the
ingly repaired to church, and
number of fourscore,
to relieve
at
Constanti-
beiii" compelled, by the positiveness of the command, were put in motion to destroy
nople, petitioned the emperor, in a most
humble manner,
the Arians.
them from the
them.
As they marched
along, a
woman, oppressions,
i
\
persecutions, and cruelties of
with a child in her arms, broke through the

ranks,
But the
tyrant, instead of re-
when
the officer ordered her to be
dressing their grievances, ordered tliem to

be
fire
all
'
brought before him, and asked her whither
embarked
in a ship,
and the ship set
'
She replied, to church, whither others were making all the haste " Have you not heard," says they could.
she was going.
J <
to;
when
this
infernal and
all
inhuman
order being executed, they

the flames.
perished in
'
THE PERSECUTIONS OF THE CHRISTIANS BY THE GOTHS,
ETC.
his vcn| <
ANY
of the Scythi-
feated by the llomans,
wreaked
sul)jects.
an Goths having
geance on his Christian

casion,
embraced
tianity
Chris-
Sabas, a worthy Christian, upon
this oc-
about the
was one who
felt
the enraged king's
time of Constantino the Great, the
misplaced resentment.
Sabas was humble

| |
and humane, mild and modest, yet fervent

in
light of the gospel spread itself considerl
worship, and zealous for the advanceof the church.
ably in Scylhia, though the two kings
who ment
ruled that country, and the majority of the
contempt of riches,
Remarkable for his and singular in shun-
people, continued pagans.

of the
Fritegern, king
ally to the
ning every sensual enjoyment, the sanctity
<
Ko- of his life, and purity of his matiners were mans but Aihanarick, king of the East such, as gave the greatest f(rce to his docThe Chris- trines. He convinced the rational, and conGoths, was at war with them. tians, in the dominions of the former, lived founded the obdurate: hence lie became, at
West Goths, was an
\ i
|
5
unmolMl|d
but the latter, having been de-
once, famous for his piety and doctrines.
' :

Athanarick, in the year 370, gave orders,
that all persons in his
,
75
;
went and released him
dominions should
now
at liberty,
but though he was and his persecutors asleep,
<
>
sacrifice to the
pagan deities, and eat the he did not avail himself of the opportunity meat which had been offered to the idols, to make his escape.
\
^
1 '
or be put to death for disobedience.
Some
The
next morning the persecutors began
humane pagans, who had

tions,
Christian rela-
to practise
endeavored
to
save them by offering
on these two worthy Christians, and tampered with them to renounce their
>
<
them meat which had not received the

idolatrous consecration, while the
trates
magisto
and eat the meat consecrated to the idols. This, however, they jointly rereligion,
were
to
be imposed on, and made
'-
fused,
and positively declared, that they

to
\
meet the most cruel death, comply with such detestable idolatry. Sansala was at length discharged, and Sabas ordered to be drowned which sentence was put into execution the faith an advantage over them, was all April 12, A. D. 372. that made that action criminal in Christians, Nicetas was of Gothic extraction, born neither of which consequences would have near the banks of the Danube, and though been avoided by this disguise. He not he had been long a Christian, he never met only refused to comply with what was pro- with any molestation on that account, till
all
I >
had been done according to their (direction. But Sabas too well knew St. Paul's principles, to imagine that the sin lay in eating he knew that scandalizing the weak, and giving the enemies of
believe that
:
were ready
rather than
>
<
>
>
<
>
>
posed
those
to
him, but publicly declared, that

sheltered themselves under that
to
who
artifice,
were not worthy
tians.
Sabas being soon

account of his
magistrate,
faith,
after
by That monarch ordered an be called Chris- idol to be drawn about on a chariot, through all the places where the Christians lived apprehended on the chariot stopped at the door of every one
Athanarick.
:
the abovementioned persecution be<ân
was
carried before a
<
who
tian
professed the gospel, and the Chrisinhabitants
pay it and circumstances. Finding that what he adoration. Upon a refusal, the house was had upon his back was the principal part immediately set on fire, and all within were of what he possessed, he was dismissed, as burnt. 'This was the case with Nicetas, a person of little or no consequence. who, on account of his religion, refusing to Sabas went to spend the ensuing easter pay the respect demanded to the idol, had with Sansala, a Christian priest of great his. house burnt, and himself consumed in piety: they lived in great tranquillity for it, September 15, A. D. 372. three days, but on the third night they were EusEBius, bishop of Samosata, makes a both seized by a party of soldiers. The most distinguished figure in ecclesiastical priest was allowed to dress himself, and to history, and was one of the most eminent
to
<
who
inquired into his fortune
were ordered
ride, but
Sabas was obliged
to leave
;
his
champions of Christ against

heresy.
<
the
Arian
I
f
walk and during the journey, they drove him through thorns and briers, beating him with great violence almost continually. This cruelty he bore without a single murmur, and in the evening they extended him between two beams, fastening his legs to the one, and his arms to the other; and in that posture left him for the night, while they reclothes behind him, and to
tired to repose.
The Arians having advanced Mihim of
letus to the see of Antioch, thinking
their party, the instrument of his advance-
ment was placed
in the care of Eusebius.

first
<
When
Miletus preached his
sermon,
the Arians, to their great surprise, found
<
they had been greatly mistaken in him, for

his doctrines
were pure and orthodox.

their disappointment, they
{
>
<
Enraged
at
>
The woman of the house, persuaded the emperor to displace him, and however, hearing how ill he had been used, likewise to get the instrument out of the
\
<
hands of Eusebius.
ingly
Miletus was accordsent to
my, and maintain the

against
all
faith in
its
purity
deposed, and the emperor

to deliver the instrument.
the endeavors of
;
such as would
that sev-
Eusebius
Euse-
corrupt the people
but
knowing
bius's answer was, that he could not give
up a trust reposed in him by so great a number, without the express consent of all concerned in it. The emperor, incensed
at this reply,
by the iniquity of the times, deprived of their pastors, he disguised himself; and thus made the tour of Syria, Phenicia, and Palestine fortified the
eral churches were,
;
wrote to him on that subject,
pure against the solicitations of the here|
and assured him he had commissioned the bearer of his letter to cut off his right hand,
if
<
tics
\
ordained several priests and inferior
ministers,
wherever they were wanting;

prelates
he refused
;
to surrender the instrument in

\
and,
when he found any orthodox

them
in
question
only
to
which threat was artfully added awe him into a compliance. Eu-
in his travels, assisted

^
consecrating
bishops forthe use of the widowed churches,

If
sebius, however,
ble of
but,
knew
to
the party
was capa;
was impossible
to
conceal the hand that

to the
any cruelty
promote their cause
every day gave some fresh stroke

ever
without the least emotion, offered his

\
Arian party, and sunk their interest wherit
hands, and declared he would lose them

both rather than part with so flagrant a
was employed
so that the emperor,
at their
|
instigation, granted
an order
for
at
proof of Arian injustice. could not but be surprised

tiou,
The emperor
at
banishing him into Thrace.
He was
his resolufor
<
and professed a high esteem

so true
it
him
can
^
Samosata when the messenger came with it was late in the eventhis commission
;
ever after:
is
that virtue
ing.'and Eusebius,
who was
very well-be-
sometimes force even

to love
its
declared enemies
loved by his people, begged he would
make
"
for,"
and praise
''
it.
no noise, but conceal his business says he, "if

it
The
the
Arians from this time looked upon
takes
air,
the people will

river,
Eusebius as a most dangerous enemy.

lime
At
the
fall
on you, throw you into the

I
and
Jovian
restored
peace
to
then
shall be
charged with your death."

to
church, Miletus convened a council at An\

'
Eusebius was calm enough

',
go through
the night
foot,
tioch,
which consisted of Eusebius, and
his usual
far
devotions, and
left
when
twenty-five other prelates,

ly
who unanimous- was

\
advanced he
his
house on
c(mfirmed the doctrines of the council of attended only by one trusty servant, who carried a pillow and one book after him. Nice. \
When
moting
i
the see of Cesarea
Eusebius was greatly instrumental

Ba.sil
to
it,
became vacant, Thus accommodated he took a boat, and went to Zeugma, about seventy miles down in proon which occasion, the river,
j
't
flregory the younger calls him, "
The
pil-
The
people, however, next day, missing
lar of truth, the light of the world, the for-
Eusebius, and hearing which
way he was
tress of the church, the rule of faith, the
',
gone, followed in a great number of boats,
support of the faithful, and an instrument^ and overtaking would have rescued him, at
in the
}
hands of God
for
bestowing favors
the Arians were
',
the
same time
entreating
him with
tears in
on his people."
When
their eyes not to
abandon them.
theii to
the most vigilant to propagate their heresy,
Eusebius was greatly touched with

affection, but said
Eusebius was
I
exceedingly assiduous
in
;
he must go according
taking measures to prevent their success
the emperor's order, putting
them
in
mind
to
and his zeal was always so governed by

the rules of prudence, that his attempts sel-
of the authority of St. Paul, for paying a
due reverence, and proper submission

civil
dom
for
failed of success.
It
was
not
enough the
|
powtjr.
Finding they could not
our excellent prelate to screen his
own
ene-
prevail, they
accommodated him with every-
flock
fiM
the insults of the
common
thing that could comfort him in his journey.
77
that he despaired of
; 5

and then
left
him
to
pursue his
way
to the
iron
cramps so massy,
place of destination.
being able to accomplish the work

a poor laboring Christian,
when
At
this
time Thrace was a scene of con-
recommended by
fusion, by means of the war carried on between the Goths and the emperor's forces and in these contests, the life of Eusebius
Marcellus, undertook to go through with
what the
business
:
praefect
had given up, and the

in
was executed
the
following
was
in
frequently in danger.
The emperor, manner

war with the to march
;
order to
terminate the
This person examined the

the edifice, and finding
gallery, supported
it
situation
of
greater
expedition,
resolved
surrounded by a
pillars,
it
against the Goths in person but first to engage the prayers of the Christians, he gave peace to the church of Christ, and al-
by stately
to
ten
yards in circumference, he judged
would
be more to his purpose

building directly
weaken
the foun-
lowed the orthodox prelates

their churches.
to
return to
re-
dation than pretend to attack the body of the

;
Thus was Eusebius
with this view he dug
at
stored to his see, which, however, he did
the bottom of the said pillars, and shored
not long enjoy, for an Arian

a
tile at
woman threw them

which
life
with timber beams.
When
he had
him from
the top of a house,
thus undermined three of the most considerable pillars, he set

fire to
fractured his skull, and terminated his

in the
the wood, which

fell,
year 380.
a prelate
burning in sunder, the pillars

twelve more with
therrr,
and drew
Marcellus, bishop of Apamea, of great merit, was very active in

which account
danger,
till
and brought down

;
attempt-
one whole side of the building

of the town, and praised
this
upon which
all
ing to suppress idolatry in his diocese, on

his
life
the people fiocked together from
parts
in
was
in
continual
God who
had,
Cynegius, the
praefect, arrived
signal
manner, triumphed over
his
with a considerable body of troops, which kept the pagans in awe.

sign
enemies.
This
officer's de-
The
bishop and prsefect continued de-
was
totally lo abolish idolatry, to effect
stroying a great
number of
idol
temples,
which he determined to destroy the temple of Jupiter he however, found this a more difficult attempt than he had imagined, for
;
the building
was so
strong, the stones so
town called Aulo upon this business, while the troops were busy in demolishing the buildings, some pagans privately seized upon the bishop, and burnt
when being
at a
unwieldy, the cement so durable, and the
him, A. D. 393.
THE PERSECUTIONS UNDER THE ARIAN VANDALS.
HE
Vandals passing from

to
<
They
plundered the churches, and murIn

particular,
j <
Spain
fifth
Africa
in
the
i
dered the bishops and ministers by a variety

of tortures.
stinking
<
century, under their
they poured
^
I
leader Genseric, committed the
oil
and vinegar down the throats

;
most unheard-of of some till they expired suffocated others They persecu- by filling their mouths with mud, and marcruelties.
j
>
wherever they came, and tyred many by stretching their limbs with even laid waste the country as they passed, cords till the veins burst, and sinews crackthat the Christians left behind, who had ed. They also wreaked their vengeance escaped them, might not be able to subsist. on several of the clergy and nobility, whom
ted the Christians
]
|
i
^_.._^
R78
S
|
they loaded with heavy burdens, and ob-|to persecute the orthodox Christians, as and if ^ they assured him that they were friends to liged them to carry their l>aiiâge
;
| \
they did not travel
fast
enough, they prick-
the people of
'
ed them on with sharp goads, insomuch) that several died under their burdens. of this persecution;
>
Rome. Armogastus was one who

Victor,
felt
the rage
|
the
learned
| \
Reverend gray hairs found no instances of ^bishop of

niercy, and guiltless infants
their
felt
Vita,
who was
personally ac-
the rage of)quainted with Armogastus, and
who
ti.-.d,
like|
\
barbarity.
Stalely
buildings
were wise wrote the history of

;
this persi-eniion,
burned or levelled with the earth; and the; informs us, that " his legs were chief churches in Carthage employed to his forehead bound with cords
j
and
'.
several
|
l
their
own
;
heretical worship, or put to pro-
times
tie
which, though applied with no gen-
fane uses
and where any castles held out
',
hand, made not the least imj)ression on

^
against them, they brought great
numbers
his flesh, nor left
of Christians, and slew them, leaving their;; Alter this,
dead bodies lying under the walls, that the but in that stench thereof might force the besieged to ease as if
i
any mark on his skin. he was hmig up by one foot; posture seemed as much at his reposed on a soft bed. Theall
J
',
surrender.
sodoric, one of the king's sons, finding

city of
all
;
Having seized and plundered the

Carthage, they put the biohop, and
attempts on his
life
had hitherto proved un-
the ^successful, ordered his head to be struck

it
>
J /
But Jocundus, an Arian priest, disto the mercy of the waves, thinking that suaded him from that resolution, by telling but provi-shim it would be much better to destroy him they must all perish of course deniiaily the vessel arrived safe at Naples, ^by slow and imperceptible means, and wear Innumerable orthodox Christians were piim out by degrees; whereas a violent
clergy, into a leaky ship, and committed
off.
I
;
|
>
beaten, scourged, and banished to Capsur,
death would procure him the reputation of
'
where it pleased God to make them the a martyr among those of his own opinion, means of converting many of the Moors to which could be of no service to the oppoThe prince sent him to the Christianity; but this coming to the ears site cause. of Genseric, he sent orders, that they and mines, and sometime after removed him to their new converts should be tied by the a place near Carthage, where he was emWhile Arfeet to chariots, and dragged about till they ployed in looking after cattle. | mogastus was thus engaged, he grew exwere dashed to pieces.
>
;
<
>
'j
j
s
Pampinman, the bishop of Mansuetus, cecding

j
ill,
and imagining that the end of

|
was
tortured to death with plates
of hot
his labors
was
near, he
communicated
his
iron; the bishop of Urice
was burnt; the thoughts

/ > /
to Felix, a virtuous Christian,
em-
bishop of Habensa was banished, for refusing to deliver up the sacred books
ployed in that prince's service.

;
From him
but his dis-
which he received some consolation

'
<
were
in his
possession; and a whole conin a
order increasing daily soon deprived him

j
gregaiion,
)
who were asscmbhid

to
church
of
life,
and he was buried by Felix accord-
>
at their devotions, together
with the clergy-
ing to his
own
direction."
;
man who was preaching
them, were;
\
>
murdered by these barbarians breaking in upon them, and exercising the most indiscriminate cruelties.
'/
Archinimus was a devout Christian, upon whom all manner of artifices were employed, in vain, to make him renounce
his faith.
|
S
At len"th Genseric himself un5
>
The Vandalian
made an
fln.^tied
tyrant Genseric, having
dertook to persuade him, but finding his
expedition into Italy, and plunderto
endeavors ineffectual, he passed sentence
ed the city of Rome, returned

Arians took this occasion
Africa,
upon him
to
be beheaded.
He, however,
\
,
with the success of his arms.

to
The
|
privately ordered the executioner to really

^
persuade him
perform his
office, if the
prisoner
seemed

intimidated and afraid
" the
;
79
believing
all
" for then," said he,
The weak monarch,
that
him
crown of martyrdom will be lost to Cyrilla told him, sent for several of the but if he seems courageous, and wil- most eminent Christians, who were particularly obnoxious to that prelate.
first,
ling to die," continued the king, " strike not
He,
at
the stroke
for I
do not intend that he shall
attempted to draw them from their
by flattery, and to bribe them from the hopes of future salvation, by the promise of Being firm place appointed, finding Archinimus re- immediate worldly rewards. solved, and happy in the thought of dying and constant in their faith, they were proof for the sake of Christ, brought him back against the former, and despised the latter;
have the honor of being deemed a martyr."
faith
The
executioner,
when they came
to
the
unhurt.
He was
soon after
this banished,
it is
declaring resolutely against Arianism, and
and never heard of more, though

jectured that he
the king's order.
con-
saying
was murdered
privately by
one
fore
for
acknowledge but one Lord, you may theredo whatever you please with our bodies,
:
"We
faith,
and one baptism
DioNYSiA, a lady of fortune, and a widow,

being apprehended as an orthodox Christian,
it is
better that
we should
to
suffer a
few
temporary pains, than

torments."
endure everlasting
was stripped naked, exposed
in
most indecent manner, and severely scourged.
The
king, being greatly exasperated at
Her
same
son, a
the
time,
young lad, being seized at this freedom, sent them to a filthy dark seemed afraid of the torture, dungeon, and ordered them to be put into
to
and looked
co\".id
pitifully at his
dered him not
fear
mother, who or- irons. The keeper, however, not being of any torments that the savage disposition too common to such
as are intrusted with the care of jails, suf-
be inflicted on him, but to be con-
which she had brought him up. When he was upon the rack, she again comforted him in these words " Remember, O my child, that we were
stant to the faith in
:
fered their friends to have access to
them by which they received great consolation, and became daily more and more confirm;
ed
in their resolution of
dying
for the
sake
given
baptized in the
name
of the ever-sacred
of Christ.
Trinity, let us not lose the benefit thereof,

lest
it
The king hearing of the indulgence

them by
their
should hereafter be said, cast them
keepers was
exceedingly
into outer darkness,
where there
;
is
weep-
angry, and sent orders that they should be
ing and gnashing of teeth
more closely confined, and loaded with still which never endethis, indeed, to be dread- heavier fetters. He then began to ruminate ed, and that life which endureth to eternity in his mind by what means he should put to be desired." Whereupon the youth pathem to death, and after revolving over and tiently persevered, and from the force of his over- all the modes of cruelty that he could
for that pain
torments resigned his soul to his God.
recollect,
he
at length
determined
to imitate
The
the
pious mother saw the death of her
the
monstrous
barbarity of the
emperor
son with pleasure, and soon after received
Valens, who, as
gether in a ship.
we have
already related,
to be burnt tothis infernal
crown of martyrdom
herself.
caused fourscore clergymen
The Arian
Cyrilla,
bishop of Carthage, named

furious heretic, and a
Fixing upon
was a most
precedent, he ordered these Christians to

put on board a ship
filled
very great
enemy
to
those Christians
its
who be
with combus-
professed the faith in
purity.
Having
tible
materials, and the
vessel being set
gained the ear of the king, he persuaded
fire to,
they received the crown of martyr-
him
that
he could never expect prosperity
dom.
The names
of seven of the principal
hope to enjoy his of these Christians were, Rusricos, Sekingdom in peace, while he suffered any of VERUS, LiBERATUS, BoNIFACE, SePTIJIUS, the orthodox Christians to live. Servus, and Rogatus.
in his undertakings, or
-a
J
80
PERSECUTIONS FROM THE^SIXTH TO THE TENTH CENTURIES.
ROTERIUS
priest
was
made
>
and the prudence of the governor of Alexre-
by Cyril, bishop of andria, whose name was Florus, soon Alexandria, who was well stored peace to the city,
\
acquainted with his virtues,

before he appointed
f <
The
discontented party, however,
still
be-
him
to
held Proterius with an eye of resentment-
death ofjso that he was obliged to have a guard ouk was filled by of respect to his personal safety, and at Dioscorus, an inveterate enemy both to the length, though naturally of a sweet and mild memory and family of his predecessor. temper, was compelled to excommunicate Dioscorus, however, knowing the rcputa- some of them, and obtain their banishment
preach.
On
the
Cyril, the see of Alexandria
',
'.
lion
of Proterius, did the utmost in his

to
from Alexandria.
however, informs
years
after,
Ecclesiastical
us, that, "
history,
power
vice to
gain his confidence and interest
as he thoui>ht
he might be of singular sercarrying on his designs.
em$peror Marcian's death, which happened

\
When
the
him
in
^wo
| ^
gave a
new
turn to affairs,
\
I
Proterius, however,
was not
to
be cor-
the exiles returned to Alexandria, engaged

in their usual cabals against Proterius,
rupted, the welfare of the church sat next

his heart, and no prospect of worldly pre-
and
\
seemed resolved to be revenged on him for what they had suffered in the last reign. being condemned by the coun- Timothy, a priest, who was at the head of Dioscorus ail the designs that had been formed against oil of Chalcedon, for having embraced the errors of Eutyches, was deposed, and Pro- Proterius, employed every art to ruin his terius chosen to fill the vacant see, and ap- credit, drawing the people from his comferment could bribe him
to forego his duty,
1 \
}
<
proved of by the emperor.

AlexaP'lria
This occasion- munion, and raising

^
hims-jlf to that see.
At
j j
ed a dangerous insurrection, for the city of
last,
j |
taking advantage of the abuse of Di-
was divided
into
two
factions
onysius,
;
who commanded
was then
in
the forces of that
\
'<
the oi.p to espouse the cause of the old,
province, and
j
and the
>:her of the
new
prelate.
great
seized on the great
Upper Egypt, he church, and was uncaj
deal of mischief
\
1
''
was done on both sides, nonically and sacrilegiously consecrated by and Prnierius was in the most imminentUwo bishops of his faction, that had been deThe usurper went on in personal danger, from a set of schismatics, posed for heresy.
| |
j
;
\
<
who would
As
neither obey the decisions of
ahhe
\
exercise of
all
the episcopal functions,
council nor the emperor's deci;ee.
these disorders
governor of
became Thebais marched
serious, the
at
and used the whole rigor of his pretended authority to oppress the orthodox, till the
| j
of a body of troops, in order to

sedition.
commander's return, who, upon hearing the quell the disorders that had been committed, and that
the head
The
people, however, had work-
Timothy was
the
chief
author of them,
<
'
I
<
ed up their imaginations to a kind of | drove that incendiary out of the town." This affair so enraged the Eutychians, phrensy; when they heard of the approach of the governor, they armed themselves, | that they determined to wreak their venmarched out of Alexandria, gave him battle, geance on Proterius, who fled to the church
\
and defeated him.

affair
The
intelligence of this
for
sanctuary
but on
Good
Friday, A. D.
|
\
so exasperated the emperor, that he
\
\
sent a detachment of
against them
;
two thousand men

of
457, a large body of them rushed into the church, and barbarously murdered the prel\
the 'appearance
whom,
ale
after
which they dragged the body
s THE CHRISTUN MARTYROLOGY.

through the streets, insulted, cut
burnt
it,
81
it
to
pieces
'>
that while she

religion, she
to be.
and scattered the ashes
in the air.
>
was permitted to enjoy her was as free as she desired
JuLTA, a Carthaginian lady,

prisoner
city.
was taken
that
>
when
the Vandals
sacked
>
Felix, not being able to prevail, ordered
I
^
After being sold and re-sold as a
her to be severely beaten, which she bore

with the utmost patience.
still
slave, she
became the property of
a Syrian
Finding her
that the hair
;
pagan, named Eusebius,
Her master could

in
resolute,
he commanded,
not but admire a religion which inspired
,-
of her head should be pulled out by the
[ >
such resignation and patience

lage,
A-assal:
,;
and the most painful employments

it is
'
thus
plain, that the humility and purity
This barbarity having no greater effect than the former, he sentenced her to be hanged, which sentence was immediateroots.
\
>
prescribed by Christianity will attract even

the admiration of heathens.
ly put into execution.

.lulia
was scarce dead when Eusebius The master of Julia frequently took her recovered from his intoxication. As soon with him upon his voyages in one of these as he understood what had passed, he was they touched upon the island of Corsica, greatly afflicted, and in the first transports where Eusebius joined in an idolatrous of his resentment had thoughts of complain>
:
<
>
festival
but Julia kept at a distance. of this con-
ing to the emperor,
who
being a Christian,
would have punished the perfidity of the But reflecting again, that Felix duct as disrespectful to their gods, and in- governor. formed the governor Felix of it, who sent had only acted with a zeal for the deities for Eusebius, and demanded what young Uhat he himself adored, he determined to woman it was that had refused to join in put up with the loss, and retire from a worship to the gods. place which was become so disagreeable Eusebius replied, that the young woman to him. was a Christian, and that all his authority Hermenigildos, was a Gothic prince, over her had proved too weak to prevail being the eldest son of Leovigildus, king of with her to renounce her religion but that the Goths, in Spain. This prince, who as she was a very diligent and faithful ser was originally an Arian, became a convert vant, he could not think of parting with her. to the orthodox faith, by means of his wife
\ j
'i
The heathens complained
|
?
>
<
<
'
<
Felix then pressed him to exert himself Ingonda.

<
When
the king heard that his
< >
and either to oblige her sou had changed his religious sentiments, pagan worship, or to part he stripped him of the command at Seville, with her and offered to- give him his own where he was governor, and threatened to price, or four of his best female slaves in put him to death, unless he renounced the
this occasion,
<
on
to assist at the
;
;;
exchange
for her,
lutely refused, saying, that he
part from her for
which Eusebius abso- faith he had newly embraced. The prince, in order to prevent the exewould not cution of his father's menaces, began to put any price,
\
I <
Felix finding the master inflexible, de-
himself into
a posture of defence
and
,'
termined
fice.
to get
her into his power by
arti-
many
I
of the orthodox persuasion in Spain
he invited Eusebius declared for him. The king, exasperated to an entertainment, and having intoxicated at this act of rebellion, began to punish all him, he sent for Julia in the name of her the orthodox Christians who could be seizand thus a very seed by his troops master. The innocent slave not suspecting the vere persecution commenced he likewise trap laid for her, came immediately, when marched again.st his son at the head of a The prince, knowr the governor told her that he would pro- very powerful army. cure her liberty, if she would sacrifice to ing that he was unable to oppose the fox-the heathen gods. To which Julia replied, midable force that his father was bringing
To
effect this,
|
I
j <
|
\

K^ 82

,
against him, implored the assistance of the
prince, believing his father to be sincere,
were left to garrison immediately went to him, and threw himthose parts of Spain, which the emperor self, most submissively, at his feet. The The Roman commander king, however, instead of forgiving him, still possessed. engaged to assist Herminigildus, but being? loaded him with chains, and carried him to bribed by the king he broke his promise. Seville, where he endeavored, both by promLeovigildus then made it his business, as ises and menaces, to make him renounce
troops, that
|
I
.
Roman
much
in this
as possible, to detach the orthodox

;
'>
the orthodox
faitli.
Christians from the interest of his son
and
ef;
The
truth
;
prince
remained constant
Easter,
to
the
the
he had great success,
for
it
was
and
at the feast of
when
to
fected in 581,
by convening the Arian
prel-
king sent an Arian bishop to him

solutely refused to receive
ad-
ates at Toledo,
who
abolished the practice
'/
minister the eucharist, Hermenigildus abit,
of rebaptizing those that

sect,
faith
came over
to their
which so en-
and drew up a captious profession of raged the kino-, that before he gave himself which deceived many, and prevailed time to reflect, he ordered some of his
to quit the interest of
upon them
gildus.
Hermeni-
guards
to
go and cut the prince
to pieces,
which they punctually performed April

prince, thus forsaken
13,
by numbers of A. D. 586. (See engraving.) Martin, bishop of Rome, was born at those whom he most confided in, was obHe was naturally inclined liged to retreat toward Seville, in which Todi, in Italy.
city
I i
The
he soon
after shut
himself up, and sent
to virtue,
to
Constantinople for assistance from the
'
an
admirable
and his parents bestowed on him education. He had every

that the sciences could
all
emperor.
The
death of that monarch, how-
liberal
endowment
>
ever, prevented
lief;
him from receiving any
re-
bestow, and
the worthiness that a mortal
for
Maurice,
who succeeded
too full to afford
him,
could derive from the saving grace of the

|
found his
own hands
any
gospel.
He
took orders, and on the death
'
succor to Hermenigildus.
I
>
The
king,
who
of Theodore, bishop of
Rome, was advan-
'
had information of every step which his son took, proceeded to Seville, and laid
seige to
it.
ced
to that
important see, by a unanimous
>
election, in
fullest
The
prince defended the place

for
which all parties gave him the praises, and admitted, that he well
j
<
with great bravery, and even held out

I
merited a trust of such great consequence.
the space of twelve

I
months
but finding
I >
<
must soon be taken, he privately made his escape, and fled to the Roman troops to beg protection. Being informed
that the city
His character has been thus drawn by a masterly hand " His compassion for the poor appeared
:
'
in large contributions for their relief,
and
<
that tbey intended to give

cipitately retired
to
him
up, he pre-
the offices of hospitality,
Corduba, and thence
ed
in
which he performfavor of strangers. His fasts were
went
ville
to
Asseto, which he fortified.
rigorous and fretjuent, and prayer employ-
After the escape of the prince from Sethe

city surrendered,
ed a very considerable part of his time.

|
and the king

it,
He was
sinners
;
always ready
to receive returning
j
having properly garri-soncd

surrender.
to
pursued his
took no small pains to lead such

testified
<
son, laid sioge to Asseto, and soon obliged

it
through the paths of repentance, as

their
^
to
The
this
unfortunate prince
distress,
sorrow by tears
being driven
flew lo a
by
letting
and comforted them, them see what reason they had

;
church
too
for
sanctuary.
The
it,
king having
to confide in
much
respect for the sanctity of the

sent an officer,
God's infinite goodness. He loved his clergy with a brotherly tenderness, and honored the episcopal character
place to force him from
<,
named Reccaredus,
to
assure
him
it.
of his
wherever
it
was found.
j
pardon, upon his submitting to ask
The
The
first
trouble he received in his epis-
HERMENNIGILDUS, PRINCE OF THE GOTHS,
HEWN
TO PIECES.
Page 83.

copal capacity, was fri)m a set of heretics,
called Monolhelites
;
85
confinement, he wrote two epistles to the
who
not daring, after

council of
emperor
loyalty.
to
refute
the
calumnies forged
the
express decisions
to
of the
against him, with respect to his faith and
Chalcedon,
maintain the Unity of nature
The
substance of which was, that
in Christ, asserted, artfully, that
he had but
" for a proof of the soundness of the former,
one will and operation of mind. This sect was patronised by the emperor Heraclius
;
he appeals
to the
testimony of the whole

protestation to
clergy, and his
own solemn
and the
first
who
attempted to stop the
defend the truth as long as he lived.
In
progress of these errors, was Sophronius,
answer
to
such objections as had been

the latter, he
bishop of Jerusalem.
!>
made
to the
against
declares he
Martin,
who
perfectly coincided in sen-
never sent either money,

relief of
:
letters, or advice,
timents with the bishop of Jerusalem, callec

".ouncil,
Saracens, but only remitted a
sum
which consisted of one hunand they unanimousthe errors in question.
for
the
poor Christians among
dred and
ly
five bishops,
those people
condemned
Incensed
at
that nothing could be
these proceedings, the em-
peror ordered Ol3-mpius, his lieutenant in

Italy,
he concludes with saying, more false than what the heretics had alleged against him concerning the Blessed Virgin, whom he firmly believed to be the
to
repair to
it
Home, and
seize
the
mother of God, and

her divine Son.
bishop, provided
could be done without
worthy of
all
honor
after
causing an insurrection.
The
lieutenant
In his second letter he gives a particular
performed the journey

at
but on his arrival

loo unaniprelate too
account of his being seized
at
Rome,
as
Rome, he found the people mous in their opinions, and the
already related, and his indisposition and

ill
much
ery,
beloved, to attempt anything by open
city
usage since he was dragged from that and ends with wishing and hoping
;
violence.
Hence he had recourse

ruffian to
;
to treach-
his persecutors
would repent of their con-
] >
and suborned a
to
assassinate
duct,
when
the object of their hatred

this
was
the bishop at the altar
but the fellow, after
removed from
world."
promising
execute the bloody deed, was
The
fatigues that Martin
had undergone
'
seized with such horrors of mind, that he
had not the power to perform his promise. Olympius, finding it would be very difficult
to
were so many, and his infirmities so great, that on the day appointed for his trial, he was forced to be brought out of prison in a
chair, as
>
',
perform anything against Martin, with-
he was unable
to walk.
When
^ <
drew from Rome, and putting himself at he was before the court, the judge ordered the head of his troops, marched against the him to stand, which not being able to do, Saracens, who had made some inroads into two men were ordered to hold him up. Twenty witnesses were produced against Italy, but he died in the expedition. Olympius was succeeded by Calliopas, him, who swore as they were directed, and who received express orders to seize the charged him with pretended crimes that had
person of Martin, which, with the assist-
<
been invented
for the
purpose.
Martin be-
ance of a considerable body of troops, he

performed
gan his defence, but as soon as he entenxi
same time showing the clergy the imperial mandate, which commanded him to dispossess Martin of his bishopric, and carry him to Constantinople
;
at the
as a prisoner.
After a very tedious voyage,
upon an investigation of the errors which he had combated, one of the senators stopped him, and said, that he was only examined respecting civil aflfairs, and consequently that ecclesiastical matters had nothing to do in his defence.
and en-
The judge
then
during innumerable hardships, he reached

the imperial city of Constantinople, and
prevented him from going on, and having
immediately thrown into prison.
was broke up the court, went and reporte i the While in progress of the proceedings to the emperor.

86
Martin was
in the
;;

now
ordered to be exposed
to
by the orthodox clergy.
The bishop
of
Bergamo exerted himself strenuously to to be divested prevent the heresy from spreading, on which the ridicule of the people of all episcopal marks of distinction, and to account he was assassinated on July 11,
most public places of the town,
;
be treated with the greatest scorn and severity. All these rigors he bore with a
Christian-like
fortitude,
A. D. 683.
" Conscience, the guilty will control,
and a degree of that only Heaven can inspire and

patience,
;
And waken
horrors
in
the soul
trusted to Christ as his strength, agreeable

to the
Pursue the bloody murderer's feet. At every turn the villain meet And do that justice law denies,
With
dreadful stings, and glaring eyes."
prophecy, Isaiah
xl.
has been thus beautifully

learned divine
"
:
which paraphrased by a
27, 30,
Whence do our mournful thoughts And Where's our courage fled ? Has restless sin, and raging hell,
Struck
all
Adalbert, bishop of Prague, was a Bohemian by birth. His parents were persons of rank, but more distinguished for
their virtue
arise
and piety than
for their
opulence
our comforts dead
or lineage.
They were happy
in a son,
" Have we forgot the Almio^hty name, That formed the earth and sea ? And can an all-creating arm Grow weary, or decay i " Treasures of everlasting might In our Jehovah dwell, He gives the conquest to the weak,
whose dawning perfections gave them a

pleasing hope, that he would one day bea shining ornament to his family. That he might fulfil their expectations, they gave him a complete education but their joy was in some measure damped, by his falling into a dropsy, from which he was
;
come
And
treads their foes to hell.

shall fade
;
" Mere mortal power
and
die,
And youthful vigor cease But we that wait upon the Lord,
Shall feel our strength increase.
;
with difficulty recovered.
When
sent
him
to
he was effectually cured, they Magdaburg, and committed him

his education,
virtue.
" The.
saints shall mount on eagles' wings, And taste the promised bliss. Till their unwearied feet arrive. Where perfect pleasure is."
to the
care of the archbishop of that city,
who completed
and confirm-
ed him in piety and

dis-
The
rapid
After
laying
some months
at
in
prison,
progress which Adalbert
Martin was sent to an island

JoH.v, bishop of
some
tance, and there cut to pieces, A. D. 655.
prelate,
and divine learning, who, to the authority of a teacher,
made in human made him dear to the
Bergamo, in Lombardy, joined all the tenderness of a parent for his man, and a good Christian. amiable pupil. Having spent nine years at Magdaburg, He did his utmost endeavors to clear the church from the errors of Arianism, and he retired to his own country upon the joining in this holy work with John, bishop death of the archbishop, and entered him-
was
a learned
of Milan, he
the heretics.
was very
successful against
self
among
the clergy at Prague.
Dithmar,
and, in his
Grimoald, however, an Arian,
bishop of Prague, died soon after the return of Adalbert to that city
;
having usurped the throne of Lombardy,

the orthodox Christians feared that heresy
expiring moments, expressed such contrition for
would gain
bardy
that
;
footing,
once more,
but the bishop of
in LomBergamo used
|
having been ambitious, and
solici-
tous of worldly honor and riches, as sur-
such persuasive arguments with Grimoald,

j
|
prised every one
who heard
it.
Adalbert,
he brought him from the errors of who was among the number present, was so sensibly affected at the bishop's dying Arianism to profess the orthodox faith. After the death of Grimoald, and his son sentiments, that he received them as an
\
who succeeded
him, Pantharit came
to the
admonition
to the strict practice of virtue,
crown, and again introduced those errors which he afterward exercised with the which had been combated with such spirit greatest attention, spending his time in

prayer,
87
I
and
relieving
the
poor
with a
bishopric, rather than be
the
witness of
cheerful liberality.
enormities,
which he could not remedy.

to take the
I I
few days
after the
decease of Dithmar,
I I
He
and
$
determined
to
pope's advice,
an assembly was held for the choice of a

successor, which consisted of the clergy of
devote the remainder of his days to
mortification, poverty,
and silence; which

all
Prague, and the chief quality of Bohemia.

Adalbert's character for every virtue that
design he began, by giving

to the poor.
his treasures
He
was, however, before he
important post
required
to the
soon determined
vacant see, which
entirely secluded himself from
mankind,
set
them
to raise
him
desirous of seeing the
Holy Land, and
they did on the 19th of February, 983.
off accordingly, with three persons in his
',
Messengers were immediately despatched company. In their way they arrived at Mount CasVerona, to desire Olho H. would confirm The emperor granted the sino, where the heads of the monastery of the election. request, ordered Adalbert to repair to court that place received them in a very friendly ring and manner, and entertained them as well as for investiture, gave him the crosier, and then sent him to the arch- the rules of their order would admit. BeThat Mng apprized of the cause of their journey, bishop of Mentz for consecration. ceremony was performed on the 29th of when they were about to depart the supeJune the same year and he was received rior of the monastery addressed himself to at Prague with all possible demonstrations Adalbert, and observed to him, that the He divided the revenue of journey he had undertaken would give him of public joy. his see into four parts, according to the di- more trouble and uneasiness than he was rection of the canons extant in the fifth aware of that the frequent desire of changcentury. The first was employed in the ing place and travelli .g, often proceeded fabric, and ornaments of the church the more from a restless disposition, and eager second went to the maintenance of the curiosity, than real religion, or solid devo" Therefore," said he, " if you will clergy; the third was laid out for the relief tion.
I
'
to
>
>
>
>
',
\ I
'
>
\ >
<
'
and the fourth reserved for the support of himself and family which was always made to include twelve indigent persons, to whom he allowed daily subsistof the poor
; ;
listen to
my
advice, leave the world at once

settle in
<
with sincerity, and
some
religious
community, without desiring to see more than you have already seen." Adalbert
listened attentively, and
>
ence.
came
readily into
He now performed his duty with the ut- the sentiments of the superior, which soon most assiduity, and spent a great portion of determined him to take up his residence in his time in preaching to and exhorting the that monastery, where he then thought he
<
'
>.
people.
His conduct was discreet and huand his manner neither too severe
;
might
live
entirely recluse, and, being un-
mane
nor too indulgent

presumption.
so that his flock were
not terrified into despair, or flattered into
But some things which he could not remedy gave him great uneasiness, particularly the having a plurality of
wives, and selling the
Christians to the
Jews,
for trivial ofi'ences.

to
termined
consult the pope, and
journey
to
Rome.
Hence he demade a Accordingly, John, who
known, might pass unhonored to the grave. But in the latter particular he was mistaken for the priests, by accident, coming to a knowledge of the rank and former dignity of their colleague, began to treat him with great deference and respect, which occasioned him to leave the place. Nilus, a Grecian, was then at the head of a community not far from Mount Cassino Adal;
;
<
|
i
<
bert
made
his
way
to
him, and begged
to
then sat in the papal chair, received him
be received into his monastery.
He
as-
with great cordiality, and having heard his

grievance,
'
sured him he would willingly comply with

his
j
\
advised him
to
give
up his
request,
if
he thought the rule and
{
i
practice of his religious family would be
>
to his
diocese
but, at the
same
time,
agreeable to a stranger
told
besides which, he
permission
j
to quit his
charge again,
if
had he
'
which he and his } found his flock as incorrigible as before. people lived was given to them by those of The inhabitants of Prague met him, on his Mount Cassino and therefore it might not arrival, with great joy, and promised obe-
him
that the
house
in
| <
<
be safe for him

that
to receive
community.
When
one that had left Nilus had thus

i
dience
to his directions
but they sorn for-
got their promises, and relapsed into their
\ ?
excused himself, he advised him to return to Rome, and apply himself to Leo, an abbot of his acquaintance there, to whom he
gave a
letter of
former vices, which obliged him, a second

time,
to
leave
them, and
return
to
his
|
I
monastery.
deputation to
recommendation.
Adalbert
went
to
Rome, where he found Leo, who,

\
The archbishop of Mentz sent Rome, and desired
another
that his
before he would admit him, put his virtue
suffragan might be again ordered back, to
and courage
roughly to
to
proper
trials,
by speaking
terrible
him, and giving him a
pope,
I
'.
account of the labors and severities of the But, state in which he desired to engage.
finding his resolution
Gregory V. who was then to return to Prague and he obeyed, though with great relucthis diocese.
commanded him
ance.
|
\
j
The Bohemians, however, did not look upon him as before, but deemed him the tere mortifications, he conducted him to the censor of their faults, and the enemy to pope, and, with the consent of that pontiff their pleasures, and threatened him with and the whole college of cardinals, gave death upon his arrival but not having him
was not
moved
or
weakened by
the prospect of the most aus-
him
990.
the habit on
Holy Thursday
in the
year
I
yet in their power, contented themselves
We
have already said that he had

J
with
falling
on his
set
relations, several
of
been attended only by three select persons ever since he had the pope's advice for resigning his bishopric
;
whom
estates,
they murdered,
plundered
to
their
and
fire
their
houses.
out-
I
>
two of them
left
him
Adalbert had
^
intelligence
of these
now
but
the
third,
who was
same
his
own
rageous proceedings, and could not judge

it
brother Gaudentius, followed his example,
prudent
to
proceed on his journey.

to the
He
and engaged in
\
the
community.
\ 1
f
therefore
Adalbert,
ty,
full
of the most profound humili-
took a particular pleasure in the lowest

lived here
employments of the house, and
duke of Poland, who had a particular respect for him, and engaged that prince to sound the Bohemians but could get no in regard to his return
went
I \
an excellent pattern of Christian simplicity
answer from that wretched people. than that " they were sinners, hardened in and obedience. The archbishop of Mentz, as a metro- iniquity and Adalbert a saint, and consepolitan, was exceedingly afilicted at the dis-^quenlly not fit to live among them; for orders in the church of Prague, and wished which reason he was not to hope for a
;
belter
for the return of the bishop,

I
with whose re-
'.
tolerable reception at Prague."
The
bish-
treat
I
i
he was not,
after
for
sometime, acquainted.
years' absence,
at
'.
op thought
this
message discharged him
At length,
heard
five
he
i
'',
that Adalbert
was
Rome, when he and began

;
from any further concern for that church, to direct his thoughts to the conversion of infidels
sent a deputation to the pope to press his

return to his diocese.
The pope summon-
j
|
I
,
ed a council to consider of the deputation, and after a warm dispute between the
I
1
monks and
point,
deputies, the latter carried their

to
|
'
which end he rewhere he converted and baptized many, which so enraged the pagan priests, that they fell upon him and despatched him with darts, on th 23d of
;
to
paired
to
Dantzic,
and Adalbert was ordered
return
April, A.
D. 997.
SU.

THE CHRISTIAN MAIITYROLOGY.
89
!
PERSECUTIONS IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY.
LPHAGE,
ed
archbishop of remainder of his

^ ?
life in
religious security
\
I
Canterbury, was descend-
when
the following aflair once

his retreat
:
more drew
from
considerable
'/,
him from
family in Gloucestershire'
The
see of Winchester being vacant by

it
and received an education

suitable to his illustrious
birth.
the death of Ethelvvold,
was no easy
>
matter to agree upon the choice of a sue-
\ '
Hisparents were worthy Christians, jcessor to that bish(>pric. The clergy had and Alphage seemed to inherit all their been driven out of the cathedral for their virtues. He was prudent and humble, scandalous lives, but were admitted again pious and chaste he made a rapid progress by King Ethelred, upon certain terms of
j I
:
both in polite literature and scripture learning,
reformation.
The monks, who had been

upon their expulsion, looked
as
.^
and was,
at
once, the admired scholar,

:
introduced
and devout Christian

to
he strove
to
make
to
upon themselves
;
the
chapter of that
the arts useful to the purposes of
life,
render philosophy subservient

divine
and church and hence arose a violent contest the between them, and the clergy who had been
\
;
cause of religion.
In order to be more at^ readmitted, about the election of a bishop

perfec^
leisure to contemplate the

tions,
while both parties were hot, and vigorously set
he determined
to
renounce his fortune,
upon promoting each
their
own man
home, and become a recluse. He ac- JThis dispute at last ran so high, that Dun cordingly retired to a monastery of Bene- stan, archbishop of Canterbury, as primate dictines, at Deerhurst, in Gloucestershire, of all England, was obliged to interpose in
quit
1 ^
and soon after took the habit.
the aflair,
who
consecrated Alphage
to the
Considering that the principal business

of a Christian
vacant bishopric, to the general satisfaction

^
\
'/
was to subdue his passions, of all concerned in the election, or interand mortify his appetites, he lived with the ested in the aflair. Alphage's behavior was a sufficient proof utmost temperance, and spent the greatest But not think- of his being equal to the dignity of his vopart of his time in prayer.
5 I
$
^
'<
ing the austerities he underwent in this
cation.
Piety flourished in his diocese;
unity was established among his clergy and man- people and the church of Winchester rener still more rigid and mortifying. Here covered its lustre in such a manner, as he thought to remain unknown, but some made the bishop the admiration of the whole
monastery
sufiiciently severe,
he
retired to
a lonely cell near Bath, and lived
in a
j
'.
devout persons finding out his retreat, his

austere
life
kingdom.
for
Dunstan had an extraordinary veneration Alphage, and when at the point of death, many flocked to him, and begged to be made it his ardent request to God, that he taken under his pastoral care. He yielded might succeed him in the see of Cantersoon became the subject of con1
versation in the neighboring villages,
where
<
>
to their importunities, raised
a monastery
bury
which accordingly happened, though

about eighteen years after Dunslan's
In the course of that period the
near his
cell,
by the contributions of several not

'>
till
well-disposed
persons
formed
his
new
death.
pupils into a community, and placed a priori metropolitan church
over them.
Having prescribed
he again retired
wishing
to
rules for
to his be-
successive prelates
;
their regulation,
loved
cell,
I'eivently
pass the
was governed by three the last of whom was Alfrick upon whose decease, in 1006, AIpliaê wus raL-êJ to the see of Canto oury.
;
\
s
90

The
people belonging to the diocese of
when
life
his presence
Winchester were the only persons who did

not sincerely rejoice at his promotion
;
than ever, and

in
was more necessary was resolved to hazard his

this
for
their
defence, at
calamitous
in as-
they were too sensible of the loss they sus- juncture.

tained by his translation, not to regret his
sisting
While he was employed

;
removal
to
Canterbury.
Soon after his being made archbishop he went to Rome, and received the pall from Pope John XVIII., and after his return to
England, labored assiduously
After
to introduce
and encouraging his pepple, Canterbury was taken by storm the enemy poured into the town, and destroyed all that came in their way, by fire and sword. The monks did what they could to detain the
archbishop in the church, where they hoped
the best regulations into the church.
he might be
flock
safe.
But his concern
for his
Alphage had governed
the see of
made him break from them, and run
Canterbury about four years, with great reputation to himself, and benefit to his people,
into the midst of the danger.
He
had the
courage
to
address the enemy, and offer
the
Danes made an incursion

Ethelred,
of very
into
himself to their swords, as more worthy

their rage than the people
:
England.
who
then
reigned,
was a prince
ful to
weak understanding,
niight be saved, and that they
he begged they would dis-
and pusillanimous disposition.

face the
Too
tearir-
charge their whole fury on him.
They ac-
enemy
himself, and too
cordingly seized him, tied his hands, in-
resolute to furnish others with the
means
of acti[ig in his stead, he suffered his country to be ravage^d with impunity,
barous manner
and the
and abused him in a rude and barand obliged him to remain on the spot till his church was burnt, and
sulted,
;
greatest depredations to be committed, at
the
monks massacred.
all thf;
They
then deci-
the option of his enemies.
mated
inhabitants, both ecclesiastics,
The
archbishop Alphage, upon this tryto the
and laymen, leaving only every tenth person alive

to death,
:
ing occasion, acted with great resolution
so that they put 7,236 persons

left
:
and humanitj': he went boldly

they had made captives
Danes,
and
alive
only four monks, and 800
purchased the freedom of several

;
whom
laymen
after
found means to
to others,
the archbishop in a dungeon,
which they confined where they
send a sufficient quantity of food
kept him close prisoner for several months.
whom he
:
had not money enough
to
redeem,
and even made converts of some of the Danes but the latter circumstance made
the
During his confinement, they proposed to him to redeem his liberty with the sum of
jC;3,000and to persuade the king to j)urchase
their departure out of the kintrdom with a
1
Danes, who
still
continued
pagans,
him than they would further sum of jC 0,000. Alphage's cirotherwise have been, and determined them cumstances would not allow him to satisfy they bound him, to be revenged on him for occasioning a the exorbitant demand change in the sentiments of their compan- and put him to severe torments, to oblige
greater enemies to
:
liim to discover the treasure of his church; upon which they assured him of his life encouragement, and even assisted them in and liberty. The prelate knew, that what When the de- they insisted on was the inheritance of the laying siege to Canterbury. sign of attacking this citj' was known, poor, not to be thrown away upon the barmany of the principal people made a preci- barous enemies of the Christian religion
ions,
f^dric, an
English malecontent, and
an infamous
traitor,
gave the Danes every
\ i
pitate
llight
from
it,
and would have perexample.
suaded Alphage
to follow their
and therefore persisted in refusing to give They remanded th(!m any account of it.
\ i
But he, like a good pastor, would not listen him to prison again, confined him six days he assured them he could longer, and then taking him with them to to such proposal not think of abandoning his flock, at a time Greenwich, brought him to a trial there,
;
| i
91
He
still
remained
inflexible with respect to

;
the church treasures
but exhorted them to
<
pleasure to find that his endeavors were not unsuccessful, for his sweetness of disposition
forsake their idolatry, and embrace Christianity.
<
won upon
the people so much, that they
This
so
greatly
incensed
the
could not help believing one
whom
they
Danes, that the soldiers dragged him out

of the camp, and beat
<
loved, or of placing a confidence in the doctrines of a
him unmercifully,
man they had such
great reason
Alphagebore
^'
this
usage patiently, and even
to reverence.
prayed for his persecutors.

soldiers,
tized
One
of the
j
5
His conquests over idolatry were not

confined to his
who had been
converted and bapafliicted, that his
own
diocese, but extended
<
by him, was greatly
>
to the adjacent country,
where
his doctrines
<
pains should be so lingering, as he

his death
fore,
knew
successfully spread, and

verts to
<
was determined on
he, there-
>
with the fury of a desperate zeal, and
ever the
many became conthe pure faith of Christ. Wherfaith made its way by his ministry,
to establish ecclesiastical dis-
a kind of barbarous compassion, cut off his
he took care
>
head, and thus put the finishing stroke to
>
cipline for the preservation of religion,
and
\
<
martyrdom, on April 19, A. D. 1012. This transaction happened on the very spot
his
made
i
several useful regulations in the pub-
lie
service of the church.
His exemplary
as his
where the church

dedicated to him,
at
Greenwich, which
stands.
is
conduct was
at least as instructive
|
'
now
After his
sermons and exhortations, and went a great
death his body was thrown into the Thames,

but being found the next day,
in the cathedral of St.
it
way
in
convincing his converts of the truth

:
was buried
'i
and dignity of their new profession
for
\ \
>
>
PauFs by the bish- who could doubt of the excellency of a rewhence it Migion, that raised him above the weaknesses was, in the year 1023, removed to Canter- and passions of human nature and appearbury by iEthelmoth, the archbishop of that ed divine, by placing him at a distance from all that flatters or delights the senses ? provmce. He Gerard, a Venetian, devoted himself to visited his diocese, and was remarkable for
).
ops of London and Lincoln;
'i
the service of
God from
his tender years
<
an
uncommon
tenderness for the poor, espe-
>
entered into a religious house for some time,
cially
such as had the misfortune of sick-
and then determined
to visit the
Holy Land.
ness, or were incapable of following their
<
Going
who,
jects
into
Hungary, he became acquainted
accustomed employments.
<
with Stephen, the king of that country,

at
During the
excellent
life
of Stephen, Gerard re-
<
once, acted the parts of prince and
'/
ceived every kind of assistance which that
<
preacher, and not only regulated his sub-
'(
monarch could
afford
him
but
|
by wholesome laws, but taught them religious duties. Finding Gerard every way qualified to instruct his people, he tried, by every means, to detain him in his kingdom and, at length, founding several
;
on the demise of Stephen, his nephew

\
Peter,
ferent
who succeeded him, was of so difa temper, that Gerard was greatly
>
perplexed during his government.

^
At length, the tyranny of Peter exasperated his subjects so
\
\
churches, he
made Gerard bishop of that Chonad. Gerard had a very difficult task to perform the people of his diocese were fond
;
much
against him, that
they deposed him, and placed Ouvo on the
<
<
\ >
They, however, soon found, they had changed from bad to worse
throne.
that
;
for
<
of and accustomed to idolatry
and
their
Ouvo proved
a greater
monster of cruelty
perverseness was equal to their immorality.
than his predecessor.
At Easter Ouvo
re-
The new
bishop, however, assiduous in
paired to Chonad, in order to receive the
<
his charge, and full of zeal for the salvation
crown from the hands of Gerard.

he arrived
of the kingdom,
When
<
of his flock, labored diligently to bring

t a
sense of their dutv.
He
them soon had the
at the place, the other prelates

|
who were assembled on
92
that

solemn occasion, assured the prince
their
j
Stanislaus, bishop of Cracow, was descended from an iUustrious Polish family.
'
of
affections
for
his
person,
;
and
^
<
promised
to concur in his coronation but The piety of his parents was equal to their Gerard absolutely refused to pay that com- opulence, and the latter they rendered sub\
pliment to a public and malicious
enemy
>
servient to
all
the purposes of charity and
'
<
and took the liberty of letting the intruder know, that he could not look on Peter's exelusion as regular, and consequently should
benevolence.
child,
Stanislaus
was
their only
and consequently the sole object of
;;
their parental affection.
When
he was of
instruct
not proceed to do anything to the prejudice
a proper age, they employed masters in

several
of his
title
he then
his
told
him, that
the
if
he
>
branches of learning
fully
to
persisted
in
usurpation,
Divine
>
him, and were happy
to find, that his
rapid
answered their most sanguine expectations. He had a peneportable than his predecessor, was brought trating genius, retentive memory, and solid to the scaffold in the year 1044; upon understanding hence study became his which Peter was recalled, and placed on amusement, learning his delight, and books the throne a second time but his disposi- his beloved companions. Nor was his distion and retirement had made no alteration position inferior to his abilities he was in his temper, so that he was again depriv- modest, mild, candid, and grave, temperate ed of the royal dignity after two years' pos- in his meals, and moderate in his sleep he
; > i ^
' ; ; ?
Providence would soon put an end to his life and reign. Ouvo growing more insup-
improvement
session.
voluntarily gave himself, in
the
dawn of
Andrew, son of Ladisl.uis, cousin-german youth, to such austerities, as might have Stephen, had then a tender of the crown given reputation to a professed hermit, made him, upon condition that he would Having pursued his studies at home for employ his authority in extirpating the some years, he was sent to a seminary of
<
to
<
<
<
Christian
religion out of
Hungary.
The
learning in Poland, and afterward to the

university of Paris, that his education might
ambitious prince
came
into
the proposal,
'.
and promised
lishing the
to
do his utmost in re-estabGerard, being informed

remonstrate
be
completed in that celebrated seat of

After continuing seven years at
to his
idolatrous worship of his de-
',
literature.
luded ancestors.
Paris,
he returned
own
country, and
of this impious bargain, thought his duty

obliged
on the demise of his parents became possessed of a plentiful fortune.

riches constituted
him
to
against
the
Sensible that
enormity of Andrew's crime, and persuade him to withdraw his promise. In this
no
part of a Christian's
happiness, any further than as they enabled
view he undertook to go to that prince, attended by three other prelates, full of a like
zeal for religion.
him
to assist the
needy
for
he devoted most
his
of his property to charitable uses, retaining
The new king was
at
only a small portion

ance.
own
susten-
Alba
going
Ilegalis, but as the four bishops
were
s
I <
His views were now solely directed to but he remained for someorder of a man of quality in the neighbor- time undetermined, whether he should emhood, remarkable for his aversion to the ^'race a monastic life, or engage among the
to cross the Danube, they were stopped by a party of soldiers posted there by
)
the ministry
<
Christian religion, and
to
Stephen's memory.
secular
clergy.
to
He was
latter
at
length
per-
/,
They
bore an attack with a shower of stones
suaded
the
by
Lambert Zula,
liiin
patiently,
I {
when
the soldiers proceeding to
bishop of Cracow,
ders, and
who gave
a
holy or-
greater outrages, beat them unmercifully,
made him
canon of his cathedral.
<
<
and at length despatched them with lances. Their martyrdoms happened in the year
1045.
'
In this capacity he lived in a most pious
and exemi)lary manner, and perlornieil the

of
his
'
^duties
function
with
uiucniiiling
K.

assiduity and
fervent devotion.
93
Lambert had the courage
to tell
him
of his faults,
could not help
being charmed with the

particularly distin]
when
taking a private opportunity he freeto
many
virtues
which so
ly displayed
him
the
enormity of his
guished Stanislaus, and would fain have

resigned his bishopric to him.
crimes.
he alleged
The king was greatly exasperated at this The reason such resignation was his great freedom, but, awed by the virtues of the age, but Stanislaus absolutely refused to bishop, dissembled his resentment, and apfor
accept of the see, for the contrary reason,

viz.
:
pearing
to
be
convinced of
his
errors
far,
want of years, for being then only promised to reform his conduct. So thirty-six years old, he deemed that too however, from designing to perform early a time of life for a man to undertake promise, he complained to some of
his
his his
the important care of a diocese.
Lambert,
sycophants of the freedom that Stanislaus
however, made him his substitute upon various occasions, by which he became
thoroughly acquainted with
to the bishopric.
all
had taken with him

folly,
and they,
to flatter his
condemned
the boldness of the bish-
that related
op.
The
king, soon after, attempted the
Lambert died on Novem- chastity of a married lady, who rejected his ber 25, A. D. 1071, when all concerned in offers with disdain which piqued his pride the choice of a successor declared for so much, that he seized her by force, and Stanislaus. But his former objection re- violated her by compulsion. This greatly mained, and on account of his age, he de- alarmed all the nobility none knew how
;
:
clined the acceptance of the prelacy.
long his
own
;
wife, daughter, or sister, might

for the
Determined, however,
scruples, the
to
conquer his
be safe
and each dreaded
peace of
to-
king,
clergy,
and
to
nobility,
his family.
They,
at length,
assembled
unanimously joined in writing

ander
Pope Alexan
gether, and calling the clergy to their assistance,
n. who
at
their entreaty sent
entreated
to
Peter,
archbishop
of
express order that Stanislaus should accept

the bishopric.
ed, and exerted himself to the utmost in the
Gresne,
remonstrate to the king on the

viciousness of his conduct
Thus commanded, he obey- impropriety and

adding, that
it
was more
particularly his
improvement of his
careful
laity-;
flock.
He was
equally
business so to do, as primate of Poland.
with respect both to clergy and and exhorted the former to show a good example as much as he did the latter
to imitate
it.
The
virtue,
archbishop, however, declined the

;
dangerous task
mild.
for
though a
man
of
some
he was of a disposition uncommonly

Several other prelates
sheltered
He
kept a
list
of
all
the poor
and by feeding the hungry, themselves behind his refusal, and gave clothing the naked, and administering reme- their fear the name of modesty, which dies to the sick, he proved himself, not only would not permit them to undertake what
in his diocese,
the godly pastor, but the bodily physician
their metropolitan
had thought too great
for
and generous benefactor.

Bolislaus the second king of Poland had, by nature, many good qualities, but giving
his abilities.
fore, the
Stanislaus alone was, as be-
only one
who had
courage, and
zeal sufficient, to perform
what he looked
way too much to his passions he ran into upon as a most important and indispensable many enormities. He daily grew worse duty. He, therefore, put himself at the
and worse, and from being deemed a good
king, at length had the appellation of
head of a select number of ecclesiastics, cruel noblemen, and gentlemen and, proceeding
;
bestowed on him. The nobility were to court, addressed the king in a solemn and shocked at his conduct, but did not care to serious manner, and fully represented the speak to him concerning it, and the clergy heinousness of his crimes, and what would saw his proceedings with grief, but were be the fatal consequences of his debauchafraid to reprehend him. Stanislaus alone eries.
m94

The king bad
scarce patience to hear
with such awe, that they could not perform
him
out
and, as soon as he had done
what they had promised.

orders, stormed at
I
'
On
their return,
speaking, flew into a violent passion, at
the king, finding they had not obeyed his
once complaining of the want of respect to his royal dignity, and vowing revenge for
them
violently,
snatched
a dagger from one of them, and ran furiously to the chapel, where, finding Stanislaus
at the altar,
what he called an
insult
to
his person.
Stanislaus, however, not in the least in-
he plunged the weapon
to his
timidated by his menaces, visited him twice
heart.
The
prelate immediately expired,
more, and remonstrated with him in a similar manner, which so much exasperated the
king, that he
self.
on the 8th day of May, in the year 1079, receiving a crown of martyrdom as a re-
knew
not
how
to contain
him-
ward for his zeal, and being numbered among the glorified saints, whose blessedness
V.
and clergy, finding that the admonitions of the bishop had not the denobility
The
is
described in Revelation, chap,
vii.,
13, &c.,
which passage hath been ren-
to interpose
upon the king, thought proper dered, by a learned divine, into English between them. The nobility entreated the bishop to refrain from any " What happy men, or angels these, more exasperating a monarch of so feroThat all their robes are spotless white ? Whence did this glorious troop arrive, and the cious and untractable a temper
sired effect
;
At the pure
realnfis
of heavenly light
clergy endeavored to persuade the king not

to
be offended with
Stanislaus
for
his
"
charitable remonstrances.
Neither,
how-
From tottering racks, and burning fires. And seas of their own blood, they came But nobler blood has washed tlieir robes,
Flowing from Christ,
their
dying lamb.
ever, succeeded, for the king remained as

obstinate,
and the bishops as zealous, as

sovereign, at length,
rate, to
at
"Now
ever.
The haughty
any
who,
in his
determined,
prelate,
get rid of a
they approach the Almighty throne, Witli loud hosannahs night and day Sweet antliems to the Three in One, Measure their blessed eternity.
;
opinion,
was
so ex-
" No more
tremely
that
troublesome.
Hearing one day

himself, in
the
at a
the bishop
was by
shall hunger pain their souls. bids their parching thirst he gone, And spreads tlie shadow of his wings, To screen them from the scorching sun.
He
chapel of St. Michael,
small distance
from the town, he despatched some soldiers The soldiers readily unto murder him.
dertook the bloody task
;
" The lamb that fills the middle throne. Shall shed around his milder beams; There shall they feast on his rich love, And. drink full joys from hving streams.
but
when
they
came
into the presence of Stanislaus, the
" Thus shall their mighty bliss renew. Through the vast round of endless years
'f
;
And
the
sol't lian<l
of sovereign grace
venerable aspect of the prelate struck them
Heals
all their
wounds, and wipes their tears."
HORRIBLE MASSACRE IN FRANCE,
A. D. 1572.
first
FTER
could
a long
series
of jand
that
)
that
by two ways:
to
by pretendmg
of the admi;
troubles in
France, the
nothing
against
an army was
be sent intd the lower

j
papists
seeing
country, under the

ral,
command
be
done
prince of Navarre and
Conde
not that
|
the protestants by open
the king had any intention of so doing, but

\
how
force, began to devise / only with a view to ascertain what force the _ they could entrap them by subtlety, < admiral had imder him, who they were, and
)lp'''i''iii|tl!!;piii;iJ)f"yc"fn"tiii;|1|y3"|?ii!ft;T
--?=^_^-,^Jr'
=;
'
-r^
-^-:,
IMII
L.^ _ f
MASSACRE ON THE EVE OF
ST.
BARTHOLOMEW,
Page
95.

jg^.^.

wlial
97
were
their
names.
sister
The second was, which,

> <
they took him to the place of ex-
a marriage suborned between the prince of
Navarre and the
of the
to
king
of
all
<
France;
the
first
to
which were
be invited
<
chief protestants.
Accordingly, they
;
began with the queen of Navarre

to
she
hanged him up by the heels, exposing his mutilated body to the scorn of the populace, The martyrdom of this virtuous man had no sooner taken place, than the armed soldiers "ran about slaying all the protestants
ecution, out of the city, and there
consented to come
Paris,
where she
mind.
was
five
at
length
won
over
to the king's
they could find within the

tinned
ter
city.
This con-
Shortly after she
fell
sick,
and died within

;
many
days, but the greatest slaugh-
days, not without suspicion of poison
>
but her
body being opened, no signs thereof
appeared.
certain apothecary, however,
made
his boast, that he
had
killed the
queen
by venomous odors and smells, prepared by

himself.
>
Notwithstanding
proceeded.
states of the
this,
the marriage
still
was in the first three days, in which were said to be murdered above 10,000 men and women, old and young, of all sorts and conditions. The bodies of the dead were carried in carts and thrown into the river, which was all stained therewith also whole streams in various parts of the
;
The
admiral, prince of
Na-
city ran with the blood of the
slain.
In
varre and Conde, with divers other chief

protestants,
>
the
number
that
induced by the
promises, came
length took
learned
sort,
were slain of the more were Peter Ramus, Lambi-
king's letters and

to
many
fair
nus, Plateanus, Lomenius, Chapesius, and

others.
Paris,
and were received with great
^'
solemnity.
The marriage
at
These
within
brutal
deeds were not confined

of Paris, but extended and quarters of the realm,
place on the
18th of August, 1572, and

the cardinal of
the walls
was solemnized by
Bourbon
into other cities
upon a high stage set up on purpose withthe prince of Naout the church walls varre and Conde came down, waiting for
:
especially to
Lyons, Orleans, Toulouse, and Rouen, where the cruelties were unparalleled.
Within the
s,
ice of one month,

least, are
the king's sister,
who was
then
all
at
mass.
to
thirty
thousand
protestants, at
This done, the company

bishop's palace to dinner.
went
the
said to have been slain, as is credibly re-
In the evening
\ i
ported by those
who
testify of the matter,
they were conducted to the king's palace

to
When
intelligence of the massacre
was
Four days after this, the admiral coming from the council-table, on
supper.
received at
Rome,
the greatest rejoicings
his
way was
shot at with a pistol, charged
>
in
with three bullets, and wounded in both

his arms.
Notwithstanding which, he
in Paris, although the
to flee.
still
were made. The pope and cardinals went solemn procession to the church of St. Mark to give thanks to God. A jubilee was also published, and the ordnance fired
castle
remained
vised
Vidam
ad-
from the
person
of St. Angelo.
To
Like
the
him
who
brought the news, the cardinal

re-
Soldiers were appointed in various parts
>
of Lorraine gave 1,000 crowns.

all
of the city to be ready at a watch-word, hoicings were also made'
over France
faithful,
upon which they rushed out

ter of the
to the
slaughj
for this
imagined overthrow of the

following are
protestants, beginning with the
The
among
the particulars
:
admiral,
who being dreadfully wounded, recorded of the above enormities was cast out of the window into the street, In some measure to palliate their cruelwhere his head being sii'uck off*, was em- ties, the Roman catholics, while they were
i
>
balmed with spices
to
be sent to the pope.

cut
off"
arms and mutilated his body, and drew him in

his
that state through the streets of Paris, after
The savage people then
murdering the innocent people, cried out. " Vile wretches, this is for wanting to overturn the constitution of your country
is
;
',
this
;
for
conspiring
to
murder the
king."
98
':
THE CHUISTIAN MARTYROLOGY.

;
^
Rank, sex, or age, were no protections noblessunkbeneath the daggers of ruffians;

the tears of beauty
gentleman into the

their
street,
stabbed him with
'
daggers, laid his body in a stable,
;
;
I \
made no impression on
;
covered his face with manure, and the next
the hearts of bigotry
the silver hairs of
',
day threw him

Peter
logic,
into the Seine.

|
venerable age, and the
piteous cries
of
>
<,
helpless infancy, were alike disregarded.

Superstition steeled the hearts of the papists against the ties of
Ramus, was seized
the
royal
professor
of
I '
in the college
over which
he presided,
for professing protestant tenets;
humanity
and
in-
and
after
being murdered, his body was
window, and trailed about to pierce the bosoms of piety and inno- the streets in derision, by several boys who cence. The lamentations of distress, the were ordered so to do by their popish
fatuation directed
the
sword of
false zeal,
Uhrown
-
out of the
>
I '
shrieks of terror, and the
groans of the
furi-
''
tutors.
>
dying, were music to the ears of the
A
\
>
pious young gentlerr)an was killed with

in
ous murderers
gled
they enjoyed the horrors
battle-axes
his
study
two ministers
into the
<
of slaughter, and triumphed over the man-
were stabbed, and thrown

the
river
;:
'
carcasses of those
whom
they had
and several of the assassins, breaking into
<
butchered.
house of a jeweller, they found the
'
Upon
pistols,
this
dreadful
occasion,
swords,
midwife with his wife,
who was
when
in
lalior.
'>
muskets, cutlasses, daggers, and
Having murdered
proceeding
(
the jeweller, they
were
I
\
other instruments of death, had been put

into
to kill the wife,
the mv\-
>
<
the
hands
of above
sixty thousand
wife
kneeled
to
before
deliver
them, and entreated

the
furious and bigoted papists,

frantic
who now,
in a
permission
this will
woman
'
;
for
>f
manner, ran up and down the streets

committing the inost inhuman
It is
be the twentieth child
she has
'
of Paris, uttering the most horrid blasphe-
borne."
The inhuman
midwife
brutes,
however,
the
mies, and
barbarities.
'
turning a deaf ear to her entreaties, spurn-
'
almost beyond the power
ed
I
the
from them, stabbed

out of the
of imagination to paint, or of language to
woman, and threw her
window.
were acted on that fatal night, and the two succeeding The infirm were murdered in the days. bed of sickness the aged stabbed while
describe, the cruelties that
;
The who
care.
fall
forced the child from the
womb,
lay crying for
perished in
some time, and then the street for want of proper
-^
| \
tottering on their crutches

I
children snatch-
Some
library.
soldiers entering the house of a
ed from their mothers, and tossed on the

points of spears
;
doctor of civil law,
demanded a
sight of his
|
s
infants strangled in their
cradles
I
',
pregnant
women
ripped open, and
finding
With this he complied, when some protcstant books, they took

and beat his brains out
>
men
indiscriminately murdered by various
him
self
into the street,
means.
I
The
confusion and horrors of the

;
with a club,
A
first
cook,
who had
hid
himj
scene were dreadful indeed

ings, shrieks,
I
oaths, shout-
on the
alarm, being pressed
by
and the discharge of firearms,

in
all
were heard
streets
quarters; ho\ises were
>
defiled with the blood of their
owimts
the the
'/
strewed
with
carcases; and
came from his lurking-place to procure food, but was inunediately nuirdered and an apothecary, who was carrying some medicines to a patient, met with the same
thirst,
;
>
waters of the Seitie appeared of a crimson

color, from the
fate.
number of mangled bodies

into thai river.
Three hundred and

prison.
fifiy
protestants
were
which had been thrown

I
\
confined in a place called the archbishop's
Several ruffians enteri'd the house of
To
this
place a
number
of sol-
Monsieur De
I I
la
Place, president of the

it
;;
diers repaired, picked their pockets of
what
court of requests, and having plundered
'
money they
had, took from them such garto appropri-
of al)ove a thousand crowns, they took that
menls as they thought proper
>
r^

ate to their
99
recollect
own
uses, and
then drawing
swered, " / beg you will

alliance,
our late
their
swords, cut them to pieces without

protestant merchant,
to
the least remorse.
named Francis
two sons what may
and not think of forcing my conscience ;" but the prince of Conde, with more spirit, replied, " You may seize my
estates, property,
is out
Bassu, expecting
" Children, be
share the fate of other
and
life,
hut
my
religion
protestants, thus addressed his
not
terrified
at
of your poicerP much enraged the king,
This answer so that he fell into a
happen
to
it
is
the portion of true believers
be hated and persecuted by imbelievers,
lently
vehement passion, and threatened him viobut becoming cool again, he thought
;
as
sheep are
devoured by wolves.
But
proper
\
to let
his anger subside, and
suf-
remember,
sliall
that if
we
suffer for Christ,

:
we
fered his resentment to give
way
to policy.
reign with him therefore let not drawn swords terrify you, they will be but a bridge over which to pass to eternal life." He had scarce uttered these words, when
the murderers broke in, and cut to pieces
Occurrences supplerncntary
to the
Massacre
of Paris.
It
was represented
it
to
the
king by his
the father and both his sons.
council, that the

effectual, if
After the massacre had subsided, the in-
massacre would be indid not extend to every part

;
human
assassins paraded the streets, boast-
of the kingdom
tants of Paris
for
though
all
the protesif
ing that they had dved their white cockI
were murdered, yet

to
any
ades red with the blood of huguenots.

a papist apothecary suggested that
On were
\
;;
suffered
live
in
other parts of
in
seeing a multitude of dead bodies lay about,
France, they would again increase
numThis
to
all
money
;
bers, and spread to the metropolis.
might be made of the

the plumpest bodies
lected,
fat
contained in them
occasioned the massacre

for
to
become more
were accordingly
three
shillings
se- ^general,
\
the
king sent orders
and the grease being extracted from
parts of the nation to put the protestants to
them,
was
:
sold
for
per
death.
pound
a shocking instance of the most
At Meaux, the king's attorney, Cosset,

the
depraved cruelty!
villages
The
inhabitants of the 'having received

<
bloody mandate, or-
which lay below Paris, on the borders of the Seine, were a.stonished to see the number of dead bodies that floated down the stream, and even some of the Roman catholics were so much touched
with compassion, as
could
not
to
>
dered a number of ruflians to attend him at seven o'clock in the evening. At the appointed time, he
>
commanded
all
the city gates
Mo
< \
be shut, and
the protestants seized.

;
exclaim. "
devils
It
surely
their
be
men, but
in
<
This was immediately executed many were murdered that night, and about two hundred of the principal persons were confined
till
who have transacted cruelties." The pope's legate, soon gave all who were concerned in
appearance,
evinces that the
these
after,
>
the next day.
On
the
ensuing
morning. Cosset, and his murderers, went

to the prison,
these
<
and having a
list
of the prot-
murders a general absolution, which plainly
'
Roman
catholics them-
names, called them one by one, and murdered them as they answered to
estant's
selves thought these transactions criminal.
the call.
They
then plundered the houses
The king
count to
of France gave a formal
ac-
of those
spoils,
they had murdered, divided the
the
king of Navarre, and

affair,
the
gave an entertainment upon the occoncluded

the
prince of Conde, of the whole

told
and
\
casion, and illuminations.
evening with
seized,
them,
at the
same
time,
he " expected
they should renounce their religion, as he
At Troyes the protestants were and put

into
all
had saved
only."
their lives with that expectation
dungeons.
the
The
provost then
The king
of
Navarre only an-
commanded
common
executioner to go

K' 100
\
^
and murder them all. Shocked, however, 5 by a learned and sensible Roman catholic, we presume it will appear, at the coiicluat the inhumanity of the thing, the executioner had spirit enough to refuse, with sion of this chapter, with peculiar pro" Mj/ office priety this remarkable expression " The nuptials of the young king of Naobliges me to execute none but such as are
>
> : >
:
legally condemned."
But
this did not
save
varre with the French king's sister,
were
all
the protestants, for the provost engaged the

jailer to
solemnized with pomp

(
and
all
the endear-
perform what the executioner had They were all accordingly murrefused.
dered, and their bodies buried in pits, dug on purpose, within the prison. While the
ments,
all
the assurances of friendship,
the oaths sacred
among men, were
pro-
>
fusely lavished
by Catharine, the queen;
mother, and by the king
during which, the
bloody tragedy was performing, one of the

I
rest of the court thought of nothing but

\
ruffians struck at a protestant

I \
two or three
festivities,
last, at
plays,
and masquerades.
at night,
At
limes without killing
him
the protestant
twelve o'clock
on the eve
then taking hold of the point of the halberd,

^
of St. Bartholomew, the signal

\
was
given.
with whictj he
it
close to
had been wounded, placed the left side of his breast, and
Immediately
tants
all
the houses of the protes-
then boldly cried, "

fellow,
\
Push
heart."
it
to
my
heart,
push
it to
my
At Orleans, the massacre continued for a week, and a prodigious number of men, women, and children, were murdered the Kill the huguenots and general cry bein<',
;
| \
| ]
take
the
sj
'.
Some, who were weak

from their
faith
to
enough
to
apostatize
save their lives, had weapons put into their hands, and were compelled to kill those of the religion they had forsaken, or to be
murdered themselves
crying, in derision,
'em,
the
Roman
not
cathohcs
all
the
time, " Swiic
smite
'em,
were
they
your holy
were forced open at once. Admiral alarmed by the uproar, jumped when a company of assassins out of bed They were rushed into his chamber. headed by one Besme, who had been bred up as a domestic in the family of the This wretch thrust his sword into Guises. the admiral's breast, and also cut him in Mhe face. Besme was a German, and being afterward taken by the protestants, the Rochellers would have bought him, in but he was order to hang and quarter him Henry, the killed by one Brctanville. young duke of Guise, who afterward framed league, and was murdered at \ the catholic
Coligni,
;
>
[
',
brothers
'-
Blois, standing at the door till the horrid and sisters?" j At Lyons, all the protestants houses butchery should be comjileted, called aloud, were plundered, and the slaughter almost " Besme is it done ?" Immediately after which the ruffians threw the body out of at Rouen, six thousand were incredible massacred; at Thoulouse^ about three hun- | the window, and Coligni expired at Guise's
<
s
!
'
dred were martyred upon the occasion many were drowned at Angiers, and seve;
feet.
ral
were butchered
at
Bordeaux; though
place, several
.ship,
He
happily, at the
latter
got
Count de Teligny also fell a sacrifice. had married, about ten months before, His countenance was Coligni's daughter.
expeditiously on board a
to
and escaped
so engaging, that the ruHiaus,
when they
England.
curious
corroboration
advanced in order with compassion

;
to kill
l)Ut
him, were struck
account of the the murders which immediately ensued in

several parts oj
of the foregoing Parisian massacre, and
^^^^^ rushing forward,
others, more barbamunlered him.
jj^j^j
>
r ranee.
|
all the friends of Co^^ê assassinated throughout Paris men, women, and children, were promis-
^n the meantime,
As
the following narrative is extremely

itself,
cuously
slaughtered
every
street
was
interesting in
and as
it
was
written
strewed
with
expiring
bodies.
Some
K-^

priests, holding
l ;
^
101
< ; i )
up a crucifix in one hanJ, miliarity and had given a loose, with the and a dagger in the other, ran to the chiefs utmost mirth, to the sallies of his imasrinaThe monarch felt some remorse; of the murderers, and strongly exhorted Uion. them to spare neither relations nor friends. and being touched with a kind of compas<
<
,'
Tavannes, marshal of France, an ignorant, superstitious soldier,
sion, bid him,
two or three times, not go

in
who
joined the
<
home, but
said he
lie
the Louvre.
to
The count
upon which
his
fury of religion to the rage of party, rode on
must go
I
his wife
horseback through the streets of Paris, crying to his men, " Let blood
!
the king pressed
him no
see
further, but said,
let
blood
Bleed-
" Let him go
God has decreed
>
wholesome in August as in May." death." And in two hours after he was In the memoirs of the life of this enthusias- murdered. Very few of the protestants escaped tic, written by his son, we are told, that the father being on his deathbed, and ma- the fury of their enthusiastic persecutors. king a general confession of his actions, Among these was young la Force (afterthe priest said to him, with surprise, ward the famous marshal de la Force), a " What no mention of St. Bartholomew's child about ten years of age, whose demassacre ?" To which Tavannes replied, liverance was exceedingly remarkable. " I consider it as a meritorious action, that His father, his elder brother, and himself, will wash away all my sins." Such horrid were seized together by the duke of Anjou's sentiments can a false spirit of religion soldiers. These murderers flew at all three, and struck at them at random, when they inspire The king's palace was one of the chief all fell, and lay one upon another. The the king of Na- youngest did not receive a single blow, but scenes of the butchery varre had his lodging in the Louvre, and all appearing as if he was dead, escaped the
ing
is
as
';
<f
'.
\ \
<
\ 5
>
<
>
<
>
his domestics
were
protestants.
Many
of
;
next day
and his
life,
thus wonderfully
five
these were killed in bed with their wives

others, running
preserved, lasted fourscore and
years.
away naked, were pursued
Many of
to the
the wretched victims fled to the
by the soldiers through the several rooms of the palace, even to the king's ante-chamber.
water-side, and
some swam over
the Seine
suburbs of St. Germains.
The monupon them

for that
The young
awaked by
wife of
Henry
for
of Na-
arch saw them from his window, which
varre,
the dreadful uproar, being
')
looked upon the river, and
fired
afraid for her consort,
and
her
own
life,
with a carbine that had been loaded
seized with horror, and half dead, flew from
>
purpose by one of his pages
while the
in
her bed, in order to throw herself

feet of the
at the
queen-mother, undisturbed and serene

the midst of slaughter, looking
king her brother.
But scarce
down from
had she opened her chamber-door, when a balcony, encouraged the murderers, and some of her protestant domestics rushed laughed at the dying groans of the slaughin for refuge. The soldiers immediately tered. This barbarous queen was fired
?
?
followed, pursued
them in sight of the with a restless ambition, and she perprincess, and killed one who had crept petually shifted her party in order to satiate under her bed. Two others, being wound- it. She was accused of a loose commerce ed with halberds, fell at the queen's feet, with certain gentlemen and was weak so that she was covered with blood. enough to believe in magic, as appeared Count de la Rochefaucault, a young no- from the talismans found after her death.
I
[ I '
<
<
bleman, greatly in the king's favor
for his
<
Some days
the
after this horrid transaction,

to palliate
it
comely
air,
his politeness, and a
certain
French court endeavored
peculiar happiness in the turn of his con-
by forms of law. They pretended to justify versation, had spent the evening till eleven the massacre by a calumny and accused o'clock with the monarch, in pleasant fa- the admiral of a conspiracy, which no one L
\
'
'
"
^m
102
believed.
to
THE CHRISTIAN MABTYROLOGY.

The
parliament was
commanded
:
three governors only refused to obey the

king's orders.
proceed against the memory of Coligni and his dead body was hung in chains on
J
One
of these,
named Mont-
morrin, governor of Auvergne, wrote the
Montfaucon gallows. The king himself went to view this shocking spectacle
king the following

to
letter,
which deserves
:
be transmitted
"
to latest posterity
when one
retire,
of his courtiers advising
him
to
Sir
have received an order under

seal, to put to death all the
in
:;
I,
corpse, he replied, "

well."
and complaining of the stench of the A dead enemy smells
your majesty's
protestants
my
province.
have loo
The massacres on
Rome, with
St.
Bartholo-
much
God
I
respect for your majesty, not to beletter
I
j
mew's day
inscription
are painted in the royal saloon

the following
lieve the
a torgery
but if (which
<
of the Vatican at
:
forbid) the order should be

for
genuine,
" Pontifcx Colignii necem pro-
have loo much respect
your majesty
bat"
i.
e.,
"
The pope
approves of Coligni's
to
obey
it
death."
These
of Navarre
barbarities inflamed such protes-
The young king

of
the
was spared
tants
terror
as
:
escaped rather with
rage than
the
through policy, rather than from the pity

I
their irreconcilable
hatred to
vigor,
'
queen-mother,
till
she
keeping him
court supplied
the
spirit
them with fresh

revenge
king, under
and
prisoner
the king's death, in order that
of
increased
their
influ-
he might be as a security and pledge for the submission of such protestants as might
I
strength.
The
whose
ence
this
dreadful havoc had been com-
effect their escape.
mitted, never enjoyed his health after, but
This horrid butchery was not confined

merely
to
died in about two years, his blood gushing

daily through the
that
the
city
of Paris.
The
France
like
pores of his skin

it
so
orders were issued from court to the governors of

that, in a
all
he expired, as
were, weltering in
the provinces in
so
his
own
gore.
week's time, above one hundred

to pieces in
" Fear haunts the guilty mind with horrid views,
thousand protestants were cut

jl
different parts
of the kingdom.
Two
or
And Providence the murderer pursues Tliose by whose means the iiinoieni are slain, Shall live detested and expire in pain."
:
THE SIEGE OF SANCERRE.
ANCERRE,
inhabited
city
chiefly
'>
storm
loss,
but
was
as often
repulsed,
with
by the besieged. The conflict was was besieged A. D. 1573, dreadful, and each side appeared resolved by the lord of Chartres, pn their several purposes; the one to sucby protestants,
f'
ceed in compelling the city to surrender carmon the other in defending it to the last exjudiciously, and played incessantly on the trcmity which brings to our recollection place so that more were wounded by the 'the following admirable lines, descriptive fragments of stones, and splinters of timber, of the horrors of a siege broken by means of the artillery, tlian by
;
with a considerable army.
I
I
He
planted
his
>,
the balls lhems(;lves.
Besides caimonading the place almost

continually, the lord of Chartres frcqueittly
gave furious assaults,
in
order to lake
it
by
THE
CIIKh-^TIAN
MARTYROLOGY.
103
Flash o'er the plains, and lis^hten to the skies. The heavens above, the fields and floods beneath, Glare formidably bright, and shine with death: In fiery stornns descends a murdrous shower, Thick flash ihe lightnins;s, fierce the thunders roar Swift rush the balls with many a fiery round, Tear the huge stones, or rend the stead fast mound; Death shakes alot"t her dart, and over her prey Gigantic stalking, marks in blood her way."
;
make an example which might deter others from practising anything so atrocious, ordered them to be hanged. Their fate, however, drew compassion from many, who, from what themselves felt, and considering the desperate
governor, therefore, to
^
<,
The want
of
provisions
seemed
to
circumstances of the persons, could not

help
threaten what the arm.s of the besiegers
sympathizing
laboring
with
the
criminals,
could not perform
the long continuance
though they abhorred their crimes.
of the siege had caused a great scarcity of

the necessaries of
life,
A
little
'>
man and
his wife,
who had
and the bravest of

victims to famine.
vineyard within the city walls, and

fed
the besieged began to fear they must either
who had
themselves, for some time,
give up the place, or
fall
with the leaves and branches of the vines,
So
great, indeed,
were the distresses of

at a great price to live
the people, that the flesh of horses, mules,

I
and asses, was purchased and many were compelled
were found dead, and two young children The children, however, were taken by a charitable widow, and
crying by them.
sustained with as
only upon
I
much
care as the present
the flesh of dogs, cats, mice, moles,
&c.
at
circumstances would permit. Several others
Even
these
disagreeable
resources
were found dead

I i
in their
houses
;
many
length failed, and the severity of hunger

forced them to put up with leather, parch-
dropped down
ful
in the streets
the sorrow-
<
ment, beasts' hoofs, and horns stewed
down
be
to a jelly, or boiled sufficiently soft to
lamentations of the living for the dead were equally mingled with the cries of hunger, and, in conjunction, formed the
swallowed.
The
wild
routs
in
the few
most doleful sounds of horror.
gardens of the
walls, and
city, the
grass and house-
boy dropping down, through weak-
leek which grew on the tops of houses,
ness, at the feet of his father and mother,
sheds, were sought for with and devoured as delicacies. The substitutes for bread were dried herbs and
avidity,
they bitterly lamented over him

heroically
die said
:
" Don't
;
weep
to
when he see me
for
:
with
;
hunger
do not ask you

give
die,
bran, straw-meal,
powdered nut-shells, and even pounded states, made into cakes with
During
this extremity, a poor
food
it
is
know you have none to the will of God I should

I
me
and
,grease.
therefore
cheerfully submit."
He expired
forti-
man and
having
the
moment he had
and happy
uttered these words,
his
wife
were apprehended,
for
leaving his parents astonished at his

tude,
eaten a part of their

of three years old,
own who
daughter, a child
in his religious resignation.
died of hunger
Several soldiers and citizens, rather than

stay and be starved, chose to escape from
the place, and run
all
I
they had already devoured the head and
and when taken were dressing some of the limbs. In their excuse they pleaded the horrid severity of the hunger
entrails,
hazards
some were
and the
and
traitors,
immediately killed
afterward executed.
in the attempt,
rest put into prison, tried as
with which they were tormented, and that
they had not murdered the child
it
was,
The king
of France
was so much exas-
however, proved against them, that on the very day when they began to eat their oflfspring,
perated at the long and valiant defence of
the besieged, that he sent word to his some humane person had charitably general, the lord of Chartres, jyAe toon the and if he sent to their house a mess of pottage, made place, to massacre all within it with herbs, and some wine, which might could not, to block them up till they devoured have enabled them to refrain, at least each other. But the full completion of this another day, from the unnatural meal. The cruel order was providentially defeated, by
; ^ \
~Wl

104
the following circumstance
:
THE CHRISTIAN MAR.TYROLOGY,

there being
i
that
they died soon after the siege was
an election
of Anjou,
for a
king of Poland, the duke

the king of France,
that the king
raised.
at
Thus, when we deem ourselves
brother to
the very last extremity, are
we some-
was
elected,
upon condition
times suddenly relieved by the most un-
cease the persecution expected means: so inscrutable are the these con- ways of that Providence, on which, in all against his protestant subjects ditions were, for political reasons, complied emergencies, we ought to depend.
of France should
:
with
and Sancerre, among other places,

relief.
had immediate
Eighty-four persons
;
near six were killed during the siege hundred perished by famine and several were so emaciated from the same cause.
;
" Heaven is our guard, and innocence its care, Nor need the good the worst of dangers iVar It pities the defenceless, poor man's grief, And sends him, when he caUs, help and relief; It arms the surest succor, and the best Delivers, and revenges the distressed."
;
PERSECUTIONS OF THE WALDENSES IN THE VALLEYS OF HEDMONT.
ANY
of the
to
Wal- thousands
avoid
fell
martyrs to the superstitious
denses,
rage of the priests and monks.
At Turin, one of the reformed had his which they were bowels torn out, and put into a basin besub- fore his face, where the}' remained, in his continually At Revel, Catelin jected in France, view, till he expired.
the persecutions to
went and settled in the valleys of Piedmont, Girard being at the stake, desired the exwhere they increased exceedingly, and ecutioner to give him up a stone which flourished very much for a considerable he refused, thinking that he aieant to time. Though they were harmless in their throw it at somebody but Girard assuring behavior, inoff'ensive in their conversation, him that he had no such design, the execu; ;
and paid
ed
tithes to the
Romish
clergy, yet
tioner
complied
when
Girard
:
looking
it
the latter could not be contented, but wishto give
earnestly at the stone, said

in
"
When
which
is
them some disturbance
they
the
power of a man
suffer shall
to eat
and digest
I
accordingly complained to the archbishop

of Turin, that the
this solid stone, the religion for
am
Waldenses of the valleys about to of Piedmont were heretics, for these rea- before."
sons
1.
:
have an end, and not

cheerfully to
the
re-
He
then threw the stone on the
ground, and submitted

flames.
That they did not believe in the docchurch of Rome.

they
great
many more
of the
to
trines of the
2.
formed were oppressed, or put

offerings
for
death by
That
made no
various means,
till
the patience of the

out,
Wal-
prayers for the dead.

3.
denses being tired
they flew to arms
4.
in their own defence, and formed themThat they did not go to mass. That they did not confess and receive selves into regular bodies.
absolution.
5.
Exasperated
at this, the
archbishop of
That they did not believe in purga- Turin procured a number of troops, and but in most of the skirtory, or pay money to get the souls of their sent against them mishes and engagements the Waldenses friends out of it. Upon these charges the archbishop or- were successful, which partly arose from
;
dered a persecution
to
be commenced, and
their
being
better
acquainted
with the

passes of the valleys of Piedmont than
their adversaries,
I
107
after travelling
These gentlemen,
all
through
and partly from the des;
their
towns and
villages,
and conversing
the
peration with
which they fought

as
for
they
>
with people of every rank
among
knew,
be
if
they were taken, thej' should not

prisoners
of war, but
denses, returned to the duke, and gave
Walhim
;
considered
>
the most favorable account of those people

affirming, before the
should be tortured to death as heretics.
faces of the priests
At length, Philip, the seventh duke of

Savoy, and supreme lord of Piedmont, determined
to
who
vilified
them, that they were harm-
less, inoffensive, loyal, friendly, industrious,
interpose his
authority,
and
and pious
that they abhorred the crimes

;
which so greatly of which they were accused and that, disturbed his dominions. He was not wil- should an individual, through his depravity, ling to disoblige the pope, or affront the fall into any of those crimes, he would, by
stop these bloody wars,
l \ I
archbishop of Turin
nevertheless, he sent
that
their laws, be punished in the
most exemto the
them both messages, importing, could not any longer tamely see
minions overrun with
troops,
he
do-
plary manner.
With respect
chil-
his
dren, the gentlemen said, the priests had

told the
for
who were
<
directed by priests instead of officers, and
they
most gross and ridiculous falsities, were neither born with black
hair on
commanded by
generals
to
;
prelates
in
the place of
his country
throats, teeth in their mouths, or
nor would he
suff'er
their bodies, but
were as
fine
children as
be depopulated, while he himself had
could be seen.
not been even consulted upon the occasion.
highness of what
The
priests, finding the resolution of the

all
one of the
" And to convince your we have said," continued gentlemen, " we have brought
twelve of the principal male inhabitants, mind against the Waldenses but the duke I who have come to ask pardon in the name told them, that though he was unacquainted of the rest, for having taken up arms withduke, did
to
they could
prejudice his
with the religious tenets of these people,

yet he had always found them quiet, faithful,
out your leave, though even in their
own
defence, and to preserve their lives from

their
and
ledient,
and therefore he was
merciless enemies.
And we have
chil-
determined they should be no longer persecuted.
likewise brought several
women, with
dren of various ages, that your highness
The priests now had recourse to the may have an opportunity of personally exmost palpable and absurd falsehoods they amining them as much as you please." assured the duke that he was mistaken in The duke, after accepting the apology the Waldenses, for that they were a very of the twelve delegates, conversing with wicked set of people, aad highly addicted the women, and examining the children,
:
>
to
intemperance, uncleanness, blasphemy,
>
graciously dismissed them.
He
then comto
adultery, incest, and

ble crimes
;
many
other abomina>
nianded the priests,
who had attempted
were even monsters mislead him, immediately to leave the in nature, for their children were born with court and gave strict orders, that the perblack throats, with four rows of teeth, and secution should cease throughout his dothat they
\
;
bodies
all
over hairy.
not so devoid of
to
minions.
The duke was

Slid,
common
priests
5
sense as to give credit
what the
years,
The Waldenses had enjoyed peace many when Philip, the seventh duke of
be a very bigoted papist.
time,
though they affirmed, in the most solemn manner, the truth of their asser-
Savoy, died, and his successor happened

to
tions.
He, however, sent twelve very learned and sensible gentlemen into the Piedmontese valleys, to examine into the
real characters of the inhabitants.
j
>
same
some of
the principal
About the Walden-
ses proposed that their clergy should preach

in public, that
>
every one might

;
know
the
purity of their doctrines
for hitherto
they
108

in private,
were suddenly apprehended and by their order. Among these was Hector, a bookseller and sist of none but persons of the reformed Bartholomew stationer of Turin, who was brought up a reliction.
had preached only
and
to
such
several
burnt,
congregations as they well
knew
to
con-
hearing these proceedings, the new duke was greatly exasperated, and sent a
On
Roman
catholic,
treatises written
^
considerablebody of troops into the valleys, was fully swearing, that if the people would not church of
^ <
but having read some by the reformed clergy, he convinced of the errors of the
Rome
yet his mind was, for
he would have them some time, wavering, and he hardly knew The anguish flayed alive. The commander of the troops what persuasion lo embrace. soon found the impracticability of conquer- of his soul, the palpilation of his heart, and
change
their religion,
<
ing them with the number of
men he had
to the
the doubts
which tormented
his breast, are
with him
he therefore sent word
hnely described in a poem, written by him|
duke, that the idea of subjugating the Waldenses, with so small a force, was ridiculous
;
self,
]
which has thus been rendered

:
into
English
that
those
people were better ac"
JOB XXill.,
O
that I
Ver.
3.
.'"
quainted with the country than any that
were with him that they had secured all the passes, were well armed, and resolutely
;
knew where I might find A'm

I
" Where
So
full
hide my blushing face, of horror and disgrace ?

shall
healing; nied'cine find,
determined
with respect
to
defend
themselves
and,
Or where a
to flaying
them
alive,
he said
To
ease the anguish of
my
mind
that every skin belonging to those people,
" Worldlings of want and loss complain,
would cost him the

subjects.
lives of a
dozen of his
And holj' joy An evil heart

Fills
my
me
I
whole nature
in Christ disdain ; of unbelief, full of grief.
Terrified at this information, the duke
" This
I
fatal plague, this fiery dart,
Gives
withdrew the troops, determining to act He therenot by force, but by stratagem. fore ordered rewards for the taking of any of the Waldenses, who might be found
straying from their places of security
these,
;
pant,
weep,
intolerable smart ; I groan, I cry,
Pressed by exceeding misery.
and
" Or is my stony heart so hard, Or is my conscience so much seared. That I can't drop a single tear, Through filial love, or servile fear ?
" Should
I
when
taken,
were
either flayed alive
to distant lands repair.
or burnt.
My
hitherto
evil heart attends

I
me
there
Should
The Waldenses had

the
had only
From
attempt to cross the sea, my own self I can not flee.
New
Testament, and a few books of the
" Where shall
Old, in the Waldensian tongue; but they
Who
determined
tings
now
to
have the Sacred Writheir
My
I go ? What shall I do ? torment ? will relieve wound, If Jesus will not heal place in hell will soon be found.
my
Who
my
complete
therefore
in
own
language.
" Did not the dear Redeemer bleed.
They
employed a Swiss printer

a
To purchase
life for all
his seed?
tree,
Did he not die u])on the

to furnish
them with
complete edition of
in the
for the
To
"
save rebellious
worms
like
me
the Old and
New
Testaments
Walcon-
When
!
will the Prince of
Peace descend,
densian tongue, which he did

sideration
of fifteen
hundred crowns of
papist.
I
And bid my cries and conflicts end? O for that happy, lieavenly day, When Christ shall take my sins away."
gold paid
him by those pious people.

the Third, a bigoted
Pope Paul
ascending the pontifical chair, immediately

solicited the parliament of
Turin
to
pcrsc-
Bartholomew Hector, at length, fully embraced the reformed religion, and was apprehended, as we have already mentioned,
cute the Waldenses, as the most pernicious of

all
and burnt by order of the parliament of

consultation
heretics.
Turin.
The
B.
parliament readily
agreed,
when
was now held by
the

a
parliament of Turin, in which
to
it
109
but just as
tlie
;
was agreed,
Piedmont,
:
the valleys of Piedmont
send deputies
to the valleys of
troops were going to march, the protestant
with the following propositions

1.
princes of Germany interposed, and threaten-
Waldenses would come ed to send troops to assist the Waldenses, to the bosom of the church of Rome, and if they should be attacked. The king of embrace the Roman catholic religion, they France, not caring to enter into a war, reshould enjoy their houses, properties, and manded the troops, and sent word to the
if
That
the
< '
',
lands, and live with their families, without
parliament of Turin, that he could not spar'e
the least molestation.

2.
any troops
vexed
at
present to act in Piedmont.
That
to
prove their obedience, they
The members of the

at this
parliament were greatly

|
should send twelve of their principal persons, with

all
disappointment, and the per-
their ministers
and school-
secution
gradually
ceased
for
as
they
masters, to Turin, to be dealt with at discretion.
could only put to death such of the reform-
ed as they caught by chance, and as the
That the pope, the king of France, and the duke of Savoy, approved of, and
3.
Waldenses daily grew more cautious, their cruelly was obliged to subside, for want of
objects on
>
authorized the proceedings of the parlia-
whom
to
exercise
it.
\
i
ment of Turin, upon this occasion. 4. That if the Waldenses of the valleys of Piedmont refused to comply with these propositions, persecution should ensue, and
certain death be their portion.
" Kxppricnce teaches to be wise, While danger sharpens hnnian eyes And the more hazards we have run,
|
(
The more
expert
we
are to sh'jn "
',
After the Waldenses had enjoyed a few

years' Iranquillity,
To each
ner,
1.
of these propositions the

in the
denses nobly replied
Walfollowing man:
answering them respectively
were again disturbed by the following means the pope's nuncio coming to Turin to the duke of Savoy upon business, told that prince, he
they
:
\
t
no considerations whatever should make them renounce their religion. 2. That they would never consent to commit their best and most respectable
That
was astonished he had not yet either rooted out the Waldenses from the valleys of
Piedmont
entirely, or compelled
| ?
them
to
't
enter into the
bosom
of the church of
Rome.
friends, to
their worst
3.
the custody and discretion of
That he could not help looking upon such

|
and most inveterate enemies.
conduct with a suspicious eye, and that he

really thought
tics,
| \
That they valued the approbation of the King of kings, who reigns in heaven, more than any temporal authority. 4. That their souls were more precious
than their lives.
him
a favorer of those hereaffair
and should report the
according^ I
ly to his holiness the pope.
Stung by
to
this reflection,
to the
and unwilling
pope, the duke
be misrepresented
to act
These pointed and
spirited replies greatly

:
determined
in
with the greatest severity,

his
zeal,
exasperated the parliament of Turin
they
order to
show
and
to
make
<
continued, with more avidity than ever, to
kidnap such Waldenses as did not act with

proper precaution,
the
most cruel
who were sure deaths. Among
to suffer
amends for former neglect by future cruelty. He, accordingly, issued express orders for all the Waldenses to attend mass regularly,
on pain of death.
these
it
This they absolutely

the
unfortunately happened, that they got hold
refused to do, on which he entered
of Jeffery Varnagle, minister of Angrogne,
whom
they committed to the flames as a

then solicited a consiilentble body
heretic.
Piedmontese valleys, with a formidable body of troops, and began a most furious persecution, in which great numbers were
They
of troops of the king of France, in order
exterminate the
reformed, entirely,
from
Hanged, Drowned. Ripped open.
Burnt,
Slabbed,
Racked
to death,
110

to trees,
Tied
and
Crucified with their
the flames, and drove the
Waldenses
to the
pierced with prongs,
heads downward,
Thrown from
precipies.
Worried by dogs,
woods, where they had nothing to subsist on but wild fruits, roots, the bark of trees,
&c. (See engraving.) Those who flad had their goods plundered, and their houses burnt to the ground they were particularly cruel when they
:
&c.
I
^
',
Some Roman
determined
place,
to
catholic
ruffians
having
seized a minister as he
>
was going to preach, take him to a convenient
caught a minister or a school-master,

they put
to
whom
such exquisite
tortures, as are
>
him. His parishioners having intelligence of the affair, the men
and burn
almost incredible to conceive.
The most
occasion, that
in
cruel persecutors,
upon this attended the duke, were three

1.
armed themselves, pursued the rufiians, and seemed determined to rescue their minister which the ruffians no sooner perceived, than
they stabbed the poor gentleman, and leaving him weltering in his blood, made a precipitate retreat.
number,
;
viz.:
Thomas
Incomel, an
in
';
apostate
for
he was brouglit up
the
his
reformed persuasion, but renounced

faith,
The
astonished parishion-
embraced the errors of popery, and turned monk. He was a great libertine,
unnatural crimes, and
sordidly
ers did
all
they could to recover him, but in
vain
for the
weapon had touched
the vital
given to
solicitous for the plunder of the

2. Corbis, a
Waldenses.
and he expired as they were carrying him home.

parts,
The monks of Pignerol having a great man of a very ferocious and cruel nature, whose business was to ex- inclination to get the minister of a town in amine the prisoners. 3. The provost of the valleys, called St. Germain, into their justice, who was very anxious for the exe- power, hired a band of ruffians for the purThese fellow.* cution of the Waldenses, as every execu- pose of apprehending him. were conducted by a treacherous person, tion put money into his pocket. These three persons were unmerciful to who had formerly been a servant to the the last degree and, wherever tliey came, clergyman, and who perfectly well knew a the blood of the innocent was sure to flow. secret way to the house, by which he could
<;
'
>
'/
'/
Exclusive of the cruelties exercised

the
by
the
duke, these
in
three
persons, and
army,
their
different
marches,
many
j
(
them without alarming the neighborThe guide knocked at the door, and being asked who was there, answered in his
lead
hood.
were committed. At Pignerol, a town in the valleys, was a monastery, the monks of which finding they might
local barbarities
own name.
<;
The clergyman, not expecting any injury from a person on whom he had heaped favors, immediately opened the
;
injure the reformed with impunity, began

to
door
but perceiving the ruffians, he started

;
plunder the kouses, and pull
down
the
back, and fled to a back door

in,
but they
churches of the Waldenses.
Havmade him the persons of those unhappy people, mur- proceed toward Pignerol, goading him all dering the men, confining the women, and the way with pikes, lances, swords, &.c. putting the children to Roman catholic He was kept a considerable time in prison,
J;
Not meeting rushed

I
followed, and seized him.

all
with any oj)posilion, they next seized upon
iug murdered
his fauiily, they
nurses.
I.
and then fastened
to the stake to
be burnt
The Roman
catholic inhabitants of the

all
when two women

lives,
of the Waldenses,
to
who
valley of St. Martin, likewise, did
they
'
had renounced their religion
save their
could to vex and torment the neighboring
were ordered
;
to
carry fagots to the
Waldenses
they destroyed their churches,
;;
stake to burn
burnt their houses, seized their properties,

stole their cattle, converted their lands to
down,
to say, "
him and as they laid them Take these, thou wicked

for the
;;
h(!retic, in
recompense
pernicious
their
own
use, committed their ministers to
',
doctrines that thou hast taught us."
These

words they both repeated
he cahnly replied
well, but
fire
:
Ill
then stabbed the man,
to
him
to
" I formerly taught

ill."
which it as a rarity." you and threw him

,
He
into a ditch,
you have since learned
The!
\
A party
of the troops found a venerable of age, toa maiden,
was then
put to the fagots, and he
speedily consumed, calling upon the
was man upward of a hundred years name gether with his grand-daughter,
< I
of the Lord as long as his voice permitted.

\
s
of about eighteen, in a cave.
The)'' butch-
As
the troops of ruffians, belonging to
ered the poor old
man
in a
most inhuman
to violate the
fled
the monks, did
great mischief about the
manner, and then attempted

girl,
town of
dering
St.
Germain, murdering and planof the inhabitants, the reform-
when she
;
started
away, and
from
many
them
but they pursuing her, she
threw
ed of Lucerne and Angrogne sent some herself from a precipice, and perished.
>
bands of armed
their
men
of St.
to
the assistance of>
The Waldenses,
in order the
brethren
Germain.
These
fectually to be able to repel force
more efby force,
bodies of armed
men
frequently attacked
entered into a league with the protestants
them to the rout, of Dauphiny, with some protestant powers which so terrified the monks, that they left nn Geimany, and with the reformed of their monastery of Pignerol for sometime, Pragela. These were, respectively, to furtill they could procure a body of regular nish bodies of troops and the Waldenses
the ruffians, and often put
I
,'
troops to guard them.
|
>
determined,
when
thus reinforced, to quit
The
greatly
duke, not thinking himself so suefirst
the mountains of the Alps (where they
must
cessful as he at
imagined he should
;
be,
soon have perished, as the
winter was
augmented his forces

ruffians,
ordered the
'<
coming on), and

to
to force
the duke's
army
bands of
general
belonging to the monks,
evacuate their native valleys,
of Savoy was now tired of the had cost him great fatigue and vided the persons released would bear anxiety of mind, a vast number of men, and arms, and form themselves into light com- very considerable sums of money. It had panies, to assist in the extermination of the been much more tedious and bloody than Waldenses. he expected, as well as more expensive The Waldenses, being informed of these than he could at first have imagined, for he proceedings, secured as much of their thought the plunder would have discharged
should join him; and commanded, that a|

jail
The duke
;
delivery should take place, pro-
war
it
'
<
<
properties as they could, and quitting the

valleys, retired
to
;
the expenses of the expedition
but in this
the
it
rocks
and
caves
he was mistaken,
the bishops,
for
the pope's nuncio,
among
the
the Alps
for
is to
be understood,
situated at
monks, and other ecclesiastics,

greatest
part
that the valleys of

foot
Piedmont are
prodigious
who
the
attended the army, and encouraged
of those
mountains,
war, sunk the
of the
called the Alps, or the Alpine hills.
The army now began

came
;
to
plunder and
<
wealth that was taken under various preFor these reasons, and the death tences.
of his duchess, of
burn the towns and villages wherever they

but the troops could not force the
which he had
just re-
<
ceived intelligence, and
fearing that the'
passes to the Alps, which were gallantly
<
defended by the Waldenses,

repulsed their enemies
;
who always
<
any fell into the hands of the troops, they were sure to be treated with the most barbarous severity. A soldier having caught one of the Walbut
if
<
Waldenses, by the treaties they had entered into, would become more powerful than ever, he determined to return to Turin with his army, and to make peace with the
Waldenses.
'.
This
resolution
he executed, though
denses,
\
bit his right
ear
off,
saying, "
will
<
greatly against the will of the ecclesiastics,
carry this
member of that wicked heretic who were the chief gainers, and the best Before the articles with me into my own country, and preserve pleased with revenge.
112

5
of peace could be ratified, the duke himself died soon after his return to Turin
;
had
property
and
family,
;
but
valued
but on
nothing so
much
as his soul
nor did he
to
his death-bed he strictly enjoined his son

to
think that any one had a
rijrhl
detain
perform what he had intended, and

as
to
him
for his
opinion
to
that
Turks and Jews
be
favorable
as possible to the
Wal-
were suffered
without
thought
lege.
it
denses.
<
molestation,
vend their merchandise and therefore he

to
The
ceeded
gave a
duke's son, Charles Emanuel, sueto
very hard
be denied that privi-
the
dominions of Savoy, and

of peace to the
denses, according to
The bishop committed him to prison, and the next day the secretary went to of his father, though the ecclesiastics did him, and told him that unless he acknowledged his error, his life would be in danger, all they could to persuade him to the conTo which he replied " My life is in the irary.
full ratification
Wal-
the last
injunction
<
>
Notwithstanding the peace, the monks
dmnds
(
of God, and
desire not to preserve
and inquisitors did
all
they could to op-
it
to the
:
prejudice of the glory of
my Re-
press those of the reformed religion by the
deemer
mighty
there are but a few paces in the

to
most insidious means
in
particular,
one journey
j
heaven, and
pray that the Alto think of
Bartholomew Copin, of Lucerne, going to Ast, to dispose of some merchandise, happened to sup with some Roman catholics. One of the company, after supper, spoke with great asperity against the Waldenses,
<
will not suffer
me once
begin
to
turning back,
when
travel
that
way. At a second examination, great persuasions were used to induce him to recant, abused them in a most infamous manner, but in vain for he said, " If I deny Christ and charged them with almost every crime before men, Christ \vill deny me to my Copin was great- heavenly Father." On hearing this, one that could be committed. ly enraged to hear his religion so falsely | of the priests present exclaimed in great vilified, and the innocent professors of it \ wrath, " Go thy ways, thou cursed heretic, he therefore en- to all the devils in hell and when they so scandalously accused
I
<
<
<
tered
into a
strenuous
defence
of both,
torment thee, thou shall be sorry
for
not
when
" Pray,
the
sir,
papist
him, said, are you a Waldensian ?" " 1

interrupting
having taken the good counsel given thee

here."
am," replied Copin.
"
Do you
believe that
His wife and son had been sent

they might tempt him to recant
;
for, that
God
is in
the host ?" said the other.
"
do
but as
not," said
Copin.
"Then your
religion
',
soon as he saw them, he exhorted them to

patience and perseverance in their religion
;
must be
catholic.
false
indeed ;" said the Roman " Not at all," answered Copin
saying, "
1
God
will prove a better

I
husband,
"
it
is
as true as
God from whom
it
pro-
and a better father, than
could ever be."

sent them
disto
ceeds."
>
After taking a tender leave he
The
evening
papist thought this
sufficient,
and
home, commanding them
to wait the
therefore
;
more questions that pensalions of Providence, and patiently but the next morning laid an in- expect the results of his fate,
asked
no
;
>
formation before the bishop.
The
zled to
bishop himself, after
all,
was puz-
Copin, being summ-'Lyi
to attend
the
>
ecclesiastical court, confessed the expros-
>
sions
he
was charged
with,
when
the
>
do with Copin; for if he discharged him, he was apprehensive that others would be encouraged to speak
to
know what
bishop told hira he must either recant or
their sentiments freely, thinking they
might
be punished.
Copin replied, he had been provoked to what he had said, yet he would abide by it with his life that he
;
do
if
it
with imptuiity
and, on the contrary,

to death,
he opeidy put him
he feared
it
might be deemed a violation of the treaty
m-

lately
i
113
made between the duke and the It evidently appeared that he had been Waldenses, and that himself might suffer strangled but as the murderer was unas the first infringer of it. He therefore known, this bishop thought proper to give sent a messenger to the pope to know how out that he had hanged himself. to proceed but before his return with the
I
;
>
,.
directions,
/^
r Lopin was lound dead
111-in
prison
i>
!
" Where
public rage, and open malice Secret assassination will prevail."
fail,
FURTHER PERSECUTIONS
ON,
IN
THE VALLEYS OF PIEDMONT.

" Of
all
lOVANNI PELANCHIfor refusing to turn
the monsters that the world pollute,
None is so savage as a human brute Man, when benevolence is once forgot,

Is
papist,
was
tied
by one
through
one gross error, one prodigious blot."
leg to the
tail
of a mule,
and
dragged
estant,
Giovanni Rostagnal, a venerable protupward of fourscore years of age,
the streets of Lucerne,
amid the acclamations of an inhuman mob,
had his nose and ears cut off, and slices cut from the fleshy parts of his body, till
who
"
kept
is
stoning
him, and
crying out,
he bled
to death.
:
He
possessed with the devil, so that
neither stoning nor dragging
him through
the streets will kill him, for the devil keeps
him
left
alive."
the river-side,
that
they then took him to chopped off his head, and and his body unburied upon the
the daughter of Peter Fon-
They
bank of the stream.
Magdalen,
was
taine, a beautiful child of ten years of age,
violated and
girl,
murdered by the
soldiers.
Seven persons, viz. Daniel Saleagio and his wife, Giovanni Durant, Lodwick Durant, Bartholomew Durant, Daniel Revel, and Paul Reynaud, had their mouths stuffed with gunpowder, which being set fire to, their heads were blown to pieces. Jacob Dirone, a schoolmaster of Rorata, for refusing to change his religion, was stripped quite naked and after having been very indecently exposed, had the
;
Another
of about the
roasted alive at Villa
Nova
man, hearing the soldiers
same age, they nails of his toes and fingers torn off with and a poor wo- red-hot pincers, and holes bored through were coming tow- his hands with the point of a dagger. He
;
ard her house, snatched up the cradle in
then had a cord tied round his middle, and
which her
infant
son was asleep, and
fled
was
led through the streets with a soldier
toward the woods.
The soldiers, however, on each side of him. At every turning, the saw and pursued her, when she lightened soldier on his right-hand side cut a gash herself by putting down the cradle and in his flesh, and the soldier on his leftchild,
to,
which
the soldiers no sooner
came
hand side struck him with a bludgeon, both

saying, at the
to
than they murdered the infant, and con-
same
instant, " Will

to
you go
tinuing the pursuit, found the mother in a
mass
Will you go
mass
?"
He
still
cave,
where they
first
violated,
and then
replied in the negative to these interrogatories,
cut her to pieces.
and being
at
length taken to the
Jacopo Michelino, chief elder of the church of Bobbio, and several other protestants, were hung up by means of hooks fixed in their flesh, and left to expire in
the most excruciating tortures.
bridge, they cut off his head on the balustrades,
and threw both that and his body

a very pious protestant,
into the river.
Paul Garnier,
had
his eyes put out,
was then
flayed alive.
114
THE CHRISTIAN MAH.TYROLOGY.

,
ters
and being divided into four parts, his quarwere placed on four of the principal
houses of Lucerne.
ings with the
He
bore
all
his suffer-
most exemplary patience, praised God as long as he could speak, and plainly evinced what confidence and
resignation
gpjj.g
and turn Rowould rather renounce life, or turn dog." To which a priest answered, " For that expression you &hall both renounce life and be given to the dogs." They accordingly dragged him
would renounce his
religion,
I
man
catholic, replied, "
good
conscience
can
in\
Daniel Cardon, of Rocappiata, being apprehended by some soldiers, they cut

his
head
off,
and having
fried
his
brains,
ate them.
St.
Two
La
poor old blind
women
;
Giovanni,
of
were burnt
alive
and
of a
widow
I
Torre, with her
daughter,
were driven
to death.
into the river,
and there stoned
where he continued a consideratill he was famished after which they threw his corpse into the street before the prison, and it was devoured by dogs in a most shocking manner, Margaret Saretta was stoned to death, and then thrown into the river Antonio Bertina had his head cleft asunder and Joseph Pont was cut through the middle of
to prison,
ble time without food,
his body.
Daniel Maria, and his whole family, Paul Giles, on attempting to run away being ill of a fever, several papist ruffians from some soldiers, was shot in the neck they then slit his nose, sliced his chin, broke into his house, telling him they were
:
stabbed him, and gave his carcase

dogs.
to the
\
practical physicians, and

all
would give them
present ease, which they did, by knock-
Some of eleven men

made
the Irish troops having taken
ing the whole family on the head,
Three infant children of a protestant, named Peter Fine, were covered with snow, an elderly widow, named push each other in till they came to the and stifled and a beautiful Judith, was beheaded last man, whom they pushed in themselves. Michael Gonet, a man of ninety, was young woman was stripped, and had a stake Baptista Oudri, another old driven through her body, of which she ex burnt to death man, was stabbed; and Bartholomew pired Lucy, the wife of Peter Besson, a wo-nan Frasche had holes made in his heels, through which ropes being put, he was far gone in her pregnancy, who lived in
of Garcigliana prisoners, they
a furnace red-hot, and forced them to
<
''
dragged by them
to
the
jail,
where
his
wounds
mortified,
and
killed him.
one of the villages of the Piedmontese valleys, determined, if possible, to escape

from such dreadful scenes as everywhere
\
Magdalene de la Peire,
was thrown down
to
being pur
sued by some of the soldiers, and taken,

a precipice and dashed
surrounded her
she, accordingly, took

in
two
young children, one

j
pieces.
Margaret Revella, and Mary
off
^
toward the Alps.
each hand, and set But on the third day

in labor
two very old women, were burnt alive; and Michael Bellino, with Ann Bocliardino, were beheaded.
Pravillerin,
of the journey bhe
was taken
among
the mountains, and delivered of an infant,
who perished through the extreme inclemency of the weather, as did the two other of Giovanni, were rolled down a steep hill children for all three were found dead by together, and sufl"ered to perish in a deep her, and herself just expiring, by the perA tradesman's family, \ son to whom she related the above parpit at the bottom. The
son and daughter of a counsellor
\ ^
;
viz.
himself, his wife, and
an infant in
ticulars.
|
arms, were cast from a rock and dashed

to
Francis Gros,
had his
\
the son of a clergyman,
pieces
and Joseph Chairet, and Paul

if
flesh
slowly cut from his body into
Carniero, were flayed alive.
sniall
:
CypRiANiA Bustia, being asked
he h'im
pieces, and put into a dish before two of his children were minced be-

fore his sight
;
115
and his wife was fastened

all
to
the struggle pushed
post, that
she might hehold
these
ofT-
him over a precipice, when he was dashed to pieces by the fall.
cruelties practised
on her husband and
spring.
The
tormentors, at length, being

oft"
tue of the
His comrades, instead of admiring the viryoung woman, and applauding

upon her with their swords, and cut her
tired of exercising their cruelties, cut
the
her for so nobly defending her chastity,

fell
heads of both husband and wife, and then

gave the flesh of the whole family
dogs.
to the
>
to pieces.
Giovanni Pullius, a poor peasant of
The Sieur Thomas Marcher fled to a La Torre, being apprehended as a protcave, when the soldiers shut up the mouth, estant by the soldiers, was ordered, by the
and he
perished
with
famine.
Judith
marquis of Pionossa,
to
be executed in a
When he came to and a the gallows, several monks attended, and widow of near fourscore years of age, was did all they could to persuade him to renounce his religion. But he told them, he hewn to pieces by the soldiers.
Revelin, with
seven children, were bar;
place near the convent.
barously murdered in their beds
the saints,
Jacob Roseno was ordered to pray which he absolutely refused

:
to
to
never would embrace idolatry, and that he
was happy
fer for the
in being
thought worthy
to suf-
do
he
some of
still
the soldiers beat

to
him
them
violently
name
of Christ.
his wife
They
then put
with bludgeons
make him comply,

fired
but
at
him
in
mind of what
decease
to
and children,
refusing, several of
who depended upon

after his
:
his labor,
him, and lodged a great

body.
cried
saints
many
balls in his
would suff*er which he replied, " I
As he was almost
to
?
expiring, they
call
him, " Will you
would have my wife and children, as well upon the as myself, to consider their souls more than
their bodies,
this
:
Will you
To which he
when one
end
to
pray to the saints ?" answered, " No No No !"

! !
and the next world before

to the distress I
and with respect

in,
may
of the soldiers, with a broad-
leave them
God
is
merciful, and will
sword, clove his head asunder, and put an

his
suflêrings
provide for them while they are worthy of

his protection."
in
this
is
world
for
Finding the
inflexibility
which, undoubtedly, he
gloriously re-
of this poor man, the
warded
in the next.
him
off,
turn
monks cried, " Turn him off":" which the execubody

into
A
tiful
soldier, attempting to violate a beau-
tioner did almost immediately, and the
young woman, named Susanna Giac- being afterward cut down, was flung
quin, she
made
a stout resistance, and in
the river.
MORE PERSECUTIONS
5
IN
THE VALLEYS OF PIEDMONT.

might intimidate him.
SB;st^
AUL CLEMENT,
monks
an elder
On
beholding the
:
of the church of Rossana,
shocking objects, he said, calmly
"
You
with
being apprehended by the

of a neighboring mo-
may
\
kill
the body, but
you can not preju;
dice the soul of a true believer
but,
nastery,
was
carried to the
respect to the dreadful spectacles which
market place of that town, you have here shown me, you may rest aswhere some protestants having just been sured, that God's vengeance will overtake executed by the soldiers, he was shown the murderers of those poor people, and the dead bodies, in order that the sight punish them for the innocent blood they

116

spilt."
I
4. That the pope's being infallible was him to an impossibility, and the pope arroiiantly and while he was laid claim to what could belong to God be hung up directly hanging, the soldiers amused themselves only, as a perfect being. 5. That saying masses for the dead was in shooting at the body as at a mark. Danikl Ra.mbaut, of Villaro, the father ridiculous, and only meant to keep up a
have
The monks were

;
so exasper-
ated at this reply, that they ordered
'
>
of a numerous family,
and,
was apprehended,
committed
to
;
belief in the fible of purgatory, as the fato
with
several
others,
of
all
is
finally decided,
on the departure
for the
.
prison in the jail of Paysana.
was
to
visited
by several
to
priests,
all
Here he of the soul from the body. 6. That praying to saints who, with
I ^ >
.
.
.
remis-'
as the
"
continual importunities, did
they could
sion of sins,
is
misplacing adoration
persuade him
renounce the protestant

this
saints themselves
have occasion
for
an in-
religion,
and turn papist; but
he per-
tercessor in Christ.
Therefore, as
emptorily refused, and the priests finding his

resohition, pretended to pity his
only can pardon our errors,

to
God we ought lo
at
numerous sue
^
!
family, and told him, that he might yet save

his life, if
lief
The
him alone for pardon. priests were so highly offended
he would subscribe
:
to the
be-
> )
of the following articles
M. Rambaut's answers to the articles lo which they would have had fiim subscribe,
that they
tion
1.
The
real presence in the host.
2.
3.
Transubstantiation.
Purgatory.
determined to shake his resoluby the most cruel method imaginable: they ordered one joint of his fingers to he
4.
5.
The
pope's
infallibility.
That masses said

That praying
for
the dead will
release souls from purgatory.

6. to saints
will
cut off every day, till all his fingers were gone they then proceeded in the same manner with his toes afterward they alprocure ternately cut off daily, a hand and a foot
;
;
;
the remission of sins.
but finding that he bore his .sufferings with

^
M. Rambaut
science, would
told the priests, that neither
the most admirable patience, increased both

in fortitude
his religion, his understanding, nor his consuffer
and resignation, and maintained
him
to
subscribe any
:
of the articles, for the following reasons

1.
That
is
to believe the real
presence
in
and unshaken constancy, they stabbed him to the heart, and then gave his body to be dehis faith with steadfast resolution,
the host,
shocking union of both blasfancy the words of consecra-
voured by dogs.
phemy and
2.
tion
idolatry.
to
That
Peter Gabriola, a protestant gentleman of considerable eminence, being seized
call transub- by a troop of soldiers, and refusing to reby converting the wafer and nounce his religion, they hung a great stanliulion, wine inlo the real and identical body and number of little bags of gunpowder about blood of Christ, which was crucified, and his body, and then setting fire to them blew which afterward ascended into heaven, is him up. Antho.nv, the son of Samud Catieris, a too gross an absurdity for even a child to
performs what the papists
believe,
who was come
to
the least glim-
poor
sive,
dumb
was
;
lad
who was extremely

after
inofl'en-
mering of reason, and that nothing but the most blind superstition could make the
cut to pieces
by a party of the
the
troops
and soon
same
ruflians
Roman
thing
.'SO
catholics put a confidence in any-
entered the house of Peter Moniriat, and

cut off the legs of the whole family, leavI
completely ridiculous.
the doctrine of purgatory
a fairy
3. That more inconsistent and absurd than

tale.
was ing them

^
to
bleed to death, as they were
<
unable
other.
lo assist
themselves, or lo help each

THE CHRISTIAN MARTYllOLOGY.
117
PERSECUTIONS IN GERMANY.
HE
persecutions in Germa-
cruelly used
as
at
other
piaces,
in
and
at
ny having subsided many

years, again broke out in
>
Heidelburg many were shut up

and starved.
prison
'
1630. on
account of the
war, between the emperor,
^
i
for the latter
was
and the king of Sweden, a proiestant prince, and
used by the imperial Count Tilly in Saxony, are thus enumerated Half-strangling, and recovering the percruelties
troops, under
:
The
consequently the proiestants of Germany
<
sons again repeatedly.
,^
espoused
his
cause,
which greatly ex-
Rolling sharp wheels over the fingers
asperated the emperor against them.
',
and
toes.
in a vice.
The
imperialists having laid siege to the
Pinching the thumbs

Forcing the most
throats,
\ >
I s
town of Passewalk (which was defended by the Swedes), took it by storm, and committed the most horrid cruellies on the occasion.
',
filthy things
down
the
',
\ >
s
They
pulled
down
the churches,
burnt the houses, pillaged the properties,
by which many were choked. Tying cords round the head so tight that the blood gushed out of the eyes, nose, ears, and mouth.
Fastening burning matches
toes, ears, arms, legs,
to the fingers,
massacred the ministers, put the garrison to the sword, hanged the townsmen, violated
and even tongue.
the
women, smothered
,
the
children,
Putting powder in the mouth and setting

fire to it,
>
&c., &c.
by which the head was shattered

to all parts of the
^ \
A
at
most bloody tragedy was transacted

in
to pieces.
Magdeburg,
the
year
1631.
The
Tying bags of powder
generals, Tilly and
\
>
taken that
Pappenheim, having protestant city by storm, upward

without disslain
',
body, by which the person was blown up.
>
Drawing cords backward and forward

through the fleshy parts.
of twenty thousand persons,

tinction
>
of rank, sex, or age, were
Making
knives
incisions
with
bodkins
and
during the carnage, and six thousand were
in the skin.
^
I
I
;
Running wires through the noses, ears, &c. Hanging protestants up by the legs, with remaining inhabitants were stripped, severely scourged, had their ears cropped, their heads over a fire, by which they were and being yoked together like oxen, were smoke-dried. Hanging up by one arm till it was disturned adrift. The town of Hoxter was taken by the located. popish army, and all the inhabitants as Hanging upon hooks by the ribs. well as the garrison were put to the sword Baking many in hot ovens. drowned
in
attempting to escape over the

After this fury subsided, the
>
river Elbe.
>
lips,
when
I
I
the
houses being set on
fire,
the
Forcing people
Fixing weights
^
to
drink
till
they burst.
bodies were consumed in the flames.
to the feet,
and drawing
At Griphenburg, when the imperial forces

I
prevailed, they shut

I
'
up the senators senate-chamber, and surrounding

lighted straw, suffocated them.
in the
it
up several with pulleys. Strangling, Hanging,

Stifling,
by
Burning,
Broiling,
Roasting,
articles
^
5
^
''
Franhendal surrendered upon
Stabbing,
Crucifying,
<
of capitulation, yet the inhabitants were as
Frying,
Immuring,
<
118
Racking,
Violating,

Poisoninor.
all
the
married
women who had young

if
Cutting off tongue,

nose, ears, &c..
off the limbs,
children,
and threatened,
they did not

lusts,
Ripping open,
consent
to
to the gratification of their
Breaking the bones. Sawing
burn their children before their faces

fire
in
for
Rasping off the flesh. Hacking to pieces. Drawing by the heels Tearing with wild
horses,
a large
which they had kindled
that purpose.
through the
streets.
A band
ing with a
of Count Tilly's soldiers meet-
Drowning. These enormous cruelties will be a perpetual stain on the memory of Count Tilly, who not only permitted, but even corn-
company
of merchants belong-
ing to Basil,
who were
all
returning from the
great market of Strasburg, they attempted

to
surround them:
escaped, however,
properties behind.
manded his troops to put them Wherever he came, the most

barities
in practice.
but
ten, leaving their

te.n
horrid bar-
The
who were
;
taken begged hard for
and cruel depredations ensued

he destroyed
all
their lives
but the soldiers

die
murdered them,
famine and conflagration marked his progress

;
saying, "
heretics,
You must
because you are
for
the provisions
he could not take with him, and burnt all so that the the towns before he left them
;
The same
esses,
and have got no money." soldiers met with two countla
who, together with some young
full
result of his conquests
were murder,
dies, the daughters
of one of them, were
\ ]
poverty, and desolation.
taking an airing in a landau.
The
soldiers
An aged and
tied
pious divine they stripped,
spared their lives, but treated them with

great indecency, and having stripped them,
him on
his
back upon a
table,
and
fastened a large fierce cat upon his bell}
bade the coachman drive on.
They
in
then pricked and tormented the cat
\
;
such a manner, that the creature, with
By
the
means and mediation of Great

at
rage, tore his belly open, and
gnawed
his
Britain,
peace was
length restored to
bowels.
Germany, and
the protestanls
remained untill
j /
Another minister and his family were when seized by these inhuman monsters
;
molested for several years,
some new
disturbances broke out in the palatinate,
they violated his wife and daughter before

I
his
I i
face,
stuck
his
infant son
upon the
point of a lance,
and then surrounding him

\
I \
with his whole library of books, they set fire to them, and he was consumed in the midst
of the flames.
which were thus occasioned The great church of the Holy Ghost, at Heidelburg, had for many years been equally shared by the protcstaiits and Roman catholics, in this manner the protes: :
tants performed divine service in the
nave
I
'(,
In Hesse-Cassel some of the troops entered an hospital, in which were principally
or
I
l
mad women, when stripping wretches, they made them run

streets for
the
poor
put
body of the church, and the Roman catholics celebrated mass in the choir. Though this had been the custom time
at length,
it
it
about the
immemorial, the elector palatine,

took
into his
their
diversion, and then
head not
to
suffer
any
them
I
5
to death.
longer, declaring, that as

\
Heidelburg was
In
Pomerania,
troops entering a small town, seized upon

all
some of the imperial the place of his residence, and the church of the Holy Ghost, the cathedral of his
',
I l
>
young women, and girls of up- principal city, divine service ought to be ward of ten years, and then placing their performed only according to the rites of the He parents in a circle, they ordered them to church of which he was a member.
the
s
sing psalms, while they violated their children, or else they swore they would cut
;;
then forbade
tlie
protestants to enter the
church, and put the papists in possession

of the whole.
them
to pieces afterward.
They
then took
TilE CHRISTIAN
MARTYHOLOGY.
knew
UU
the impossihility
|
The
aggrieved
people
for
applied
to
the
reason, as he well
a
protestant
powers
redress,
which so of carrying on
? I
war
ajfaiiist
the powerful
>
much exasperated
the elector, that he sup-
pressed the Heidelburg catechism.
The
protestant powers, however, unanimously
? ^
He, then fore, agreed, that the use of tlie body of the church of the Holy Ghost should be restorstates
who
threatened him.
>
agreed
tor,
to
demand
satisfaction, as the elec-
ed to the protestants.
He
restored
the
<
by
this conduct,
had broke an
;
article
<
Heidelburg catechism, put the protestant

ministers
of the treaty of Westphalia of Great
and the courts

Holland, &c.,
<
again
into
possession
of
the
|
;.
Britain, Prussia,
<
churches of which they had been dispossessed, allowed the protestants

to
sent deputies to the elector, to represent

\
work on
|
the
injustice
of his
proceedings, and
to
popish holydays
and ordered,
for
that
no per-
threaten, unless he
to
changed his behavior son should be molested

in
not kneeling
the
protestants
the
palatinate,
that
when
the host passed by. did through fear

;
>
they would treat their

jects
Roman
place
catholic sub|
These things he
but to
/
with the
greatest
severity.
Many show
aiit
j
i
his resentment to his protestant sub-
violent
disputes took
between the
Ejects, in other circumstances
where
protest|
protestant powers, and those of the elector,
states
had no right
to interfere,
he totally
all
^>
and these were greatly augmented by the following accident The coach of the
:
abandoned Heidelburg, removing

courts of justice to
entirely
the
\
Manheim, which was

by
a
Dutch minister standing before the door

!
inhabited
built
of the resident sent by the prince of Hesse,

the host was,
He
likewise
it
Roman catholics. new palace there,;

;
by chance, carrying
to a sick
making
his place of residence
and, being
>
person; the coachman took not the least

j
>
followed by the
Roman
catholics of H,eijdek
;'
\
.
>
'
which those who attended the host burg, Manheim became a ftourisliing place. In the meantime the proLssiants of him from his box, and | compelled him to kneel the violence to Heidelburg sunk into poyerly, and many the domestic of a public minister was high- of them became so distressed, as to quit their native country, and seek an asylum ly resented by all the protestant deputies A great number of in protestant states and, still more to heighten these differences, the protestants presented to the depu- these coming into i^ngland, in the time of Queen Anne, were cordially received, and ties three additional articles of complaint. met with a most humane assistance, both 1. That military executions were ordernotice,
\
observing, pulled
>
>
ed against
St. Crispin.
all
protestant shoemakers
who by
\
public and private donations.
should refuse to contribute to the masses of ^

I [ \
In 1732, about thirty thousand protestants were, contrary to the treaty of Westphalia,
2. That the protestants were forbid to driven frora the archbishopric of Saltzburg. work on popish holydaj's, even in harvest They went away in the depth of winter, time, under very heavy penalties, which v/ith scarce clothes to cover them, and withI |
occasioned great inconveniences, and considerably prejudiced public business.

3.
out provisions, not having permission to
take anything with them.
The
cause of
|
That several protestant ministers had

|
these poor people not being publicly espous-
been dispossessed of their churches, under

pretence of their having been originally founded, and built by
ed by such states as could obtain them rej
dress, they emigrated to various protestant

|
Roman
catholics.
\
countries, and settled in places
where they
reli-
\
/
The
came
to
tor, that
protestant deputies, at length, be-
could enjoy the free exercise of their
so serious, as to intimate to the elecforce of
gion, without hurting their consciences, and

|
arms should compel him

to their repre\
live free
stition,
from the trammels of popish super|

|
do the justice he denied
sentations.
This menace brought him to]
and the chains of papal tyranny. At the Hague, four Dutch clergymen
120

be as favorable as possible
to
suffered death for turning protestants, after
them, which
the beforein
having been confined

able
for a
very considerengraving.)
ridiculous afliectation of kindness occasion-
space of time.
(See
Their names were, Rev. Arent Vas.
ed the clergyman mentioned words

'
who spoke
to
!"
exclaim
Latin,
"
Quam
Pharisaice
!"
implying,
How
is
Rev. Adrian Jan. Rev. Sybrand Janson. Rev. Walter Simonson. They were first publicly declared hereThe ceremony tics, and then degraded.
of degradation was performed in this man-
Pharisaical
or,
I"
"
How
hypocritical
such behavior
tion,
At the place of execu-
Adrian Jan's father cried out: " Dear
son, suffer courageously, a

life is
crown of
eternal
officers
prepared
for
you."
The
prevented him
martyr's sister,
from proceeding, but the
ner
being clad in sacerdotal habits, they
who was
:
in
another place
were brought before a bishop, and two ab- among the crowd of spectators, exclaimed
bots.
hair,
The
abbots cut off
some
of their
with a loud voice ous

;
" Brother, be couragewill not last long

;
scraped the crowns of their heads with
your sufferings
life is
the
a knife, and likewise scraped the tips of
door of eternal
oj)pn to you."
They
the fingers, with

elevation
at
which they had made the
were
the
first
strangled, and then burnt, amidst
the altar.
The
bishop then
I
lamentations
of
some thousands of
and could not
pulled off their habits, saying, "
strip
you
spectators,
who would have rescued them

;
of the robe of rigViteousness."
To which
but for the Spanish guards
one of the clergymen replied, " Not so, but but severely regret, that men of the most rather of the robe of unrighteousness ;" and unspotted characters, and inoffensive lives, then looking sternly at the bishop, he went should be put to violent deaths, only for on thus
:
*'
You knew
the truth formerly
differing
tors.
in
opinion
from
their
persecu-
yourself, but
have maliciously rejected it but you must give an account of your actions The bishop at the day of. judgment."
trembled, and the spectators were struck
" But what the niariyrs here
sustain,
Is only transitory pain Tortures just felt, and quickly o'er.
with amazement, as the person

the words
who
uttered
That when once past torment no more While heavenly bliss rewards bestows.
was
a learned, pious, honest,
and
venerable man, being seventy years of age.
When
the victims were delivered over to
the magistrate, the bishop desired
him
to
eternal heal their woes. But what's the persecutor's fate ? The stings of conscience, heavenly hate A dreaded death for blood that's shed, With horrors planted round the bed j A fate in endless fire to dwell, A lasting residence iu hell."
And joys
PERSECUTIONS
IN LITHUANIA.
'HE
persecution.s in Lithu-
The
cruelties exercised
alive.
were these
ania began in 1648, and
Skinning
were
great
carried
severity
on
with
Cutting off hands.
by the
Taking out the bowels.

Cutting the fiesh open.
Putting out the eyes.
Cossacks and Tartars.
The
i
>
cruelty of the Cos-
sacks was such, that even the Tartars, at; last, grew ashamed of it, and rescued some'
of the intended victims from their hands.
Beheading.
Scalping.
Cutting
off!"
feet.
FOUR DVTCn rKOIKSTAN;

Boririor the shin hones.
<
'%
123
^^)
rifled
the nobility, burnt the
houses, en-
Pouring nieited lead into the
flesh.
<
slaved the health)', and murdered the sick.
Hanging.
Stabbing, and
A
banishment.
\
clergyman,
who wrote an account
of
the misfortunes of Lithuania, in the seven-
Sending
]
to perpetual
teenth century, says, " In consideration of
The Russians
country, and of
taking advantage of the
these extremities,
of
devastations which had been

its
made
in the
judgment
\
we can not but adore God poured upon us for
the
| 1
our
incapability of defence,
sins,
and deplore our sad condition.

for restitution in his
Let
entered
it
with a considerable army, and,
us hope for a deliverance from his mercy,
like a flood, bore
down
all
before them.
'
and wish
benevolence.
Everything they met was an object of destruction

;
<
Though we
compassion
are brought low, though
we
they razed
cities,
demolished
are wasted, troubled, and terrified, yet his

is
castles, ruined
fortresses,
sacked towns,
greater than our calamities,
bvrnt villages, and murdered people.

rînisters
The and
<,
his goodness superior to our afflictions,
of the
gospel
were peculiarly
marked out as the objects of their displeasjre, though every worthy Christian was
liable to the efl'ects of their cruelty.
Our neighbors hate us at present, as much as our more distant enemies did before:
they persecute the remnant of us
still
re-
maining, deprive us of our few churches

left,
Adria?? Chalinsky, a clergyman venerable for his age, conspicuous for his pieiy,
banish our preachers, abuse our school-
',
masters, treat us with contempt, and oppress us in the most opprobrious manner,
In all our afllictions the truth of the gospel
and eminent
tried,
for his learning,
was suddenly
<
seized upon in
his
own
house, partially
.
and speedily condemned. Having bis hands and legs tied behind him, he was roasted alive by a slow fire, only a few
chips, and a
time, in
lingering.
little
shone among
us,
and gave us comfort

for
and
;.
we only wished
the
grace of Jesus
Christ (not only to ourselves, but to soften

the hearts of our enemies), and the
straw, being lighted at a
sym-
order to
make
his
death
more
pathy of our fellow Christians."
(See engraving.) and son, named Smolsky, both ministers near Vilna, had their heads sawed off. A clergyman, in the town of Haw-
father
The reflections who imputes the
of this pious
minister,
sufi'erings of the Lithu-
anian proteslants to their
own
crimes, in
not practising the truths they understood,

j
loczen,
named Slawinskin, was
cut piece-
and conforming
believed
:
to the
gospel which they

for relief
<
meal by slow degrees.
Some
:
perished by
to
| \
and his hopes
from the
|
being exposed, during the frosty season,

the inclemency of the weather
llayed alive, several
merits of Jesus Christ brings to our recollection
many were
and one
one of the
finest pieces of poetry in

^
\
hacked
to pieces,
the
great numbers sent into slavery.
\
'>
French language, called the Repentant Libertine, by Monsieur Barreaux, a new
As Lithuania recovered
stroyed
it.
itself after
translation df
which we here present
to
our
persecution, succeeding enemies again de-
<
readers
The Swedes,
Courlanders,
it,
the Prussians,
fire
<
and
or
the
carried
and
sword through
[
(
and continual calamities,
unhappy district. It was then attacked by the prince of Transylvania, who had in his army, exclusive of his own Transylvanians, Hun-
some
years, attended that
" Almighty Ood though you, as mankind's friend, Excuse their follies, and their joys extend, Yit my great faults thy vengeance must demand, And call for thunder even from mercy's hand
! :
garians, Moldavians, Servians, Walachians.
These, as far as they penetrated, &,c. wasted the country, destroyed the churches,
ofltnces are, They leave not Justice any room to spare demands 1 should not live ; Heaven's interest Thy clemency itself the stroke must give. Strike then the hlow. o'erwhelm me with my woes. Let not my tears thy equity oppose Then thunders roar, and forked lightnings bla/' In perishing the avenging hand I'll praise ; For wheresoever thy dreadful thunders fail, The blood of Christ redeems me from them all."
Yes, such
my
crimes, such
my
124
PERSECUTIONS IN POLAND; DESTRUCTION OF THE CITY OF LESNA.

I
'^^y'^'P^
has been the

the
fate of
all
many
hazel-trees,
was
originally a village in Po|
pious people, in
ages of Hand, on the confines of the lower Silesia.

|
?
world, to bear the cross
It rose,
however,
to the dignity of
city,
'
of Christ, and suffer persecutions
on account of their opin;
and became both populous and opulent. Religion was here reformed by the illustrious
ions
a/'/er/Aejêi'Z!
who are born have always been enemies to

for those
spirit.
Andrew, count
palatine of Bernstein,
according to the rights of the Bohemian

confession
;
snch as are born after the
and so well accepted were 'he
The
protestants of Poland
were perse-
pure doctrines of the gospel, that Lei na
I
,
The ministers became a kind of metropolis for prutesla'itwere treated with the most ism in that part of the country, unexampled barbarity some having their At the time of the Bohemian persecutongues cut out, because they had preached tion, in 1 620, many protestants fled to Po'J he the gospel truths others being deprived land, most of whom settled at Lesna. of their sight, on account of having read the number of these was greatly increased in Bible and great numbers were cut to A, D. 1628 and 1629, when a fierce pftr.ecution raged in Bohemia and Silesia. By pieces, for not recanting. Private persons were put to death by the addition of such numbers of inhabitan'3, various methods the most cruel being Lesna became so considerable as to have
cuted in a dreadful manner.
\
in particular
usually preferred.
I
';
Women
without the least regard to their sex

the persecutors even
off the
were murdered and

;
three market-places, four churches, an.i
twenty considerable
streets,
and a
-/ii
went so
far as to cut
seminary of learning.
<
heads of sucking babes, and fasten

mothers.
\
The
by a
for
citizens
then surrounded the

it
cii
them
^
to the brea,sts of their
wall,
encompassed
with a trench,
towe'.-^
Even
the solemnity of the grave did not
erected gates for ornaments, built

its
exempt the bodies of protestants from the

malice of persecutors
;
\
\
defence, and constnicted a nob

for public proceedings.
for
they sacrilegi-
town-house
politeness,
Hem
!
ously dug up the bodies of

persons, and either cut
many eminent Lesna became

\
a mart of trade, a seat
them
in
to pieces,
and
exposed them
beasts, or
to
be devoured by birds and
and an asylum for the distresseu religion flourished, manufactures thrived,

and industry was encouraged. The Roman catholics viewing with envy
the
thriving state
hung them up
the
conspicuous and
\
public places.
Among
devastations
persecutions, the most important
made by was
the the
of religion
in
Lesna,
| \
strove to injure that city

in their
destruction of the noble city of Lesna, in
power.
by every means Their first attack was, by
>
Great Poland.
stantial
particular and circum|

\
account of the cruel transactions
several accusations laid before Sigismund, king of Poland, suggesting, that " Lesn;t
attending the ruin of that city, having been
was a confluence
for
men
of
all
nations, a
published by some
I
\
who were
witnesses
of,
]
den of outlaws, an asylum
for heretics,
and
and materially concerned

that ensued,
in the sufferings
a receptacle of traitors to the king
and gov-
we
shall select
such parts of
',
emment."
Luckily the king disbelieved the calumnies,
i
the narrative as are most interesting and

I
consonant
>
and thus the Roman catholics were Lesna, which word implies a grove of) defeated in their malicious intentions.
to
the plan of our work.
ADRIAN CHALINSKT ROASTED ALIVE.
Page
125.
m
127
j
THE CHKISTIAN MARTYROLOGY.
THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE INQUISITION
IN SPAIN
AND PORTUGAL.
HEN
light
the reformed
^
I
religion
began
to
difluse the gospel
The most zealous of all the popish monks, and those who most implicitly obeyed the church of Rome, were the
fore, the
throughout
Europe, Pope Innocent the Third

entertained
great
fear
for
Dominicans and Franciscans pope thought proper
these, there-
to invest
with
.'
an exclusive right of presiding over, and
the
Romish
that
<
managing the
different courts of inquisition,
church.
Unwilling that the
spirit of free
<
The
friars
of those two orders were always
inquiry should
gain ground, or
the
people should attain more knowledge than

the priests
selected from the very dregs of the people, and therefore were not troubled with punctilios
were willing
impede, as
to
admit, he deas possible,
of honor
they were obliged, by the
termined
to
much
rules of their respective orders, to lead very
He accord- austere lives, which rendered their manners number of inquisitors, or unsocial and brutish, and, of course, the persons who were to make inquiry after, better qualified them for the employment
the progress of reformation.
ingly instituted a
| \
|
apprehend, and punish heretics, as the re-
>
of inquisitors.
formed were called by the papists. At the head of these inquisitors was one Dominic, who had been canonized by the
pope, in order to render his authority the
The pope now
thought proper to give
>
the inquisitors the most unlimited powers,

as judges delegated
>
ately representing his person
more respectable.
inquisitors, spread
Dominic, and the other

themselves into various
In
permitted to
to death,
by him, and immedithey were excommunicate, or sentence

:
>
Roman
catholic countries, and treated the
>
protestants with the utmost severity.
>
whom they thought proper, upon most slight information of heresy, They were allowed to publish crusades
the
process of time, the pope not finding these

roving inquisitors so useful as he had imagined, resolved upon the establishment of
fixed
>
against
all
whom
into
they deemed heretics,
and enter
forces.
leagues
with
sovereign
>
princes, to join those crusades with their
and regular
courts
of
inquisition.
>
After the order for these regular courts, the

first office
>
In 1244 their powers were further in-
the city the

first
was established in of Thoulouse, and Dominic became

of inquisition
creased by the emperor Frederic the Second,
who
declared himself the protector
'.
regular inquisitor, as he had before

first
been the
roving inquisitor.
Courts of inqiusition were

in several
now
erected
and friend of all inquisitors, and published two very cruel edicts, viz. 1. That all heretics, who continued ob:
countries
but the Spanish in-
stinate,
should be burnt
all
quisition
became the most powerful, and
>
2.
That
heretics,
who
life,
repented,
the most dreaded of any.
Even
the kings
all
should be imprisoned for
This zeal in the emperor for the inand the Roman catholic persuapower of the lords of the inquisition and sion, arose from a report which had been the horrid cruelties they exercised compel- propagated throughout Europe, that he inled multitudes, who differed in opinion tended to renounce Christianity, and turn
of Spain themselves, though arbitrary in
|
other respects, were taught to dread the

;
quisitors,
'/
from the
Roman
catholics, carefully to con-
Mahometan
the
emperor, therefore,
at-
ceal their sentiments.
tempted, by the height of bigotry, to con-
128
tradict the report,
and
to
show
his attach-
a heretic to escape from conliuement, or

visiting
ment
to
popery by cruelty.
officers of the inquisition are
:
one in confinement, are
all
matters
The A
of suspicion, and prosecuted accordingly.
Three
inquisitors, or
judges
Nay,
all
Roman
catholics
were commanded,
to give
fiscal proctor
;
,-
under pain of excommunication,
im-
Two secretaries A magistrate A messenger A receiver A jailer

;
mediate ififormaiion, even of their nearest
and dearest friends, if they judged them to be what was called heretics, or jwjywise
inclined to heresy.
Those who give

;
the least countenance
An
agent of confiscated possessions

assessors,
counsellors,
or assistance to protesiants, are called yau<
Several
execu-
tors, or abettors
tioners, physicians, surgeons, doorkeepers,

familiars,
<.
tions against these usually turn
of heresy, and the accusaupon some

:
and
visiters,
who
are
all
sworn
<
of the following points the inquisition have
comforting such as
to
to secrecy.
begun
to
prosecute
The principal who are subject
accusation against those

to this
<
assisting, or not in-forming against such, if
tribunal is heresy,
is
they should happen

abetting, advising,
;
escape
writing
;
concealing,
which comprises all that written, against any of the

creed,
or
spoken, or
or
furnishing heretics
to,
articles of the
the
traditions
of
the
with money visiting, Romish ing them subsistence

( (
or send-
secreting, or burn-
church.
are,
The
other articles of accusation
|
<
ing books and papers, which might serve

to convict
renouncing the
Roman
catholic per-
them,
likewise
takes
suasion, believing that persons of any other

I
The
<
inquisition
cogni-
religion
may
be saved, or even admitting
zance of such as are accused of being
that the tenets of

least,
any but papists

or
proper.
are, in the
Magicians
Soothsayers
reasonable
We
shall
>
Witches
Wizards
mention two other things which incur the
most severe punishments, and show the inquisitors, at once, in an absurd and a
tyrannical light, viz.
:
Blasphemers, Common swearers and of such who read, or even possess the
Bible in the
<
common
language, the
Talmud
To
disapprove of any
'.
of the Jews, or the Alcoran of the

etans.
Mahomj j
action done by the inquisition, or disbelieve
anything said by an inquisitor.

s
Upon
\
all
occasions the inquisitors carry
The grand article heresy comprises on their processes with the utmost severity, many subdivisions and, upon a suspicion and punish those who offend them with the
;
of any of these, the party
is
immediately
most
unparalleled
cruelty.
protestanl
;
apprehended
osition
;
advancing an offensive propto

i
has seldom any mercy shown him
and a
't
impeach others who Jew, who turns Christian, is far from being may advance such contemning church cere- secure for if he is known to keep commonies defacing idols reading books con- pany with another new-converted Jew, a demned by the inquisition; lending such suspicion immediately arises that they pribooks to others to read deviating from the vately practise together some Jewish cerefailing
1
; ; ;
1 1
ordinary practices of the Romi.sh church

letting a
monies
son
if
he keeps company with a perlately a protestant, but
year pass without going

eating meat on fast-days
; ;
to
con-
>
who was
;
now
I {
fession
neglect-
professes popery, they are accused of plotting together
ing
mass
being
present
;
at
sermon
'/
but
if
he associates with a
is
preached by a heretic
not appearing
;
when
Roman
against
pist,
catholic an accusation
often laid
summoned by
I I
the inquisition
lodging in
him
for
only pretending to be a pais,
the house
of,
contracting a friendship with,

;
and the consequence
a confiscation
or making a present to a heretic
assisting
of his effects as a punishment for his in-
SPANISH INQUISITION
DIFFERENT
MODES OF TORTURE.
Page 129.
-SB

sincerity,
131
and the loss of his

ill
life if
he comof
little
his criminality in the eye of the inquisitors,
plains of
usage.
is
as one of their
maxims
;
is,
that
backwardguilt in the
it
defence in the inquisition

fof'
ness
the
to
appear always indicates
use to the prisoner,
a suspicion only
is
person summoned
and
if
he escapes,
banishment,
is
deemed
danger.
sufficient cause of
condemnation,
same
as
perpetual
for
and the greater his wealth the greater his
should such ever
return, the
most cruel
The
principal part of the inquisiis
death would be the certain consequence.
tors' cruelties
owing
life
to their rapacity
The
ments
;
inquisitors never forget or forgive
they destroy the

erty
;
to
possess the prop-
length of time can not efface their resent-
and, under the pretence of zeal, plun-
nor can the humblest concessions,

:
der each obnoxious individual.
or most liberal presents, obtain a pardon

is
prisoner to the inquisitors
never
al-
they carry the desire of revenge to the

grave, and would have both the property
lowed
is
to see the face of his accuser, or of
the witnesses against him, but every method

taken, by threats and tortures, to oblige
to
and
lives of those Ayho have offended them. Hence, when a person once accused to the
him
accuse himself, and by that means

If the jurisdic-
inquisition, after escaping, is retaken,
he
corroborate their evidence.
ought seriously
to
prepare himself for mar-
tion of the inquisition is not fully allowed,
vengeance
call
it
in
tyrdom, and arm his soul against the fear denounced against such as of death. Every person, in such a situaquestion or if any of its officers tion, ought to be composed for the awful
is
;
are opposed, those
who oppose them
are
occasion, without expectation of
remedy
almost certain
ity
;
to
be sufferers for their temerof the inquisition being, to

I
and
to
adopt similar sentiments
to the fol-
the
maxim
its
lowing, written by a clergyman for such

trying occasions
"
strike terror,
and awe those who are the

power, into obedience.
:
!
objects of
High
How
shall I stand the test of fire.
birth, distinguished rank, great dignity, or
eminent employments, are no protections

from
its
Or in the flames resign my breath Lord my reluctant soul inspire, Raise me above the Ifear of death.
!
severities
anJ the lowest
officers
" Oh
what a worldly mind have
I,
!
of the inquisition can
milse the highest
indolent, how free from care In sloth and carnal eate I live,
How
characters tremble.
Averse
to abstinence
and prayer.
Such
are the circumstances
which sub-
ject a person to the rage of the inquisition,
and the modes of beginning the process are

foui in
1-
" What if the sentence now should pass, That I must die within an hour! What paleness would o'erspread my face,
What
"
bitter grief
my
heart o'erpower.
number.
proceed by imputation, or prose-
To
How
common report. 2. To proceed by the information of any indifferent person who chooses to impeach
cute on
another.
3.
pampered body bear shall The fiery furnace, or the stake ! Let me for Jesus' truth declare,
my
And
'
bid defiance to the rack.
Recover, Lord,
my
strength, before
You bring me to a martyr's death Nor let ine death's grim rage explore,
Until
I
To
have a martyr's faith."

is
found the prosecution on the
in-
formation of those spies
who
are regularly
When
a positive accusation
given, the
retained by the inquisition.

4.
inquisitors direct an order under their

to the executioner,
l
hands
To
prosecute on the confession of the
who
takes a certain
num-
prisoner himself.
ber of familiars with him to assist in the
Wlien
a prisoner is
summoned
to
appear^ execution.
>
The
calamity of a
man under
method (un- such circumstances can scarce be descriseized when surless he is sure of escaping by flight) is im- bed, he being probably by his family, or in company with mediately to obey the summons for though rounded
before the inquisition, the best
i
;
really innocent, the least delay increases
his friends.
Father, son, brother, sister,
132

;
husband, wife, must quietly submit

dare resist or even speak
subject
;
either
none would
to
perhaps cause one or more of its members to be the innocent unhappy victims of the
tractions
them
to the
punishment of the derespite

is
voted victim.
settle
No
allowed
most barbarous of all tribunals. What dismust necessarily break forth in a

at
!
the most important affairs, but the

is
house where the husband and wife are

Will such children scruple
father,
to
prisoner
instantaneously hurried away.

critically dan-
variance, or the children loose and wicked
Hence we may judge how

I
sacrifice a
gerous must be the situation of persons

reside in countries
quisitorial tribunal
;
who
who endeavors
?
to restrain
them by
where there
and
is
an in-
his
exhortations, by reproofs, or paternal
<
how
carefully cau-
corrections
Will not they rather, after

readily deliver up their
tious all states ought to be
who
are
not
plundering his house to support their extravagance and

riot,
cursed with such an arbitrary court,

vent
its
to pre-
introduction.
In speaking of this
unhappy parent
to all the horrors of a trii/ijiistice ?
subject,
an
eloquent
author
pathetically
bunal, founded on the blackest
>
says
"
How
horrid a scene of perfidy and
riotous husband, or a loose wife, have an
inhumanity?
What
whence
kind
of
community
and a
to
easy opportunity, assisted by means of the

persecutions in question, to rid themselves
of one
must
that be
gratitude, love,
mutual forbearance with regard

frailties,
I
/
human
that
who
is
check
to their vices,
by
are banished!
What must
delivering
him
or her up to the rigors of
tribunal be
to erase
which obliges parents not only

children, to extinguish
all
the inquisition."
from their minds the remembrance

those
When
the inquisitors have taken

all
umbrage
false
of their
own
against an innocent person,
expedients
;
keen sensations of tenderness and affection
are used to facilitate condemnation
wherewith nature inspires them, but even to extend their inhumanity so far as to force
oaths and testimonies, founded on perjury,

are directed by the virulence of prejudice
to find the
them
I
>
'>
to
commence
their accusers,
and conideas
accused guilty
all
and
all
laws
moral
sequently to become the cause of the cruelties
divine
and human,
institutions,
inflicted
upon them
to
'
What
to
and
political, are sacrificed to bigoted re-
ought
we
to
form
ourselves of a tribunal,
stifle
venge.
>
which obliges children not only

respect, due to those
When
deed.
a person
accused
is
is
taken, and
<
every soft impulse of gratitude, love, and
imprisoned, his treatment
deplorable in-
>
who gave them
birth,
The
jailers first begin
by searching
but even forces them, and that under the most
him
his
for
books or papers which

fi)r
may
tend to
>
vigorous penalties, to be spies over their

parents, and to discover to a set of merciless inquisitors, the crimes, the errors,
conviction, or
instruments which
might be employed
to be
in self-murder, or break-
''
and
ing from the place of confinement.

is
But
it
even the
lrii)unal
little la|)ses to
which they are ex!
observed, that the obvious articles of
posed by human
frailty
In
word, a
the search are not the only things taken from
which
will
not permit relations,
a j)risoner
but the
conscientious jailers
when imprisoned
duties which
in its horrid
dungeons,
to
make
parel,
give each other the succors, or perform the

religion enjoins,
money, rings, buckles, ap&c., under various pretences, such

Iree with
must be of
and conto, in
as, that
to
money
great
or rings
may
be swallowed,
an infernal stump.
What
disord^-r
the
;
detriment of
he
prisoner's
fusion must such conduct give rise
health
to take
the prongs of buckles
may be used
tenderly affectionate family!

sion innocent in
true,
shall,
I'ear,
;
An
expres-
away
&c.
life
by means of a neckcloth
itself,
and perhaps, but too
or a pair of garters a pri?jner
may hang
panic
family
from an indiscreet zeal, or a give infinite uneasiness to a
himself,
Then he
is
robbed under
the plausible pretext of humanity, and used

ill
shall ruin its peace entirely,
and
through pretended tenderness.
^ <
133
When the prisoner has been searched under the name of care, and robbed beneatli
the
many
things concealed, and therefore must

to
be remanded
your dungeon."
When
those
mask
of justice, he
is
committed
to
who
stood mute are called for re-examina-
prison by
way
of security.
is
" Here," says
tion, if
they continue
silent,
such tortures
an authentic writer, " he

with
horror,
conveyed
fill
to a
are ordered as will either
dungeon, the sight of which must

torn
him
and
(
or kill them
their
is
make them speak, and when those who proclaim
from
his
family
innocence are re-examined, a crucifix

to take
friends,
who
are
not allowed
access, or
letter, or
held before them, and they are solemnly
even
to
send him one consolatory
exhorted
|
i
an oath of their confession
This brings them to the test, they prove his innocence. He sees himself in- must either swear they are Roman catholics, stantly abandoned to his inflexible judges, or acknovdedge they are not. If they acto melancholy and despair, and even often knowledge they are not Roman catholics
take the least step in his favor in order to
of faith.
|
(
to
his
most inveterate enemies, quite un-
they are proceeded against as heretics.
If
certain of his fate.
Innocence on such an
reed, nothing
they acknowledge they are

lics,
Roman
is
catho-
occasicm
is
weak
being
a string
of accusations
brought
easier than to ruin an innocent person."
against them, to
which they
are obliged to
Death
er,
is
usually the portion of a prison-
the
mildest sentence being imprisos;
ment
for life
yet the inquisitors
proceed
cruel.
answer extempore, no time being given even to put their answer into proper method. After they have verbally answered, pen,
and paper, are given them, in order to produce a written answer, which it is required shall in every degree coincide with
ink,
by degrees,
at
once
of
subtle, slow,
all
and
The
jailer first
insinuates
himself
to
i
into the prisoner's
favor,
by pretending
tells
wish him well, and advise him well, and,
<
the verbal answer.
If the verbal
and the
are
among
This
other hints falsely kind,
him
<
written answer, differ, the prisoners
to petition for a hearing.

is
<
charged with prevarication,

certain circumstances
if
one contains
to
the worst thing a prisoner can
more than the other with wishing

ceal
;
con-
do, for the
mere
petition is
deemed a suppersuaded
to
it
if
they both
position of guilt,
and he
is
agree, they are accused with premeditated

artifice.
only with a view to entrap him.
When
first
he
is
brought before the consistory, the

is,
demand
"
What
is
your request ?"
" But to condemn, beneath their laws, Reason and truth are turned to flaws
forced to 'bey The inquisition's tyrant sway : Where void of justice or of mis^ht. The weak submit to lawless might."
Sincerity
is
The
One
ing
is
prisoner very naturally answers that

a hearing.
he would have
this
of the inquisitors replies,
"Your hear-
confess
makes
he
is
the
truth
conceal
any
in-
>
nothing, and rely on our mercy."

If the prisoner
trifling aflfair,
W^hen the person impeached is condemned, he is either severely whipped,

violently tortured, sent to the
a confession of
'/
galleys, oi
they immediately found an

:
',
sentenced
to
death
and
in either case the
dictment on
it
if
mute, they shut him
effects are confiscated.
After judgment a
up without
any food but a scanty procession is performed to the place of allowance of bread and water till he over- execution, which ceremony is called, an comes his obstinacy, as they call it and auto-da-fe, or act of faith. The following is an account of an autoif he declares he is innocent, they torment him, till he either dies with the torment, or da-fe, per formed at Madrid in the year 1682: The oflScers of the inquisition, preceded confesses himself guilty.
light, or
l
;
Upon
fess,
the re-examinations of such as con:
by trumpets, kettle-drums, and their banner,

marched, on the 30th of May,
^
'i
they continually say

tell
"
You have
not
in
cavalcade,
been sincere, you
not
all
you keep
to the palace of the
great square,
where
%
134
<

Wouth
/
:
30tii of
I <
they declared by proclamation, that on the June the sentence of the prisoners
and, oh
for
consider, that
atn ahout
to die
professing a
religion
!"
imbibed
but
would be put
in execution.
from
my
earliest infancy
to
Her majesty
distress,
There had
which reason
not been a spectacle of this
<
seemed greatly
turned
to
pity her
kind at Madrid for several years before, for

it
<
away her
eyes, as she did not dare

in behalf of a
was expected by
the inas a
<
speak a word
person
who
habitants with as
much impatience
day
| \
had been declared a heretic.
of the greatest festivity.
Now
On
as
the day appointed, a prodigious nuin-
<
the priest
mass began, in the midst of which came from the altar, placed near
for that
ber of people appeared dressed as splendid

their
the scaffold, and seated himself in a chair
<
respective
circumstances
would
prepared
purpose.
admit.
In the great square

;
was
raised a
The
s
chief inquisitor then descended from
high scaffold
the morning
and
thither,
from seven in
the amphitheatre, dressed in his cope, and
till
the evening,
;
were brought
having a mitre on his head.

ing to the
altar,
After
bow-
criminals of both sexes

in
all
the inquisitions
he advanced toward the
the
kingdom sending
their prisoners to
king's balcony, and
went up
to
it,
attended
Madrid.
>
by some of his
officers,
carrying a cross
'
Of these prisoners twenty men and and the gospels, with a book containing the women, with one renegado Mahometan, oath by which the kings of Spain oblige were ordered to be burned fifty Jews and themselves to protect the catholic faith, to
s
s ;
Jewesses, having never before been imprisoned, and
extirpate
their
heretics,
and
support, with
all
'
repenting of their crimes,
power, the prosecutions and decrees

the inquisitor's approach, and
were sentenced to a long confinement, and wear a yellow cap and ten others, indicted for bigamy, witchcraft, and other crimes, were sentenced to be whipped, and these last wore then sent to the galleys
to
;
of the inquisition.
On
pre-
senting this book to the king, his majesty

rose up, bare-headed, and swore to maintain
the oath,
which was read

:
large paste-board caps, with inscriptions on them, having a halter about their necks,
one of his counsellors king continued standing
after
till
;
to him by which the
the inquisitor
and torches
in their hands.
was returned was present

iiujuisitor's
^ i
to his place
when
the secresort of
to the
The
chair
whole court of Spain

in
tary of the holy office

pulpit,
mounted a
on this occasion.
The grand
was placed
the
a sort of triliunal far
and administered the like oath counsellors and the whole assembly.
The
above that of the king.

acted
The
nobles here
part of the sheriff's officers in
mass was begun about twelve at noon, and did not end till nine in the evening, being
protracted by a proclamation of the senten-
England, leading such criminals as were

I
\
i
to
be burned, and holding them with thick cords

:
when
fast
ces of the several criminals, which were

all
bound
the
i)y
rest
of the
separately rehearsed aloud
one
after
<
criminals were conducted

of the inquisition.
the familiars
the other.
'
After
to suffer
this,
followed the burning of the
Among
those
who were
was
twenty-one
men and women, whose

:
in-
young Jewess of
exiiuisite beauty,
and but
I
trepidity in suffering that horrid death

truly astonishing
was
most
seventeen years of age.

side of the scaffold
seatiMl,
Being on the same where the queen was

in
some
thrust their
hands
and
feet
into
the
;
flames
with
the
she addressed her,

pardon,
in
hopes of obyour royal
dauntless fortitude
to tlicir fate
and allof ihem yielded
lainintj a
the following pathetic

!
with such resolution, that
many
speech
\
" dreat queen
will not
to
of the
\
presence be of some service

miserable condition?
me
in
to
Have regard
my my
amazed spectators lamented that such heroic souls had not been more enlightened.
The
king's near situation to the criminals
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYH.OLOGY.

rendered their dying groans very audible
to
135
borne these rigors with the most exemplary

fortitude
;
him
he could
one
not,
however, be absent
it is
and we hope that every protestant,
from this dreadful scene, as

a religious
;
esteemed
whose
fate
may expose him to the
merciless
and his coronation oath
tyranny of papists, will act consistent with
obliges
him
to give a sanction
ence to all the acts of the tribunal. Another auto-da-fe is thus described by
the
by his pres- the duty of a Christian, when they consider the great rewards that await them.
"
Reverend Doctor Gedde
At the
stakes
"
What
For
place of execution there are so
many
set as there are prisoners to be
burned, a
great the Christian's portion is, heaps of joy, what worlds of bliss, The Lord for them prepares ; boundless treasures who can know, Their
all
How
above, and
all
below.
is
large quantity of dry furze being set about
And God and
Christ
theirs.
them.
"
The stakes of the
proteslants, or, as the
inquisitors call
them,
the
professed, are
about four yards high, and have each a

small board, whereon the prisoner
is to
* There's nothing round the heavenly throne, But what the saints may call their own, And at their pleasure use ; The angels who excel in praise. Attend and guard them in their ways, Lest they their feet should bruise.
be
seated within half a yard of the top.
The
professed then go up a ladder between two

priests,
who
attend
execution.
When
them the whole day of they come even with
''The hand of God supplies their wants. And supersedes their deep complaints, With mercies still renewed Though they are hurried up and down. And through a sea of troubles run.
;
Yet
all
things
work
is
for good.
the forementioned board, they turn about

to the people,
" Jesus and
all in
him
theirs.
They
and the priests spend near a
quarter of an hour in exhorting them to be
reconciled to the see of

refusing, the
priests
Rome. On their come down, and the

seat, chains
are adopted sons and heirs Of God, tlirough grace divine ; Their sins are pardoned in his blood, And with his righteousness endowed. How glorious do they shine.
"
executioner ascending, turns the professed
Why do we The wealth
from
them.
"
off the ladder
upon the
their bodies close to the stakes,
and leaves
to
talk of earthly things, of empires, crowns of kings. Fine robes, or large estates Can crowns and empires be compared To that exceeding great reward Which Christian virtue waits ?"
;
The
priests then
go up a second time
What we have
to that of
already said
may be The
ap-
renew their exhortations, and if they find them ineffectual, usually tell them at parting that they leave them to the devil,
plied to inquisitions in general, as well as
Spain in particular.
to
inquisi-
tion
belonging
Portugal
is
exactly upon
who
is
standing at their elbow ready to re-
a similar plan to that of Spain, having been

instituted
ceive their souls, and carry
them with him

soon as they
much
about the same time, and
into the flames of hell fire, as
put under the
same
regulations, and the
are out of their bodies.
proceedings nearly resemble each other
"
general shout
is
then raised, and
when we
it
shall therefore introduce
an account of
edifice.
It
the priests get off the ladder, the universal
in this place.
The house
is
or rather palace
cry
is
'
Let the dog's beards be made'

is
of the inquisition,
a noble
(which implies, singe their beards). This
contains four courts, each about forty feet

square, round
accordingly performed by means of flaming

furzes thrust against their faces with long
poles.
which are about three hundred

cells.
dungeons, or
The dungeons on
is
the ground floor are
" This barbarity

are burnt, and
is
repeated
till
their faces
allotted to the lowest class of prisoners,
and
accompanied with loud

is
those on the second story to persons of

superior rank.
acclamations.
furzes,
Fire
then
set
to
the
The
galleries are built of
and the criminals are consumed."

are
freestone, and hid from view both within
Numerous
fl
the
martyrs
who have and
without by a double wall of about
fifty

136
feet

high,
which greatly increases the
are inhuman, cruel, and severe.
They
not
in-
gloom, and darkens them exceedingly.
only exclude the prisoners from every
The whole prison is so extensive, and tercourse with their relations or friends, contains so many turning and windings, make them suffer every inclemency of a
(
that
none but those well acquainted with
it
;
jail,
J
or torture
them
in
confinement, but
can find the
way through
its
various avenues.
even prohibit them from making the least

noise by speaking aloud, singing psalms or
apartments of the chief inquisitor are the entrance is spacious, and elegant
The
throucfh a laro-e gate,
hymns, exclaiming, or even uttering the which leads into a sighs which affliction naturally heaves from court-yard, round which are several cham- Uhe breast. Guards walk about continually to listen bers, and some large saloons for the king,
;
royalfamily,andrestof the court to stand and sif the least noise is heard they call to, and if the noise is reobserve the executions during an auto-da-fe. threaten the prisoner
I ;
With respect
prisoners
to the
dungeons where the
peated, a severe beating ensues, as a pun-
are confined, they are not only
ishment
party,
to
what
to
is
deemed
the offending
gloomy
in
themselves, but as miserably

as
and
intimidate
others.
As
:
an
a
furnished
can be imagined; the only

|
>
instance of this take the following fact
accommodation being a frame of wood by
prisoner having a violent cough, one of the
way
of bedstead, and a straw bed, matlrass,

sheets,
guards came and ordered him not to

a noise
;
make
his
blankets,
basins,
an
urinal,
for
wash-hand
clean, the
to
which he
replied, that from the

it
two pitchers, one

or
is
violence of his cold,
was not
in
other for foul water, a lamp and a plate.
power
\
to forbear.
The cough
increasing,
the
A
daily
lestoon,
seven-pence
halfpenny
the guard
went
into the cell, stripped
English money,
;
allowed every prisoner

jailer,
poor creature naked, and beat him so unmercifully, that he soon after died of the
and the principal

officers,
accompanied
visits
by two other
monthly
every
his
\
blows.
prisoner, to inquire
how he would have

This
visit,
allowance laid out.

is
however,
ers from receiving
only a matter of form, for the jailer usual-
This enforced silence prevents the prisonany consolation, by conversing and condoling with each other:
ly lays out the
money
as he pleases, and
\
some, indeed,
ous
cells,
who were lodged
in contigu-
comnionly allows the prisoner daily
porringer of broth
a
have contrived to make holes in the partition, and communicate their thoughts
through them
;
Half
pound of beef;
;
but as soon as this
was
dis-
A A trifling The above

prisoner
in the
at
small piece of bread
covered, they were removed to cells, at a

greater distance from each other.
to uhe
if
|
portion of cheese.
articles are
charged
I[i
this inquisition,
as in that of Spain,
the rate of seventeen testoons

;
the prisoners plead their innocence, they
month
;
four are allowed for brandy,

for fruit,
are
condemned
;
as obdurate, and their effects
or wine
two
;
making
in the
whole
embezzled
if
they plead guilty, they are

their
twenty-three
to
and the
rest of the
money,
',
sentenced on
own
confession, and
;
make up
the
number
of testoons for the

in the articles
their effects confiscated of course
and
if
month, are scandalously sunk

of sugar and soap.
they are suffered

j
to
escape with their lives

voluntarily
(which
\
is
but seldom the case) as penitent
Some, who
portion,
find
their allowance too
little,
criminals
I
I
who have
accused
their
petition the lords inquisitors for a greater
themselves, they
j
dare
not reclaim
when
;
the
in
petition
this
is
frecjuontly
effects,
granted
and
in
particular the only
mark shown
of
:
humanity
all
has
been
casually
would bring on them an accusation of being hypocritical and relaxed penitents, when a most cruel death
as that
other circumstances they
would be the certain consequence.
-m 137
prisoner
sometimes passes months

is
exhausted
without knowing of what he
accused, or
is to
But
tary,
if
to draw some secret from him. he accuses himself of any crimes or
having the least idea of when he

tried.
be
The
jailer
at
length informs him,
he must petition for a trial. This ceremony being gone through, he is taken
that
they are written down by the secreand a process extracted from them. The inquisitors often overreach prisoners,
follies,
by promising the greatest

to restore their liberty, if
lenity,
and even
bareheaded
for examination.
When
they
they will accuse

persons,
fall
come
to the
door of the tribunal, the jailer

to
themselves.
The unhappy
who
sim-
knocks three times,
give the judges no-
are in their power, frequently
into this
tice of their approach.
bell is
rung by
snare, and are sacrificed to their

plicity,
own
one of the judges, when an attendant opens

the door, admits the prisoner, and accom-
and ill-placed confidence. Instances
have been known of some, who relying on

the faith of the judges, and believing their
fallacious
modates him with a
stool.
The
prisoner
is
then ordered
by the
promises, have
accused themtheir
liberty
president to kneel down, and lay his right
selves of what they were totally innocent,

)
hand upon a book, which is presented to him close shut. This being complied with, the following question is put to him " Will
:
in
expectation of obtaining
;
speedily
and thus, being duped by the
inquisitors, they
became martyrs
for
to
their
you promise to conceal the secrets of the holy office, and to speak the truth ?"
If
own
folly,
and suffer death

artifice
fictitious
transgressions.
he answers
to
in the negative,
cell,
he
is re-
Another
is this
:
used by the inquisitors
manded
If
his
and cruelly
treated.
is
if
a prisoner has too
much
resolu-
he answers
in
the affirmative, he
tion to
to
ordered to be again seated, and the examination proceeds

;
accuse himself, and too much sense be ensnared by their sophistry, they pro:
when
the
president
ceed thus
copy of an indictment against

given him, in which,
is
asks a variety of questions, and the clerk
the prisoner
is
among
minutes both them and the answers.

After the examination
is
is
many
trivial
accusations, he
charged with
closed the bell
the most enormous crimes, of
which human
such
again rung, the jailer appears, and the

is
nature
is
capable.
This, of course, rouses
prisoner
exhortation
all
ordered to withdraw, with this " Tax your memory, recollect

:
his temper, and he exclaims against

falsities.
He
is
then asked which of the

?
you have ever committed, and again brought here, communicate them to the holy office."
the sins
crimes he can deny
He
naturally singles
when you
are
out the most atrocious, and begins to ex-
press his
abhorrence of them,
when
the
The
jailers
and attendants being ap-
indictment being snatched out of his hand,

the president says:
prized that the prisoner hath
made an
in-
"By your
denying only
genuous confession, and readily answered every question, make him a low bow, and
treat
those crimes which you mention, you implicitly confess the rest,
and we shall therea ridiculous affecthat
him with an
affected
kindness, as a
fore
proceed accordingly."
inquisitors
reward
for his candor.

is
The
brought
to a
make
In a few days he
second
tation
of equity, by pretending
the
examination, with the same formalities as

before.
It is
prisoner
if
may
be indulged with a counsellor,

to
then demanded of him,
if
he
he chooses
is
demand one.
Such
a re-
has taken a serious review of his past
life,
quest
sometimes made, and a counsellor
and
will
divulge
its
various secrets, and
appointed, but upon these occasions, as ihe

trial
the crimes and follies into
which he has
he refuses
to
itself is a
is
rm
5
at
different
times.
If
counsellor
mockery of mere cipher
justice, so the
;
for
he
is
not
confess anything,
many ensnaring
questions
\
permitted to say anything that might offend

the inquisitor, or to advance a syllable that
are put to him, and the arts of casuistry are
a
138
might benefit the prisoner.
to

Amazing
profJ
monsters then must those judges be
who
like
ligacy, to turn that to a farce
which ought
are the inventors, and perpetrators of such
be reverenced as a superior virtue.

the hest, Valor without it is a common pest ; Pirates and thieves too oft with courage graced. Show us how ill that virtue may be placed ; 'Tis our complexion makes us chaste, or brave, Justice from reason and from heaven we have ; All other virtues dwell but in the blood. That in the soul, and gives the name of good."
virtues justice
is
misery
they are shaped
it
is
true
to
" Of all the
pother )en, but surely they seem

i
have a
as
different
little
kind of souls.
They appear
affected with the groans and agonies
of their iellovv-creatures as the cords, chains,
and racks, and tortures, which are

i
^
ap[)lied
to
their
writhing
limbs.
The
hearts of
From what has been

to the
said,
it
is
evident,
I
(
these ecclesiastical butchers are grown callous, and, like those of com?nun butchers, are
that a prisoner to the inquisitors is reduced
sad necessi/y of defending himself
so inured to the shedding of blood, and the

I
against accusers he does not know, and of
horrid sight of mangled carcases, as to have

lost all
answering
to the
evidence of witnesses he
only person he
is
the impressions of sensibility, and
must not see.

l
The
per-
every
touch
and
feeling
of
humanity.
mitted to have a sight of upon his
trial,
exthe
Perpetual scenes of horror
and distress
<
elusive of the judges and secretary,

fiscal,
is
become
so familiar to their minds, that
what
>.
who
acts officially as the ostensible
accuser, from the collected information of

I
would rend the very heart-strings of some men, make no more impression on theirs
than on a rock of adamant.
out such a fiend-like
others.
I
desire of being informed of the
Indeed, withit
real
I '
accuser's name, or to see the actual

is
temper,
would be
of an
witnesses avails nothing, those things be

told are
impossible for any

inquisitor."
man
to act the part
always kept secret.
Thus
is
he
for
continued in suspense respecting his

I
;
fate,
The
it is
inquisitors allow the torture to be

at
and frequently interrogated, perhaps,

years together, before his
trial is
used only three times, but

either dies
after
those three
finally
80 severely inflicted, that the prisoner
concluded.
if
When
that fatal
to die,
time comes,
is
under
it,
or contirmes always
he
is
condemned
death
deferred
cripple,
and suflers the severest
for a
considerable time.
To
put
him out pains upon every change of weather.

shall
We
of his
misery immediately would be too
great a favor, and prevent the inquisitors
from indulging their sanguinary dispositions with other sulFeriiigs which they intend to
\
ample description of the severe torments occasioned by the torture, from the account of one who suffered it the
give
an
three respective times, but happily survived

the cruelties he underwent.
First
inflict.
They begin by putting him

wretch
discover
his
to the
torture,
I
\
under the pretence of making the

accomplices,
poor
Time of Torturing.
of the inquisitors,
For
this purpose the tortures are various,

inflicted
On
',
refusing to comply with the iniqui-
and the torments

the last degree.
in
excruciating to
late writer,
tons
demands
all
by confes-
Well might a
able to give
sing
I \
the crimes they thought proper to
speaking of these
I
cruelties
exclaim
charge him with, he was immediately con-
" O, that
was
some
faint idea
veyed
to the torture-room,
where no
light
of that variety of torturc 'vhich the miserable victims are here forced to sufler
;
but
appeared but what two candles gave. That the cries of the sufferers may not be heard
no language can represent such a compli- by the other prisoners, this room is lined with a kind of quilling, which covers all It is utterly imcated scene of horrors. possible for any words to describe which the crevices, and deadens the sound. Great was the prisoner's horror on enterof them is the most cruel and inhuman. Every one is so exquisite in its kind as to ing this infernal place, when suddenly he
surpass
all
imagination.
What
detestable
was surrounded by
six wretches,
who,
after
: ;

I
I
139
preparing the tortures, stripped hiin naked

to
to declare, that if
he died under the torture
his
drawers.
He was
then laid upon
he would be
self-murder.
tlie
guilty,
by his obstinacy, of
tight,
his back on a kind of stand, elevated a

feet
few
In short, at the last time of
from the
floor.
ropes being drawn
he grew so
by putting an iron colI?r round his neck, and a ring to each foot, which Aistened him to the stand, His hmo.-i being thus stretched out, they
b-jgan the operation
Thev
',
exceedingly weak, by the circulation of his blood being stopped, and the pains he endured, that he fainted
away
upon which
to his
he was unloosed, and carried back
wound two ropes round each arm, and two dungeon. round each thiuh which ropes being Second Time of Torturing.
\ ;
passed
I s
under the scaffold

purpose, were
through holes
all
made
at the
The barbarous savages

finding that
all
of the inquisition,
fur that
drawn
tight
same
the torture inflicted, as above
instant of time,
by four of the
described, instead of extorting a discovery
men, on
I
a given signal,
from the prisoner, only served the more

fervently
to
It
is
easy to conceive that the pains

immediately succeeded
;
excite
his
supplications
to
')
which
size, cut
were
in-
Heaven
in
for
patience and power to persevere

integrity,
tolerable
the ropes,
which were of a small

to the
truth
and
were so inhuman,
to
through the prisoner's flesh
six
weeks
after, as to
expose him
another
bone, making the blood gush out at eight

different places thus
kind of torture, more severe,

than the former
;
if
possible,
bound
at a time.
As
the prisoner persisted in not
making any
confession of what the inquisitors required,

the ropes were
drawn
in this
maimer
four
times successively.
It is to
be observed, that a physician and

felt
surgeon attended, and often

in order
to
his temples,
judge of the danger he might
be in
for a
by which means his tortures were

of recovering
torture.
the manner of inflicting which was as follows they forced his arms backward, so that the palms of his hands were turned' outward behind him when, by means of a rope that fastened them together at the wrists, and which was turned by an engine, they drew them, by degrees, nearer each other, in such a manner that the back of each hand touched,
:
small space suspended, that he might

sufficient opportunity
and stood exactly parallel

consequence of
his
to the other.
In both
have
In
this violent contortion,
his spirits, to sustain

all
each ensuing
shoulders
became
dislocated,
and a
this
extremity of anguish, while

it it
considerable quantity of blood issued from

his
the tender frame is tearing, as
were,
feels
in
mouth.
;
pieces,
while
at
every pore
the
thrice
after
This torture was repeated which he was again taken to
sharpest pangs of death, and the agonizing

soul
is
the dungeon, and put into the hands of the
just ready to burst forth,
and quit
its
physician and surgeon, who, in setting the

dislocated bones, put
quisite pain.
wretched mansion, the ministers of the

quisition
in-
him
to the
most ex-
have the obduracy of heart to look on without emotion, and calmly to advise
the poor distracted creature to confess his
Third Time of Torturing.
imputed
guilt, in
doing which they
tell
him
]
Two
>
months
after the
second
torture, the
he
tual
may
obtain a free pardon, and receive

All this, however,
prisoner, being a Utile recovered,

to the to.iure-room
;
was again
for
absolution.
with the prisoner,
was im-ffec- ordered whose mind was the last

|
and there,
time,
made
to
undergo another kind
strengthened by a sweet consciousness ofjof punishment, which was inflicted twice The execntioninnocence, and the divine consolation of ^ without any intermission.
relijjion.
ers fastened a thick iron chain twice round

\
While he was thus suffering, the physician and surgeon were so barbarously unjust as
his body,
which crossing upon

at the wrists.
his stomach,
terminated
They
then placed
|
1 1
140

If the
<
him with
at
his back against a thick board, each extremity whereof was a pulley,
abovementioned modes of
to his horrid
tortur-
ing force a confession from the prisoner,
through which there run a rope attached

to the
he
left
is
remanded
dungeon, and
ends of the chain

executioners
at the wrists.
a prey to the melancholy of his situathe anguish arising from
The
end
then
stretching
the
> >
<>
tion, to
what he
of this rope,
by means of a
roller
has suffered, and

future barbarities.
to the dreadful ideas of
placed at a distance behind him, pressed

or bruised his stomach in proportion as the
If
he
still
refuses to
reis
^^
confess, he
is,
in
the
same manner,
ends of the
chain
were drawn
in this
tighter.
to
manded
to
fails
]
to his
dungeon, but a stratagem
They
tortured
him
manner
such used
his
a degree, that his wrists, as well as
to
draw from him what the torture do. A companion is allowed to

till
shoulders, were
quite
dislocated.
They
;
attend him, under the pretence of waiting
were, however, soon set by the surgeons
upon,
and comforting his mind

are healed
:
his
is
but the barbarians, not yet satisfied with

this series of cruelty,
\
wounds
this person,
who
made him immediately always

\
;
>
selected for his cunning, insinuates
undergo the like torture a second time which he sustained (though if possible attended with keener pains) with equal constancy and resolution.
After this he
himself into the good graces of the prisoner,
laments the anguish he
feels,
sympathizes
I ^
with him, and taking an advantage of the

\
hasty expressions forced from him by pain,
>
all he can to dive into his secrets. Sometimes this companion pretends to be a prisoner like himself, and imprisoned his bruises and adjust the parts dislocated he continued till their auto-da- for similar charges. This is to draw the and here person into a mutual confidence, fe, or jail deliverv, when he was happily unhapjiy and persuade him in unbosoming his grief, discharged.
was again remanded
to his
does
| \
dungeon, attended by the surgeon
to dress
<
From the beforementioned relation, it may easily be judged what dreadful agony
the
sufferer
to betray his private thoughts.

|
must have labored under,

put
to
at
|
are the
being
so
frequently
the
;
torture.
These snares frequently succeed, 'fts they more alluring by being glossed over with the appearance of friendship, sym-
Most of his limbs were disjointed and so pathy, pity, and every tender passion. In much was he bruised and exhausted as to fine, if the prisoner can not be found guilty, be unable, for some weeks, to lift his hand he is either tortured, or harassed to death, and his body became greatly though a few have sometimes had the good to his mouth swelled from the inflammation caused by fortune to be discharged, but not without
;
such frequent dislocations.

charge he
the remainihir of his
life,
After his dis-
having,
first
of
all, sufl'ered
the most dreadall
>
felt the effects of this cruelty for
ful cruelties.
If
he
is
found guilty,
his
being frequently
effects are confiscated,
and he
is
condemnlife,
seized with thrilling and excruciating pains,

to
ed to be whipped, imprisoned for
sent
which he had never been subject, till after to the galleys, or put to death. These he had the misfortune to fall under the merci- sentences are put in execution at an autoda-fe, or jail delivery, which is not held less and bloody lords of the inquisition.
Females who
fall
into the
hands of the
annually,
or
at
I
{
inquisitois, have not the
least favor
shown
their
sometimes once
years.
in
any staled periods, but two, three, or even four
them on account of the softness of

sex, but are tortured with as
much
severity
After having mentioned the barbarities
as the male prisoners, with the additional mortification of having the most shocking
with which the persons of prisoners are treated by the inquiisilors, we shall proceed
to
indecencies added to the most savage bar5
recount the severity of their proceedings
barities.
against books.

As soon
fully read
1
141
'
ing to
From what has been said, it is evident, as a book is published, it is careby some of the familiars belong- that the inquisitors check the progress of the inquisition. These wretched learning, impede the increase of arts, nip
1 }
critics are too ignorant
to
have
taste, too
genius in
taste,
the
bud, destroy
the
national
bigoted to search for truth, and too mali-
cious to relish beauties.
and continue the cloud of ignorance They scrutinize, over the minds of the people,
>
/
not for the merits, but for the defects of

5
'
catalogue of condemned boi ks
is
an-
author,
and pursue the
slips
of his pen
nually published under the three different

of censures, already mentioned, and
with unremitting diligence.

I
Hence they heads

| ^
read with prejudice, judge with partiality,
being printed on a very large sheet of paper,

is
pursue errors with avidity, and strain that
hung up
destroy
in the
most public and conspicu-
which
ing.
is
innocent into an offensive mean-
ous places.
to
all
After which, people are obliged
such books as come under the
Theymisunderstand,misapply,confound,<
and pervert the sense
;
first
censure, and to keep none belonging
and when they have
<
to the other
two censures, unless the exin either
gratiiied the malignity of their disposition,
ceptionable passages have been expunged,
chaige their blunders upon the author, that

a prosecution
false
and the corrections made, as

consequence
the
for the
case
fatal
may be founded upon
their
disobedience would be of the most

;
conceptions, and designed misinter-
possessing or reading
are
pretations.
proscribed
books
deemed very
is
The most
sure
trivial
;
charge causes the cenbut

it
atrocious crimes,
of a book
is to
be observed,
The
ruined
publisher of such books

in
usually
that the censure is of a three-fold nature,

viz.
1.
:
his
circumstances, and some-
times obliged to pass the remainder of his

I
2.
When When
is,
'
the book the book
is is
wholly condemned,
partly
life in
the inquisition.
condemned,
|
>
that
when
certain passages are r pointed r &
out as exceptionable, and ordered to be ex-
" ^^rictures on booUs, when prejudice indites, Or ignorance judges ot what genius writes When blinded zeal and rage on le;irniiig lower,
;
pungoa.
3.
i
S
When
.
the book
is
1
deemed
1
incorrect
c
the
r meaning of which
I
is,
that a
few words
or expressions displease the ...m.io...vy.io. ^vy inquisitions. 1^. .^ ^

,
These, therefore, are ordered to be altered, pi K J and such alterations go under the name of
,
,
',
corrections.
bigot dulness fills the seat of power Well may pure truth for her hard lot repine, ^nd on her hand her pensive head incline; Well may fair science mourn the galling chain, Candor bewail, and innocence complain. curb the press with rigid bigot laws, Are foes professed to pure rehgion's cause : And with the iron band of power would hind The free-born soul, and chain the human mind; crush generous sentiments before expressed, ^'^^ fetter each eiaotion of the breasts"
And
Who
THE INQUISITIONS OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
RANCIS ROMANES,
Hnto a
5
protestant
church,
he was
s.truck
native of Spain, being of a
with the truths which he heard, and begin-
mercantile turn of mind,<ning to perceive the errors of popery, he
was employed by
chants
transact
the merto for
determined
to
search further into the matter,
of
Antwerp,
some business
^
<
Reading the sacred Scriptures attentively, and perusing the writings of some protestant
had been educated in the Romish persuasion, but going one day
at
them
Breme.
He
divines,
he
plainly
perceived
how
for-
erroneous the principles were he had
142
merly embraced
reformed church,
in all its

;
and renounced the im-
At
St.
Lucar
in
Spain resided a carver
positions of popery for the doctrines of the

in
which
religion
named Rochus, whose principal business appeared was to make images of saints and other
|
;
genuine purity.
popish
idols.
tlie
Becoming, however, conerrors of the
Determiningto give over worldly thoughts, and think of his eternul salvation, he studied
religious truths
vinced of
sion,
of!"
Romish persuafaith, left

fol-
'
he eml)raced the protestant
more than
trade,
and pur-
'
carving images, and for subsistence
chased books rather than merchandise, convinced that the riches of the body are
fling to those of the soul.
{
<
tri-
lowed the business of a seal engraver only, He had, however, r<t;iiiied one image of
the Virgin
Mary
for a sign
when an
he would
;
insell
He now
resigned his agency
to the
mer-
quisitor passing by, asked

it
;
if
chants of Antwerp, giving them an account and at the same time of his conversion
;
Rochus mentioned
objected
:
a price
the inquisi-
tor
\
to
it,
and offered half the

:
<
then resolving,
part;nts,
if
possible, to convert his

to
money
Rochus
it
replied
"
would rather
|
<
he went
Spain
for that
purpose.
But the Antwerp merchants writing to the inquisitors, he was seized upon, imprisoned
for
] >
break
"
it
to pieces than take

to
such
a trifle."
'
Break
it
pieces !"said the inquisitor,

if
" break
>.
some
time, and then
condemned
to
be
you dare !" Rochus being provoked at this expresto
pieces
',
burnt as a heretic.
sion,
\
immediately snatched up a chisel,

off"
He was
led to the place of execution in
and cut
the nose of the image.

;
This
in
>
a garment painted over

I \
with devils, and
<
was
sufllcient
the inquisitor went
away
had a paper mitre put upon his head, by As he passed by a way of derision. wooden cross, one of the priests bade him
kneel to
it;
<
a rage, and soon after sent to have
him
j \
<
apprehended.
In vain did he plead that
this
is
he absolutely refused
to
do, saying, " It

sliip
not for Christians to worpile of wood the when he lifted up
wood." Being placed upon a

quickly reached him,
;
what he defaced was his own property, and that if it was not proper to do as he would with his own goods, it was not proper for the inquisitor to bargain for the image
j^
vhe
way
of trade.
;
Nothing, however,
:
fire
availed
his head suddenly

nu.aiit
to
the priests thinking he
recant, ordered
him
to
be taken
I
!
he his fate was decided him ^y^g condemned to be burnt; and the sentyee was executed accordingly.
Doctor Cacalla, his brother Francis, and
jjjg
p^^^
down.
Finding, however, that they were mistaken, and that he still retained his con-
sister
Blanch, were burnt
at Vallodolid,
stancy, he
was placed again upon the

life
pile
where, as long as he had

;
and voice re-
having spoken against the inquisitors. doctor Cacalla, who was very old, when
^1,^
niaining. he repealed the following selected
Lj
place of execution, ropeattid
the
| \
verses of the seventh -isalm

"
Lord,
.VI
:-
words of Solomon, which have been thus

beautifully translated
'<
:
my
P.od, since
have placed
F'rom
y trust alone in thee, my pt-rseiaitors' rage, Do ihou deliver me.

all
Boliold where age's wretched victim lies, See \us head In itil)ling, and his half-clnscd eyes
Vre(iiiiin lor hrealli ills |)aiiliiia; bosom heaves, To broKi-n slei'p liis reiiiiiaiit siiise he sjives, And only l>y liis ))iiis, awaKint;, linds he lives.
> 5 '
"
save me from my threatening loe. Lord, int'-rposo thy jxiwei, Lest. liUe a savage lion, he My helpless soul devour.
To
<
" Arise, and

In
let
thine unger, Lord,

ene;ivfie,
ii.y lix'S,
Th<' crystal urn, And apier mens
Loosed i)y df-vouriii^ tiiiii', the silver lord l)isse\eri-d lifs. iiiilionoriMl Irniii llje l)()anl ; when l.roUen, is il.rown by,
Is
I
|
(
lifir place
iiiiisl
sii)<))ly
my ddVnce
tliys.lt'
These While
Shall
;
iliiiiiis
and
;
Kxall
above
Dif, and b" lo^t
corrii))!,
And
their insulting rage.

in
slill aniitl]>'r, anil
share ow coinmon lot and t)e lor^jol another race,

;
J
".
'
" Awake, awaUe
behalf. Thy jndginent to disp-ose, Wl-.ich liionbasi riglileou^ly ordain, d,
my
the place. From earth all lanie. to earth iiiiist all re;nrn Frail as ihe corti, and brittle as the urn."
now
sujiply,
and now
t,'ive ii])
i <
For
inju.-ed
innocence."
Al Seville, a
genilewoman with her two

|
9-

w-
m
THK CIimSTlAN MARTYROLOGY.
143
daiiwhters, and her neice,
were apprehendall
The
poor frantic wretch, just as they

to
ed on account, of their professing the protestant religion.

torture
;
were about
begin his punishment, sud-
They were
put to the
denly sprung from the back of the ass,

broke the cords that bound him, snatched
a sword from one of the guards, and dan-
>
and when that was over, one of the

youngest daughter,
lier,
inquisitors sent for the
pretended to sympathize with her sufferings

;
and pity
gerously wounded an officer of the inquis).

tion.
then binding himself with

:
Being overpowered by multitudes,

bound more securely
to the
a solemn oath not to betray her, he said " If you will disclose all to me, I promise
he was prevented from doing further mischief, seized, ass,
you
I'll
procure
the
discharge
of your
and punished according
to his sentence.
mother,
sister, cousin,
and yourself."
Made
by
his
confident by his oaih,and entrapped
for the
But so inexorable were the inquisitors, that lash effects of his madness, an ad-
promises, she revealed the whole
ditional four years

in the galleys.
was added
to his slavery
of the tenets
they professed
when
the
perjured
wretch, instead of acting as he
maid-servant to another jailer belong-
<
<
had sworn, immediately ordered her to be " Now you have put to the rack, saying revealed so much, I will make you reveal more." Refusing, however, to say anything further, they were all ordered to be
:
ing to the inquisition
was accused of huFor these heinous
manity, and detected in bidding the prisoners keep up their spirits.
crimes, as they were called, she

licly
was pub-
whipped, banished her native place
burnt,
which sentence was executed
at the
for ten years, and,
what
"
is
worse, had her
>
next auto-da-fe.
forehead branded by means of rtd hot irons,
The keeper
ed
to
of the castle of Triano, be-
with these words

heretics."
A favorer and
aider of
longing to the inquisitors of Seville,
happen-
be of a disposition more mild and

is
John Pontic, a Spaniard by
birth, a
gen-
humane than
situation.
usual with persons in his
tleman by education, and protestant by persuasion, was, principally on account of his
He
gave
all
the indulgence he
>
showed them great estate, apprehended by the inquisitors, every favor in his power with as much when the following charges were exhibited At length, however, against him secresy as possible. 1. That he had said he abhorred the the inquisitors became acquainted with his kindness, and determined to punish him idolatry of worshipping the host
couid to the prisoners, and
:
severely for
;
'
<
'(
<
That he shunned going to mass That he asserted the merits of Jesus deterred from showing the least traces of was a full justification for a that compassion whicti ought to glow in Christ alone With Christian the breast of every human being. 4. That he declared there was no purgathis view they superseded, threw him into such tory and a dismal dungeon, and used him with 5. That he affirmed the pope's absolution dreadful burl)arity that he lost his senses. Ilis deplorable situation, however, procur- not to be of any value. On these charges his effects were concd him no favor, for frantic as he was, they
it,
that other juilers might be
2.
3.
hn)uglit
the
J j
'
him from prison at an auto-da-fe to fiscated to the use of the inquisitors, and place of punishment with a his body was burnt to ashes to gratify their vambenito (or garment worn by criminals) revenge. John Gonsalvo was originally a priest, His senon, and a rope about his neck. that but having embraced the reformed religion, tence wa.s then read, and ran thus inquisitors, as he shoiiU 1)0 placed upon an ass, led through he was now seized by the stripes, and were his mother, brother, and two sisters. tiie city, receive two hvu)dred
usual
:
llien
be condemned six years to the galleys.
Being condemned, they were led
to
execu-
-a

144
tion,

where they sung
:
part of the
CVIth
psalm, viz.
"
and declared to the inquisitors, that he solemnly renounced his intended recantation. Sentence of death was therefore
passed upon him, and he was burnt same time as Ferdinando.
Juliano, a
at the
render thanks to
God above,
;
The
Has
"
fountain of eternal love
Whose mercy
firm, through ages past stood, and shaJl for ever last.
Spanish
Roman
catholic,
on
Who
can his mighty deeds e.Tpress, Not only vast, but numberless What mortal eloquence can raise, His tribute of immortal praise.
;
travelling into
Germany, became
for the faith
a convert
to the protestant religion.
Being zealous
task,
he had em-
" Happy are they, and only they. Who from thy judgments never stray ; Who know what's right not only so, But always practise what they know."
braced, Juliano undertook a very arduous
which was
to
convey from Germany
into his
own
country, a great
bibles concealed in casks, and
number of packed up
At the place of execution they were

ordered to say the creed, which they imthese words
like
Rhenish wine.
This important com-
mission he succeeded in so far as to distribute the books.
mediately complied with, but coming to " The holy catholic church"
:
pretended protestant,
to add the monoRome, which absolutely refu- of the whole affair before the inquisition. " Put an Juliano was immediately seized upon, sing, one of the inquisitors said end to their lives directly ;" when the exe- and strict inquiry being made for the re-
they were
commanded
however, who had purchased one of the bibles, betrayed him, and laid an account
syllables of
them im- spective purchasers of these bibles, eight hundred persons were apprehended upon Four protestant women, being seized the occasion. They were all indiscrimiupon at Seville, were tortured, and in pro- nately tortured, and then most of them were
cutioners obeyed, and strangled
mediately.
cess of time ordered for execution.

the
On
;
sentenced
to various
punishments.
Juiiano
spits,
way thither
they began to sing psalms
was
burnt,
twenty were roasted upon

for
life,
but the officers of the inquisition, thinking

that the
several
imprisoned
some were
words of the psalms

all
reflected
on
publicly whipped,
many
sent to the galleys,
themselves, put gags into

to
their mouths,
and a few discharged.

travelled to
va,
make them
silent.
They were
then
burnt,
and the houses where they resided were ordered to be razed to the ground. Ferdinando, a protestant schoolmaster,
the inquisi-
John Leon, a protestant tailor of Spain, Germany, and thence to Genewhere, hearing that a great number of
to their
English protestants were returning

native country, he, and
iards,
was apprehended by order of

ples
some more Span-
tion, for instructing his pupils in the princi-
determined
to
go with them.
The
of protestantism
and,
after
being
Spanish inquisitors being apprized of their

intentions, sent a
severely tortured, was burnt.
number of
familiars so
monk, who had abjured the errors of papery, was imprisoned at the same time but through the as the above Ferdinando fear of death, and to procure mercy, he said he was willing to embrace his former
; '
expeditiously in pursuit of them, that they
overtook them
at a
seaport in Zealand, one
of the United Provinces (which
was then
under the jurisdiction of Spain) just before Having thus succeedthey had embarked.
in their commission, the poor prisoners were heavily fettered, handcuflTed, gagged, and had their heads and necks covered
communion.
proached
Ferdinando, hearing of
to
this,
j
ed
got an opportunity to speak
him, re-
him with his weakness, and threatened him with eternal perdition. The monk, sensible of his crime, rotiirried to,
promised
to
with
kind of iron net-work.
In
this
miserable condition tliey were conveyed (o Spain, tlirown into a dismal dungeon,
al-
continue in the protestant
faith.

most famished with hunjrer, barbarously and then cruelly burnt.
145
and she was reconducted to her cell, where she remained till she had recovered the A young lady, having been put into a use of her limbs, and was then brought convent, absolutely refused to take the veil, again before her tribunal, and ordered to or turn nun. On leaving the cloister she ratify her confession, and sign it. This embraced the protestant faith, which being she absolutely refused to do, telling them,
tortured,
known
to the
inquisitors,
she was appreto
hended, and every method used
that what she had said was forced from her draw her by the excessive pain she underwent. Inin-
back again
effectual,
to popery.
This proving
censed
at this reply, the inquisitors to the rack,
ordered
the
her inexorable judges condemned
her again to be put
when
her to the flames, and she was burnt according to her sentence, persisting in her
faith to the last.
weakness of nature once more prevailed,

and she repeated her former confession.
Christopher Losada, an eminent physician,
till
She was immediately remanded to her cell her wounds were again healed, when
in-
and learned philosopher, became extremely

obnoxious
to the inquisitors,
being a third time brought before the

quisitors, they, in a stern
on account of
manner, ordered
exposing the errors of popery, and professing the tenets of protestantism.
For these
her to sign her fiistand second confessions. She answered as before, but added " I
:
reasons he was apprehended, imprisoned,
have twice given way

flesh,
to the frailty of the
and racked
church
to
but those severities not bring-
and perhaps may, while on the rack,

to
ing him to confess the
Roman
catholic
be weak enough
do so again
but depend
be the only true church, he was

to the fire
;
upon
it,
if
you
torture
me
a hundred times,
sentenced
the flames of
he bore with exemplary patience, and

signed his soul
to that
which as soon as I am released from the rack I reshall deny what was extorted from me by
it
Creator by
whom
pain."
The
inquisitors ordered her to be

;
was bestowed.
Arias, a
at Seville,
racked a third time

of St. Isidores monastery
trial,
and, during this last
monk
was
to
she exceeded even her

;
own
expecta-
man
of great abilities, but
tions
bore the torments inflicted with the
of a vicious
disposition.
He
sometimes
utmost fortitude, and could not be persuaded

to
pretended
of
forsake the errors of the church

protestant, and soon
catholic.
answer any of the questions put

that
to her.
Rome, and become a

turned
As her courage and constancy

the inquisitors imagined
increased,
after
Roman
till
Thus he
she would
continued a long time wavering between

both persuasions,
to touch his heart,
deem death a
therefore,
to
glorious
martyrdom, and
God thought proper

in religious matters.
disappoint her expectations,

to
and show him the great
they condemned her

years' banishment.
a severe whipping
danger of inconstancy
through the public streets, and to a ten
He now became
a true protestant, and be-
wailed his former errors with contrition.
Jane Bohorquia, a lady of a noble family

in Seville, tion of
The sincerity of h's conversion being known,

he was seizeJ by the
tion,
was apprehended on
sister,
the informatortured,
officers of the inquisi-
her
who had been
severely tortured, and afterward burnt

fe.
and burnt
ligion.
for
professing the protestant rerack, through
at
an auto-da
While on the
the
Maria de Coceicao, a young lady who

resided
extremity of pain, that young lady confessed

that she
sister
with her brother at Lisbon, was
had frequently discoursed with her
taken up by the inquisitors, and ordered to
concerning protestantism, and upon
be put to the rack.
The
exquisite torments
this extorted confession
she
fully
felt
staggered her resolution, and she

cords were immediately slackened.
seized and imprisoned.
was Jane Bohorquia Being enciente at
confessed the charges against her.
the beginning, they let her remain tolerably quiet

till
The
she was delivered, when they im-

146
mediately took
to nurse, that
it

away
the
chil.1,
and put
it
having beaten a Moorish servant

ing,
for steal-
might he brought up a Ro-
was accused by him of professing

Without considering the appa-
man
'cTatholic.
Judaism.
was not perfectly recovered rent malice of the servant, the inquisiiors He from the weakness caused by her labor, seized the master upon ihe charge. when she was ordered to be racked, which was kept three vears in prison before he was done with such severity, that she ex- had the least intimation of what he was to pired a week after of the wounds and bruises undergo, and then suffered the following Upon this occasion the in- six modes of torture she received. 1. A coarse linen coat was put on him, quisitors affected some remorse, and, in one the inquisition, which and then drawn so tight that the circulation of the printed acts of they always publish at an auto-da-fe, they of his blood was nearly stopped, and the
The
lady
<
|
<
thus mention this young lady
:-
breath
in
almost pressed out
of his
body.
Jane
prison
;
Bohorquia
after
was found dead
After this the strings were suddenly loosened,
which,
upon reviving her

it
when
the
air forcing
its
way
hastily
into
prosecution, the inquisitors discovered that
into his stomach,

its
and the blood rushing
she was innocent.

I
Be
therefore
known,
channels, he suffered the most incredible
that no further prosecutions shall be carried on against her, and that her effects, which were confiscated, shall be given to the
pains.
2.
His thumbs
nails.
were
tied
with
small
cords, so hard that the blood
gushed from
heirs at law.
Thus have
the lords of the
under the
3.
holy office of inquisition generously restored to her innocence, reputation, and estate."
He was
seated on a bench with his
Strange inconsistency
ty,
to
take the proper-
back against a wall, wherein small iron pulleys were fi.xed. Ropes being fastened
to several parts of his
and torture the person before conviction of guilt, and then to compliment themselves for moderation, in returning what they had
body and limbs, were
passed through the pulleys, and being sud|
denly drawn with great violence, his whole frame was forced into a distorted heap.
4.
no right to seize, and forgiving one, who,
by
their
offended
in the
own acknowledgment, had never One sentence, however, them.

:
After having suffered for a consider-
able time the pains of the

position, the seat
last-mentioned
above ridiculous passage wants ex" That no further prosecucarried
was snatched away, and

in
planation, viz.
tions shall
be was
left
suspended against the wall

instrument with
five
be
on
against
her."
the most excruciating misery.

5.
This alludes to the absurd custom of prosecuting, and burning the bones of the dead
:
little
knobs,
for
when
;
a prisoner dies in the inquisition,
and which went with springs, being placed near his face, he suddenly received five
pîin as
the process continues the

living
same
is
as
if
he was
the bones are deposited in a chest, a sentence of guilt
blows on the cheek, that put him caused him to faint away.
6.
to
such
and
if
passed, they
;
The
executioners fastened ropes round
are brought out at the next auto-da-fe
the
his wrists,
and then drew them about his

they pulled with the
\ ^
sentence
is
read against them with as
much body.
Placing him on his back with his

the cords had penelra-
solemnity as against a living prisoner, and

thev are
at
feet against the wall,
length committed to the flames.
utmost violence,
|
till
In a similar
ried
manner
persons
are prosecutions car-
ted to the bone.
on against prisoners
their
who escape
far
and
the
in
<
when
effigy.
are
beyond
l)uriit
ferent times,
reach of the inquisitors, they are
he suffered three difand then lay seventy days He was before his wounds were healed. afterward banished, and in his exile
The
last torture
Dr. Isaac Orobio, a learned physician,
wrote the account of his sufferings, from

|

which we have extracted
particulars.

the
147
foregoing!
i
CREED.
" In God the Father
I
believe.
An
and a
line
excellent
penman of Toledo, in Spain, proteslant, was fond of producing;

'
From whom all things did birth And in his only Son place,
I
receive
:
specimens of writing, and having them

;
framed, to adorn the different apartments

of his house.
pies of
Among
other curious exam-
confidence of tjainiug grace That Son, to whom the Holy Chost Conception gave from heaven's high host Then from a Virgin he had breath, And Pon'.ius Pilate gave him death. Three days he with the grave contends,
My
taining the Lord's
penmanship was a large piece, conprayer, creed, and ten commandments, thrown into verse, and; finely wri'ten. This piece, which hung in
; ;
And into hell itself descends On the third day again he rose,
;
And mounts
On God's
to lieaveii to seek repose
ristit
hand he
sits
serene,
Till the last judgment's awful scene. I in the Holy (ihost believe,
a conspicuous part of the house,
was one
;
The church
I
as catholic receive
day seen by a person belonging

quisition,
to the in-
hoM that saints And that our sins
comiiiune in heaven, .Jiall be forgiven ;
who observed
that the versifica-;
Tliat resurrection day shall come, And the soul's everlasting doom.
tion of the
ing to the
commandments was not accord-; church of Rome, but according;

church, for the protestanis
" Amen."
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS.

"
thou shalt adore but me, to other deity. Tliou .shalt not any image made, Nor for a God an dol take ; Whether a picture it ajipear, Of anything in sea, earth, air, No confidence upon it place, Nor bow to anything so base : For I am jealous of that praise Which onl}' one true God slmuld raise, And punisli all who hate or scorn, E'en in their progeny unborn. 3. Take not th' Almighty's name in vain, He will treat severely the profane. 4. Labor not on the sabbath-day, But to th' Almighty fervent pray ; Six days to labor rendered due. Suffice your business to pursue ; Then thee and thine in worth may strain, But on the sabbath day refran For in six days, by God displayed, The wondrous universe was made ; On the seventh day he went to rest, And hence the sabbath-day is blest. 5. To both thy parents honor give, And long in honor thou shalt live. 6. Do not your hands in blood embrue 7. Nor dare adultery pursue 8. That thou stealst not take special care ; 9. Nor ever perjured witness bear 10. Thy neighbor's house thou shalt not crave, His wife, his servant, or his slave, Or anything that he may have."
1.
to the protestant
retain
the whole of the
commandments
as;
Xo God
Nor bow
they are found in the Bible, but the papists
2.
omit that part of the second
which
forbids the
worship of images.
commandment The
inquisition
soon
had information of the
whole, and this ingenious gentleman was

seized, prosecuted, and burnt, ordy for orna-
menting his house with a specimen of his

skill
and piety.
The
following
is
a transla-
tion
and specimen of the manner in which
this curious piece of
penmanship was
dis-
played
LORD'S PRAYER.
" Almighty God, who
To
art in heaven, thee be endless praises given

tliy
Let us
joyful i<ingdoin see,

ot'
A kingdom
felicity
Let us on earth thy sacred will, Strictly like those in heaven fulfil This day our daily bread bestow, Forgive, as we forgive each foe Let us not to temptation yield, But guard from vice, from evil shield For thine's the kingdom, glory, power And shall be to the latest hour. Amen.''
; ;
!
THE LIVES OF
DR. tEGIDIO, DR. CONSTANTINE, NICHOLAS BURTON,
AND
WILLIAM GARDENER.
THE LIFE OF DR. ^GiDio. R. ^gidio was educated
at the
^
tuTcs and school divinity.
The
professor
into his
of theology dying, he
place, and acted so
was elected
uiuversityof Alcala,
his several
much
to the satisfaction
where he look
applied
of every one, that his reputation for learn-
degrees, and particularly
ing and piety
was
circulated
throughout
himself
to
the
Europe,
study of the sacred Scrip-
His fame, on account of his theological
148
lectures,

having attracted
the
notice
of
'
and many persons belonging
to the
bishop-
some Spanish grandees and principals of ric of Dortois, highly approved of the docthe church, he was sent for to Seville, and trines of Êgidio. which they thought permade subdean of the cathedral church in fectly consonant with true religion, they that city. But when he came to deliver immediately petitioned the emperor in his Though that monarch had been his probation sermon, instead of raising behalf.
, ;
admiration,
lectures
he
created
contempt.
The
educated
I
;
Roman
to
catholic,
;
he had too
which had formerly gained him fame he had composed with attention, and but his sermon he was read with care This mode obliged to speak extempore.
;
much sense
ment.
be a bigot
and therefore
sent an immediate order for his enlarge-
He
subsequently visited the church of
of facing an audience staggered him.
He
Valladolid, did everything he could to pro-
stammered, hesitated, and
at length
became
so confused in his words, that his meaning
<
was scarce
intelligible.
This miscarriage quite disheartened him, and he had some thoughts of resigning his
preferment and returnins
to the university
;
mote the cause of religion, and returning home, he soon after fell sick, and died in an extreme old age. The inquisitors, having been disappointed of gratifying their malice against him, while living, determined (as the emperor's
when
a friend pointed out the faults of his

to
whole thoughts were engrossed by a

ry expedition)
to
milita-
preaching
him, and taught him
how
to
wreak
their
vengeance
to
remedy them.
on him when dead.
Therefore, soon after
He
assiduously studied his friend's rules,

in practice
he was buried, they ordered his remains

be dug out of the grave
;
and by punctually putting them

action,
that
',
so far refined his diction, and polished his
he became admired
for
his
and a legal process being carried on, they were condemned to be burnt, which was executed accordingly.j.^^
elocution by those
who had
so lately despi-
sed him on that account.
^^^^ ^^ ^^
constantine.
him a more essential service than that of making him an orator, by making him a protectant. A title which
But
his friend did
>
Dr. Co.vstantink, an intimate acquaintance of the already-mentioned Dr. iEgidio,

|
iEgidio himself thought of
all
others the
was
| >
man
of
uncommon
;
natural abilities
most honorable.
a'"'
profound learning, exclusive of several
The
light of truth
began
to
appear
in his
modern tongues
\ i
he was acquainted with
sermons, and his doctrines contained the

pure tenets of primitive Christianity.
great
'he
Latin, Greek, and

perfectly
called
Hebrew languages,
but
The a"d
I <
j
well
knew, not only the

those
arts
emperor Charles V., hearing him

w;i
sciences
abstruse,
preach,
so
pleased with the matter
which come under the denomination of

polite literature.
and manner, and thought the elocution and
<
and doctrine so simply agreeable, thai he

constituted
His eloquence rendered him a pleasing,

i
him bishop of Dortois.

will excite
and the soundness of his doctrines a

ble preacher
;
profita{
True merit
" Envy
envv.
will merit like its shade pursue, But like the shadow proves the substance true."
and he was so popular, that he never preached but to a crowded assembly. He had many opportunities of rising
in the
i
|
\
i^gidio had his enemies, and these laid

a complaint against
church, but never would take advan;
him
to
the in<]uisitor3,
lage of them
for if a
livmgof greater value

\
who
sent him a citation, and

to
it,
when he
ap-
than his
refuse
I
it,
own was
saying
:
offered
I
him, he would
j
\
peared
cast
him
into a
dungeon.
"
am
content with what
As
the
greatest part of those
who
be-
have."
And he
frequently pre:iclied so
longed
to the cathedral
church
at Seville,
forcibly against h^wdncss, that
many
of his
|

superiors,

who were
not so delicate upon
at his doctrines
>
149
the subject, took
umbrage
upon
that head.
fully
Havingbeen
confirmed in protestant-
>
young man, that he was glad these books and papers were produced, but nevertheless he must fulfil the end of his commission, which was, to carry him and the goods he
had embezzled before the inquisitors, which he did accordingly for the young man
;
ism by Dr. Êgidio, he preached boldly such doctrines only as were agreeable to gospel
purity,
and uncontaminated by the errors
knew
it
which had,
at various times, crept into the ^resist,

i
would be in vain to expostulate, or and therefore quietly subniilled to

inquisitors being thus possessed of
Romish church. For these reasons he had many enemies among the Roman catholics, and some of them were fully determined
on his destruction.
his fate.
The
J I
Constantino's books and writings,
now
found
matter sufficient to form charges against
worthy gentleman, named Scobario,

for divinity lectures,
him.
When
he was brought
if
to
a re-ex-
having erected a school

appointed
therein.
task,
amination, they presented one of his papers,
Dr.
Constantine
to
be reader
and asked him

?
he knew the handit
He
immediately undertook the
and read lectures, by portions, on the

;
>
was his own, he guessed the whole manner, confessed the

writing
Perceiving
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Canticles
and
writing, and justified the doctrine

; :
it
contain-
was beginning to expound the book of Job, ed saying " In that, and all my other when he was seized by the inquisitors. writings, I have never departed from the
^
Being brought to examination, he an- truth of the gospel, but have always kept swered with such precaution that they could in view the pure precepts of Christ, as he not find any explicit charge upon him, but delivered them to mankind." remained doubtful in what manner to proAfter being detained upward of two years
> I 1
ceed,
when
to
the
following circumstances
:
nn
<
^
prison, Dr. Constantine
occurred
determine them
Isabella
a bloody flux,
was seized with which put an end to his mise-
Dr. Constantine
had deposited with a

Martin,
several
ries in this world.
The
process, however,
woman, named
but
.
<
was
carried on against his body, which, at
books, which to him were very valuable,
<
the ensuing auto-da-fe,

" Thus death
itself
was publicly
;
burnt.
which he knew, in the eyes of the .-11 quisitiou, were exceptionable.

in\
can not control
This woman having been informed against

as a protestant,
^^^
The malice of a bieot soul Which more than forfeit life can crave, And seek revenge beyond the grave."
was apprehended, and,
a small process, her goods were ordered to
11
11^
after
<
THE LIFE OF MR. NICHOLAS BURTON.
officers
Mr. Burton was a merchant of London, Previous, however, to the coming to her house, the woman's who traded into Spain. Being at Cadiz, a son had removed away several chests full familiar of the inquisition called upon him and amo.ng one day at his lodging, pretending that he of the most valuable articles wanted to send a quantity of merchandise these were Dr. Constantine's books. A treacherous servant giving intelligence to London. Having asked as many quesbe confiscated.
\ \
; <
of this to the inquisitors, an officer was
tions as he though proper,
he departed, and
despatched
to the
son to
demand
the chests.
<
Mr. Burton was next day taken into custody
The
came
them
son, supposing that the

for
officer only
<
by one of the
inquisitorial officers,
Constantine's
books, said:
for,
"I^
',
On
his
if
examination the
president de-
know whal you come

to
and
I'll
fetch
manded
the
he had, by words or writing,
you immediately."
He
then fetch-
>
said or insinuated anything disrespectful to
ed Dr. Constantine's books and papers, when
was greatly surprised to 5nd what he did not look for. He, howpvor, tcld the
the officer
Roman catholic persuasion, To this Mr. Burton replied in

;
the nega:
'
live
saying: that " he was sensible, in
tv
16U
'

^ I
whatever country we were, respect ought

to be paid to the religion of
tha^t
At the age of twenty-six years, he was, by his master, sent

tor.
country
to
Lisbon, to act as fac|
such knowledge to him was essential, who, as a merchant, was obliged to visit various countries, and conform to the rethat
Here he applied himself
to the
study
|
<
of the Portuguese language, executed his
business with assiduity and
fidelity,
and
\
ligious
and
civil
ceremonies of
all."
behaved with the most engaging

to
'.
affability
This defence, however, availed him nothing they proceeded to torture him, in
:
all
persons with
whom
to
he had the least
concern.
few,
He
conversed privately with a

be zealous protestime, cautiously
to
order
to
gain information.
Failing in this,
<
whom
;
he knew
they condemned him
for invincible obstina-
tants
and, at the
same
cy, and at the next auto-da fe he
was
burnt.
avoided giving the least offence
any who
When
the flames
first
touched him, he bore
were Roman catholics

ever, hitherto,
he had not, how-
the torments with such exemplary patience,
gone
into
any of the popish
and appeared with so smiling a countenance, that one of the priests, enraged at his
serenity, said, with great malice and absur" The reason why he does not seem dity
:
churches.
marriage being concluded between the
king of Portugal's son and the infanta of

Spain, upon the wedding-day the bride-
to feel, is to
me very
evident
the devil has

is
groom, bride, and the whole court, went

cathedral
all
to
already got his soid, and his body
ofîhe
I
church, attended by multi-
course deprived of the usual sensations."
tudes of
rest
ranks of people, and
among
the
(See engraving.)
About the time of Mr. Burton's martyrdom, several others of the English in Spain parwere put to death by the iiu[uisitors ticularly, John Baker, William Burgate,and William Burgess, were burnt, and William
;
William Gardener, who stayed during the whole ceremony, and was greatly shocked
at the superstitions
he saw.
The
erroneous worship which he had

strongly in his
seen ran
into
|
miseral)le, to behold a
mind he was whole country sunk

;
Hooker was stoned

up
I
>
to
death
freely giving
such idolatry, when the truth of the
their lives for
Him who
shed his^blood
gospel might be so easily obtained.

<
He,
i >r
them
" Jesus, who dies a wor 4 io savp, Revives, and rises from the grave,
therefore, took
the
inconsiderate, though
laudable design, into his head, of making

a reform in Portugal, or perishing in the
By
iiis
alrniglily
power
attempt
free.
and determined
to
to
sacrifice his
From sin and death, and hell, set He captive leads captivity, And lives to die no more.
"
prudence
his zeal, though he
became a
worldly
martyr upon the occasion.
The Lord, who spoke

Hath
.'
the world from naught, poor sinners <learly bought, Salvation by his blood how he bursts tiie bonds of death. 1,0 And reassumes his vital breath, To make our title good.
for
;
To
this
end he
settled
all
his
affairs,
paid his debts, closed his books,
and consigned over his merchandise.

the ensuing
On
Sunday he went again to the cathedral church, with a New Testament

in
" God's church
his joy and crown, and pity down, On those he did redeem He tastes their joys, he I'eels their woes, Decrees that they may spoil their foes, And ever reign in him."
is still
He
lool<s with love
his hand,
and placed him.elf near the
altar.
Thi' king and the coirrt soon appeared,
and a cardinal began mass

ih<'
I
at that part
of
THE
I
LIFE OF WILLIAM OARDKNIvR.
the
ceremony in which the people adore wafer, Gardener couUl hold out no
s|)rinoiii<r
Wif.LTAiw Gai:
DENER was born
at Bristol,
<
longer, but
toward the cardinal,
received a tolerable education, and was, at

a proper age, placed
he snatched the host from him, and trampled

it
under the care of a
under his
feet.
merchant, named Paget.
This action amazed the whole congrega-
NICHOLAS BURTON IN THE INQUISITION AT CADIZ.
PaS'e
151.

tion,
a. id
T' K
^
'
153
if
wounded Gardener
one person drawing a dagoer, in the shoulder, and

,
tortured to nr.ake
them confess
;
tbev
knew
<'
anything of the matter
in particular, a per-
would, by repeating the bio*
have
to
finish-^
son
who
resided in the
same house with

|
ed him, had not the king called

desist.
him
to
't
Gardener was treated

barbarity to
with
unparalleled
| \
j'
make him confess something
Gardener being carried before the king, the monarch asked him what countryman
he was
:
which he replied " I Englishman by birth, a protestant by re- midst of all his torments he gloried in the ligion, and a merchant by occupation. What deed. Being ordered for death, a large fire Gardener was I have done is not out of contempt to your was kindled near a gibbet. person, God forbid it should, but out of an drawn up to the gibbet by pulleys, and then
to
:
which might throw a light upon the affair. Gardener himself was then tormented in am an the most excruciating manner but in the
^
| <
<
<;
<
<
I
'.
honest indignation,
to
see the ridiculous
let
down near
touch
it;
the
fire,
but not so close as
superstitions and gross idolatries practised
to
for
they burnt or rather roasted
here."
him by slow degrees.

king,
Yet he bore
his
The
thinking that he had
some other person to It is observable that some of the sparks he had done, demanded who was his abettor, " My own conscience were blown from the fire (which consumed to which he replied
stimulated by
;,
been sufferings patiently, and resigned his soul act as to the Lord cheerfully.
^
<,
would not hazard what I have Gardener) toward the haven, burnt one done for any man living, but I owe that and of the king's ships-of-war, and did other The Englishmen considerable damage. all other services to God." Gardener was sent to prison, and a gene- who were taken up on this occasion were,
alone.
I
'< ;;
ral
order issued to apprehend

in
all
Englishin a great
soon after Gardener's death,
all
discharged,
|
,
men
Lisbon.
This order was
except the person that resided in the same
(some few es-s house with him, who was detained two caping) and many innocent persons were years before he could procure his liberty, measure put
into execution
s
THE PERSECUTIONS
E
shall
IN ITALY.
now enter on
By
the immediate order of the pope.

of the inquisition.
an account of the
persecutions in Italy,
2.
3.
Through the power
At the instigation of particular orders
a country which
still
of the clergy.
4.
has been, and

is
1.
:
By
the bigotry of the Italian princes.

fertile plains
;
"
2.
3.
The The The
pleasant country, in whose

in vain,
centre of popery.
seat of the pontiff.
Sweet verdure smiles, and endless plenty reigns

while bigotry's coatrol. With tyrant power enchains the human soul And superstition lords it o'er the mind, Deludes the sense, or keeps the reason blind. The haughty pope, with triple honors crowned, In error's clouds diffuses darl>ness round And pampered priests without remorse deceiTe,
But reigns
source
of
the
various
errors
which have spread themselves over other countries, deluded the minds of thousands.
and diffused the clouds of superstition and
bigotry over the
In pursuing our narrative
the
human understanding. we shall iiiflude
implicitly believe ; Credit whatever their wily teachers say, And, by command, think, act, speak, fast, or pray, But priests, to no austerities confined,
While bigot minds
most remarkable persecutions which happened, and the cruelties which have
been practised
:
''
Mind They
not the rules by which they others bind, leave to vassal laymen worldly cares, Sharp penance, meager abstinence, and prayers In open air for venal sins to lie, To dress in sackcloth, or 'he scourge to ply.

-a
154

Make the dire engines groan with tortured Let Campo Flori evt-ry day be strewed
With mangled
cries;
Let pining anchorets in grottoes starve, Who from the liberties of nature swerve Who, curbed by moderation, sparing eat. And by false zeal tleceived, abstain from meat.
;
Italian priests their appetites will please,

live in luxury and pampered ease if their power enormous you'd control, fury rises in the bigot soul Malicious rage strains superstition's throat, And blood for heresy is all the note. ' Use every instrument they loud exclaim.
;
And
But
To darken truth, and render reason tame. Let the inquisition rage, fresh cruelties
carcases, and clotted blood ; Repeat again Lombardian slaughter o'er, And Piedmont valleys drown with floating gore. Swifter than murdering angels, when they fly On errands of avenging deity Fiercer than storms let loose, with eager haste Lay cities, countries, realms, whole nature waste Sack, ravish, massacre, destroy, burn, slay, Act what you will, so popery makes its way.' Such are the thoughts that fill each popish mind: And such the enmity they bear mankind."
;
THE FIRST PERSECUTIONS UNDER THE PAPACY IN ITALY.
the twelfth century
the
first
Frederic Barbarossa arriving

dignity, requested that the
at the
imperial
persecutions under the papacy

bejran in Italy, at the time that
pope would crown
him with
vor of the
his
Adrian, an Englishman, was
plied with, and at the
pope, being occasioned by the

following circumstances
:
This Adrian comsame time asked a faemperor, which was, to put Arnold
hand.
own
into his hands.
The emperor
very readily
learned man, and an excellent orator
delivered up the unfortunate preacher,

fell
who
of Brixia,
named Arnold, came
to
Rome, soon
a martyr to Adrian's vengeance,

to ashes,
and boldly preached against the corruptions and innovations which had crept into the
church.
being hanged, and his body burnt

at Apulia.
The same
fate
attended several
His discourses
were so
and
clear,
of his old friends and companions.
consistent, and breathed forth such a pure

spirit of piety, that the senators,
Encknas,
to
a Spaniard,
was
sent to
Rome,
many
be brought up in the
;
Roman
catholic
of the people, highly approved
of,
and ad-
faith
but having conversed with
some of
treatises
mired his doctrines. This so greatly enraged Adrian, that he
the
reformed, and read several
commanded Arnold
city, as
instantly to leave
a heretic.
not comply, for the
which they had put into his hands, he became a protestant. This, at length, being Arnold, however, did known, one of his own relations informed senators and some of against him, when he was burnt by order
the
the principal people took his part,

sisted
tile
and
re-
of the pope, and a conclave of cardinals.
auth(rily of the pope.

laid the city of
The
brother of Encenas had been taken up

the
Adrian now
Rome under
al)out
same
time, for having a
New
in
an interdict, which caused the whole body

of clergy to interpose
;
I'esiament, in
his
the
;
Spanish language,
and, at length, perto
possession
but
before the time ap-
suaded the senators and people

the point, and suffer Arnold to
l)e
give up
pointed for his execution, he found

to
means
to
banished.
escape out of prison, and returned
This being agreed to, he received his sentence of exile, and retired to Germany, where he continued to preach against the
pope, and to expose the gross errors of the
Germany, Faninus,
religion.
a learned layman, by reading
controversial books,
became of the reformed

he was apprehend-
An
information being exhibited
church of Rome.
Adrian, on this account thirsted for his
olood, and
I
against
him
to tiie poj)e,
ed, andcast inioprison.

relations,
His wife, children,

in
made
;
several attempts to get
him
and friends, visited him

faith,
his
into his
I I
hands
but Arnold, for a long time,

for
confinement, and so far wrought upon his
avoided every snare laid
him.
At length.
mind, that he renounced his
and ob-
155

tained his release.
free
But he was no sooner from confinement, than his mind felt
of anti-Christ, and paint
him out
in
his
proper colors."
the weight of a A vast concourse of people attended the His horrors were so next day but just as Dominicus was begreat, that he found them insupportable, till ginning his sermon, a civil magistrate went he had returned from his apostacy, and de- up to his pulpit, and took him into custody. clared himself fully convinced of the errors He readily submitted but as he wentalo'ig of the church of Rome. To make amends with the magistrate, made use of this ex-
the heaviest of chains

guilty conscience.
for
his
falling
off,
he
strenuously did
all
he could
now openly and to make conThese proceedhim

if
pression
"
wonder the
devil hath let
me
to
:
alone so long."
When
he was brought
verts to protestantism,
and was pretty suc-
cessful in his endeavors.
examination, this question was put to him " Will ycu renounce your doctrines To
ings occasioned his second imprisonment

but he
which
he
replied
"
My
doctrines
;
had his
life
offered
he would
recant again.
This proposal he rejected

life
with disdain, saying, that he scorned
upon such terms.
Being asked why he
would obstinately persist in his opinions, and leave his wife and children in distress
;
what I preach are the doctrines of Christ, and for those I will forfeit my blood, and even think myself happy to suffer for the sake of my Redeemer." Every method was taken to make him recant from his faith but when
maintain no doctrines of
;
my own
he replied
tress, I
"
shall not leave
them
in dis-
persuasions and menaces were found

effectual,
in-
have recommended them
of an excellent trustee."
said
tion,
the person
" What who had asked

:
to the care
he was sentenced
to death,
and
trustee ?"
the ques-
ninus
with some surprise " Jesus answered

:
to
which Fais
Christ
I
the
trustee
mean, and
think
could not com-
mit them to the care of a better." On the day of execution he appeared remarkably " It cheerful, which one observing, said is strange you .should appear so merry upon
:
'.
such an occasion, when Jesus Christ himself, just before his death, was in such
To which Faninus
tained
I
agonies, that he sweated blood and water." " Christ susreplied

:
hanged in the market-place. Galeacius, a protestant gentleman, was apprehended on account of his faith. Great endeavors being used by his frie-nds, he recanted, and subscribed to several of the superstitious doctrines propagated by the Becoming, however, church of Rome. sensible of his error, he publicly renounced Being apprehended for his recantation. and, this, he was condemned to be burnt agreeably to the order, was chained to a Slake, where he was left several hours be;
fore the fire

that his
was put
to the fagots, in
order
all
manner of pangs and

sufl'erings,
conflicts,
;
wife, relations, and friends,
who
with hell and death, on our account

thus,
I
I (
and
surrounded him, might induce him

his opinions.
to give
by his
freed those
fear of
who up
:
Galeacius, however,
now
really believe in
him from the
them."
retained his
treated
constancy of mind, and enfire
He was
then strangled, and his body being
the executioner to put

that
to the at
burnt to ashes, they

I
were scattered about

soldier,
wood
was
did,
to
burn him.
This,
by the wind.
DoMiNicus, a learned
V
length, he
and Galeacius was soon
read several controversial writings, became

a zealous proiestant, and retiring
i
\
tia,
he preached the gospel
in
consumed in the flames. Soon after this gentleman's death, a to Placen- great number of protestants were put to its utmost death in various parts of Italy, on account
of their
faith,
having
purity, to a very considerable congregation.
giving a sure proof of their
'
At the conclusion of his sermon one day, he said

:
sincerity in their
martyrdoms
" If the congregation will attend

I
" Resigning
to-morrow,
will give
them a description
To
sljun the
freely transitory brfath, shades of everlasting death."
156
THK PERSECUTIONS
IN
CALABRIA.
the
the fourteenth century,
many Pope Pius

5
Fourth, he determined
to
of the
Waldenses
of Pragela
exterminate them from Calabria.
trM Fnl
^jjjJj^^C
.
and
Calabria, and settling in
To tliis end he sent Cardinal Alexandrine, Dauphinv emigrated to some a man of a very violent temper, and a furi^ j
y^
waste lands, by the permission

of the nobles of that country,
""s bigot,
j j
together
with
tw
o monks, to
in-
Calabria, where
they were to act as
they soon, by the most industrious cultiva-U"iil'>'"s.

tioii,
These authorized persons came

one of the towns
built
made
several wild and barren spots

all
ô St. Xist,
by the
the
appear with
)
the beauties of verdure and
Waldenses,
\
and
having
assembled
fertility.
people, told tliem, that they should receive

{ [
The
<
Calabrian lords were highly pleased

tenants, as
:
" manner of injury, or violence,
if
they
with their rvew subjects and
they were honest, quiet, and industrious

hut the
priests
'
would accept of preachers appointed by the but if they would not, they should Pope
;
of the country exhibited

;
ê
deprived
;
both of their
property
and
several negative complaints against them

for not
li^ês
\ 1
and that their intentions might be
being able
to
accuse them of anydid not do, and
thing bad which

^
they did do, they founded

thei/
|
known, mass sbould be publicly s:<id that afternoon, at which they were ordered to
attend.
accusations on what
charged them
>
'he people of
tending mass,
St.
Xist, instead
of
at-
Wilh
not being
Roman
catholics
fled into the
woods with
their
making anyof their boys priests;! faipilies, and thus disappointed the cardinal The cardinal then making any of their girls nuns; /and his coadjutors. proceeded to La Garde, the other town begoinw to mass giving wax tapers to the priests ponging to the Waldenses, where, not to
;
<
as offerings
be served as he had been
at St. Xist,
all
he
the
going on pilgrimages bowing to imasêa.

The
the
ordered the gates to be locked, and
avermes
guarded.
The same
proposals
Calabrian lords,
however, quieted
them, that these
; ^
priests,
by
telling
were then made to the people of La Garde as had been made to the inhabitants of St.
Xist, but with this additional piece of artifioe
:
people were extremely harndess
that they
gave no offence
to the
Roman
catholics,
the cardinal assured them,
that the
andchcerfully paid the tithes
to the priests,
inhabitants
1
of St.
Xist had
immediately
whose
revenues
were
ccuisi lerai)ly
in;
come
This
of
told
into his proposals,
and agreed, that

for the
creased by their coming into the country
phe pope
j
should appoint them preachers,
and who, of
last
conse(ju<iic.', oii^ht to be the

to comj)laiii ol ih. in.
hilseliooJ
succeeded
people
persons
La Garde
them
thinking what the cardinal had
Things went on
for a
tolerai)ly well after this
to
be truth, said they " would
|
]
few years, during which the Waldenvillages

to
exactly follow the example of their brethren

of St. Xist."
ses formed themselves into two corporate
>
towns, annexing several

jurisdiction of them.
to
the
The
cardinal having gained his point by

for
At
length, they sent
deluding the people of one town, sent
Geneva
in
preach
i
one to each town, as they determined

for
two clergymen;
two troops of
d(^r
soldiers, with a
view
to
mnrto
those of the other.
He, accordingly.
like
to
make
a public profession of their faith.
despatched the soldiers into the woods,

hunt down the inhabitants of St. Xist
Intelligence of this affair being carried to
1?
THE CHRISTIAN MAUTYttOLOGY.

i
157
persuasior.,
in-
wild beasts, and gave them strict orders to
embrace the Roman catholic
spare neither
I
>
asie
nor sex, but
to kill all
they
themselves and tamilies should not be

I
came near. The troops entered the woods, nured, but their houses and property should and many fell a prey to their ferocity, be- be restored, and none would be permitted
<
fore the
I
>
of their
Waldenses were properly apprized design. At lengtli, however, they

to sell
tiieir
to
molest iliem
but,
on the contrary,
it
if
j
they refused this mercy (as

the utmost extremities
was termed)
|
5
determined
possible,
in
lives as dear
as
would be used, and
when
several conflicts happened,
the
most cruel deaths the certain conse|
which the half-armed Waldenses per- quence of ibeir non-compliance. Notwitlistandingthepromises ononeside, firmed prodigies of valor, and many were slain on b(ilh sides. greatest part of and menaces on the other, these worthy The the troops being killed in the different people unanimously refused to renounce rencounters, the rest were compelled to iheir religion, or embrace the errors of This exasperated the cardinal retreat, which so enraged the cardinal, that ^popery.
^
<
he wrote
to the
viceroy of Naples for rein-
and viceroy so much, that

]
thirty of
them
forcements.
were ordered
\
to
be put immediately to the
The
viceroy immediately ordered a proall
rack, as a terror to the rest.
clamalion to be made throughout
the
Those who were put

under the tortures
lar,
to
the rack
were
|
Neapfditan
deserters,
territories,
that
all
outlaws, Ureated with such severity, that several died

persons,
;'
and
other proscribed
one Charlin,
ttiat
in pariicu-
'(
should be freely pardoned for their respective

ofliences,
<
was
so cruelly used,
out.,
his belly burst,

in the
^
on condition of making a
the
his
bowels came
and he expired
campaign
I i
against
inhabitants
till
of St.
those
greatest agonies.
ever, did not
Xist,
and continuing under arms
These barbarities, howanswer the purposes for which

;
people were exterminated.
they were intended

fortunes,
for
Many persons, of desperate

in
came ed
^
\
alive after the rnck,

felt
who remainand those who had

those
^
upon
this proclamation,
and being formed

to
not
the rack, remained equally constant
into light
companies, were sent

to
scour the
hn
/
;
their faith,
and boldly declared, that no

to
woods, and put
death
all
they could meet
tortures of body, or terrors of mind, should

^
with of the reformed
relitjion.
The
;
vice-
ever induce them
renounce their God, or
roy himself likewise joined the cardinal, at; worship iiuuges.

the head of a body of regular forces
in
Several were then, by the cardinal's and,) they could to-order, stripped siark naked, and whipped some were hackharass the poor peojile in the woods. Some to death with iron rods ihey caught, and hunged up upon trees, cut ed to pieces with hirge knives; others were down bouîhs, and burnt them, or ripped thrown down from the top of a large tower;
conjunction, they did
all
''
them open, and
left
their bodies to be de-
and many were covered over with pitch, and

burnt
iilive.
voured by wild beasts, or birds of prey.
<
Many
they shot at
distance,
but
the
^
'
One
of the
monks who attended
the car-
number they hunted down by way dinal, being naturally ol' a savage and cruel of sport. A few hid themselves in caves ; disposition, requested of him, that he might shed some of the blood of these poor people but famine destroyed them in their retreat
irfeaiest
;
and thus
o\ their
all
these poor people perished, by
with his
own hands
various means, to glut the bigoted
malice
ing granted, the barbarous
when his request beman took a large,
merciless persecutors.
inhabitants
The
of St.
Xist
were no
sharp knife, and cut the throats of fourscore men, women, and children, with as
little
sooner exterminated, than those of
La Garde
engaged the attention of the cardinal and viceroy. It was offered, that if they would
so
many sheep.
remorse as a butcher would have killed Every one of t.hese bodies

to
were then ordered
be
quartered, the
^
5L___^
^...-^^^
158
THE CHKISTIAN MARTYROLOGY.

Thus were
a great
quarters placed upon stakes, and then fixed

in
number of inoffensive
different parts of the country, within a
circuit of thirty miles.
The four principal men of La Garde were hanged, and the clergyman was thrown from the top of his church steeple. He was
terribly
and harmless people deprived of their possessions, robbed of their property, driven from their homes, and, at length, murdered,
by various means, only because they would not sacrifice their consciences to the super-
killed, by stitions of others, embrace idolatrous docwhich time the viceroy passing trines which they abhorred, and accept of " Is the dog yet living ? by, said Take teachers whom they could not believe. him up, and give him to the hogs ;" when, Tyranny is of three kinds, viz. that which brutal as this sentence may appear, it was enslaves the person, that which seizes the executed accordingly. property, aYid that which prescribes and Sixty women were racked so violently, dictates to the mind. The first two sorts that the cords pierced their arms and legs may be termed civil tyranny, and have been when, being remanded practised by arbitrary sovereigns in all ages, quite to the bone to prison, their wounds mortified, and they who have delighted in tormenting the perdied in the most miserable manner. Many sons, and stealing the property of their unothers were put to death by various cruel happy subjects. But the third sort, viz., means and if any Roman catholic, more prescribing and dictating to the mind, may
mangled, but not quite

at
the
fall
>
>
be called ecclesiastical tyranny and this is any of the reformed, he was immediately the worst kind of tyranny, as it includes apprehended, and shared the same fate. for the Romish clergy the other two sorts The viceroy being obliged to march back not only torture the bodies, and seize the to Naples, on some affairs of moment which effects of those they persecute, but take the required his presence, and the cardinal hav- lives, torment the minds, and, if possible,
rest,
; ; ]
compassionate than the
interceded for
ing been recalled to
Rome,
the marquis of
Butiane was ordered to put the finishing
would tyrannize over the souls of the unhappy victims.

" Thus rage, by
I \
what they had began which he, affected, by acting with such barbarous rigor, that there was not a single
stroke to
at
;
length,
siipprstition led,
person of the reformed religion

in all Calabria.
left
living
>
Strikes innocence and virtue dead ; While bitfolry would reason blind, Enthrall the sense, and chain the mind Its errors fix in bloody streams, And spread, with fire, its fatal dreams."
INDIVIDUALS MARTYRED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF ITALY.

,
OHN MOLLIUS
at
was born
reputable
Rome,
of
At twelve years of age they placed him in exerted his great talents to disguise the the monastery of Gray gospel truths, and to varnish over the errors After some years' Friars, where he made of the church of Rome. residence at Ferrara, he removed to the such a rapid progress in arts, sciences, and a languages, that at eighteen years of age he university of BonoTiia, where he became
parents.
> ; ;
after pursuing his studies six years longer, he was made theological reader in the uniHe now, unhappily, versity of that city.
was permitted to take He was then sent
priest's orders.
to
professor.
[
I
Having read some
treatises
re-
;:
Ferrara,
where.
written
by ministers of the reformed
;:
MiJlTYRDOM OF iRANCIS GAMBA. A LOMBARD.
rage 159.
THE CHRISTIAN MAUTYllOLOGY.

161
ligion,
he grew
fully sensible of the errors
The year
hard, of
liie
after FfiANciis
of popery, and soon

estant in his heart.
became
to
a zealous prot-
protestaiil persuasiun,
GAMnA, a Lomwas ap-
prehended, and condemned

senate of Milan.
tion, a
He now
determined
expound, accordcourse
to death by the At the place of execu;
ing to the purity of the gospel, St. Paul's

Epistles to the
Romans,
in a regular
whom
he said
moidv presented a cross to him to " My mind is so full of the

:
of sermons.
The concourse
when
the
of people that
real merits
and goodness of Christ,
that I
continually attended his preaching

prising
;
was
sur-
<
want not
a piece of senseless stick, to put
but
priests
found the
<
me
in
tenor of his doctrines, they despatched an
his tongue
mind of him." For this expression was bored through, and he was
(See engraving.)
in the
account of the
affair to
Rome
when
the
afterward burnt.
pope sent a monk, named Cornelius, to Bononia, to expound the same epistles according
to the tenets
A. D. 1555, Algerihs, a student

university of Padua,
learning, having
ligion, did
all
and a man of great

reto
of the church of
Rome,
a dis-
embraced the reformed
The
people, however, found such
he could
convert others,
parity
between the two preachers,

to
that the
For these proceedings he was accused

of heresy to the pope, and being appre-
audience of Mollius increased, and Cornelius
was forced
preach
to
empty ben-
hended, was committed
to
the prison
at
ches.
Venice, where being allowed the use of

pen, ink, and paper, he wrote to his converts at
epistle
:
Cornelius wrote an account of his bad
success
to the
an order to
confinement.
who immediately sent apprehend Mollius, who was

pope,
Padua the following celebrated

I
|
>
seized upon accordingly, and kept in close
"
Dear Friends
I
can not omit this
The bishop
to
of Bononia sent
opportunity of letting you
know
the sincere
;
him word,
thither.
that
he must recant, or be burnt:
pleasures
feel in
my
confinement
indeed
to sufto
hut he appealed
Rome, and was removed

to
for for Christ is delectable,
un-
dergo a
little
transitory pain in this world.
At
trial,
Rome he begged
have a public
an account of
did under
for his sake, is
cheaply purchasing a reverlife
but that the pope absolutely denied him,

to give
sion of eternal glory, in a

lasting.
that is ever-
and commanded him

the following heads
his opinions in writing,

:
which he
"
Hence,
have found
;
honey
in
the.
;
Mass.
Auricular confession.
s
I I
entrails of a lion
tranquillity in the
a Paradise in a prison
Original sin.
house of sorrow
;
where
j
Free-will.
others
ble
weep
rejoice
find
where others trem-
The
The
infallibility
of Prayers for the dead.
and
faint, I
strength and courage.
the churchof Rome.

infallibility
The
host.
|
of Prayers to saints,
on
The Almighty me be his

;
alone confers these favors

the glory
the pope.
Justification
by
faith.
Going on pilgrimages. Extreme unction.

Performing service
&;c.
in
"How
I
different
do
I
what
in
its
was
purity
before
:
and the praise. find myself from embraced the truth

I
Purgatory.
Transubstanliation.
I I
was then
dark, doubtful,
an unknown tongue,
I \
and
tain,
in
dread
full
am now
enlightened, certhat
and
of jo3^
He
was
far
from
And
all
these he confirmed from scrip
me
is
now
present with
heals
me
he comforts
lure authority.
sion, for
The
pope, upon this occa-
my
<
spirits,
political reasons,
spared him
for
mind, refreshes
soul.
my griefs, strengthens my my heart, and fortifies my

is,
the present, but soon after had
him apprefirst
Learn, therefore,
hended, and put

1553.
IS,
to
death; he being
to ashes,
amiable the Lord
how merciful and who supports his serafiiictions,
hanged, and his body burnt
A. D.
I
vants under temptations, expels their sor-
rows, lightens their
and even

162
visits

them with his glorious presence,
"
in
|
to
judge of
;
my
sensations upon the occa-
ihe gloom of a dismal dungeon.
sion
;
my
I I
tears
now wash
you the
the paper upon
Your sincere
friend,
which
thing
J
give
recital.
Another
" Algerius.'
must mention, the patience with

:
The
lies,
pope, being informed of Algerius's
which they met death
they seemed
all
great learning, and surprising natural abili-
resignation and piety, fervently praying to
thought
it
would be of
if
infinite service
<
to the
church of Rome,
he could induce
God, and cheerfully encountering their I can not reflect, without shuddering,
fate,
how
|
him
to forsake the protestant cause.
He,
tried,
the executioner held the bloody knife be-
therefore, sent for

J
him
to
Rome, and
to
tween
his teeth;
all
by the most profane promises,

to his
win him
peared,
heapcovered with blood, and with what

figure
what a dreadful
|
j
purpose.
But finding his endeavors
unconcern he executed his barbarous office."

| <
I
t
Englishman, who happened to Rome, was one day passing by a JoHNALLOYsius,beingsentfromGeneva church, when the procession of the host A bishop carried to preach in Calabria, was there apprehend- was just coming out. ed as a protestant, carried to Rome, and the host, which the young man perceiving, burnt by order of the pope; and James he snatched it from him, throw it upon the Bovellus, for the same reason, was burnt at ground, and trampled it under his feet, cryineffectual,
he ordered him to be burnt, which sentence was executed accordingly,
A young
at
be
Messina.
ing out
lect
"Ye
true
wretched
idolators, that neg-
A.D. 1560, Pope Pius

I
the Fourth order-
the
God
to
adore a morsel of
so
ed
all
the protcstants to be severely perse-
bread."
This
action
provoked
the
culed throughout the Italian stales,

I
when
1 ^
people, that they would have torn him to
great numbers of every age, sex, and condition,

!
pieces upon the spot
but the priests per-
suffered martyrdom.
Concerning
catholic thus'
:
suaded them
of the pope.
to let
him abide by the sentence was represented

to
the cruellies practised upon this occasion, a learned and
humane Roman
in
"When the
affair
to the
speaks
'
(.f
them,
a letter to a noble lord
pope, he was so greatly exasperated that

|
can
not.
my
lord, forbear disclosing
my
he ordered the prisoner

diately
;
be burnt imme-
sentiments, with respect to the persecution

I
but a cardinal dissuaded

it
him from
belter
to tor|
now
carrying on
1
think
at
it
cruel and un-
this hasty sentence, saying,

to
was
necessary;
I
tremble
it
the
manner of
punish him by slow degrees, and
pulling to death, as
j
resembles more the

j
lure him, that ihe.y
might
find out if
he had
to
j
{
slaughter of calves and sheep, than the
been instigated by any particular person
commit so atrocious an act. This being approved, he was tortured severity, not withjl was mv.self an eyewitness: seventy with the most exemplary standing which they could only get these proleslanls were cooped up in one filthy " It was tlu; will of God dungeon together; tlie executioner went words from him that I should do what I did." in among them, picked out one from among The pope then pa.ssed this sentence upon blindlobled him, led him oui to an
execution of
human
beings.
will
relate
'.
to your lordship a dreadful scene, of which
j ^
the ret,
open plaee before the prison, and cut his He throat with the greatest composure.
Ihen calmly walked into the prison again,
<
him
1.
That he shouM be
naked
to
;
led l)y the execu-
tioner,
j
>
the
middle, through
the
bloodv as he was. and with the knife in his hand selected another, and despatched him
lliis, manner same manner; and iliis, my lord, he repeated, till llie whole number were put to
streets of
2.
Rome
That he should wear

upon his head
;
the
image of the
| |
in the
devil
;;
'
3.
J
That his breeches should be painted

;
death.
i
Icavi-
it
to
your lordship's feelings
with the representation of llames
.a

163
presenting the figure
it
)
4.
That he should have

That
after
his right
hand
the stake.
A monk
cut off
5.
of a saint to him, he struck
aside,
and
having been carried about
then being chained

to the fagots,
to the stake, fire
was put
execulong
thus in procession, he should be burnt.
and he was soon burnt
to ashes.
When he
fortitude to
heard his sentence pronounced,

to give
little
after the last-mentioned
he implored God
him strength and
tion, a
venerable old man,
who had
As he passed been a prisoner in the inquisition, was conthrough the streets he was greatly derided demned to be burnt, and brought out for by the people, to whom he said some severe execution. When he was fastened to the things respecting the Romish superstition. stake a priest held a crucifix to him, on
go through
it.
sion, overhearing him, ordered
But a cardinal, who attended the proceshim to be
wViich he said
\
*'
If
you do not take

will
that
idol
from
my
sight,
you
constrain
me
gagged.
to spit
upon
it."
The
priest
;
rebuked him
When he came to the church door, where he trampled on the host, the hangman cut off his right hand, and fixed it on a pole.
with great severity but he bade him remember the first and second commandments, and refrain from idolatry, a.s Then two tormentors with flaming torches, God himself had commanded. He was scorched and burnt his flesh all the rest of then gagged, that he should not speak any the way. At the place of execution he more, and fire being put to the fagots, he kissed the chains that were to bind him to suffered martyrdom in the flames.
for this
THE PERSECUTIONS OF THE MAMUISATE OF SALUCES.
HE
in
marquisate of Saluces,
in
the practice of the religion
which we
In this
on the south side of the valleys of Piedmont, was

A. D.
have always
fathers
professed,
and which our
have professed before us.

for
1561, princi-
we
shall
acquit our consciences, without

;
pally inhabited
estants
quis,
;
by
prot-
offending any
religion
is
we
are sensible that our
when
it,
the mar-
founded on the Holy Scriptures,
who was
proprietor of
began a
by whose precepts we are commanded not

to injure
prosecution against them at the instigation

of the pope.
ministers, and
our neighbors.
likewise implore your protection
infidels,
;
He began by
if
banishing the
to
"
We
any of them refused
for as
Jews,
and other enemies

the
to
leave their flocks they
were sure
;
to
be im-
Christ, are suffered to live in your dominions
prisoned, and severely tortured

did not proceed so far as to put
however, he
unmolested,
we hope
them
to
same indulgence
any
fell
to death.
may
be granted to Christians, whose very
Soon
after the
marquisate
into the
faith obliges
be harmless, honest,
possession of the duke of Savoy,

circular letters to
all
who
all
sent
inoffensive, and loyal.
the
towns and
villages,
"
We
remain your highness's respectful,
that he expected the people should
con-
form
to
go
to
mass.
of Saluces, upon re-
obedient, and faithful subjects, " The Protestant Inhabitants of

the Marquisate of Saluces."
The
inhabitants
letter,
ceiving this
returned fur answer the

:
The
duke, after reading this
letter,
did
:
following general epistle

*
not interrupt the protestants for

:
some time
May
it
please
your highness
We
but, at ',ength,
he sent them word, that they

to
humbly
entreat your permission to continue
must either conform
go
to
mass, oi leave
..a

164
his

dominions in
fifteen days.
The
prot-
in order to avoid
banishment, and preserve

others removed,
estants,
upon
to the
this
unexpected
edict, sent a
their property
with
;
all
duke to obtain its revocation, their eflecis, to different countries and But their many neglected the time so long, ihut they or at least to have it moderated. remonstrances were in vain, and they were were obliged to abandon all they were given to understand that the edict was ab-^ worth, and leave the marquisate in havi*e Those, who unhappily stayed behind, solute.
deputy
>
Some were weak enough
to
go to mass,
seized, plundered, and put to death.
THE PERSECUTIONS
^HIS
to
fine
IN
THE VALTOLINE.
Frying
in a
district
belonged
Hanging.
Broiling.
dry pat
who, as pretty sovereigns, had

the Grison lords,
Stabbing.
Ripping open.
Cutting the throat.
Beheading.
Stoning.
granted several decrees in

favor
of
the
protestants.
The
the Valtoline, bore
first
papists, however, of! them great malice, which

|
Worrying with dogs. Boiling in oil. Worrying, by fasten- Pouringhotleaddow

ing cats to several
parts of the body.
the throat.
appeared publicly
at
the
village
of<
Racking, &c., &c.

its
Tell,
where they broke
into a protestant
Drowning.
In short,
persons,
in
congregation while the minister was preach-
Tell and
neighborhood
and murdered several of the people. They afterward surrounded the village, and guarded all the avenues then parading
ing,
:
there only escaped, with their lives, threi
who
happily passed the Alps, ani
secured themselves in Rhelia.
the streets,
if
any protestants made
their
The
the
papists,
having thus exterminated

at
Tell, now marched in were sick were strangled in triumph to a town at some miles' distance their beds others had their brains beat out and persuading the popish inhabitants to and several were drowned in join them, they determined to repeat the with clubs same bloody tragedy. Being informed, by Alba. the river A nobleman, who had hid himself, being two friars, that a protestant congregation discovered, he implored their pity on ac- was then assembled in the town, they went count of his family, having a number of! to the place, surrounded it, shot many This papists, however, told him, through the windows, knocked others on children.
appearance, they were shot immediately.
protestants
Many
that
;
that
''
woui
replieu
.
was no time for mercy, unless he enounce his faith. To which he

"
the
head who attempted
to
run out, and

burnt the rest.
then setting the place on
fire,
God
life, I
forbid,
that
to
save this
After thus destroying
those
who had
temporary
er,
should deny
my Redeem- met
These words
together to serve God, they visited the
and perish eternally."
private houses of protestants,
were scarcely out of his mouth, when they

fell
upon him, and cut him
to pieces.
and having murdered all they could find, proceeded with drums beating, and colors flying, to
the the papists of the
The
chief magistrate of the village being

his house, and
a protestant, they broke into
town of Sondress. On their approach, town pretended, they did

of those
murdered him and his whole family. Women and girls they put to death by various
means,
viz.:
not approve of the proceedings
who were coming;
and, therefore, if the
protestants thought proper to put confidence
in them, they would guard them from the impending danger. Most of the protestants
the
valley of Malone,
where
the papists
indiscreetly believed them, and the papists
arming themselves, surrounded the intended victims, under the pretence of protecting them but no sooner did their bloody breth;
upon by the providence of God, they passed the Alps, and arrived in a place of
attacks
made
several unsuccessful
for,
them
safety.
The
property of those
who were murbecame

the
ren appear, than they treacherously murder-
dered, or
made
their escape,
ed those
fend.
whom
they had promised
to de-
plunder of the papists

cruelties
;
who had committed
However, eighteen men, who sus- these
pected the sinister designs of the

catholics,
Roman
had well armed themselves, and
and they paid themselves inhumanity, by stealing the effects of those they had destroyed.
for their
taking their wives and children with them,
DoMiMco Berto,
sixteen,
to the
they determined to attempt an escape.
They
was
set
a protestant youth of upon an ass with his face

tail
marched with great
regularity,
and were
tail,
and the
in his
frequently attacked by the papists, but they
bridle.
In this manner he
hand for a was led round

populace
;
repulsed them with great bravery, and kept

in
the
town
for the derision of the

to the
so compact
a body, that
the papists
when being taken

his cheeks,
market-place, they
could not break them.

in this
They proceeded
cut off his nose and ears, bored holes in
manner
till
they came to a church,
where they found seventy-three men armed, who were all protestants. This body they joined, and both proceeded together through
red-hot pincers
the
and scarified his body with so that he expired under

;
excess of his
torments.
A PROTESTANT MINISTER TORN TO PIECES BY DOGS.
POPISH
bishop, of a very
tion with malice,
preached against them
in
cruel nature, presided over
the
pulpit
with fury, and treated
them,
whenever they fell into his hands, with Innumerable appear to have been ^^^ was superficially learned, the persons who, by his order, were parand habitually morose. His Mially tried, condemned unheard, a; V exsuperstition made him give a ready ear to j ecuted without remorse. Shooting, i .vnany tale which might be told him against ing, hanging, beheading, &c., he d^^med those whom he called, and considered as favors, and thought them too mild for herheretics. His bigotry caused him to mis- etics a long imprisonment in a loathsome take malice for zeal, and his sanguinary dungeon, personal ill-usage, scorn, condisposition inflamed him to the greatest tempt, derision, a scanty allowance of pro*
a considerable diocese in
|
Hungary.
This
prelate
cruelty.
barbarities.
I
character of this
for
kind
is
visions, that
made
life
labor under a linger-
certainly
I
I
more proper
the
office of a
ing
famine, were
the
mildest
modes of
jailer than the
mission of a preacher, or
executioner than the
In consequence of such
treatment that he thought a protestant deserved, and the dreadful torments that he
for the business of an
trust of a prelate.
a temper, joined to so
;
much power,
in
this
bishop spoke of the protestants
conversa-
of them suffer, Being informed that a protestant clergyman had arrived from some distan part to
made many
'Ik-

E166

;
the bishop sent
one of the towns wiihin his jurisdiction, agreeable to his conscience that the Bible some of his dependants to was a precious book in all tongues that apprehend him, and gave them sirict orders the sermons of his writing were consonant
|
;
j
<
to bring
what books he had,
to
search
for
to
the precepts of the
his papers, and to take particular notice of books
gospel and the found in his lodgings were truly

;
what he was about when they apprehended orthodox, and written by learned and pious They came accordingly to the house, authors. His defence being deemed insufficient and waited at the door for some time, when for his justification, he was condemned to they burst into the place, and seized him they then packed up his books and papers, death, and by a mode of punishment as The singular as it was cruel which was by and brought him to the bishop. haughty prelate examined him with great having geese, hens, ducks, &c., tied about ferocity, and treated him with much inso- his body. He was then compelled to run, and lence. The accusations formed against dogs set after him, who, in attempting to him were as follow catch at and tear the fowls, tore him in 1. Professing the reformed religion. 2. Keeping by him the Bible in the a most shocking manner. Jaded with runvulgar tongue. ning, and fatigued with the weight of the 3. Having in his possession several feathered creatures tied to him, he sunk to manuscript sermons, apparently written by the ground, and fell a victim to the wounds himself, and several books in favor of the he received from the devouring jaws of the protestant persuasion. dogs, who, in biting and snapping at what To these charges he answered, that they thought their prey, worried and tore the profession of the reformed religion was him to death. (See engraving.)
him.
:
PERSECUTIONS IN BOHEMIA.
the
commencement
of
Prague
to
embrace the Roman catholic
the
reign of Uladislaus,
persuasion.
king of Bohemia, a learn-
ed pastor drew up an apol-
tion of protestantism in the cathedral
This impostor made a pretended abjurachurch
ogy
king made
it
for the
Picards, and
it
of Prague, and then inveighed bitterly against
having inscribed
public.
to
it
to the
the Picards, pretending great contrition for
having been one of their sect.
The
priest
As
the
this
work caused many

Picards,
great offence.
embrace
gave the
coun-
likewise published his cure, containing his
opinions of the
reasons for leaving the Picards, and his
Romish clergy
teract
its
To
charges against 'them, which were as
fol-
effects,
they contrived one of the
low
1.
artful and at the same time infamous schemes that could enter into the imagination. This was to suborn a cunning and abandoned villain to pretend he was a Picard, and had been an elder among the people of that denomination, but shocked
most
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
That they were guilty of blasphemy Prayed not to the Virgin Mary Abused the saints Traduced the sacraments Mingled themselves incestuously Committed fornication
;
with their abominable practices, had quitted both their religion and rocks, and came to
7.
8.
Were
guilty of adultery
Thought murder no crime
a.
A PROTESTANT MINISTER IN HUNGARY TORN TO PIECES BY DOGS.
Pilge
ltJ7.

THE
9.
CHIIISTIAN MARTYttOLOGY.
i
'a 169
Were
thieves
Immediately
after the public;uion of the
10. 11.
Practised lying
edict, six proteslaiits
were seized
at Pra</ue,
Encouraged perjury;
|
I
and condemned
to the flames.
When
tliey
12.
Took
a pride in drunkenness
To add
}
i
to the atrociousness of the trans-
<
of execution, the presiding officer, having a friendship for one of

to the place
came
action, this scandalous impostor
was con-
',
the prisoners, entreated him to recant, and

offered to give
ducted through most of the cities and towns,
him
a year's time to consider

to
and his case read

'f
i
in all the
popish churches
of
it,
if
he would promise his endeavors
Bohemia.
dangerous
effect,
This scheme might have had had not its contrivers

Happily
for the Pi-
abjure protestantism.
The
prisoner,
hov| >
ever, nobly refused his offer, and exclaimed,
'^fealed
t
themselves.
"
year's time
It is too
much,
too
much
these
bold-
>
urds, neither the priest
jase, nor the
who drew up the by such delay, to lose the company of impostor himself, knew any- worthy companions." Then walking
;
] 5
hing of the country people they pretended

()
ly
up
describe and abuse

)n of a
so
tliat
the publica-
'/
rest,
to the slake, he was fastened with the and they were all burnt together.
>
modest answer
to the case,
by a
A
at
gentleman of opulence, who resided

\
Picard pastor, undeceived the public, and
a beautiful villa, in a
town on the conhis
even convinced the most prejudiced that

(
fines of
Bohemia, made
house an asy-
the whole
priests, to
was a fiction, fabricated by the answer the most cruel and in-
lum
ed
for distressed protestants.
Some
pa-
pists hearing of this, broke in,

all
;
and murderruffians
|
famous purposes.
I '
the concealed protestants and serafter
The
impostor himself was, at length, so
<
vanls
which,
five
of the
to
tormented by his conscience, that he openly recanted his pretended abjuration, turned
found the gentleman
in a
room
which he
twisted a
(
had
retired,
when they suddenly
protestant in reality, confessed

j
]
all
he had
'
rope round his neck, and strangled him.
said to be a forgery, and publicly declared,
<
venerable and learned man, with his

sixty,
"he had never been among

Picard in his
life."
the rocks
where uandlady, a widow of

\
were
both
the Picards resided, or conversed with a
burnt together, with
all their
books.
Many
were tortured
to
death upon the rack, some
This
pists,
affair,
instead of injuring, served

;
hanged, and others drowned.
the cause of protestantism

I \
for
many
paat
<
A man
;
and his wife being sentenced
to
perceiving what engines were set
death, were
condemned
to
suffer
by ex-
work against
purity
of the
the Picards, began to inquire ^tremes
minutely into their tenets,
when
finding the
it
burnt,
that is, the one was ordered to be and the other drowned so that the
:
doctrines they professed,

to
induced several
ions.
renounce the
Roman
two who were joined by marriage might perish by different elements,_^Ve and water.
catholic persuasion, and
embrace
their opin-
Many
of the nobles and senators,
who
had signed the edict
for the persecution of

|
In the year 1510, an edict was prepared

for
the protestants, meeting with fatal accidents,
ordering
an immediate
and
general
and untimely deaths, those occurrences
massacre of all the protestants that could be found in Bohemia. This edict was pre-
were deemed very singular, and, at length, by their frequency, became so particularly
remarked, that they gave birth
to a
>
Prague by two bishops, but several of the Bohemian nobility opposing it, eighteen months
sented
to the
assembly of states
at
proverb
which still subsists, not only in Bohemia, and but most other parts of Germany
;
expired
before
it
could be brought to a
implies
determination.
carried
it
At
length, the chancellor^

it
<
If
some
evil
you'd know,
through the assembly, and
was
{
To
ihe Picards turn foe."
signed by the king for publication.
The emperor Charles
V., in the
year

?
170
1547, ordered, that
all
upon
for their residence

the decrees of the
was uninhabited,
in his diocese, to drive
council of Trent, against the protestants,
and uncultivated, yet the bishop of that part

of the country,
should be put in force with the utmost rigor,

in every part of his extensive dominions.
who deemed it
procured an order from the king
This severe order occasioned a most

dreadful persecution throughout the greatest part of
them thence.
with rigor,
This mandate he executed and the poor protestants proPrussia,

to
Europe
for,
as the emperor's
ceeded
to
ducal
where Albert,
power was very
extensive, so the cruelties
duke of Brandenburg,
whom that country
practised were almost innumerable. None, however, suffered more than the })rotestants for the nobles hud their of Bohemia
;
belonged, appointed them a district to inhabit in the diocese of a protestant bishop,
named Paul
built
Speratus,
who
very kindly retill
estates
sequestered
the
rich
merchants
ceived them, and assisted them
and traders were fined so heavily, that their and the poor, who had no ruin ensued
;
houses
for their residence,
they had and cultiva-
ted lands for their, subsistence.
money to pay by way of mitigation, thinking and acting right, were

Racked,
Burnt,
for
Several
protestants,
however,
still
re-
mained
in
the rocks, woods, and caves of
Hanged, Drowned,
Stabbed,
Boiled
in oil.
Bohemia, which the king well knowing,

ordered rewards to be set upon their heads,
but
Sawed asunder, Thrown from rocks.
more
particularly for apprehending the
clergy.
But his endeavors were so

that in
little
Torn by wild horses. Cut to pieces, Immured and starved, Beheaded, had boiling lead poured down their throats, were thrown on spears, hung up by the ribs, or crucified with their heads downward. The king of Bohemia, to complete what
the emperor Charles V. had begun, issued a
successful,
the
course of several
months he could only procure three clergymen, and seven or eight of the laity, to be
taken.
a
One
of the clergymen escaped, in
most singular manner, from a strong dungeon in the castle of Prague, and got safe
to Prussia,
where he joined the protestants

to that
proclamation, containing four clauses, viz:

1.
who had emigrated

er
;
country.
Anotha marj
;
2.
3.
4.
To shut up all protestant churches To banish all protestant nobles; To burn all protestant clergymen; To hang all protestant schoolmasters.
was three times racked, and then having

fell
been imprisoned seventeen years,

tyr to the hardships of his
confinement
and
the third
was burnt
charged
a
for refusing to recant.
Upon this proclamation, several protestants, who had escaped the persecution by
hiding themselves, determined to withdraw
The
ed,
baron of
Scanaw was apprehendwith
and
being
heretic,
|
(
and with having

ed
to
treasonable design to
from Bohemia, and seek an asylum

other
country.
in
some
of
subvert the government.
An uninhabited
part
Being condemnthe rack, before the executioners had

fasten the cords, he
'(
Poland was fixed upon as the place of retreat, and they removed to it, with all possible secrecy, in three
time
to
suddenly cut
"
I
out his
own
tongue, and then wrote upon

| :
bands
(putting the
reli-
a piece of paper these words
did this
not,
'.
place of their nativity to enjoy their
extraordinary acti(m, because
would
gion in quiet, and follow the dictates of their
by means of any
tortures,
I
be brought to
might, through
consciences without molestation. when from our country we depart, The native Ibiulness clings around the heart That charm that seems where'er we drew our breath, And makes our birthplace haunt us e'en lo death."
" But oh
! ;
accuse myself,or others, as
the excruciating torments of the rack, be
impelled to utter falsehoods."

lar
This singupresent,
but
occurrence surprised
all
But when these worthy wanderers arrived in Pcdand they were greatly disappointed
;
did not save the baron from the rack,
who
was tormented with such

soon expired.
severity, that he
for
though the spot they had fixed
(See engraving.)
.a
THE BARON OF SCANAW RACKED TO DEATH.
Page 171
173
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYEOtOGY.
PERSECUTIONS IN BOHEMIA,
AFTER THE INSTITUTION OF THE HIGH COURT OF REFORMERS.
HE
emperor Ferdinand, various parts of his body when, to gain whose hatred to the Bo- a respite from his torments, he promised to hemian protestants was show them where the treasures were hid.
;
withoutbounds,notthinking he
The
f'jll
soldiers gave ear to this with pleasure,
had
sufficiently
institu-
and the schoolmaster led them

are the riches ye seek for."
oppressed them,
ted a
to a ditch of stones, saying, " Beneath (hose stones
High Court of Reformers upon

reformers were
to
the
Eager
after
plan of the inquisition, with this difference,

that the
money, they went
to
work, and soon re-
remove from
moved
those stones, but not finding what

after,
place to place, aTid always to be attended
they sought
beat the schoolmaster to

in the ditch,
by a body of troops.
death, buried
chiefly
of;
him
and covered
\
These reformers consisted

Jesuits,
him with the very stones he had made them

remove.
<
and from their decisions there was

that
no appeal, by
jectured,
worthy protestant before his face, and then tortured him to death. A minister indeed. This bloody court, attended by a body of and his wife they tied back to back, and Another minister they hung upon troops, made the tour of Bohemia, in which burnt. they seldom examined or saw a prisoner, a cross beam, and making a fire under him.
ters of a
J
;
which it may b.e easily conwas a dreadful tribunal it
Some
of the soldiers ravished the daugh-
murder the protes- broiled him to death. A gentleman they and they filled a to make a hacked into small pieces young man's mouth with gunpowder, and report of the matter to them afterward. The first victim of their cruelty was an setting fire to it, blew his head to pieces.
suffering
tlie
soldiers to
tants as they pleased,
and then
aged minister,
sick in bed
;
whom
they killed as he lay
As
their
principal
rage
was
directed
day they robbed and against the clergy, they took a pious protmurdered another, and soon after shot a estant minister, and tormented him daily for a month together, in the following manthird, as he was preaching in his pulpit. nobleman and a clergyman, who rener, making their cruelty regular, systematic, A sided in a protestant village, hearing of the and progressive:
the next
and the troops,
approach of the high court of reformers fled from the place, and
secreted themselves.
1.
They
placed him amidst them, and

a whole day's entertain-
made him
the subject of their derision and
The
soldiers,
how- mockery, during
ever, on their arrival, seized

niaste,.
upon a school- ment, trying to exhaust his patience, but in and asked him where the lord of vain, for he bore the whole with a true
Christian fortitude.
2.
and the minister were concealwheie they had hid their treasures. The schoolmastei plied, he could not They answer either of the questions. then stripped him naked, bound him with cords, and beat him most unmercifully with cudgels. This cruelty, not extorting any
that place
ed, and
They
spit in his face, pulled his nose,

in
and pinched him

\
most parts of his body.

till
3.
He was
to
ready
| <
hunted like a wild beast, expire with fatigue.
4. They made him run the gantlope between two ranks of them, each striking him
confession from him, tliey scorched him in
'
with a
twisj.

174
5. 6. 7.
8.
He was He was He was

They
beat with their
fists.
27.
The same was

Boiling
lead
repeated
with his
beat with ropes.
lower jaw.
28.
fingers.
They scourged him

tied
with wires.
was poured on
his
>
beat with cudgels.
29. The same repeated with his toes. him up by his heels with his head downward, till the blood started 30. A knotted cord was twisted about his forehead in such a manner, as to force out of his nose, mouth, &c. 10. They hung him up by the right arm till out his eyes. During the whole of these horrid cruelit was dislocated, and then had it set again. 11. The same was repeated with his ties, particular care was taken that his wounds should not mortify, and not to inleft arm. 12. Burning papers, dipped in oil, were jure him mortally till the last day, when the
9.
placed between his fingers and toes.

13.
cers.
14.
forcing out his eyes proved his death.
His
flesh
was
torn with red hot pin-
Innumerable were the other murders and

depredations committed by these unfeeling
brutes, and shocking to
He was
They
put to the rack.

off the
humanity were the

on the poor
15.
pulled
nails
of his
cruelties
which they
protestants.
inflicted
right hand.
16.
Bohemian
with his
left
The
winter being
The same repeated
hand.
I
far
advanced, however, the high court of

proper
return to
17. 18. 19.
He was
bastinadoed on his
feet.
reformers, with their infernal band of military rufiians, thought

to
slit
was made
in liis right ear.

left ear.
The same
repeated on his
Prague
but on their
way meeting
with a
20. His nose

21.
was slit. They whipped him through

ass.
protestant pastor, they could not resist the

the
town temptation of feasting

with a
their barbarous
eyes
upon an
22.
flesh.
new kind
of cruelty, which had just

the diabolical imagina-
They made They
several incisions in his
suggested
tion of
itself to
one of the soldiers.
This was
to
23.
pulled
oflT
the toenails of his
strip the minister
naked, and alternately to
right foot.
cover him with ice and burning coals.

repeated with his
left foot.
This
24.
25.
The same
novel
mode
of tormenting a fellow-creature
He was
The
tied
up by the
suspended
26.
pulled out.
for a considerable time.
teeth of his
was immediately put in practice, and the unhappy victim expired beneath the torupper jaw were ments, which seemed to delight his inhuloins,
and
man
persecutors.
GENERAL PERSECUTIONS
I
IN
this
GERMANY.
end
:
HE
general persecutions in
To
1.
Germany were principally

occasioned by the doctrines
He
He
gave the emperor two hundred

in
thousand crowns
2.
ready money.
to
and ministry of Martin Luther.
promised
and
five
maintain twelve thoufor the

5
Indeed, the pope was
simd
fools,
thousand horses,
so terrified at the success of that courageous reformer, that he deter-
space of six numllis, or during a campaign.

3.
He
allowed the (MUperor
to
receive
mined
to
engage the emperor, Charles the

rate, in the
one half of the revenues of the clergy of

|
Fifth, at
any
scheme
to attempt
the empire, during the war.

|
their extirpation.
i
4.
He
permitted the emperor to pledge

|
.81

THE CHRISTIAN MAllTYROLOGY.
the abbey-lands for five hundred thousand
175
Voes. In the Old and

Priest.
New
Testaments.
\
|
crowns,
to assist in carrying
on
hostilities
Do you
believe in the writings

\
against the protestants.
of the supported, the emcouncils
fathers,
?
and the decrees of the

they agree with scripture.
Thus prompted and

I
>
peror undertook the extirpation of the protI
Voes. Yes,
Priest.
if
(
s
j
(
estants, against
ticularly
whom,
indeed, he
was
parthis
Did not Martin Luther seduce

?
enraged himself;
Italy.
and, for
you both
Voes.
purpose, a formidable army was raised in

I \
He
seduced us even
in the
very
Germany, Spain, and
The
I
'.
protestant
princes,
in the
niean-
same manner as Christ seduced the apostles; that is, he made us sensible of the frailty
of our bodies, and the value of our souls.
\
time, formed
a powerful
confederacy, in
order to repel the impending

I
blow.
great
I I
army was
raised,
and the command

imperial forces
This examination was sufficient they were both condemned to the flames, and,
;
| \
given to the elector of Saxony, and the
soon
after, suffered
with that manly
forti-
landgrave of Hesse.
The
tude which becomes Christians,
when they
many
were commanded by the emperor of Gerin person, and the eyes of all Europe were turned on the event of the war.
At length their armies met, and a despe-
receive a crown of martyrdom.

^
Henry Sutphen,
an eloquent and pious
preacher, was taken out of his bed in the
middle of the night, and compelled

feet
to
walk
engagement ensued, in which the were defeated, and the elector of Saxony, and landgrave of Hesse, both taken prisoners. This fatal blow was succeeded by a horrid persecution, the severities of which were such, that exile might
rate
barefoot a considerable way, so that his

\
protestants
were
terribly cut.
He
desired a horse,
\
^
but his conductors said, in derision, "
horse for a heretic
no, no, heretics
may
the
go barefoot."
When
he arrived
at
>
place of his destination, he was

;
condemned
deemed a mild fate, and concealment in to be burnt but, during the execution, a dismal wood pass for happiness. In such many indignities were offered him, as those
be
times a cave
is
^
\
a palace, a rock a bed of
down, and wild roots delicacies. Those who were taken experienced the most cruel tortures that infernal imaginations could invent
;
what he suffered in the flames, cut and slashed him in a most terrible manner. Many were murdered at Halle Middlenot content with
;
who
attended,
>
and, by their constancy
burg being taken by storm,

tants
all
the protes| >
evinced, that a real Christian can surmount
every
difficulty,
and despise every danger,
were put to the sword, and great numbers were burned at Vienna.
to acquire a
crown of martyrdom. Henry Voes and John Esch, being apprehended as protestants, were brought to examination when Voes, answering for himself and the other, gave the following answers to some questions asked by a priest, who examined them by order of the
;
An officer
being sent to put a minister to
>
death, pretended,
when he came
visit.
to
the
clergyman's house, that his intentions were

only
to
pay him a
The
minister, not
suspecting the intended cruelty, entertained

his
supposed guest in a very cordial man-
<
ner.
officer
As soon
said
this
to
as
dinner was over, the

his
j i
magistracy:
Priest.
some of
attendants,
Were you
not both,
?
some years
"
Take
clergyman, and hang him."

they had seen, that
<
ago, Augustine friars

Voes. Yes.
Priest.
The
ed,
quit the
attendants themselves were so shockafter the civility

to
< <
How came you to

Rome
?
bosom they hesitated

their
perform the commands of

|
of the church of
Voes.
On
account of her abominations.
Priest. In what do
you believe
and the minister said, "Think what a sting will remainon your conscience, for thus violating the laws of hospitality."
master
;
.m

176

officer,
The
however, insisted upon being
" Thy people, Lord, are of one mind, And each to each in hearts conjoined
obeyed, and the attendants, with reluctance, performed the execrable office of executioners.
Nor
earth, nor hell, nor depth, nor height,
Their fellowship can disunite.

" Jesus, Jehovah's only Son, With God the Father thou art one So are thy children one with Ihee, In sweet and endless unity.
Peter Spengler,
a pious divine, of the
town of Schalet, was thrown into the river, and drowned. Before he was taken to the banks of the stream, which was to become his grave, they led him to the market-place, that his crimes might be proclaimed which were, not going to mass, not making con;
" The world may all to pieces break, The earth and seas endure a rack
;
'I'he
Immoveable
church of Christ for ever stands, in Jesus' hands."
protestant gentleman being ordered to
fession,
tion.
and not believing
in transubstantia-
lose his head for not renouncing his religion,
After this ceremony
was
over, he
went cheerfully
to the place of execution.
made
a most excellent
discourse to the
friar
came
to
him, and said these words
hymn in a low tone of voice: " As you have a would great reluctance publicly to abjure your of a very edifying nature, which be unnecessary to translate, as the follow- faith, whisper your confession into my ear, To this ing poem, in the English language, on the and I will absolve your sins." same subject, and from the same text, per- the gentleman loudly replied: " Trouble me not, friar, I have confessed my sins to God, fectly preserves the sentiments and obtained absolution through the merits THE CHRISTIAN UNION. of Jesus Christ." Then turning to the expeople, and concluded with a kind of
it
:
" That they

I in thee xvii. 21.
all
;
may become
as thou. Father, art in me, and
that they also
may become
in
US."
John,
ecutioner, he said: " Let
me
not be pester-
" Jesus, thy name is sweet to me, For worlds 1 would not part from thee Of all the names in heaven above, There's none replete like thine with love.
" In
111
ed with these men, but perform your duty."
On which
his
head was struck
off at a
single blow.
THKK, THKK,
immortal beauties shine,

th' uiiitrd
brethren join
TIIKK, all raii.'somed souls delight, In THK1<2, thy people's hearts unite.
In
" Thou
May we
God, and thou alone, be one One with each other let us be. And one with Christ eternally.
art our
in spirit all
:
Wolfgang Scuch and John Huglin, two ministers, were burned, as was Leonard Keyser, a student of the university of Werlemburgh and George Carpenter, a Bavarian, was hanged for refusing to reworthy
:
cant protestantism.
PERSECUTIONS IN ENGLAND DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY
IV.
>HAT we may
not lead the
It
is
an established maxim, that those
reader into confusion, or
who
acquire fortunes by cruelty or any act
perplex his memory,

shall defer
to
we
;
of injustice, enjoy those fortunes with pain

rather than
what we have
the
with pleasure.
Whatever a
say
concerning
man
it
obtains by honest industry, he spends
persecutions in Scotland
under the smiles of a sincere conscience
and Ireland, in England.

take notice
we have treated of those whereas the person who either cheats or And here it is necessary to robs his neighbor has two things to fear: of some things, without the first, the vengeance of civil power, under a
till
I :
knowledge of which the reader will not variety of different shapes and secondly, be able to comprehend the nature of this the torturing agonizing pains of a guilty
;
work.
conscience.

s-
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYHOLOCIY.

\
177
This leads
crimes
a
lie
;
to the
commission of new
told
to
ill-
not approve of the revolution that had taken

place, especially as
'i
for as the
man who has once

a
first,
Henry was
of a sour,
generally
tells
hundred more
so
morose, and cruel disposition

\
I
I
\
The crown sat tottering on his head, and gotten riches, power, or honor, stand in need many conspiracies were formed against his of the same support, and guilt being the government. Some pretended that Richard
support the assertions in the
;.
>.
foundation, the superstructure
an accumulation of crimes.
These observations
apply to the subject
will in
was still alive, although nothing can be more certain than that he had been mursome measure dered some time before, and undoubtedly
is
raised by
<
>
we
are
now upon
to
and
,
soon after his impi isonment.
here
we must have
recourse
history to
Henry was now
in
a dismal situation
explain that bloody act, by which
many
indeed, there were few of the nobility he
>
could place any trust in, and his temper Richard H. of England was a weak was noi, such as to induce them to esteem prince, and governed by favorites, many of/ and obey him from motives of love. His pious Christians suffered death.
^
whom were
foreigners
he had disgusted
J
I
the ancient nobility, who, by the nature of)

the feudal law,
i
I
i
i ;
I
\
<
>
were impatient of control, some of these foreigners the friends of arbitrary power. The followers of Wickliffe, then called the wardships of the young nobility, and this was sufficient in itself to create a vast Lollards, were become extremely numernumber of enemies. A restless nobility, ous, and the clergy were vexed to see them endowed with greater, powers than is con- increase, whatever power or influence they sistent with the state of a free government, might have to molest them in an underhand entered into cabals among themselves, and manner, they had no authority by law to However, the clergy invited over from France, Henry, son of put them to death. John of Gaunt, and made him an of!er of embraced the favorable opportunity, and the crown, upon condition he would redress prevailed upf)n the king to suffer a bill to those grievances they complained of. Rich- be brought into parliament, by which all ard was then in Ireland, but landing soon Lollards who remained obstinate, should afterward, in Wales, he was taken prisoner be delivered over to the civil power and and brought up to London. burnt as heretics. This act was the first
mind was tinctured with superstition, and he had recourse to the clergy, that dead weight to the constitution, and at all times
He
had given
to
<
<
<
>'
>
>
A parliament met at Westminster, in in this island for the burning of people for which Richard signed a formal revocation their religious sentiments it passed in of all pretensions to the crown; and Henry, the year 1401, and was soon after put into duke of Lancaster, was crowned under the execution. The first person who suffered in consetitle of Henry I V. This happened in 1399, and the captive king was sent prisoner to quence of this cruel act was William Sans i ; ] ,
|
\
the castle of Pomfret, in Yorkshire
that
tree or
Sawtree
Margaret,
(for
he
is
called by both
he was murdered
in that castle
is
can not be
names), formerly parish priest of the church

|
doubted, but the time
uncertain.
The
a
in
is
>
<f
St.
in the
parish of Lynn, in
of St.
generality of our historians

J
make him
Norfolk, but afterward
Osyth, in
\
j
/
London. Fuller's It appears from Dr. our opinion improbable, for as Charles I. church history, that he had formerly abjur" There are but few steps between ed those articles (for which he suffered said death), before the bishop of Norwich. prisons and the graves of princes." the
prisoner above two years; but this
:
I i
Richard had always been much favored Therefore, he was adjudged to be degraded by the nobility of Yorkshire, and of the and deprived, which was done in ihe fol>
| i
other northern counties, so that they did

12
lowing manner
tji
-t
178

by taking
i
First, from the order of priest,
this
synod, said to contain heresy.
The
from him the paten,
chalice, and plucking
persons
who made any use

already explained.
of
them were
bishops
the chasule from his back
denoMiitiaied heretics, or
I
Lollards, a term
Secondly, deacon, by taking from him the New Testament, and the stole
;
we have
trines
The
and dignified cleryy looked upon the docj
Thirdly, subdeacon, by taking from him

the alb and maniple;
and
practices of
the
;
Lollards
as
destructive of church
r .i; of doing
power
.
and
tht^refore
Fourthly, acolyte, by taking from him

the candlestick and taper
Fifthly, exorcist,
,.
.
I >
they found themselves under the necessity

j
all
II
.1
1,1 they could
to
suppress .1 them.
by taking from him the

;
In
order thereunto there
were twelve
book of constitutions Sixthly, sexton, by taking from him the key of the church-door and surplice.
'
priests chosen out of the university of

ford,
after,
Ox-
who were
to
make
all
diligent search
and apprehend
such heretics as
To
\ i
all
these indignities this pious
man
they could lay hold

|
of.
submitted with patience, and sealed his
Arundel, the archbishop, already mentioned,
testimony with his blood,

for that
at a stake
erected
was
of such a haughty disposition,

in love
purpose in Smithfield, where he

to
and so much
(
with religious popidar

j
was burnt
death with
many circumstan-
applause, that he ordered that the bells of
ces of cruelty, to the no small pleasure of

the corrupted clergy.
It is
\
London should not be rung for one whole week however, he was not treated with
;
j
)
necessary
the year
in this
place to observe,
that respect
bethought his dignity becoming

into that city.
that
although this cruel act continued in

till
when he came
exorbitant
force
1732, yet
it
was
not,
clerical
Such acts of power were common
properly
>
enough in that age, but even those acts paved the way for that reformation uuder subject. house of commons the author of this can which we now live. It is impossible, in a proper manner, to assert, from the records now in the British Museum. The commons entered a protest form a"y ji'st idea of the corrupt state of the clergy at this time. There were three against it, and so did several of the liege popes together, which occasioned the callbut as there were no less than nobility
speaking, a law binding on the That it never passed through the
<
;
twenty-six mitred abbots in parliament, be,
ii'g
'he council of Constance, to consider
sides the bishops, the king gave his assent,
of these
abuses.
Happy would
it
have
|
1
which
tended
in
to.
violent times
was
not
much
at:
been, had this council confined themselves

to
those duties that became theircharacters;
Historical integrity obliges
us to take
I
noliceofall the consequences of this bloody act, down as far as our account of the pehod mentioned in this chajjter reaches, and
therefore
It would them to have deposed all the three popes, and appointed a new one: but what laughing-stocks would
but this
was
not to take place.

in
have
been
meritorious
we
are led to mention the fate of
they then liave
made themselves
to
the
'
Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham. Soon after the bloody statute already mentioned had passed, Thomas Arundal, archbishop of Canterbury, convened a general assembly of the clergy in the church
people
About
this
time thirty-six persons, dein Si.
nominated Lollards, suffered death

Giles', for
their
lifTe.
no other reason than
j)rofes8ing
attachment
to the doctrines of
VVick-
of St. Paul's, in London, to consult of matters relating to the church,
They were hung on

were suspended,
gibbets,
and
soon
and more equally
fagots being placed under them, as
how
\
J
to
suppress the Lollards,
who
;
follow
j
as they
fire
was
set to
j
ed the doctrines of Wickline
and their
them, so that they were burnt while hangj
opinions and books of Wickliffe were, by
ing.
(See engraving.)
tt
EXECUTIONS OF THE LOLLARDS IN
ST. GILEs'
FIKLDS.
V^Ze
179.
181
THE
LIFE, SUFFERING,
AND MARTYRDOM, OF
HUGH LATIMER, BISHOP

stition.
OF
WORCESTER.
j)ipty of
However, the unafTected
Mr. Bilney, and the cheerful and natural eloquence of honest Latimer, wrought greatly
upon the junior students, and increased

papist
the credit of the protestants so much, that

the
clergy were greatly alarmed,
and, according to their usual practice, called
aloud for the secular arm.

I /
Under
wich
:
this
arm Bilney
suffered at Nor-
but
liis
sufTerings, far from shaking
>
the reformation at Cambridge, inspired the
leaders of
it
with
new
courage.
Latimer
with
began
I <
to exert
;
himself more than he had

to that credit
yet done
and succeeded
his party,
which Bilney had so long supother instances of his zeal

this cause,
:
<
ported.
Among
>
and resolution
courage
in
he gave one
<
which was very remarkable

to write to the
he had the
king (Henry VIII.)
against a proclamation, then just publislied,
UGH LATIMER
born of
was
|
forbidding the use of the Bible in Enghs'u,
mean
parents at
Tiiirkeston,
in
Leices-
>
and other books on religious subjects. He had preached before his majesty once or
twice at
tershire, about the year
>
Windsor
and had been taken
1475,
who gave him
notice of by him in a
more
affable
manner,
good education, and sent
than that monarch usually indulged towarf'

his subjects.
him
to
Cambridge, where he showed himreformers, who, at that time,

figure in
self a zealous papist, and inveighed
much ferment
I
his sovereign's favor might

in
But whatever hopes of prehave

all
against the
raised
him, he chose to put
to the
began
to
make some
England.
hazard, rather than omit what he thought

his duty.
But conversing frequently with

Bilney, the
Thomas
person at
>
His
letter is the picture

:
of an
most considerable
all
>
honest and sincere heart

these terms
:
he concludes in
Cambridge of
reformation, he
those
who
favored the
" Accept, gracious sovereign,

I
saw
the errors of popery,
without displeasure, what

1
have written
and became a zealous protestant. Latimer being thus converted, labored,

both publicly and privately, to promote the
thought
it
my
duty
to
mention these things

personal quarrel, as
I
to
|
i
your majesty.
shall
No
God
I
judge me, have

to
with any
man
reformed opinions, and pressed the necessity of a holy life, in opposition to those outward performances, which were then
wanted otdy
aliout
induce your majesty to
consider well, what kind of persons you
have
you, and the ends for which
thought the essentials of religion.
This
they counsel.
Indeed, great prince,
rendered him obnoxious
at
Cambridge, then
of ihcm, or they are
the seat of ignorance, bigotry, and super-
very private ends.
many much slandered, have God grant your majesty
; ;
182

see through
all
'S
may
the designs of evil
carefully,
and God grant, that
at
our next
in
men, and be in all things equal to the high office, with which you are intrusted. Wherefore,
meeting we
I
may
fine
each other
better
temper."
gracious king, remember
yourself;
I \
The
;
next, and several succeeding meet-
have pity upon your own soul, and think that the day is at hand, when you shall give
account of your
office,
ings, the
same scene was acted over
again.
He
continued inflexible, and they continued
and the blood which

:
<
hath been shed by your sword
in
the
to distress him. Three times every week they regularly sent for him, with a view
which day,
fastly,
that
your grace
may
stand stead^
either to
and not be ashamed, but be clear

in
tious questions, or to teaze

into compliance.
after
draw something from him by caphim at length
and ready
Christ,
your reckoning, and have your
pardon sealed with the blood of our Savior
which alone serveth
at that day, is
Tired out with this usage, he was summoned at last, instead of going he sent a letter to the archbishop, in
which, with great freedom, he told him
"
:
my
for
daily prayer to him,
who
suffered death
our sins.
The
spirit of
God preserve
\
you."
Lord Cromwell was now grown up into power, and being a favorer of the reformation,
That the treatment he had lately met with had fretted him into such a disorder as rendered him unfit to attend that day that in the meantime he could not help taking
;
Wil shire for Latimer, who immediately went thither and

in
he obtained a benefice
this
opportunity to expostulate
with his
grace fur detaining hiin so long from his duty

;
resided, discharging his duty in a very con-
that
it
seemed
to
him most unacthat,
scientious manner, though persecuted

at the
much
countable, that they,
who never preached

;
same
time,
by the Romish clergy

malice so far
>
themselves, should hinder others

for
as
who,
his
at length, carried their
their
examination of him, he really
as to obtain an archiepiscopal citation for
>
could not imagine w-hat they aimed at;
appearance
in
London.
fly
;
His friends
they pretended one thing in the beginning,
would have had him sions were in vain.

fit
^but their persua-
and another
in the
progress
that
if
his
He
;
set out for
London
in the depth of winter,
and under a severe

but he
'/
of the stone and colic

at
was most
distressed
the
thoughts of leaving his
>
sermons were what gave offence, which he persuaded himsell were neither contrary to the truth, nor to any canon of the clmrch, he was ready to answer whatever might be
;
On thought exceptionable in them that he London, he found a court of wished a little more regard might be had to the judgment of the people and that a bishops and canonists ready to receive him where, instead of being examined, as he distinction might be made between the orparish exposed to the popish clergy.
his arrival
at
I > >
;
expected, about his sermons, a paper was

put into his hands, which he
lo
dinances of
God and man
that
was ordered
belief in the
abuses
in religion did prevail, as
if some was then
subscribe, declaring his
efficacy of
masses
to the
for the souls in purgatory,
of prayers
to their
dead
saints, of
commonly supposed, he ihoughl preaching was the best means to discountenance that he wished all pastors might be pilgrimages them
; I
sepulchres and reliques, the pope's

doctrine of merit,
power
images
to forgive sins, the
but ili.it, to perform their duty however, liberty might be given to those
obliged
the seven sacraments, and the worship of

;
who were
proposed
willing
that as to the articles
which, when he refused

did.
to sign,
to
him, he begged to be excused

;
the archbishop, with a frown,
begged he
subscribing to them
while he lived, he
;
would consider what he

not," said he, "
;
"
We
to
intend
never would abet superstition

lastly,
arid
that,
Mr. Latimer,
be hard
present
upon you we dismiss you take a copy of the articles
for the
;
examine them
he hoped the archbishop would exhe knew his cuse what he had written duty to his superiors, and would practise it;
;
R-

but in that case, he thought a stronger obligation laid
183
the
rest,
the bishop of Worcester, being
upon
him.''
| <
then in town, waited upon the king, with

his offering
;
The
i
bishops, however, continued their
but instead of a purse of gold,

\
persecutions, but their schemes were frustrated in an
unexpected manner.
Latimer
was the common oblation, he presentedaNewTestament,with a leaf doubled

wliich
being raised to the see of Worcester, in the
down
I
in a
:
very conspicuous manner,
to this
\
>
Ann Boleyn, passage "Whoremongers and adulterers whom, God will judge." most probably, he was recommended by In 1539 he was summoned again to atLord Cromwell, he had now a more exten- tend the parliament the bishop of Winsive field to promote the principles of the chester, Gardiner, was his great enemy reformation, in which he labored with the who, upon a particular occasion, when the utmost pains and assiduity. All the histo- bishops were with the king, kneeled down
year 1533, by the favor of
then the favorite wife of Henry, to
^ 1
:
|
'.
rians of those times mention
him as a perthe discharge

us, that
in
>
son remarkably zealous in

of his
and solemnly accused Bishop Latimer of a seditious sermon preached at court. Being
called
new
office
and
tells
upon by the king, with some stern|
overlooking the clergy of his diocese, he
>
ness, to vindicate himself, Latimer

far
was uncommonly
and presided
the
active,
warm, and
resolute,
from denying and palliating he boldly justified

vvitli
it
;
was so what he had

and turning
unconcern,
:
in his ecclesiastical court
with
,'
said, that
to
>
same wary
in
spirit.
In visiting, he was fre;
'/
the
king,
that
noble
>
quent and observant
in ordaining,
strict
;
which a good conscience inspires

never thought myself worthy,"
" nor did
I
"
I
|
and and
in
preaching,
indefatigable
said
he,
reproving and exhorting, severe and
ever sue to be a preacher before

;
persuasive.
}
your grace
but
was
called to
it,
it,
and
give
In 1536 he received a
summons
to at-
would be
place to
willing, if
:
you mislike
to
tend the parliament and convocation, which

I
!
gave him a further opportunity of promoting

the
be a great
I
>
work of reformation, whereon
his heart
<
am.
for I grant, there may many more worthy the room than And if it be your grace's pleasure
I
my betters
^
\
was so much set. Many alterations were made in religious matters, and a few months after the Bible was translated into English, and recommended to a general perusal, in
October, 1537.
'.
to
allow them for preachers,
can be con^
tent to bear their

I |
books
after
them.
But
>
if
your grace allow
me
for a preacher, I
would desire you

charge
{
to give
me
leave to dis^
|
my
conscience, and
to
frame ray
I
Latimer, highly satisfied with the pros-
doctrine according to
my
audience.
had
')
pectof the times, now repaired
to his diocese,
i
been a very
dolt,
indeed, to have preached

I
having made a longer stay in London than was absolutely necessary. He had no talents, state affairs.
so at the borders of your realm, as
preach
| )
before your grace."
The
greatness of his
and he pretended to have none forU^swer bafiled his accuser's malice; the His whole ambition was to severity of the king's countenance changed discharge the pastoral functions of a bishop, into a gracious smile, and the bishop was
|
|
'<
neither aiming to display the abilities of a
dismissed with that obliging freedom, which

| i
statesman, nor those of a courtier.
How
this
monarch never used but
to
those he
veryunqualified he was lo support the latter

of these characters, the following story will
>
esteemed.
However,
his
articles,
as the bishop could not give

J
prove
for
it
was
the
custom
in
those days
vote for the act of the six papistical

<
drawn up by the duke of Norfolk, king on new-year's day, and many of them he thought it wrong to hold any office in a would present very liberally, proportioning church where such terms of communion Among were required, and therefore he resigned their gifts to their expectances.
the
bishops to
make
presents to the
<
S' 184

was also appointed to preach the Lent sermons before his majesty, which office he also performed during the first three
years of his reign.
his bishopric, and retired into the country,
where he purposed to live a sequestered But in the midst of his security, an life. unhappy accident carried him again into ihctempestuous weather, which was abroad he received a bruise by the fall of a tree, and the contusion was so dangerous, that he was obliged to seek out for better assistance than could be afforded him by the With unskilful surgeons of those parts. this view he repaired to London, where he had the misfortune to see the fall of his patron, the lord Cromwell a loss which
:
Upon
set,
the revolution,
which happened
at
court after the death of the duke of Somer-
he retired into the country, and made

a
useofthe king's licensftus

er in those parts,
general preachhis la-
where he thought
bors might be most serviceable.
He was
thus employed during the rereiijn,
mainder of that
and continued the

as the re-
same course,
introduction
the
first
for a short lime, in the begin;
he was soon made
sensit)le of;
for
Gar-
ning of the next
but as soon
him out in his concealment, and something, which somebody had somewhere heard him say,
diner's emissaries quickly found
of popery
it
step toward
was resolved on, was the prohibition
of
as
all
preaching, and licensing only such
against
ihe
six
articles,
being
to
alleged
;
against him,
he ^was sent
the* tower
were known to be popishly inclined. The bishop of Winchester, who was now
prime-minister, having proscribed Mr. Lat-
where, without any judicial examination,
he
first, sent a message to cite him before the council. He had notice years of Kitig Henry's reign. of this design some hours before the mesOn the death of Henry, the protestant senger's arrival, but he made no use of the intelligence. interest revived under his son Edward The messenger found him and Laiimer, immediately upon the change equipped for his journey, at which, exAn pressing his surprise, Mr. Latimer told of the government, was set at liberty. address was made by the protector, to re- him, that he was ready to attend him to Lonthe protector don, thus called upon to answer lor his store him to his bishopric was very willing to gratify the parliament, faith, as he ever was to take any journey
sufl'ered,
through one pretence or another,
imer from the
a cruel imprisonment for the remaining six
and proposed the resumption of his bishopric to Mr. Latimer; who now thinking himself unequal to the weight of it, refu.-sed to re-
life and that he doubted not but God, who had enabled him to stand before two princes, would enable him to
in
his
that
sume
and
to
it,
choosing rather
to
accept an invi-
stand before a third.
The messenger
a letter
ihe
then
to
tation AoMi his friend,

to take
;
Archbishop Crannier,
at
acquai[iling him, that he
had no orders
up his residence with him

his chief
seize
his
person, delivered
and
Lainl)elh
hciir
where
employment was
redress the
;
departed.
'
However, opening
it
h-tier,
the
complaints, and
and finding
he resolved
diatcly.
a citation from the council,
grievances of the poor people

character, for services of
tliis
and
his
to
obey
it,
and set out iinmeplace of burn'i'lie
kind,
was so
As he
j)assed through .Suiiihfield,

:
universally krunvn, that strangers from every

part of
he
said, cheerfully
"This
England would
resort to him.
ing hath long groaned for me."
next
In these
empl)yinenis
he
spent more
than two years, during which time he assisted

tlio
morning he wailed upon the cotincil, who having loaded him with many severe reproaches, sent him to the Tower, whence,
after
ford.
Jirchbiahop
in
composing the
he
homilies, which were set forth by authority, in
<
some
time, ho
was removed
lo
Ox-
the
first
year
)f
King Edward
MARTYRDOM OF BISHOPS LATIMER AND RIDLEY.
Pao-e
185.
s-
91
THE CHRISTIAN MAllTYROLOGY.
187
THE
LIFE, SUFFERINGS,
AND MARTYRDOM. OP
NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP OF LONDON.

was brought over to by means of reading Bertram's book on the Sacrament and he pvas confirmed in the same by frequent conferences with Cranmer and Peter Martyr, so that he became a zealous promoter of the reformed doctrines and discipline during the reign of King Edward.
catholic
religion, but
that of the reformed
On
the accession of
fate
ed the same
with
Queen Mary he sharmany others who

first
professed ihe truth of the gospel.
accused of heresy, he was

ihe
Being removed
to to
from his bishopric, then sent prisoner
Tower
of London, and afterward

;
Bocardo prison, in Oxford whence he was committed to the custody of Mr. Irish, mayor of that city, in whose house he re-
mained
till
the day of his execution.

^
On
the 30th of September, 1555, these

\
ICHOLAS
RIDLEY,
two eminent prelates were

Agreeable
cited to appear
bishop of London, received the earliest part

of
his
before the divinity-school at Oxford.

|
to this citation,
they both ap-
I
<
education
at
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
ed
peared on the day appointed. Dr. Ridley was first examined, and severe-
to ihe
whence he was remov- ly reprimanded by the bishop of Lincoln, university of Cambridge, where because, when he heard the cardinal's grace,
| I
')
and the pope's holiness mentioned in the his cap. The words ties, so recommended him, that he was commission, he kept on of the bishop were to this effect: "Mr. made master of Pembroke-hall, in that uniRidley, if you will not be uncovered, in versity.
his great learniii", and distinguished abili-
After being
left
some years
in this
oHlce he
respect to the pope, and the cardinal his

legate,
CambfiJife, and travelled into various
by whose authority we
sit
in
com-
I
';
i
;
shall be taken off." parts of Europe for the advancement of mission, your cap The bishop of Lincoln then made a knowledge. On his return to England he was made chaplain to King Henry VI 11., formal harangue, in which he entreated Ridand bishop of Rochester, from which he ley to return to the holy mother-church,
was translated to King Edward VI.

f
the
see of London by
insisted
the see of
on the antiquity and authority of Rome, and of the pope, as the
In
private
affable
;
life
and
in
he was pious, humane, immediate successor of St. Peter. Dr. Ridley, in return, strenuously oppopublic he was learned,
;
sound, and eloquent

I
diligent
in
his duty,
sed the arguments of the bishop, and boldly

vindicated the doctrines of the reformation. After much debate, the five following
and very popuhir as

I
(
preacher.
in
He
had been educated
the
Roman

188
articles
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYicOLOGY.

were proposed
to
him, and his im:
to
mediate and explicit answers required
1. That he had frequently affirmed, and openly maintained and defended, that the
Dr. Ridley were read to Mr. Latimer, and he was required to give a full and satisfactory answer to each of them. His replies not being satisfactory to the
court,
true natural
body of Christ,
altar.
after consecra-
he was dismissed
in
but ordered to
at the
tion of the priest, is not really present in
appear
St.
Mary's church,
same
the sacrament of the

2.
time with Dr. Ridley.

affirmed,
That he had often publicly

in the
On
met,
the day appointed the commissioners

first
and defended, that

altar
I
i
sacrament of the
when Dr. Ridley being

began
to
brought
remaineth
still
the substance of bread
before them, the bishop of Lincoln stood

up, and
and wine.
repeat the proceedings of
>
That he had often openly affirmed, and obstinately maintained, that in the mass is no propitiatory sacrifice for the quick and
3.
the former meeting, assuring
him
that
had
full
liberty to
make what
alterations
he he
pleased in his answers to the articles pro-
the dead.
posed
to
him, and to deliver the same
to the
That the aforesaid assertions have been solemnly condemned by the scholastical censure of this school, as heretical, and contrary to the catholic faith, by the prolocutor of the convocation-house, and sundry
4.
court in writing.
After
some debate, Dr. Ridley took out

;
a paper, and began to read
but the bishop
interrupted him, and ordered the beadle to
take the writing from him.
The
doctor
learned
I
men
of both universities.
desired permission to read on, declaring the
5.
I
That
at
all
and singular the premises

all
content
were only
;
his
answers
to the arti-
are true,
and notoriously known, by
cles proposed
but the bishop and others,

it,
J
'
near
hand, and in distant places.

first
having privately reviewed

mit
it
would not per-
To
the
of these articles Mr. Ridley

to
to
be read in open court.

the
articles
'
replied, that
he believed Christ's body
When
istered,
ting,
were again adminto his wri-
be in the sacrament, really, by grace and

I
he referred the notary

set
I
\
spirit effectually, but not so as to include a
who
them down according
to the
I }
and moveable body under the forms of bread and wine. To the second he answered in the aflively
firmative.
same.
The
to
bishop of Gloucester affecting

for
much
concern
Dr. Ridley, persuaded him not
indulge an obstinate temper, but recant
Part of the fourth he acknowledged, and

part he denied.
his erroneous opinions,
and return
to the
unity of the holy catholic church.
To
I I
the
fifth,
he answered, that the premiall
Mr. Ridley coolly replied, he was not

vain of his
fully
ees were so far true, as his replies had set

forth.
own
understanding, but
was
Whether
not,
men spake
evil of
them
persuaded, that the religion he pro-
he knew
because he came not so much
fessed
was founded on God's most holy and

church
;
<
abroad to hear what every man reported.
infallible
and, therefore, he could
He was
then ordered to appear the

St.
fol-
not abandon or deny the same, consistent
lowing day in
Mary's church, in Ox-
ford, to give his final

I 1
answer
after
which the
with his regard for the honor of God, and salvation of his immortal soul.
he was committed
mayor.
to the
custody of the
He desired to declare his

fore
reasons, where-
he could
not,
with a safe conscience,
When
Latimer was brought into court,
admit of the popish supremacy, but his request was denied.
the bishop of Lincoln

to return to the
warmly exhorted him
/
j
unity of the church, from
which he had revolted. The same articles which were proposed
\ \
faith,
bishop finding him inflexible in the according to the doctrine of the reformation, thus addressed him : " Dr. Rid-
The
8S-

ley,
it
189
trial
is
with the utmost concern that
God
to
enable them to sustain the fiery
observe your stubbornness and obstinacy, in

persisting in
that awaited them.
damnable errors and heresies

I
When
they arose from prayer, one of the

in
but unless you recant,

the other part of
will and desire." Mr. Ridley not making any reply, senafter tence of condemnation was read which he was carried back to confinement.
;
very
my much against my
must proceed to commission, though
popish priests,
an occasional sermon,
Dr. Ridley
upbraided them with heresy and departure
from the church of Christ.
When
Mr. Latimer was brought before
was desirous of vindicating himself from the aspersion of the priest, but was denied that liberty, and commanded to prepare immediately for the fire, unless he would
recant,
the court, the bishop of Lincoln informed
and abjure his heretical opinions
him, that though they had already taken

his
without hesitation, therefore, he took off his
alleged clothes, distributed them among the popuhim time lace, and, together with Latimer, was to consider on the same, and would permit chained to the stake. Latimer soon expired, crying: "O Father him to make what alterations he should deem fit, hoping, by that means, to reclaim of heaven receive my soul." But Ridley,
answers
to
certain
articles
against him, yet they had given
him from
his errors, and bring
him over
to
to
by reaeon of the
fire
burning low, and not
the faith of the holy catholic church.
flaming about his body, endured the most
The
articles
were again read
him,
exquisite torture, leaping in the
fire,
and
but he deviated not, in a single point, from

the answers he had already given.
begging, for Christ's sake, that the flames
might surround him

and
reI
till,
at
length,
off"
some
Being again warned
to recant,
of the spectators having taken

the fagots, the
fire
part of
voke his errors, he refused, declaring, that he never would deny God's truth, which
of
gunpowder
fell
that
he was ready to seal with his blood. Sentence of condemnation was then pronounced against him, and he was committed to the
custody of the mayor.
exploded, after
had vent, and the bag was fastened to his neck which he was not seen to
at the feet of his fel-
move, but
down
low-sufferer.
(See engraving.)
Thus
this
did these two pious divines, and
few days
after
they were both
steadfast believers, testify, with their blood,
solemnly degraded by the bishopof Gloucester, and the vice-chancellor of Oxford; after
the
truth of the
everlasting gospel, upoo

all
which depends
salvation
;
the sinner's hopes of
which they were delivered over

lar
to the
secu-
to suffer for
which was the
joy,
power.
16th of October, 1555, was the day
the glory of
many eminent
much
Christians, who,
The
having followed their dear Lord and Master,
appointed for their execution, and the place
through
tribulation in this vale

for
Townditch, behind Baliol college. Mr. Latimer went to the stake in an humble plain lay-dress, and Dr. Ridley in his ecclesiastical iiabit, which he wore
of tears,
will
be glorified
ever with
when a
other
bishop.
They embraced each

;
on the melancholy occasion
and
kingdom of his Father and our Father, of his God and our God. Mr. Latimer, at the time of his death, was in the eightieth year of his age, and preserved the principles he had professed
him,
in the
Dr. Ridley encouraged his fellow-laborer,
with the most distinguished magnanimity.
and fellow-suflerer, in the cause of Christ, to be of good cheer, assuring him that God
or enable
He had
naturally a
happy temper, formed
would either assuage the fury of the flames, them to endure them. Our martyrs then kneeled down, and, with great earnestness, prayed to Almighty
on the principles of ^rue Christianity. Such was his cheerfulness, that none of the accidents of
life
could discompose him: such
was
his fortitude, that not even the severest
trials
could
unma him
il
he had a collected
*a
190
spirit,
THE CHHISTIAN MARTYROLOGY.

and on no occasion
;
wanted a
re-
distressed.
that faith he
He
persevered,
to
the last, in
;.
source
he coidd
retire witliin himself,
and
in
had professed, and cheerfully

life in
hold the world at defiance.
resigned up his
of the gospel.
defence of the irulh
<
Mr. Ridley was no less indefatigable

fellow-sufferer Mr. Latimer.
promoting the reformed religion, than his
few days
after
Latimer and Ridley
He was
nat-
suffered,
urallyof a very easy temper,and distinguish-
John Webb, George Roper, and Gregory Parke, shared the like fate, for
professing the truth of the gospel.
'.
'
ed
for his great piety
and humanity
to the
|
THE
LIFE, SUFFERINGS,
AND MARTYRDOM, OP
THOMAS CMNMER, THE FIRST PROTESTANT ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.

he became celebrated
for his great
learning
and
abilities.
In 1521 he married, by which he forfeited the fellowship of Jesus college

;
but
his wife dying in child-bed within the year,
<
he was re-elected.
cline an offer
This favor he most

valuable
gratefully acknowledged, and chose to dej
c<f
much more
fel| |
lowship
in
Cardinal Wolsey's
new seminat
ry at Oxford, rather than relinquish friends
who had
treated
him with
the most dis-
tinguished respect.
In 1523 he
ty;
commenced
in great
doctor of divinifor theologi-
and being
esteem
cal learning,
in his
he was chosen
divinity lecturer
own
college,
and appointed, by the

examiners
in
university, one of the
that
science.
In this office he principally in-
culcated the study of the Holy Scriptures,
(HIS
eminent
at
prelate
was then
greatly neglected, as being indispensa-
born
Aslacton, in Nol-
bly necessary for the professors of that di-
<
2d of vine knowledge. The plague happening to break out at was ancient, and came in Cambridge, Mr. Cranmer, with some of his with William the Con- pupils, removed to Wallham abbey, where, He wasearlydeprivedof his father falling into company with Gardiiier and queror. Thomas Cranmer, Esq., and after no ex- Fox, one the secretary, the other almoner traordinary education, was sent by his moth- of King Henry VIII., that monarch's iner to Cambridge, at the age of fourteen, tended divorce of Catharine his queen, the according to the custom of those limes. common subject of discourse in those days, Having completed his studies at the uni- came upon the carpet when Cranmer adversity, he took the usual degrees, and vising an application to our own, and to the was so well beloved that he was chosen foreign universities, for their opinion in the fellow of Jesus college soon after which case, and giving these gentlemen much
tingham.shire, on the
July,
1489.
His family
|
<
'.
S.

satisfaction,
191
in
they introduced
him
to
the
Catherine
and the next
joining his
king,
who was
1
so pleased with him, that

to write his
;-
he ordered
subject,
im
ihouohts on
tlie
',
hands with Aime Boleyn, the conseiiuonce of which marriage was the birih of the
glorious Elizabeth, to
father.
made him
his chaplain, and admit-
whom
he stood god-
ted
him
into that favor
and esteem, which
he never afterward
forfeited.
As
the
queen was greatly interested
in
In 1530 he was sent by the king, with

a solemn embassy, to dispute on the subject of the
the reformation,
the friends to that good

;
divorce at Paris,
Rome, and
indeed,
work began to conceive high hopes and, it went on with desirable success.
But the
fickle
At Rome he delivered which he had written in defence of the divorce, to the pope, and ofl'ered
other foreign parts.
his book,
to justify
it
disposition of the king, and
the fatal end of

.;
unhappy Anne,
for a while,
alarmed their
fears, though,
by God's provi-
in
a public disputation
but
^
i
after
various
promises
to
and appointments
hiui
;
dence, without any ill effects. The pope's supremacy was universally exploded; monasteries, &c., destroyed,
none appeared
oppose
while
to
in
|
upon the
fullest de-
private conferences he forced

fess that the marriage
them
con^
tection of the
most abominable vices and

that
was contrary
to the
inordiiiances
valuable
bowk of the
set forth
law of God.
missed
him.
The pope
constituted him'> erudition of a Christian

<
man was
penitentiary general of Englatid, and disIn Germany he gave full many learned men, who were
:
by our
ty
:
i>reat
archbishop, with public authoriat length, to
<
and the Sacred Scriptures,

his
satisfaction to
the infinite joy of

]
<
Cnmmer, and
the worthy
before of a contrary persuasion

vailed on the
and pre-
Lord Cromwell,
associate,
constant friend and

translated, but in-
famous Osander (whose niece

to
were not only
he married while there)

marriage unlawful.
declare the king's
',
troduced into every parish.

tion
The
transla:
was received with inexpressible joy During the time he was abroad, the great every one, that was able, purchased it, and Archbishop Warham died Henry, con- the poor fiocked greedily to hear it read vinced of Cranmer's merit, determined that some persons in years learned to read on
< \ :
he should succeed him
and commanded
purpose,
that
they might peruse
it
and
him
to
return for that purpose.

:
He
sus-
even
ness
ing,
little
children crowded
it
!
with eagerreflect-
pected the cause, and delayed

desirous, by
statien
;
he was
high
to
hear
We
can not help
all
means,
to decline this
on
this occasion,
how much we
:
are
for
he had a true and primitive

office.
bound
to prize this
sacred treasure, which
sense of the
But a
spirit so different
]
we
>
enjoy so perfectly
against
and how much

attempt
to
from that of the churchmen of his times

stimulated
the king's resolution
;
contend
every
of those
and the
enemies and
that church,
which would de-
Cranmer showed, the prive us of it, and again reduce us to legends He was and schoolmen, to ignorance and idolatry! greater resolution Henry exerted. Cranmer, that he might proceed with consecrated on March 30, 1533, to the office and though he received the usual true judgment, made a collection of opinions
more
reluctance
^ \
\ ; i
bulls from the pope,
he protested,
at his
<
consecration, against the oath of allegiance,
<
For he had conversed freely with the reformed in Germany, had read
&c.,
to
him.
from the works of the ancient fathers and of which Bishop Burnet saw later doctors and it appears, by a too volumes in folio
;
Luther's books, and

to the glorious
was zealously attached
cause of reformation.
Lord Burleigh's, that there were then six volumes of Cranmer's collections A work of incredible labor, in his hands.
letter of
The
first
service he did the king, in his

|
>
but vast utility.
archiepiscopal character, was, pronouncing

the sentence of his divorce
short time after this, he gave a shining
from Queen
'
proof of his sincere and disinterested con-
)92
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYKOLOGY.

?
stancy, by his noble opposition to what are
suffered
him
to
wait in the lobby
among
commonly
articles.
called
King Henry's six bloody However, he weathered the
the footmen, treated
him on
his admission
\
\
<
with haughty contempt, and would have

sent
storm
and published, with an incomparasix of
him
;
to the
Tower.
ble preface written by himself, the larger

bible
;
<
the ring
and gained his
But he produced enemies a severe
which, even Bonner, then
<
newly consecrated bishopof London, caused

to
reprimand from Henry, and himself the highest degree of security and favor,
be fixed, for the perusal of the people,
On
much
this
occasion he showed that lenity

for
in his cathedral of St. Paul's.
I
\
and mildness
which he was always so

:
The enemies
ever,
of the reformation,
:
were
restless
no protestant
possible
particular
shaft
in his
;
howand Henry, alas! was Cromwell fell heart.

and they aimed every
Gardiner in
:
distinguished
his
he never persecuted
any of
enemies
freely forgave
but on the contrary, even the inveterate Gardiner,

;
a sacrifice to them
at
on his writing a supplicatory

for
letter to
Cranmer.
that
purpose.
The same
lenity
him he
was
indefatigable
he
caused
the
showed toward Dr. Thornton,

of Dover,
the suffragan
him
king
er.
to
be accused in parliament, and sev-
and Dr. Barber, who, though
eral lords of the privy council

to
moved
to the
entertained in his family, and intrusted with

his secrets,
favors,
commit the archbishop
Tow-
and indebted
ungratefully
to
him
for
many
with
The
king perceived their malice; and
had
conspired
one evening, on pretence of diverting himself
Gardiner
on the water, ordered his barge

to
to be
^
away his life. When Cranmer first discovered

to take
their
rowed
Lambeth
side.
The
archbishop,
to
treachery,
he took them aside

falsely
into
his
>
being informed of
respects, and
it,
came dovvn
pay his
study, and telling them, that he had been
>
was ordered, by
the king, to
basely and
accused
by some,
in
come into the barge and sit close by him. Henry made him acquainted with the acwere
laid against
to
:;
whom
he had always reposed the greatest

j
confidence, desired them to advise
him how
cusations of heresy, faction, &.c., which pie should behave himself toward
them?
be coo-
] i
him; and spoke of
his
pfhey, not suspecting themselves

j
to
opposition
the six
articles; the arch-
cerned
vile,
in the question, replied
that
to
"such
bishop modestly replied, that he could not/

but
abandoned
villains,
ought
be prose-
>
oi)inion,
acknowledge himself to be of the same but was not with respect to them
;
cuted with the greatest rigor; nay, deserved
<
^ i
conscious of having offended against them,
The king
ry,
then putting on an air of pleasantif
asked him,
his
bed-chamber could
?
>
stand the test of these articles
the arch-
<
At this the archbishop, lifting up his hands to heaven, cried out "Merciful God! whom may a man trust ?" And then taking out of his bosom the letters, by which he had discovered
to die
without mercy."
<
bishop confessed, that he was married in
their treachery,
asked them,
if
they
Germanv, before
his promotion
but assur-
those papers
letters
When
;
they saw their
knew own
in
ed the king, that on passing

her friends.
that act,
he had
produced against them, they were
parted with his wife, and sent her abroad

to
;;
the
utmost confusion
and
falling
down
for;
His majesty was so charm-
upon their knees, humbly sued forgiveness,
ed with his openness and integrity, that he
The archbishop
that they
told
them
that
for
" he
discovored the whole plot that was laid and gave him a ring of great against him value to produce upon any future emcr;
gave them, and would pray

j |
them
but
must not expect him ever
to trust
j
them
for the future."
gency.
As we
after this,
to
are upon the subject of the arch|

,'
A
cil.
few days
Cranmer's enemies
j
bishop's readiness to forgive and forget injuries,

\
summoned him
appear before the coun-
it
may
not
be
improper
it,
here to
'
He
accordingly attended,
when
they
relate a pleasant instance of
which hap.a

pened some time before the above circumstances.
himself, discharged
193
sent
The
married
archbishop's
at
first
wife,
whom
he
to
I
him out of c4Jstody, and him home to his cure. These may serve as instances of Crantemper.
Cambridge, was kinswoman
mer's clement
Indeed,
for his
he was
too great
the hostess at the Dolphin-inn, and boarded
much blamed by many

lenity
;
there
and he often resorting thither on had raised a
<
which,
it
was
thought, encouraged
atteuipts
in giving
that account, the popish party

story, that
the popish faction to

I
he was ostler
to that inn,
and
I I
against him
a shining
virtue
I
but
make fresh he was happy
never had the benefilof a learned education.
This
idle story a
Yorkshire priest had, with
example of that great Christian which he diligently taught.
great confidence, asserted, in an alehouse
which he used
to frequent
railing at the
I
archbishop, and saying, that
he had no
The king, who was a good discerner of men, remarking the implacable haired of Cranmer's enemies toward him, changed
his coat-of-arms from three cranes to three
more learning than

this,
a goose.
Some people
to the
of the parish informed Lord Cromwell of
pelicans,
feeding their young with their

:
and the priest was committed
own
to
blood
and
told his grace that " these
Fleet prison.
When
to
he had been there
birds should signify to him, that he ought
nine or ten weeks, he sent a relation of his

to the
be ready, like the pelican,
to
shed his
archbishop
beg his pardon, and
to
blood for his young ones, brought up in the

faith of Christ
;
sue
for a discharge.
The
archbishop ina
for,
said the king, you are

will stand to
stantly sent for him, and, after

reproof, asked the priest,
gentle
like to be tried, if
you
your
whether he knew
tackling at length."
The
event proved the
him.
To which
make
he answering. No, the
king
In
to
be no bad prophet.
archbishop expostulated with him,

should then
ter.
why he
1546, King
Henry experienced
;
the
so free with his charac-
impartiality of death
The
priest
excused himself, by say:
was disguised with liquor but this Cranmer told him was a double fault. He then said to the priest, if he was inclined
ing he
to
have
what a scholar he was, he should to oppose him in whatever The priest humbly science he pleased.
try
liberty
crown to his only son Edward, who was godson to Cranmer, and had imbibed all the spirit of a reformer. This excellent young prince, influenced no less by his own inclinations than by the advice of Cranmer, and the other friends of reformation, was diligent,
left
and
his
in
asked his pardon, and confessed himself to be very ignorant, and to understand nothing
but his mother-tongue.
said Cranmer, "
"No
doubt, then,"
in the
every endeavor, to promote it. Homilies were composed by the archbishop, and a catechism Erasmus's notes on the New Testament translated, and fixed in church:
you are well versed
es
the sacrament
;
administered
in
both
English Bible, and can answer any questions out of that; pray tell
kinds
and the liturgy used

Ridley, the
in the vulgar
me, who was

stood
at
still
tongue.
friend,
archbishop's
great
David's father ?"

for
The
priest
;
and one of the brightest
lights
of
some time
name.
to
consider
but,
last,
the English reformation,
told the
archbishop he could not recollect

" Tell me, then," says Cranmer,
father ?"
ous in the good cause
was equally zealand with him the
his
'
archbishop drew up the forty-two articles

of religion, which were revised by other
who was Solomon's

replied,
that
The
poor
in
)riest
he
had no
tell.
skill
bishops and divines
as,
through him, he
all
genealogies, and could not

)ishop then advising
The
arch-
had perfectly conquered

respecting
the
his scruples,
him
to
to frequent ale-
doctrine of the corporeal
louses less, and his study more, and ad-
monishing him not
accuse others
for
presence, and published a much esteemed " A Defence of the True treatise, entitled
:
want of learning,
till
he was master of some

13
and Catholic Doctrine of the Sr.crament
]94
of the
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYReiÔGY.

Body and Blood
this
of our Lord, Jesus
'>
His
friends,
who
to
;
foresaw the storm, had
Christ."
advised him
consult his safety by retiring

but he chose rather to con-
happy scene of prosperity was God was pleased to deprive the nation of King Edward, in 1553,
not to continue
:
But
beyond sea
tinue steady to the cause,
which he had so
and preferred
nobly supported
hitherto;
designing, in his wise providence, to perfeet the
the probability of sealing his tesiimotiy with

his blood, to an ignominious
new-born church of
his son Jesus
and dishonor|
Christ in England, by the blood of martyrs,

as at the beginning he perfected the church
in general.
^
able flight.
<
The Tower was crowded
with prisoners;
Anxious
lion,
for the
success of the reforma-
insomuch that Cranmer, Ridley, Latimer, and Bradford, were all put into one cham;
the
and wrought upon by the artifices of|ber which they were so far from thinking duke of Northumberland, Edward had an inconvenience, that, on the contrary, been persuaded to exclude his sisters, and they blessed God for the opportunity of
^ \
\
\
to
bequeath the crown
to that
duke's amiable
<
conversing together
reading and compar-
and every way deserving daughter, the Lady

\
ing the Scriptures, confirming themselves

in
Jane Gray.
to
The archbishop did

was overruled
;
his utmost
;
the true
faith,
and mutually exhorting

in
oppose
this alteration in the
succession
each other
society
to
constancy
in
professing
it.
it,
|
\
but the king
the will
was
and patience
!
suffering for
Happy
to
<
made, and subscribed by the council and

the judges.
last of all,
blessed
martyrs
rather
be
The archbishop was

and required
to
sent for
;
envied, than the purpled tyrant, with the
subscribe
it
but
sword deep-drenched
circled with
all
in blood,
though
in-
he answered, that he could not do

out
withentail
the
pomp and pageantry

the
of
perjury
having sworn
to
the
power.
In
April,
j
'
of the crown on the two princesses
Mary
:
1554,
archbishop,
with
to
and Elizabeth.
" that the
>
To this the king replied judges, who being best skilled in

had assured him,
that notwith-
Bishops Ridley and Latimer, was removed

from the
Tower
to
Windsor, and thence
the constitution, ought to be regarded in

this point,
Oxford, to dispute with some select perBut, alas! what where the fate of men is fixed, and every word is inisconstrued And such was the case here for on April the 20th, Cranmer was brought to St. Mary's, before the queen's commis-
sons of both universities
'i
standing that entail, he might lawfully be-
farces are disputations,
j \
queath the crown to Lady Jane."

himself about
The
>
archbishop desired to discourse with them

it;
>
and they
all
agreeing,
>
that he might lawfully sul)scribe the king's

will,
I {
he was
set his
at last
prevailed with to resign
sioners, and refusing
to
subscribe to the
his
own
private scruples to their authority,

to
it.
popish
heretic,
articles,
he
was
pronounced
and sentence of condemnation was Upon which he told this, he thought himself passed upon him. | obliged in conscience to join the Lady Jane: them, that he appealed from their unjust and that but her short-lived power soon expired, sentence to that of the Almighty
and
hand Having done
when Mary and persecution mounted the he trusted throne, and Cranmer could expect nothing in heaven
^ \
to
be received into his presence
for
maintaining the truth, as set
I \
'
what ensued: attainder, imprisonment, deprivation, and death. He was condemned for treason, and pardoned but to gratify Gardiner's malice,
less than
;
forth in his
most holy gospel.
After this his servants
were dismissed
from their attendance, and himself closely

confined
in
Bocardo, the prison of the city
I \
and her
own
implacable resentment against
of Oxford.
in
But
this
sentence i)eing void
him
i
for
her mother's divorce,
Mary gave
for heresy.
| \
law, as the pope's authority was wanting,
orders to proceed against
him
new commission was
sent from
Rome
in
R-
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYIIOLOGY.

195
to
1555
high
and
in
St.
Mary's church,
at
the
al-
it
fast,
and delivered his appeal

:
Thirlby,
altar, the court sat,
and
tried the
saying
"
appeal to the next
general
ready-condemned Cranmer.
He was
;
here
if
council."
well nigh too strong for his judges
and
When
beadle's
they had stripped him of

put on
all
his
reason and truth could have prevailed, there
habits, they
him
a poor
yeoman-
would have been no doubt, who should have been acquitted, and who condemned.
gown, thread-bare and
ill-shaped,
and a townsman's capj and

carried back to prison,
entirely destitute of
in this
manner
The February
mission was given
following,
to
new com-
delivered him to the secular power to be
Bishop Bonner and
where he was kept
Bishop Thirlby,
archbishop.
for the degradation of the
When
they
came down
;
to
money, and totally secluded from his friends. Nay, such was
Oxford he was brought before them

after they
and
the iniquity of the times, that a gentleman
had read
(for not
their
commission from
was taken
into
custody by Bonner, and

trial, for
the
pope
appearing before
whom
basely escaped a
giving the poor

a dinner.
al-
in person, as
they had cited him, he was
archbishop money
to
buy him
declared contumacious, though they themselves had kept

ner,
Cranmer had now been imprisoned
him a close prisoner) Bon-
most three years, and death should have

soon followed his sentence and degradation:
in a scurrilous oration, exulted over
him in the most unchristian manner, for but his cruel enemies reserved him for which he was often rebuked by Bishop greater misery and insult. Every engine Thirlby, who wept, and declared it the that could be thought of was employed to
in his
most sorrowful scene he had ever beheld whole life. In the commission it
shake his constancy
but he held fast to
the profession of his faith.
Nay, even when
was
declared, that the cause had been im-
he saw the barbarous martyrdom of his dear
partially
heard
at
Rome;
to
the witnesses on
both sides examined, and the archbishop's
companions Ridley and Latimer, he was so far from shrinjiing, that he not only
prayed
to
counsel allowed
for
make
the best defence
God
to
strengthen them, but also,
by their example, to animate him to a patient him they could. At the reading this, the archbishop could expectation and endurance of the same fiery not help crying out, '' Good God what trial.
!
lies are
these
that I, being continually in
The
ways
at
papists, after trying various severe
prison, and not suffered to have counsel or
to bring
Cranmer over without
effect,
advocate
ses,
at
home, should produce witnes-
length determined to try what gentle
and appoint
my
counsel
this
at
Rome
God must needs punish
shameless and
methods would do. They accordingly removed him from prison to the lodgings of
the dean of Christ church,
open lying !" When Bonner had finished his invective, they proceeded to degrade him and that
;
where they urged

to
every persuasive and affecting argument
make him
deed, too
deviate from his faith
and, in-
they might
make him
as ridiculous as they
much melted
his gentle nature,
could, the episcopal habit
which they put by
the false sunshine of pretended civility
on him was made of canvass and old rags. Bonner, in the meantime, by way of triumph
and mockery, calling him Mr. Canterbury,
and respect.
The
unfortunate prelate, however, with-
stood every temptation, at which his enemies
and the
like.
all this
were so
irritated, that
they removed him

to the
treatment with his wonted fortitude and patience told them, " the debore
;
He
from the dean's lodgings
most loath-
gradation gave
him no concern,
for
he had
long despised those ornaments they came

to take
:"
but
when
which he had been contined, and then treated him with This was more than unparalleled severity.
some
part of the prison in
away
his crosier, he held
the infirmities of so old a
man
could sup-

196
port
the frailty of
: ; !

:
human
nature prevail-
At length, being called upon by Cole

declare his faith and reconciliation
the catholic church, he rose with
ble
;
to
ed
and he was induced
to sign six differ-
with
possi-
ent recantations,
drawn from him by the
all
<
malice and artifices of his enemies.

This, however, did not satisfy them
:
',
they were determined not

the
to
spare his
life,
dignity and while the audience was wrapped in the most profound expectation, he kneeled down, and repeated the follow-
Nothing less than his death could satiate gloomy queen, who said, that, " as he
ing prayer
"
>
Father of heaven
the world
!
had been the promoter of heresy, which had corrupted the whole nation, the abjuration,
Redeemer of
O Holy
Son of God, Ghost

|
which was
sufficient in othercases,
;
j
I
proceeding from them both; three persons, and one God, have mercy upon me, most
should not serve his turn
for
she was re-
wretched and
miserable siimer
I,
who
solved he should be burned."

ly,
According-
have offended both heaven and earth, and

press,
she sent orders
to
Dr. Cole to prepare
a sermon on the occasion of his death,
which was
fixed to be on the 21st of
March,
more grievously than any tongue can exwhither then may I go, or where shall I fly for succor ? To heaven I may
up mine eyes, and in what shall I then earth I find no refuge do ? shall I despair ? God forbid O good God, thou art merciful and refusest none
to
lift
:
!
>
>
The archbishop had no

such would be his
suspicion thafj be
ashamed
fate, after
what he had
done
but he soon found his mistake.

papists, determined to carry their
>
The
>
\ \
resentment to the most extravagant length,

thought to
inflict
who come
fore,
to thee for
:
succor: to thee, there-
a further punishment on
to
do
run
to thee
do
humble myself,
|
S
him, by obliging him

they proposed
read his recantation

;
publicly in St. Mary's church

to
and on
death:
this
Lord God, my sins be great, but yet have mercy upon me, for thy great niersaying,
triumph
in his
but
cy
God, the Son, thou wast not made
>
their base intentions
were happily
frustrated.
I
On
two
the
morning of the day apjjointed

Mary's church.
for
<
man, this great mystery was not wrought. for few or small ofl'ences nor thou didst
!
his execution, he
friars to St.
was conducted between
give
^ i
thy
Son unto
little
death,
God
the
As soon
pidpit,
to
Father, for our

but for
all
and small sins only,
as he entered. Dr. Cole
mounted the
the greatest sins of the world,
and the archbishop was placed opposite

it
I
(
that the sinner
may
I
return unto thee with a
on
low
scaffold, a spectacle of
to the
contempt
penitent heart, as
do here
at this
present
and scorn
people
his
<
wherefore have mercy upon me,
Lord
Cole magnified
horted
conversion as the
;
<
whose properly
for
is
is
always
to
have mercy
immediate work of God's inspiration
ex-
although
greater
!
my
I
sins be great, yet thy
him
to
bear up
with
resolution
crave nothing,
l)ut for
mercy Lord for

!
against the terrors
of death; and by the
my own
it
merits,
thy name's sake, that
example of the
thief on the cross, encour-
may
be glorified thereby, and for thy deai
aged him not to despair, since he was returned, though late, into the bosom of the
church.
lie also assured him, that dirges
for his soul
Son, Jesus Christ's sake.

fore.
And now,
l\u
Our Father,"
this
&.c.
He
a
their
then rose up, exhorted the people to

world, to obedience to
and masses should be said

all
in
',
contempt of
the churches of Oxford.
sovereign, and to mutual love and
As soon
as
the
archbishop perceived,
|
charity.
He
faith,
told
them, that being
now on
from Cole's sermon, what was the feloody decree, struck with horror at the base in-
the brink of eternity, he would declare unto
them his
lion:
without reserve or dissimula-
humanity of such proceedings, he gave, by

all
hethe.nrcpeatedtheapoGile'screed,and
all
his gestures, a full proof of the
deep
i
professed his belief thereof, and of
ihingB
anguish of his soul.
contained in the Old and
New
T(rs.<Miicnt
.MUil
i:iiOM
Oy AKtllBlSHOl' CRANMER.
I'age
I'Jl

By
speaking thus in general terms, the
with a cheerful countenance
;
a
199
prayed and
attention of the audience
was kept up
but
undressed himself; his

to his feet,
amazement continued
that attention,
when down
was made long which were bare, as was

shirt
they heard him, instead of reading his recantation, declare his great and unfeigned
his head,
where a hair could not be seen.
repentance,
for
having been induced

;
to
His beard was so long and thick that it covered his face with wonderful gravity
;
subscribe the popish errors
he lamented,
with
many
tears, his grievous fall,
and de-
and his reverend countenance moved the hearts both of friends and enemies.
clared that the hand
which had so offended,
The
friars
;
tormented him with their ad-
should be burned before the rest of his body.
monitions
vvhile
He
then renounced the pope in most ex-
to several old
Cranmer gave his hand men, who stood by, bidding

to the stake,
press terms, and professed his belief concerninf, the eucharist to be the
them
farewell.
same, with
When
fire
he was chained
and
what he had asserted

Gardiner.
in his
book against the

to the
kindled, he
seemed superior
to all
sensation but of piety.
He
stretched out
This was a great disappointment

papists
:
the offending hand to the flame,
which was
fire
they
made
loud
clamors,
and
:
seen burning for some time before the
charged him with hypocrisy and falsehood

to
came
face,
which he meekly replied, that " he was man, and Tever had acted the hypocrite, but when he was seduced by them to
a plain
any other part of his body nor did he draw it back, but once to wipe his
to
;
a recantation."
was entirely consumed saying "This unworthy hand, this hand haih offended ;" and raising up his eyes to
till it
:
often,
He
would have gone on
further, but
Cole
cried, "
Slop the heretic's mouth, and take

this the
heaven, he expired with the dying prayer of St. Stephen in his mouth, " Lord Jesus,
receive
him away."
my
spirit !"
all
(See engraving.)
appearance, without
to repel the
Upon
monks and
friars
rudely
He
torture
burned, to
;
pulled liim from the scaffold, and hurried: pain or motion
and seemed
him away was

at
(where Ridley and Latimer had before been offered up), which
to the stake
by mere strength of mind, showing a repentance and a fortitude, which ought to

cancel
all
the north side of the city, in the
reproach of timidity in his
life.
ditch opposite Baliol college.
Thus died Archbishop Cranmer,

i
in the
But
if
his
his behavior in the church, they
enemies were disappointed by were doubly

stake.
sixty-seventh
year of his
age,
;
and the
so by that at th
He
approached
it
primacy leaving an only son, of his own name, behind him.
twenty-third of his
PERSECUTIONS IN ENGLAND DURING THE REIGN OF QUEEN MARY.

The Martyrdoms of Agnes Potten, and\\.\o\\ of heresy, they were brought before Joan Trunchfield, Wio iwere iofA ftwrnf the bishop of Norwich; who examined together at Ipswich in Suffolk. them concerning their religion in general,
I \
and their
ticular.
faith in the corporeal
presence of
jHESE
two advocates and

town
Christ, in the sacrament of the altar in par-
sufferers for the pure gospel
of Christ, lived in the
With respect
both delivered
to the latter article,

it
they
of Ipswich, in the county of Suffolk.
as their opinion, that in
Being both ap- the sacrament of the Lord's supper, there prehended on an inforraa- < was represented the memorial only of
<
200
Christ's

death
and passion, sayin?,
that,
succeeded
to
the
chancellorship, two of
according
to the Scriptures,
he was ascend|
these persecuted brethren, namely, Richard
ed np into heaven, and sat on the right
Spurg and John

to
Cavill,
weary of
a
their
hand of God the Father and therefore his body could not be really and substantially
;
tedious confinement, presented

the
lord
peiiiion
chancellor,
subscribing
their
in the
sacrament.
names, and requesting his interest

enlargement,
for their
A few days after this they were again examined by the bishop, when both of them
still
A
\
short time after the delivery of thi?
continuing steadfast in the profession

faith,
petition, Sir
Richard Read, one of the
ofli-
of their
sentence
against them as
was pronounced heretics, and they were
cers of the court of chancery,
was sent by
the
chancellor to the Marshalsea, to ex-
delivered over to the secular power.
amine them.
On
the day appointed for their execution,
Richard Spurg,
?
the
first
who passed
which was in the month of March, 1556, examination, being asked the cause of hi.< they were both led to the stake, and burnt imprisonment, replied, that he, with several Their constancy others, being complained of by the minister in the town of Ipswich. was admired by the multitude who saw of Rocking for not coming to their parish them sull'er for as they undressed, and church, to liOrd Rich, was thereupon sent prop ircd themselves for the fire, they earn- up to London by his lordship, to be exestly exhorted the people to believe only ^ amined by the late chancellor.
^ ^ <
;
in the
true
unerring word of the only living and God, and not regard the devices and
He acknowledged
at
that he had not been church since the English service was
into
I>atin
inventions of men.
changed
(except on Christmas
They
both
openly declared that they
<
day twelvemonth) because he disliked the

same, and the mass
to
despised the errors and superstitions of the
also, as not agreeable
church of Rome, and most patiently submilled to the acute torments of devouring
(lames, calling upon the
tion,
<
God's holy word.
<
He
further
until
it
then desired that he might be no
God
of their salva1
examined concerning
this
matter,
to
and triumphing
in
being deemed wor-
pleased the present chancellor
thy to snlTer for ihe glorious cause of Jesus

Christ, their lord and master.
inquire his faith concerning the same,
which
the
he was ready to deliver.
<
John Cavii.l
chief particulars
jjaj,]^
likewise agreed in
<.
with his brethren
but
The Persecutions and Martijr Jams of Rich-
\f^^J^[^^^J
ll,e
âuse of his
absenting
Ann
Si'URG,
John
Cavii.l,
Robert
U,i,y^.if fr,n
|
church was, that the minister
DRAKr;, and William Tims.
thero 'lad advanced

lo
two doctrines contrary

first,
Tmksi: four pions Christians resided in the couniv of Essex, and dincese of London.
ull
each
othcir
for
in
a sermon he
to
delivered
when
the
queen came
to to
the
Being accused of heresy, they were ap[)relieiided, and sent by Lord Rich,
oilier
crown, he exhorted the people

the gospel, declaring
that if they believed
it
believe
be the truth, and
and
land
the
commissioners,
at different limes,
it
not, they
in
would be
a future
to Bisliop
:
Gardiner, lord chancellorof Eng-
;;
damned
and
thai,
secondly,
who,
after a short examination, sent' discourse,

to the
he declared that the

false in forty places,
New
Testa-
fIr^t
two
Marshalsea prison
in
menl was
irariety
which eonwas.
the Borough, and the last two to the King's
'i
gave him much disgust, and
Bench, where they conliniKsd during the among )lher things, the cause of his abspace of a whole year, till the death of senling himself from church. Robkrt Drakk was minister of Thi.nBishop Gardiner.
/ ' \
When
])r.
Heath, archbishop of York,
dersly, in
Essex,
lo
which
living he hail

'M

I
20
4
been presented by the Lord Rich
reign of
in
the?
]
Edward
VI.,
when he was
ordain-
bishop began his examination with Tims, whom he called the ringleader of the
The
ed priest by Dr. Ridley, then bishop of/ others: he told him, that he had taught 'iondon, according to the reformed English Mhem heresies, confirmed them in their
ervice for ordination.
/erroneous opinions, and endeavored, as

|
far
On
the accession of
hrone of
Gardiner,
Queen Mary to the Kngland, he was sent for by bishop of Winchester, who de-
as in
him
lay, to
render them as abominable
as himself;
with
many
other accusations
<
equally false and opprobrious.
>
nanded of him v\êther he would conform, ike a good subject, to the laws of the realm
He was
he had
to
then asked by the bishop what
say
in
his
own
vindication, in
hen
in force.
He
;
answered, that he would
orderto prevent him from proceeding against
<
by those laws that were agreeable to the laws of God upon which he was imibide
him as
"
his ordinary.
To which
astonished
he replied
<
as follows:
mediately committed
to prison
My
lord,
am am
that
ymi
;
William Tims was
a deacon and curate

1
should begin your charge with a falsehood
of Hockley, in Esse.v, in the reign of EdI I
you aver
that
the ringleader of the
ward VI., but being deprived of his living company now broiight before you, and have soon after the death of that monarch, he taught them principles contrary to tlie Rom| <
absconded, and
I
privately
preached
in
ish church, since
we have been
if
in confine-
neighboring wood,
I
whither
many
of his
merit
will
but the injustice of this declaration
flock attended to hear the
word of God.
| <
soon ajjpear,
you
will
incjnire
of
In consequence of these proceedings he
ihese
ty,
my
brethren, whether,
when
at liber\
was apj)rehended by one

I
i
of the constables,
and out of prison, they dissented not
>
and sent up
to the
bishop of London, by
to Gardiner,
from popish principles as

at
much
I
as they do
|
iwhom of Winchester,
committed
,
he was referred
bishop
present
it
such inquiry,
presume,
vvilj
j
and lord-chancellor, who

to
render
evident, that they learned not their
him
the
King'.s
Bench
religion in prison.
;
prison.
" For
my own
till
part,
declare
I
never
|
short time after his confinement, he
knew them,
such time as
became
I
their
(with the others beforementioned), was ordered

don,
to
>
fellow-prisoner,
how
then could
be iheir
appear before the bishop of Lonquestioned them in the usual man-
>
ringleader and teacher?

the
Willi respect to
who
>
charge alleged against me, a charge

to
ner, concerning their faith in the sacrament
which yon endeavor

tain
aggravate to the
'
of the altar.
highest degree, whatever opinion you main-
Mr. Tims answered, that the body of

Christ
really
concerning me,
am
well
as.sured
was
not in the sacrament of the altar,
hold no other religion
than what Christ
and corporeally, after the words of | Jesus preached, the aposiles wiimssed, spoken by the priest; and the primitive church received, ;in of late that he had been a long time of that opinion, the apostolical and evangelical j;reachers ever since it had pleased God, of his in- of this realm have fuiihfully tanjiht, and for which you have cruelly caused them to finite mercy, to call him to the true knowlconsecration
1
I 1
<
edge of the gospel of his grace. On the 28ih of March, 1556, these four persons were all brought into the consistory
j
be burnt, and
like
|
now seek
to troai us
I
wiih the
inhuman soveriiy.
acknouled-e you
necessary
if
to be
my
ordinary."
it
court, in St. Paul's church, before the bishop
The
to
bishop, finding
to
come
of London, in order to be examined, for the

last
a point wiih him, demnnded,

to the hoi)
if
he would
r
<
time
who
assured them, that
if
they
j
s
submit himself
promising, that
ly
moilii
iiurch,
did not submit to the church of
Rome, they
he did, he sliouM
at
bi,'
kinds^jme
should be condemned for heresy.
>
received
and threatening,
ilie
f
J
202
time, that if he did not,

?
judgment should be
death
but that since the queen's
happy
pronounced against him as an heretic. In answer to this, Tims told his lordship
accession to the throne, they might boldly
he was well persuaded
he was within the pale of the catholic church, whatever he might think and reminded him, that
that
;
speak the dictates of their consciences and further reminded him, that as my lord
of Winchester
\ J
was not ashamed
to recant
he had most solemnly abjured that very church to which he since professed such
strenuous allegiance;
to his oath,
his errors at St. Paul's cross, and that he himself had done the same, every inferior
clergyman should follow the example

their superiors.
ot
j
and
that,
contrary
>
he again admitted,
in this realm,
Mr. Tims,
tion of his
still
persisting in the vindica-
the authority of the pope, and was, therefore, perjured
and forsworn
in the highest
conduct, and reprehension of that of the bishop, again replied, " My

lord, that
own
degree.
that
He
also recalled to his
memory,
he had spoken with great force and

pope, though he afterward
>
the
which you have written against supremacy of the pope may be well
power of proved from Scripture to be true; that which you now do is contrary to the word of God, persons to be burnt, because they would as I can sufficiently prove." not acknowledge the pope to be the supreme Bonner, after much further coniêrsation,
perspicuity against the usurped
the
?
sentenced
head of the church.
proceeded
(
to
form of law, causing his

to in court.
arti-
To
this
Bonner sternly demanded, what
cles,
to
with the respective answers
each,
he had written against the church of Rome? Mr. Tims pertinently answered " My
:
<
be publicly read
lord, the late
bishop of Winchester wrote a

treatise,
Mr. Tims acknowledged only two sacraments. Baptism and the Lord's Supper; com-
very learned
Oie(/2enîa,
entitled,
De
vera
mended
the bishop of Winchester's book Z)e
\
>
which contains many solid argu- vera Obedientia, and the bishop of London's ments against the papal supremacy: to this preface to the same. He declared that the book you wrote a preface, strongly inveigh- mass was blasphemy of Christ's passion and
I i
\ )
ing against the bishop of

his
Rome, reproving death

I I
that Christ is not corporeally but
tyranny and usurpation, and showing
spiritually
present in the sacrament, and
i,
that his
power was
ill-founded,
and contrary
that as they
idol.
used
it,
it
was an abominable
I <
both to the will of God, and the real interest

jf
mankind."
The
bishop, struck with the poignancy
)f this reproof,
evasively told him, that the
Bonner exhorted him to revoke his errors and heresies, conform to the church of Rome, and not abide so strenuously by the
literal
i
'
)i8hop of Winchester wrote a book against
sense of the Scriptures, but use the
he supremacy of the pope's holiness, and le wrote a preface to the same book, tendng
to the
:
interpretation of the fathers,
Our martyr frankly declared he would same purpose but that the cause not conform thereunto, notwithstanding ilie f the same arose not from their disregard to execrations denounced against him by the is holint 6S, but because it was then deemchurch of Rome, and demanded of the d treason by the laws of the realm to main- bishop what he had to support the doctrine
> /
?
>
lin -he
pope's authority in England.
of the real presence of Christ in the sacra-
He
"
also
observed, that at such time
it
ment of the
scripture.
altar,
but the bare letter of

| ^
as dangerous to profess to favor the church
Rome, and therefore fear compelled them comply with the prevailing opinions of 18 times for if any person had conscien- | Dusly acknowledged the pope's authority those days, he would have been put to
I
On
the bishop's replying, the auihority
of the holy catholic church,
Tims informed
| ^
'
him that he had the popish church, for which he was perjured and forsworn, dedaring that the see of Rome was the see
| \
id

of antichrist, and therefore he would never
203
before Maurice, bishop of Rochester, their
CO isent
to yield
obedience
to the
same.
so inflexi-
diocesan.
The
bishop, finding Mr.
Tims
Joan Beach was

articles
1.
first
taken before the

the following
:
ble in his adherence to the faith

fessed, that every attempt to
it
he pro-
bishop for examination,
when
draw him from
was vain and
fruitless,
read his definitive
were exhibited against her That living in the parish of Tunbridge

to the
sentence, and he was delivered over to the

secular power.
she belonged
diocese of Rocliester.
This she granted.

2.
Bonner then used the same measures

with Drake as he had done with Tims
but the church of
thereof,
all
;
That
all
people
who
preach, teach,
believe, or say
otherwise, or contrary to
Drake frankly declared, Rome, with
that
all
he denied
the works
devil,
\
their mother, the holy catholic church, are
even as he denied the

bishop, perceiving
all
and
his works.
excommunicated persons and heretics. This she acknowledged to be true, but added withal, that nevertheless, she believed not the holy catholic church, to be
The
his exhorta-
tions fruitless,
pronounced sentence of con-
her mother, but believed only the father of

|
demnation, and he was immediately deliver-
heaven
3.
to be
her father.
\
s
ed into the custody of the sheriffs.

this, Richard Spurg, and John were separately asked, if they would forsake their heresies, and return to the
After
That she had affirmed, and did affirm, maintain, and believe, contrary to the said
mother-church of Christ, that
in the
Cavill,
blessed
sacrament of the
altar,
is
under form of bread
catholic church.
They
both refused con-
and wine, there
not the very body and
senting to the church of
Rome
but said,
blood of our Savior Christ in substance,

but only a token and memorial thereof, and
that the very in heaven,
4.
they were willing to adhere to the true

catholic church, and continue in the same.
body and blood of Christ

in the
is
Bonner then read their several definitive sentences, after which he committed them to the custody of the sheriffs of London, by whom they were conducted to Newgate.
and not
sacrament.
That
this
Christ, being in heaven, could
not be in the sacrament.
To
she answered, that she had, and
On
the 14th of April, 1556, the day apall
did verily believe, hold, and afBrm, that, in

the sacrament of the altar, under the forms
pointed for their execution, they were

led to Smithfield,
to
body and blood of our Savior in substance, patientlysubmittingthemselves to the flames, but only a token and remembrance of his and resigning their souls into the hands of death to the faithful receiver, and that his that glorious Redeemer, for whose sake they body and substance is only in heaven, and
delivered their bodies to be burned.
not in the sacrament.
5.
where they were chained the same stake, and burnt in one fire,
of bread and wine, there
was not
the very
That she had been, and then was,

the parishioners of Tunbridge, noted
among
The Examinations and Martyrdoms of Joan Beach, Widow,ofTvyBRiDGE,and John Harpole, of the City q/" Rochester.
and strongly suspected of being a sacramentary and a heretic.
To
this
she answered, that she did not
Information being
\
laid
against these
i
two persons
for heresy,
they were apprere-
know how she had been, or was reputed among the parishioners of Tunbridge, nor was their opinion of any avail to her immortal state.
hended, and by the magistrates of the

ted to prison.
<
spective places where they lived, commit-
some time in confinement, they were separately examined

After being
faith
^
bishop finding her inflexible in the she professed, strongly urged her to preserve her life by renouncing her errors ;
The
204

,
which she peremptorily refusing, he pronounced sentence on her, and she was delivered over to the secular power. John Harpole, being next examined
before the
the faith
and belief of the catholic church,
and that their godfathers and godmothers had promised and professed for them, as
contained in the article administered.
|
)
4. To the fourth article, concerning their same bishop, articles of a similar nature were exhibited against him as his continuance in that faith and profession into which they were baptized, they agreed that fellow-sufferer, Joan Beach.
>
>
Nichols observed them were much they did so continue to the same import with hers upon which that he had more plairdy learned the truth the bishop pronounced sentence of death of his profession, by the doctrine set forth in the days of King Edward the sixth, that on him in the usual form. These two faithful followers of Christ thereupon he had built his faith, and would were burnt together in one fire, in the city continue in the same by the grace of God
His answers
to all of
of Rochester, about the latter end of April,
<
to his life's end.

5.
1556.
They embraced each

hands of
their
other at the
<
Concerning swerving from the cathin the least
stake, and cheerfully resigned their souls ôlic faith, they declared that they had not
into the
Redeemer;
after
swerved, nor departed

faith of Christ.
from the
repeatedly singing hallelujahs to the praise
<
and glory of his name.
They unanimously
confessed that they
<,
had disapproved of and spoken against the sacrifice of the mass, and the sacrament of
The Persecutions and Sufferings / Chris- uhe altar, affirming, that they would not TOPHER Lister, John MArE, John come to hear, nor be partakers thereof; Spencer. Simon Jovn, Richard Nich- that they had believed and then did believe, John Hammond v^ho vêreU]ia,i they were set forth and used contrary oi.s, and
; ;
all
burnt
together
at
Colchester
the
in
Uq
\
God's word and glory
>
Essex, for professing

Gospel.
truth of the
They
of
granted also that they had spoken

| >
against the usurped authority of the bishop

six persons being
all
These
apprehend-
Rome, who was an oppressor
of the holy
to
ed on a charge of heresy, were brought

before Bishop
;
church of Christ, and ought not
have any
Bonner at his palace at Ful- power in England. 6. Concerning their reconciliation to the ham where articles were exhibited against them of the same nature, and in the usual U'<ity of the church, they said, that they
form, as those against others on the like
"ever refused, nor did then refuse

|
to
be
occasion.
1.
reconciled to the unity of Christ's catholic
To
the
first article,
namely, that there

I
church
^
but declared they had, and then

for
was one holy catholic church on earth, which the religion and faith of Christ
truly
in
is
did,
to
and would
to the
ever hereafter, refuse

to ac;
come
church of Rome, or
professed,
;
they
all
consented
part
and
agreed
but John Spencer added, that the
church of
2.
Rome was no
of Christ's
|
knowledge the authority of the papal see but did utterly abhor the same for rejecting the book of God, the Bible, and setting up
the mass, with other ridiculous and
anli-
catholic church.
To
the second, concerning the
sacranients, they answered, that in

catholic
seven ^christian ceremonies. 7. That disapproving the mass and sacrathe true I
|
church of Christ, there are but
ment of the
altar,
they had refused to
come
| \
<
two sacraments, Bajiiism, and the Lord's

Supper.
3.
to the parish
'I'his
church, &.c.
all
they
granted, and
Simon Joyn
trumpery,
To
the third, they unanimously agreed

that they
added moreover, that the cause wherefore

he refused
to be partaker of their
<
and confessed,
were baptized
in

was, because the commandments of God
prehension he was in the 68ih year of his age, and very helpless from the natural infirmities of life.
were there broken, and Christ's ordinances

changed, and the bishop of Rome's ordi-
Being however accused
nances put up
in their stead.
of heresy by some of the popish emissaries

in
Christopher Lister affirmed, that in the
his neighborhood, he, with his fellow-
sacrament of the ahar, there of bread and wine, as well

not in the
is
the substance
after the
words
is
was taken before Bonner to be examined with respect to their faith.

sufl'erer
of consecration as before, and that there
The
bishop laid before them the same

;
same
the very body and blood
of Christ, really, substantially, and spiritually,
mentioned in the former lives and they returned answers much to the
articles as
by
faith in the faithful receiver,

is
and that and
same
eflêct
with other advocates for the
the mass
not a propitiatory sacrifice for
truth of the gospel.
the quick and dead, but
mere
idolatry
On
]
the 9th of
May, 1556, they were both

St.
abomination.
brought info the consistory court at

Paul's,
They
then said, that they were sent to
where
to
their articles
;
and answers
bishop
to
Colchester prison, by the king and queen's
>
were publicly read

endeavored
after v/hich the
commissioners,
because
they
:
come to their parish churches was contained in the premises was

and that they belonged
to the
would not that what

true
;
persuade them
recant their
opinions concerning the sacrament of the

altar.
diocese of
London.
grace of
Hugh Laverock declared, that by the God he would stand to the profesword of God
On
the close of this
examination the
sion he had already made, for he could not

find the least authority in the for
bishop dismissed them, but ordered them to

attend again in the afternoon.
they obeyed,
of the
first
when
the articles
This order and answers

to
approving the doctrine of the corporeal

in the
presence
sacrament.
examination were read
them
The
to
bishop then addressed himself to
and they resolutely persisted in the profession they had made.
John Apprice, and demanded what he had

say
in his
defence
The honest
blind
After various endeavors to bring
them
to
man answered
conformable
be agreeable
that
the haughty prelate, that the
recant, without the least effect, sentence of
doctrine he set forth and taught

to the world, that
to the
it
was so
and
death was pronounced against them, and
could not
they were
all
delivered over to the secular
Scripture of
God
power.
he was no member of the catholic

to
The
out,
writ for their execution being
made
church of Christ, seeing he made laws

kill
they
were removed
to
to
Colchester,
men, and made the queen his execufirst
where, on the 28th of April, 1556, they
tioner.
were fastened
one
fate,
fire.
two stakes, and burnt in They all cheerfully met their
The
were
to at
examination being over, they

at the bishop's
for the present dismissed, but ordered
giving glory to
God
in the
midst of the
appear the next day
palace
flames, and encouraging others, for the truth
Fulham.
Being accordingly conducted
of the gospel, to follow their example.
there, the bishop, after
some discourse with

in
them, and finding them steadfast

faith,
their
;
pronounced the
definitive sentence
The Martyrdoms of Hugh Laverock, an when, being delivered over to the secular old decrepit Man, and John Apprice, a power, they were committed to Newgate. blind Man. On the 15th of May, they were convey-
The
Barking
former of these martyrs was by
ed
to Stralford-le-Bow, the place appointed
trade a painter,
in
and lived in the parish of; for
their
execution.
As soon
as
they
Essex.
At the time of his ap-
arrived at the stake, Laverock threw
away
-a

206
his crutch,
sufferer
"
:

and thus addressed his fellowof consecration spoken by the priest, the
brother, for
John Apprice, be of good comfort, my lord of London is our good

:
very natural body of Christ, and no other substance of bread and wine, to be in the
sacrament of the
4.
altar.
he will cure us both shortly, thee of thy blindness, and me of my lamephysician

ness."
After this they both knelt
prayed with great fervency, that

through the fiery
down, and God would
That they believed it to be idolatry to worship Christ in the sacrament of the altar. 5. That they took bread and wine in remembrance of Christ's passion. 6. That they would not follow the cross
in procession,
enable them to pass, with Christian resolution,

trial,
nor be confessed
to
a priest.
the substance
:
of which
"
may
be thus expressed
Now pain and anguish seize me, Lord, All my support is from thy word;
My
soul dissolves for heaviness,

their scoffs
Uphold me with thy strength'ning grace.
The proud have framed

They've watched
my
feet
and lies, with envious eyes,

;
acknowledged the justness of those articles, in consequence of which they were condemned by the chancellor, who first endeavored to reclaim them from their opinions, and bring them over to the church of Rome but all his admonitions and exall
;
They
And tempt my soul to snares and sins Yet thy commands I ne'er decline. They hate me, Lord, without a cause, They hate to see me love thy laws
;
hortations proved ineffectual.
On
the
the 21st of
May, 1556, these three
and fear thy name, While they shall live and die in shame."
But
I
will trust
pious Christians were led to the stake in
town of Beccles, amidst a great num-
These two
steadfast believers in Christ

to
ber of lamenting spectators.
As soon
as
were both chained
one stake.
They
they arrived at the place of execution they

devoutly prayed, and repeated the articles
of their faith.
article
endured their sufferings with great fortitude,
and cheerfully yielded up their lives in testimony of the truth of their Redeemer.
Account of
When
they came
to
that
concerning the holy catholic church,

" That
well said, sirs
Sir John Sillard, the high sheriff, thus ad-
Examinations and Sufferings of Thomas Spicer, John Denny, and Edmund Poole, all of the County
the
dressed them
is
am
I
glad to hear you say you believe the

;
catholic church
this is the best expression
of Suffolk.
ever heard from you yet."
These three persons were apprehended by the justices of the county in which they lived, and committed to prison, for not attending mass at their parish church.
After being
To
this
Poole answered, that though they
believed the catholic church, yet they believed not in their popish church,
which
is
no part of Christ's catholic church, and,

therefore,
some time
register,
to
in
confinement,
no part of
their belief.
they were brought before the chancellor of
When
it,
they arose from prayer they went
Norwich, and the town of Beccles,
who
sat at the
joyfully to the stake, and being chained to
examine them with
and the fagots lighted, they praised
God
respect to thpir faith.
The
articles alleged
:
with such cheerfulness in the midst of the

flames, as astonished the
tors.
against them were as follow

1.
numerous spectato
That they believed not the pope of Rome to be supreme head immediately under Christ, of the universal catholic church.
2.
Soon
after
they were fastened
the
\
stake, several bigoted papists, called to the
That they believed not holy bread
executioner to throw
fagots
;
at
them, in
\ \
and holy water, ashes, palms, and other like ceremonies used in the church, to be
good and laudable
to
order to stop their mouths
but our martyrs,

;
disregarding their malice, boldly confessed

the truth with their latest breath, dying, as
|
for stirring
up the people
devotion.
3.
they had lived, in certain hopes of a resurj
That they believed not
after the
words
rection to
life
eternal.

jB
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYROLOGY

s
207
>
The Sufferings and Martyrdoms of CathARiNE Hut, Joan Hornes, and ElizaBETH ThACKVILL.
To
to
the sixth article of their reconcilia-
tion to the
church of Rome, they refused
be reconciled to the same.
>
These
three pious
women
being appre-
hended on suspicion of heresy, were carried before Sir John Mordaunt and Edmund
Tyrrel, justices of the peace for the county of Essex,
To the seventh, of their disapproving the service of the church, and not frequenting
|
their parish church, they

to
acknowledged
it
be true,
who
sent them prisoners to

for not
Catharine Hut alleged, as the cause; of

|
the bishop of
London,
conforming
to the order of the church,
and not believ-
her absenting herself from church, that she neither approved the service in Latin, the
mass, matins, or even song
ing to God's word.
over, that
ing the real presence of Christ's body in

the sacrament of the altar.
nor were the sacraments used and administered accord;
Being brought before the bishop, he exthem the articles usual on the occasion to which they answered as folhibited to
;
the true
She declared, muemass was an idol, neither was body and blood of Christ in the
lows
To
there
the
first,
concerning their
assented.
belief, that
sacrament of the altar, as they compelled persons to believe,
was
a catholic church of Christ upall
To
the eighth article, they declared, that

all
on earth, they
they were
sent up to the bishop of Lon-
To
the second, relating to the seven sac-
don, by Sir John Mordaunt and
Edmund
raments, they said they did not understand

properly what they were.
Tyrrel, justices of the peace for the county of Essex, because they could not believe
To
the third, concerning their baptism,
the presence of Christ's body and blood in the sacrament of the altar, and for absent-
they replied they believed they were baptized, but
knew
not what their godfathers

for
ing themselves from their parish church,
and godmothers promised
them.
To
the ninth article, that they were of

all
To
until
the fourth, about their continuance in
the diocese of London, they
assented,
the faith into
which they were baptized,

at the
except Catharine Hut,
who
said she
was
]
they arrived
age of fourteen
be
of the parish of Bocking, in Essex, which

is
years, or the age of discretion, without dis-
of the peculiar jurisdiction of Canter-
approving the same

true.
they granted
it
to
bury, and not under that of the diocese of
London.
>
To
this article
Catharine Hut observed,
On
the 13th of April they were again

\
that at that time
she did not understand
brought before the bishop, and the respecanswers, publicly
days of read in court, in order to their final judgKing Edward VI. she learned the faith that ment. Catharine Hut, being first examined, was then set forth, and still continued in
that in the
| \ >
what she professed. Joan Hornes added,
\i\\e articles, with their
the
same
the
and would, with God's
assistlife.
was required
catholic faith.
to declare
altar,
her opinion of
the.
ance, continue the remainder of her
sacrament of the
and
to return to the
To
fifth article,
concerning the mass

altar,
'
To
this
she replied that the

god,
and the sacrament of the

mass, nor
could
they said,
>
sacrament, as enforced by the papists, was

not truly God, but a
they could discern no excellence in the

they
believe
in
dumb
made with
but
that
men's hands
upon which she received
Christ's natural
body was
heaven, and
sentence of death.
not in the sacrament of the altar.
Joan Hornes was next examined, and

being charged that she did not believe the
Concerning the see of Rome, they acknowledged no supremacy in the same, nor would they adhere to it.
sacrament of Christ's body and blood to be Christ himself, said, *' If you can make your
e208
god
but
to
THB CHRISTIAN MARTYROLOGY.

shed blood, or show any sign of a
will
I
c
to death, at the instigation of the relentless
true, living body, then

it is
believe yon
|
<
and crnel Bonner.
bread as to the substance, and that
Among
those
who were
persecuted and
which you call heresy is the manner in which I trust to serve my God to the end
of
imprisoned for the profession of Chrisl's

gospel, and yet delivered by the providence
^
<
was John Fetty, the father of the "Concerning the bishop and see of lad under consideration. He had been acRome, I detest them as abominations, and cused, by his own wife, to the minister of desire ever to be delivered from the same." the parish in which he lived, of absenting
life.
5
my
of God,
<
In consequence of these answers, sen-
himself from church, the sacrament of the

altar,
pronounced on her.
and other ceremonies, which he was apprehended ElizabethThackvili. continuing stead- by one of the officers employed for that fast in her former confessions, and refusing purpose. to recant, shared the same fate with the Immediately after his apprehension his other two when they were all delivered wife grew delirious, in consequence of over to the secular power, and committed to which, though they were regardless of him, Newgate. pity toward that ungrateful woman, wrought On the 16ih of May, the day appointed upon them so sensibly, that, for the sake of for their execution, they were conducted to the preservation and support of her and
tence of condemnation
was immediately
confession,
for neglect of
iSmithfield, where, being

stake,
,
all
fastened to one
her children, they discharged him, with a
and the fagots lighted, their bodies were soon consumed, after they recommended their spirits into the hands of that
compulsion that he should continue
in
his
own
house.
Notwithstanding the ingratitude of hia

wife, he provided for her in such a
that within the
God,
life
for the truth of
whose word they joyhopes of obtaining
manner,
fully suffered death, in

I
space of three weeks, she
I
(
^
<
<
\
I
had, in some measure, recovered her sensame day these three were exe- ses. But such was the disposition of this cuted in Smithfield, two others suffered at wicked woman, that, notwithstanding this Gloucester, namely, Thomas Drowry, a instance of his conjugal affection, she laid and Thomas Croker, a brick- a second information against him upon blind boy which he was apprehended, and carried layer. They both submitted to their fate with before Sir John Mordaunt, one of the great fortitude and resignation, cheerfully queen's commissioners, by whom, after exyielding up their souls to Him who gave amination, he was sent to Lollard's tower, where he was put into the stocks, and had them. a dish of water set by him with a stone in it, to point out to him, that it was the chief
everlasting.
I
On
the
>
>
s^
< I ]
i
n^\TT I The persecutions and sufferings of William > r. u i u r .u f years r a^rfi who I - After he had been ui prison for the space ,, Fetty, a lad of twelve of -^. . r u- u of fifteen days (the greatest part of which r>was so barbarously scourged in Bishop .i ^'"^6 he was kept in the stocks, sometmies T J
.
sustenance he might expect

i
to receive.
[ /
Bonner^s Palace in London, that

sioned his death.
it
occa-i,
^
/ <
by one
,.
leg,
.,
.\ \ Wiland sometimes the other), \xti

,
,\
} >
ham
/-
Fetty, one ot
v his
sons,
came
.a tho
to
If
dying
innocently
in
the
cause
of
the
bishop's palace, in order to obtain permission to see him.
Christ,
and his
religion,
constitutes
| \
character of a martyr, no one can be

i
more
"When he arrived
op's chaplains asked
there,
one of the bish;
entitled to a place in our

this youth,
catalogue than
|
who was
unmercifully scourged
boy
replied,
him his business the he wanted to see his father, at
B.
VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF LOLLARD'S TOWER.
Page 209.

the
211
same time shedding
tears,
and expres-
When
the
poor
man came
before the
sing the greatest unhappiness.

lain
The
;
chap-
bishop, he said, "
asked who was his father
and when
To which
neither
the
be here and [)oace." bishop replied, " Tliat is

\
j
God
the boy told him, he pointed toward Lo'flard's tower, intimating that
God
of
speed, nor good-morrow."

bishop's
he was there
One
the
chaplains
stand|
;
confined.
ing by, reviled
Fetty for the speech he

he, after lookii\g about,
The
was
chaplain then told him his father
had made
when
of a bold and forward
which the boy (who was and spying a bundle of black beads, and a spirit, and had been small crucifix, said, " As Christ is here instructed by his father in the reformed re- handled, so you deal with Christ's chosen
a heretic, to
s
s
ligion)
tic,
answered, "
My
father
is
no here-
people."
but
you have Balaam's mark."

incensed priest took the boy
to a large
The bishop was

he called him a
will
so enraged at this, that
On
this the
vile heretic,
all
and said, "I

I
room in the palace, where he scourged him in the most severe and unmerciful manner after which he ordered one of his servants to carry him in his shirt to his father, the
by the hand, and led him
;
|
>
burn
thee, or spend
in a little
possess."
However,
time his passion cooled,

the
and thinking of
dered them both
to
consequences, that
might arise from scourging the child, he orbe discharged,
blood running
down
to his heels.
The
fell
|
father immediately
went home with
onj his son, but the poor boy, from an extraorhis knees, and craved his blessing. The dinary effusion of blood, and a mortification poor man beholding his child in so dread- which ensued, died a few days after, to the great grief of his persecuted and indulgent ful a situation, exclaimed, with great grief,
as he
his father he
' \
As soon
saw
" Alas
son,
who
hath thus cruelly treated

replied, "
<
parent.
you
you
?"
The boy
Seeking
to find
The
old
man remained, without
further
life,
out, a priest,
with Balaam's mark, took
persecution, during the residue of his

often praising
me
into the bishop's house,
and treated
me
God
for delivering
him out
in the
manner you see
"
\
of the hands of his enemies, and expres-
The
servant then seized the boy with
sing the sense he had of the divine protec:
him from his fa- tion in words to the following effect (see ther, led him back to the place where he engraving.) had been scourged by the priest. Here he To heaven I lift my waiting eyes, There all my'hopes are laid was kept three days, in the course of which The Lord, who built the earth and skies, Is my perpetual aid. his former punishment was several times repeated, though not in so severe a manner Their feet shall never slide nr fall,
great wrath, and dragging
\
;
as before.
At the expiration of that time, Bonner, in order to make some atonement for this cruel treatment of the boy, and to appease
the father, determined to release both ofj
Whom he designs to keep His ear attends the softest call, His eyes canjiever sleep.
;
He
With
weakest powers, will sustain his almighty arm,

hours
my
And watch my most unguarded

Against surprising harm.
them.
He
therefore, ordered the latter to
be brought before him, in his bed-chamber,

early in the morning.
He guards my soul, he keeps my Where thickest dangers come

I
breath,
:
go and come, secure from death,

Till
God commands me home.
B.
212
PERSECUTIONS IN SCOTLAND DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY
VIII.
HOUGH the
persecutions
After laboring here

vine)'ard of his
to return to his
against the protestants in
some time in the Redeemer, he determined

country, and there ex-
Scotland were not so prevalent, or carried
own
on with
England,
ert
himself in behalf of the protestant re-
such vigor as
in
ligion.
He
accordingly went thither, and

as a preacher, soon
yet there were many innocent people who fell victims to bigoted malevolence, and cheerfully resigned up their
souls in testimony of the truth of that gospel to
from his great diligence, as well as singular
abilities
popular, and
was followed by
St.
great
became numbers
of advocates for the cause of Christ
which they had strenuously and

first
re-
The
was
ton's
archbishop of
Andrew's (who
ligiously adhered.
a rigid papist) hearing of Mr. Hamil-
The
person
we meet
with
who
suf-
proceedings, cited him to appear be-
fered in Scotland on the score of religion,
fore
him
at his palace,
where,
after several
was one Patrick Hamilton,
a gentleman
conferences with him on different points of

religion,
of an independent fortune, and descended
he
to
was dismissed, the

in
bishop
from a very ancient and honorable family.
seeming
approve of his doctrines, and
Having acquired
in useful
a liberal education, and
acknowledging, that
many
all
particulars
being desirous of further improving himself
there needed a reformation in the church.
knowledge, he
left
Scotland, and
This, however, was

deceit
;
hypocrisy and
went
to the university of Wirteniberg, in in order to finish his studies.
the
bishop's
intentions
were
to
Germany, During
I
his residence here, he
became
make a sacrifice of Mr. Hamilton, but he was fearful tliat his attempts would prove
abortive by Mr. Hamilton's being acquaint-
<
intimately acquainted with those eminent

lights
of the gospel, Martin

;
Luther and
ed with
many personages who had

if
free ac-
Philip Melancthon
I
(
from whose writings
cess to the king, and that

vict
he should con-
and doctrines he strongly attached himself

to the protestant religion.
him of heresy, he would escape by means of their intercession.
I
i
To obviate this difficu-lty, the bishop, who some time at Wirtemberg, went to the univer- had great ascendency over the Scottish he left that place, and siiy of Marburgh, which was then but king, persuaded him to go on a pilgrimage
After staying
lately established
by one Philip, landgrave
to St.
Dothcsse,
in
Rosse.
The
king,
who
on
!of Hesse.
Here he formed an intimacy
was a strong
his journey,
bigot, readily took the bish-
with several distinguished characters
who
op's advice, and a

little
few days
after set out
<
were friends to the reformation, among whom was Francis Lambert.
suspecting the bishop's
intentions.
From
this
person Mr. Hamilton received

set
The
the
very next day after his departure,
such enlightened assistance that he
up
bishop
caused
Mr. Hamilton
to
be
public disputations on religion at Marburgh,

j
seized, and being brought before him, afier
and
from
the solidity of his
arguments,
a short examination relative to his religious

principles, he committed
joined to his well-known piety, and regular
he soon obtained a number of followers, who were happy in having the

conduct in
life,
the castle, at the

to
him a prisoner to same time ordering him

i
be confined in the most loathsome part
<
opportunity of hearing the true gospel of of the prison.

Christ displayed in
its
|
,
proper colors.
The
next morning Mr. Hamilton waa

brought before the bishop, and several others, for
|
n
213
I
it
be bitter
to
the flesh, and fearful before
examination,
tides exhibited
licly
ry,
when the principal aragainst him were, his pub-
j 1
men, yet
it is
the entrance into eternal
life,
which none
Jesus before
shall possess
this
who deny
to the
Christ
disapproving of pilgrimages, purgato-
wicked generation."
stake,
prayers to saints, for the dead, &c.

articles
After this he
was fastened
These
Mr. Hamilton acknowl-
and the fagots placed round him.

til)'
quan-
edged to be true, in consequence of which he was immediately condemned to be burnt, and that his condemnation might have the
gunpowder having been fastened under his arms, was first set on fire, which scorched his left hand and one side of his greater authority, they caused it to be sub- face, but did him no material injury, neiscribed by all those of any note who were ther did it communicate with the fagots. In present, and to make the number as con- consequence of this, more powder and comsiderable as possible, even admitted the bustible matter was brought, which being subscription of boys who were sons of the set on fire took effect, and the fagots being
of
\
|
i
nobility.
kindled, he called out, with an audible voice,

" Lord Jesus, receive
shall darkness
So anxious was
this bigoted
and perseto
my
spirit
How long
?
outing prelate for the destruction of Mr.
overwhelm
this
realm
and
Hamilton, that he ordered his sentence
how
these
long wilt thou suffer the tyranny of

I
be put
in
execution on the afternoon of the

it
very day
was pronounced.
He was
ac-
men ?" The fire burning slow

it
put him to great
cordingly led to the place appointed for the

horrid tragedy, and
torment, but he bore
with Christian magthe

greatest
was attended by a
spectators.
pro-
nanimity.
pain,
set
What gave him

the clamor of
friars,
\ >
digious
number of
The
great-
was
some wicked men

frequently cried
;
est part of the multitude

it
would not believe
on by the
who
call upon our was intended he should be put to death, out, " Turn, thou heretic say, Salve Regina,^^ &c. To whom but that it was only done to frighten him, lady and thereby bring him over to embrace the he replied, " Depart from me, and trouble principles of the Romish religion. But me not, thou messengers of Satan." One Campbell, a friar, who was the ringleader, they soon found themselves mistaken. When he arrived at the stake he knelt still continuing to interrupt him by opprodown, and, for some time, prayed with the brious language, he said to him, " Wicked
s s ;
greatest fervency.
After this he arose, and
man,
God
forgive
thee."
After
which,
was accosted by
if
a priest,
life
who
told
him
that
being prevented from further speech by the

violence of the smoke, and the rapidity of
the
he would recant, his
should be spared,
but our martyr
was so furnished with godneither the love of

life,
flames, he resigned up his
soul into
ly strength, that
the hands of
I
him who gave
it.
nor fear of the most cruel death, could

the least
in
move him
to deviate
from the truth
of that gospel he had so religiously professed, and for

to relinquish a
which he was determined

miserable existence.
This steadfast believer in Christ suffered martyrdom in the year 1527. Campbell, the friar, who had so interrupted him at the place of execution, afterward ran distracted, and died within the
Having finished his devotions, he took year. These two circumstances put toofT his gown, coat, cap, and other garments, gether, made an impression upon the peoand delivered them to a faithful servant that ple, and as these points began to be inattended him, saying, " These will not prof- quired into, many embraced the new opmI
it
in the fire, but
they will
profit thee
af-
ioiis.
ter this, of
me
thou canst receive no com-
This execution
>
is
ascribed by
Drum-
raodity except the
example of
bear in mind,
my
for
death,
mond,
to a
revenge of a private quarrel

earl
which
beg thee
to
though
(>
against the
of Arran.
After which
214
several persons, in
all

parts of the king'lom,
The bishop one day

;
sent to Stratton, and

the fish he
for
which Mr. Hamilton had been so inhumanly treatbegan

ed.
to inquire into tlie articles for
demanded of him a tithe of caught to which he returned

that if they
answer,
wliat his
Many entertained
favorable sentiments
would have
in
tithe of
concerning them, insomuch that several of; servants took

the friars, from that time, declaimed openly
the sea, they should re-
ceive
it
in the place
where
it
was caught,
against the lewd behavior of their brethren

I
c
the clergy and pariicularly that in Lent, one Seton, confessor to the king, presumed
;
and immediately ordered the men to carry every tenth fish, and throw it into the sea.
Though
at the
the bishop
was
greatly irritated
I '
to
recommend some of
pulpit,
the
new
doctrines
behavior of Stratton, yet he took no
from the
<
pie, the virtues
and to set forih to the peo- notice of him for the present, but deterwhich St. Paul requires in mined to be revenged on him at some future opportunity.
a good minister.
<
This freedom was not a little grating to most of the clergy, and they found less difficully to bring
In the meantime, Stratton having accidentally fallen into the
Seton into discredit
at court,
godly and
Christian
people, he
company of some was so

it
as he had used the king.
much freedom
in
reproving
struck with their conversation, that
im-
Mr. Seton, however, perceiving
pressed on his mind that sense of his duty

to
I <
his
majesty's countenance
was changed,
which he had hitherto been
a stranger.
>
and dreading the power and influence of
From
this period
he attended, with the
!the clergy, retired from court, and went to London, after having wrote a letter to the
>
king.
word of God, which before he had despised, and in a short time became so serious a convert,
greatest diligence, to hear the
that
pie,
\
i
One Henry
Forest, a
young
inoffensive
he exhorted others
to follow his
Benedictine, being charged with speaking

respectfully of the above Patrick Hamilton,
and not
to fix their
examminds only on the
<
concerns of the world.
<
was thrown
himself
into prison
and, in confessing
that
The
lord of
Dun
Areskin,
who had been
to a friar,
owned
he thought
enlightened with the truth of the gospel,
Hamilton a good man, and that the articles, for which he was sentenced to die, might
be defended.
endeavored
that
to
purpose
This being revealed by the
Scriptures to
and for expounded the such as would attend to hear

propagate
it
to others,
frequently
I
5
friar,
it
poor
burnt.
was received as evidence, and the him. Among these were our two martyrs, Benedictine was sentenced to be who never let any opportunity slip whereby they might receive Christian knowledge,
and
it
to
While consultation was held with regard the manner of his execution, John Lind-
was from
the
their constant attendance

\ <
here, that they became, not only good Christians, but
say, one of the archbishop's gentlemen, of-
most sincere
friends,
and
|
\
fered his advice to burn Friar Forest in

cellar, for, said he, "
{
some
The smoke
all
of Pat-
trict
Hamilton, hath infected

it
those on
were never so happy as when in company with each other. Attending one day, as usual, to hear the
Areskin, he took for his text " He that denieth me the following words
lord of
:
whom
tim
blew."
vic-
Dun
This advice was taken, and the poor
was
rather suffocated than burnt.

fell
before men, or
The next who
victims for professing
midst of this
ashamed of me in the wicked generation, 1 will deis
the truth of the gospel, were
David Strat- ny him before my father, and his holy anTON and Norman Gourlav. The first of gels." Stratton was so sensil)ly struck at hearthese was by trade a fisherman, and a very
illiterate
person, paying
little
regard either
ing these words, that he immediately
fell
to morality or religion.
on his knees, and
steadfiistly lifting
up his
|
n
215

to heaven, thus exclaimed have been wicked, and justly mayest thou withdraw thy grace from me
:
eyes and hands
light of the gospel.
He would
who
have said
officers, at
"
Lord,
more, but was prevented by the

the desire of the archbishop,
attended.
but, Lord, for thy
mercy sake,
let
me
nev-
er
deny thee, nor thy
truth, for fear of death,
Their sentence was then put into execution, and they cheerfully resigned up their
souls to that
or any corporeal pain."
The
great attention these two
persons
God who gave them, hoping, through the merits of the great Redeemer,
for a glorious resurrection to life immortal.
paid to the duties of religion,
made them
so distinguished, that an information of her-
esy was laid against them by their enemies

before the archbishop,
to
They suffered in the year 1534. The martyrdoms of the two before-mentioned persons were soon followed by that of Mr.
^
who now determined
punish Stratton for the treatment he had
Thomas
Forret, who, for a consid-
received from him before his conversion.
erable time, had been a dean of the
Romish
They were
accordingly both apprehend-
church.
to prison, where they This person, having himself been enwere confined for some weeks, during lightened with the truth of the gospel, was which they were very cruelly treated. desirous of conveying the knowledge of it They had scarce sufficient refreshment al- to others. To effect this he preached evlowed them to preserve their miserable ex- ery sabbath to his parishioners, from the istence, nor were they suffered to be seen epistles and gospels of the day, which by any of their friends or acquaintances. highly offending the friars (who claimed At length they were brought before the that privilege to themselves only) they acarchbishop, at Holy-Rood house, for exam- cused him of heresy, and laid an informaination, the king himself being present on tion against him before the bishop of Dun<
I <
ed and committed
<
the occasion.
keld.
Several articles of heresy were exhibit-
Though
the bishop
would willingly have

in this matter,
ed against them,
all
with great fortitude
which they answered avoided concerning himself and composnre of mind. yet, from the persons who
mation, he thought
it
laid the inforto
The
them
archbishop endeavored to prevail on

to recant their errors,
;
most prudent
take
some notice of it. He accordingly ordered the mother-church but they denied having Dean Forret to appear before him, which committed any offence, and said they were being immediately complied with, the foland return
to
determined
to
preserve their religious sen-
lowing dialogue ensued

Bishop.
timents, in opposition to every effort that
My
I
good dean,
might be offered
opinions.
to
make them
alter their
and therefore
to
I love you well, must give you counsel how
govern yourself.
am
informed that
you preach the epistle and gospel every pronounced on them the dreadful sentence Sunday to your people, and that you take of death, which was that they should be not your dues from them, which is very first hanged, and then burnt and in the af- prejudicial to the churchmen. Therefore, ternoon of the same day they were led to my good dean Thomas, I would advise you to take your dues, otherwise it will be the place appointed for their execution.
In consequence of this the archbishop
; I
As soon
some
as they arrived at the fatal spot,
>
too
much
to
preach every Sunday
for
by
they both kneeled down, and prayed for

time, with great fervency.
so doing you
\
make
the people think

It is
we
you,
j
They
then
should do the same.
enough
for
arose,
when
Stratton addressing himself to
when you
set forth
find a
good
epistle or gospel, to
the spectators, exhorted them to lay aside

their superstitious
>
and preach the
liberty of the ho-
and idolatrous notions,
ly mother-church.
and employ
their time in seeking the true
Dean.
My
lord,
presume none of
my

216
parishioners complain for
dues.
to
my not taking my
it is
<
fore the archbishop for examination.
Ken-
And
whereas, you say

I
too
it
much nedy's
\
tender years inclining him to pusil-
preach every Sunday,
think
is
too
lanimity, he
would
at first
have recanted
little,
my
and wish your lordship would follow example.
but being suddenly refreshed

spiration,
by divine
it
in-
and feeling himself, as
were, a
Bishop. Nay, nay,

be, for
Dean Thomas,
let that
new
creature, his
mind was changed, and

:
we
are not ord-iined to preach.

lord,
falling
on his knees, he, with a cheerful
you told me to preach ^ countenance thus expressed himself " O eternal God how wonderful is that when I meet with a good epistle and goslove and mercy thou bearest unto mankind, pel I have read them all over, and I know no bad ones among them, but when your and to me, a miserable wretch above all for even now, when I would have lordship shows me such I will pass by others denied thee, and thy son our Lord Jesus them.
Dean.
>
! ; > S >
!
My
Bishop.
thank
God
never
knew what
I
the Old and

desire not to
pontifical.
all
]
New
Go
Testaments were, and

than
>
Christ, my only Savior, and so have cast myself into everlasting damnation, thou, by
know anything more

for
if
my
thine
own
hand, hast pulled
your ways, and lay aside
very bottom of hell, and made

that
me from me to
the
feel
these
fancies;
you persevere
it is
herein, you will repent
when
is
too late.
>
me
fore
that
heavenly comfort which has taken from ungodly fear wherewith I was beoppressed.
Dean.
in
trust
my
cause
good and just

I
>
Now
;
I
I
defy death
praise
do
the presence of
God, and therefore
with
me
as you please
God
am
care not what follows.
ready."
The dean
then took leave of the bishop.
In the course of their examination, Russel,
but was, a short time after,
summoned
to
being a very sensible man, reasoned
appear before Cardinal Beaton, archbishop

of St. Andrew's, by
amiriation,
learnedly against his accusers.
They,
in
whom, after a short ex- return, made use of very opprobrious lanhe was condemned to be burnt guage to which Russel replied as follows
; :
power of darkness The like sentence was pronounced, at now ye sit as judges, and we stand wrongthe same time, on four others, namely, Kil- fully accused, and more wrongfully to be Dun- condemned but the day will come when lor and Beverage, two blacksmiths
as a heretic.
\
: I ^
; i ;
" This is your hour and
can Simson, a priest

er, a
and Robert Forrestall
our innocence will appear, and ye shall see
gentleman.
They were
hill, at
burnt
to\
your
own
blindness, to
your everlasting
fill
the measure of your iniquity." day of February, 1538. The examination being over, and both They endured their sufferings with great fortitude, and died in the most lively exer- of them deemed heretics, the archbishop cise of faith in Christ, to obtain eternal pronounced the dreadful sentence of death, and they were immediately delivered over life in that glorious state, where the wicked gether, on the castle
last
Edinburgh, the
confusion.
Go
on, and
I 1
cease from troubling, and the weary are

rest
at
lo the secular
power
in order for execution,

to the
The
to
next day they were led
place
The year
the
following the martyrdoms of

viz.,
appointed for them to suffer; in their
way
before-mentioned persons,
1539,
which Russel, seeing
his fellow-sufferer
two others were apprehended on a suspi- have the appearance of timidity in his coun" Brother, namely, Jerom Russel, tenance, thus addressed him cion of heresy and Alexander Kennedy, a youth about fear not greater is He that is in us, than
1
:
eighteen years of age.
he that
after
is in
the world.
The
pain that
we
;
These two persons,

<
being some
are to suffer is short, and shall bo light
|
!
time confined in prison, were brought be-
but our joy and
consolation shall never

|
WOMAN
TIED IN A
iSACK,
AND FOUR MEN
HUNc;.
ril'-'P
'217.

I
219
hare an end.
the
Let us, therefore,
strive to
On
the day appointed for the execution

all
entr into our Master and Savior's joy, by
of the former, they were
conducted, un-
same
strait
way which he
hath taken
der a proper guard,
Death can not hurt us, for it is already destroyed by him, for whose sake
before u^.
were
to suffer,
where they and were attended by a proto the place
digious
we
are
now
going
to suffer." at the fatal spot,
number of spectators. As soon as they arrived at

they
;
the place of
fervently for
When
time
;
they arrived
they
execution,
all
prayed
both kneeled
after
down and prayed
for
some
to the
some time
after
which Robert Lamb adto the spectators, exhort-
which, being fastened
dressed himself
stake,
and the fagots lighted, they cheerhands of

gave them,
in full
ing them to fear God, and to quit the practice of papistical abominations.
fully resigned their souls into the
Him who
erlasting
hopes of an ev-
The
four
men wore
;
all
hanged on the
her
reward
in the
heavenly mansions.
same gibbet
and
the
woman and
In 1543, the archbishop of St. Andrew's
made
a visitation into various parts of his
diocese,
where several persons were

at
in-
were conducted to a river adjoining, when, being fastened in a large sack, they were thrown into it, and drowned.
sucking chikl
formed against
Perth
for heresy.
Among
They
all
suffered their fate with
these the following were condemned to die,

viz.,
ing fortitude
becomand resignation, committing

spirits to
William Anderson, James Fiiilayson,
their departing
that
Redeemer
^
Robert Lamb, James Hunter, James Ravelson,
who was
to
be their
to
final
judge, and who,

|
Helen Stark.
accusations laid against these re:
they had reason
hope, would usher them

|
The
I
into the realms of everlasting bliss.
<
were as follow The first four were accused of having hung up the image of Sir Francis, nailing
spective persons
When we
both as
fate,
reflect
on the sufferings of
these persons,
we are naturally induced, men and Christians, to lament their

to
<
ram's horns on his head, and fastening a
and
express our feelings by drop-
<
cow's
tail
to his
back
but the principal
ping the tear of commiseration.

dering four men, for
little
The mur-
matter on which they were condemned, was

I ,
other reason than
having regaled themselves with a goose on

a fast day.
that of satisfying nature with an article sent
by Providence
ly
for that
very purpose (merea
I
s
James Ravelson was accused of having

adorned his house with the three-crowned
because
it
was on
day prohibited by
superstition),
is
ridiculous
bigotry
;
and
diadem of Peter, carved
in
wood, which
be done in
shocking indeed
cent
but the fate of the inno-
the archbishop conceived to
mockery of his cardinal's cap. ^ Helen Stark was accused of not having
accustomed herself to pray to the virgin Mary, more especially during her confinement.
infant,
woman, and her still more harmless makes human nature shake, and alto think there is
most tremble,
as
such a being
man.
horrid bigotry, to what lengths
wilt thou not
go
What
!
sacrifice wilt thou
not make, to gratify the basest and most
On
were
these
all
respective
accusations
they
found guilty, and immediately re;
ceived sentence of death

eating
the
to
the four
;
men
for
(See engraving.) inhuman of passions Many others were cruelly persecuted during the archbishop's stay at Perth, some
being banished, and others
confined
in
goose
to
be hanged
;
Ravelson
be burnt
James and the woman,

to
with her sucking infant,

sack, and drowned.
be put into a
The
elson
four
men, with the woman and
child,
suffered at the
same time
but James Rav-
John Rogers, a pious man, was murdered in prison, and his body thrown over the walls into the street after which the archbishop caused a report to be spread, that he had met with his
loathsome dungeons.
;
)
i
was
not executed
till
some days
after.
death by attempting to
make
his escape.
'
: ;
220
THE
LIFE,
SUFFERINGS, AND MARTYRDOM, OF GEORGE WISHART.
EORGE WISHART was

born in Scotland, and
ter
af-
the
town any more,

it.
for
he was determined
greatly
not to suffer
receiving a grammat-
This sudden
rebuff
surprised
ical education at a pri-
Wishart, who, after a short pause, looking

sorrowfully on the speaker and the audience, said, " God is my witness, that I never
vate school, he
place, and
left that
finished
his
studies at the university of Cambridge.
In
order
to
improve himself as much as possi-
yea, your trouble
minded your trouble but your comfort is more grievous to me

it
ble in the
knowledge of
literature,
he
trav-
than
is to
yourselves
but
am
assured,
elled into various parts abroad,
where he
to refuse
God's word, and
to
chase from
distinguished himself for his great learning

ajid ahililies, both in
ity.
you his messenger,

for
shall not preserve
you
it
philosophy and divin-
from trouble, but shall bring you into
His desire
to
promote true knowledge
God
shall
send you ministers that shall
and science among men, accompanied the

profession of
to
it hittiself.
He was very ready

to others, in
fear neither burning nor banishment. ) have offered you the word of salvation.
communicate what he knew
and frequently read various authors both

his
With the hazard of my life I have remained among you now ye yourselves refuse me
:
own chamber, and
in the public schools.
and
must leave
my
innocence
If
it
to
be de-
After being
to
some time abroad he relumed

at
clared by
my
God.
I
be long prosper-
England, and took up his residence
ous with you,

truth
:
am
not led by the spirit of
Can\bridge, where he was admitted a

ber of Bennet college.
mem-
but if unlooked-for trouble
come
up-
Having taken up
on you, acknowledge the cause, and turn

to
his degrees, he entered into holy orders,
God, who
if
is
gracious
and merciful.
warning, he
and expounded the gospel in so clear and intelligible manner, as highly to delight his
But
will
you turn not
at the first
fire
visit
you with
and sword."
At
numerous auditors. Being desirous of propagating the true gospel in his own country, he left Cambridge
in
in
the close of this speech he left the pulpit,
and retired.
After this he
land,
1544, and in his
way
thither preached
to the great
went into the west of Scotwhere he preached God's word, which

;
most of the principal towns,
was gladly received by many
till
the arch-
pleasure of himself, and the satisfaction of bishop of Glasgow, at the instigation of

his hearers.
Cardinal Beaton, came with his
train,
to
On
first at
his arrival in Scotland
he preached
at
the town of Ayr, to suppress Wishart, and

insisted on having the church himself to
;
Montrose, and afterward
Dundee.
made a public exposi- preach in. Some opposed this but Wistion of the epistle to the Romans, which hart said, " Let him alone, his sermon will he went through with such grace and free- not do much hurt let us go to the market This was agreed to, and Wishart cross." dom, as greatly alarmed the papists.
In this last place he
\
;
In consequence of this (at the instigation of Cardinal Beaton, the archbishop of St.
prea''*-
d a sermon that gave universal sat-
isfaction to his hearers,
and
at the
same
Andrew's), one Robert Miln, a principal
time confounded his enemies.
man
at
Dundee, went
to the
church where
|
\
He
to
continued to propagate the gospel

people with the greatest alacrity,
in
Wisliart preached, and in the njiddleof his
the
discourse publicly told him not to trouble
>
preaching sometimes
one place, and
B
)
221
aetimes in another; but coming
to
Mack-
them.
After this the plague abated; though,

it,
lene,
I I
he was, by
force,
kept out of the
in the midst of
Wishart constantly
vis\
|
church.
Some
;
of his followers would have

to
ited those that lay in the greatest extremi|
broken in
j
upon which he said

is
one of
ty,
and comforted them by his exhortations.

\ <
them, " Brother, Jesus Christ

I
>
>
'
"When he took leave of the people of in the fields as in the church and himself Dundee, he said, that " God had almost often preached in the desert, at the sea-side, put an end to that plague, and he was now and other places. The like word of peace called to another place."' God sends by me the blood of none shall He went thence to Montrose, where he be shed this day for preaching it." sometimes preached, but spent most of his He then went into the fields, where he his time in private meditation and prayer.
\
;
as mighty
>
preached
hours
I
;
to
the people
for
above three
It is said, that
before he
left
Dundee, and
'
and such an impression did his serthe minds of his hearers, that
in all the
;
while he was engaged

to
in the labors of love
<
mon make on
fry, the lord
the
bodies, as well as to the souls of

^
one of the most wicked men

the truth of the gospel.
coun-
those poor
afflicttid
people. Cardinal Beaton
of Slield, became a convert to
<
engaged a desperate popish priest, called John Weighton, to kill him the attempt to
;
I \
short time after this, Mr. Wishart re-
<
execute which, was as follows: one day,

after
ceived
intelligence
that
It
the
plague was
<
Wishart had finished his sermon, and
<
broke out in Dundee.

!
began four days

from preaching
it
the people departed, the priest stood wait-
]
<
after
he
was
prohibited
ing at the bottom of the stairs, with a na-
there,
i
and raged so extremely, that
was
<
ked dagger
almost beyond credit
how many
died in the
space of twenty-four hours.
This being
hand under his gown. But Mr. Wishart, having a sharp, piercing eye, and seeing the priest as he cyme from
in
his
1
'
related to him, he, notwithstanding the im-
<
the pulpit, said to him, "
My
friend,
what
clap-
portunity of his friends to detain him, de-
<
would you have

him.
?"
And immediately
it
termined to go thither, saying, "
They
are
<
ping his hand upon the dagger, took
from
now
and need comfort. Perhaps this hand of God will make them now to magnify and reverence the word of God,
in troubles,
<
The
priest beinsj terrified,
fell
on his
|
knees, confessed his intention, and craved

pardon.
'
<
noise being hereupon
raised,
>
which before they lightly esteemed." Here he was with joy received by the
godly.
and
it
coming
to the ears of those
who
<
were
to ns,
sick, they cried, " Deliver the traitor

j
He
chose the east gate

;
for the place
we
will take
him by
force
;"
and they
|
>
of his preaching
so that the healthy were
burst in at the gate.
But Wishart, taking
'>
within, and the sick without the gate.
He
sent
the priest in his arms, said, "
took his text from these words, "

his
He
hurts
him
shall hurt
me
for
Whatsoever he hath done
word and healed them," &c. In this sermon he chiefly dwelt upon the advantage and comfort of God's word, the judgments
upon the contempt or rejection of it, the freedom of God's grace to all his people, and the happiness of those of his
that ensue
elect,
>
me
ing
no mischief, but much good, by teach-
'.
me more
heedfulnoss for the time to
'
come."
priest.
By
this
conduct he appeased the

life
people, and
^
I
saved the
of the wicked
|
Soon
after his return
to
Montrose, the
whom
he takes
to
himself out of this

hearts of his heartorce of
>
cardinal again conspired his death, causing

a letter o be sent to him, as if from his fa-
>
miserable world.
ers
The
were so raised by the divine
>
miliar friend, the laird of Kinnier, in
which
this discourse, as not to regard death, but

to
he was desired with
all
possible speed to
judge them the more happy
who
should
come
to
him, because he was taken with a

In the meantime, the car-
>
then be calleJ, not knowing whether they
sudden sickness.
might have such a comforter again with
<
dinal had provided sixty
men armed,
to lie
SI
R^ 222
in wait within a mile

and a half of Mon- This realm shall be illuminated with the murder him as he passed light of Christ's gospel, as clearly as any realm since the days of the apostles. The coming to Wishart's hand by house of God shall be built in it yea, it
>
trose, in order to
that
way.
letter
The
a boy,
him a horse for shall not lack, in despite of all enemies, neither will it be long bethe journey, Wishart, accompanied by some the top-stone honest men, his friends, set forward; but fore this be accomplished. Many shall not something particular striking his mind by suffer after me, before the glory of God the way, he relumed back, which they shall appear, and triumph in despite of Sawondering at, asked him the cause; to tan. But, alas, if the people afterward
also brought
i
who
>
whom
I
he said
of
*'
will not
go
am
for-
shall
prove unthankful, then fearful and

will the plagues be that shall fol-
bidden
I ?
God
tell
am
assured
to
there is
>
terrible
treason.
place, and
Let some of you go
yonder Mow."
me what you
they
told
find."
:
Which
and hast-
The
next day he proceeded on his jour-
doing, they
ily
made
the discovery
ney, and
\
when he
arrived
at
Leith, not
returning,
Mr.
Wishart
meeting with those he expected, he kept
\ *
my
but
whereupon he said: " I know I shall end himself retired for a day or two. He then grew pensive, and being asked the reason, life by that bloodthirsty man's hands ;
|
it
will not be in this
manner."
to
he answered:
"What do
I differ
from a dead
labors
to the dis-
short time after this he left Montrose,

to
man
Hitherto
God hath used my

and
I
;
and proceeded
I
>
Edinburgh, in order
city.
for the instruction of others,
propagate the gospel in that
By
In
the
closing of darkness
and now
his
lurk as a
way he lodged with
a faithful brother, called

I
man ashamed
|
to
show
face."
His
to
It is
James Watson, of Inner-Goury.

I ^
the
friends
perceived that his desire was

to
middle of the night, he got up, and went

into the yard,
preach, whereupon they said

| <
him, "
which two men hearing, they most comfortable

i
for us to
hear you, but be-
privately followed him.

I I
I \
While in the yard, he fell on his knees, and prayed for sometime with the greatest after which he arose, and refervency Those who attended turned to his bed. him, appearing as though they were ignorant of all, came and asked him where he had been but he would not answer them. The next day they importuned him to tell
;
:
we know the danger wherein you stand, we dare not desire it." " But," said he, " If you dare hear, let God provide for me as best pleaselh him ;" after which it
cause
was concluded,
preach
that the next
day he should
the par-
<
in Leith.
His
text
was of
<
able of the sower, Matt.
ended, the gentlemen of
The sermon Lothian, who were

xiii.
<
earnest professors of Jesus Christ, would not suffer
them, saying, "

I
I
Be
plain with us, for
we
him
to stay at Leith,
because the
heard your mourning, and saw your ges\
<
tures."
I
governor and cardinal were shortly to come to Edinburgh; but took him along with
On
beds."
to
this he,
with a dejected countenance,
them
and he preached
at
Branstone, Long-
said, " I
had rather you had been in your But they still pressing upon him
niddry, and Ormistone.

at Inveresk,
He
also preached
:
near Muselbnrgh
he had a
know something, he said, " I will tell great concourse of people, and among them you I am assured that my warfare is near Sir George Douglas, who after sermon " I know that the governor at an end, and therefore pray to God with said publicly me, that I shrink not when the battle wax- and cardinal will hear that I have been at but let them know that I will jthis sermon eth most hot." wept, saying, avow it, and will maintain both the docWhen they heard this they
|
;
|
\
" This is small comfort to us." Then, said he " God shall send you comfort after me.
:
| I
trine,
and the preacher,
to the
uttermost of
my
power."
223
Among
others that
came
to
hear him
world, because he
saw
:
that
men began
to
preach, there were two Gray-friars, who,
<
be weary of
God
" For," said he " the
standing at the church door, whispered
to
which Wishart observing, said to the people, " I pray you make room for these two men, it may be they come to learn ;'' and turning to them, he said, " Come near, for I assure you you shall hear the word of truth, which this
in
;
such as came
that
gentlemen of the west have sent me word, they can not keep their meeting at
Edinburgh."
<
Knox, wondering he should enter
into
<
conference about these things, immediately before his sermon, contrary to his usual custom, said to him, " Sir, sermon-lime ap-
day
shall seal
tion or
damnation
in
;
ceeded
be quiet
still
you either your salvaafter which he prohis sermon, supposing they would but when he perceived that they
up
to
:"
proaches
to
will leave
you
for the present
your meditations."
Wisharl's sad countenance declared the
',
grief of his mind.

to the pulpit,
continued to disturb the people that
At length, he went inand his auditory being very
stood near them, he said to them the secend time, with an angry countenance " ministers of Satan, and deceivers of the
:
small, he introduced his
following
,
exclamation
it
long shall
be, that
sermon with the Lord how thy holy word shall

:
"
souls of men, will ye neither hear God's

truth yourselves, nor sufl'er others to
it ?
be despised, and
men
I
shall not regard their
hear
;
own
salvation
have heard of thee,

to
O
be
Depart, and take this for your portion

shall
Haddington, that in thee there used
God
shortly confound and disclose

this
your hypocrisy within

shall be
kingdom
ye
pla-
two or three thousand persons at a vain and wicked play and now, to hear the mes;
abominable
with
to
men, and your
senger of the eternal God, of

ish can scarce be
all
the par-
ces and habitations shall be desolate."
He
then
>
spoke
this
much vehemency
spirit
>
present.
numbered one hundred Sore and fearful shall be the

fire
turning to the people, said, "
have provoked the

after
These men of God to anger ;"

his sermon,
plagues that shall ensue upon this thy contempt.
With
;
and sword shalt thou be

and you, the
which he proceeded on
it
>
plagued
yea, thou Haddington in special,

;
and finished
his hearers.
highly to the satisfaction of? strangers shall possess thee

I
present inhabitants, shall cither in bondage

serve your enemies, or else you shall be
From hence he went and preached

veresk, where he
at
Branstone, Languedine, Ormistone, and In-
<,
chased from your

that because
own
habitations
and
|
was followed by
a great
in
you have not known, nor
will
^
concourse of people.
ing after him
He
preached also
divers other places, the people

;
much
flock-
know, the time of your visitation." This prediction was, in a great measure,
accomplished not long
son, and forced
after,
and
in all his
sermons he
he had
to
when
it
the
foretold the shortness of the time

travel,
|
<
English took Haddington, made
a garri|
|
and the near approach of his death.
many
of the inhabitants to
| ^
"When he came to Haddington, his audi- fly. Soon after this, a dreadful plague broke tory began much to decrease, which was out in the town, of which such numbers thought to happen through the influence of died, that the place became almost depopthe earl of Bothwel, who was moved to ulated. oppose him at the instigation of the cardiCardinal Beaton, archbishop of St. Annal. Soon after this, as he was going to drew's, being informed that Mr. Wishart church, ho received a letter from the west was at the house of Mr. Cockburn, of Orcountry gentlemen, which having read, he mistone, in East Lothian, he applied to the called John Knox, who had diligently wait- regent to cause him to be apprehended; with which, after great persuasion, and ed upon him since his arrival at Lothian to whom he said he was weary of the much against his will, he complied.
\
<
<
>
|
<

224

earl accordingly went, with proper
th'
The
I
]
disposal, resolved to proceed immediately

to
attendants, to
house of Mr. Cockburn,
try
him
as a heretic
for
which he beset
I )
abLiut midnight.
The
laird
pose he assembled the prelates
which purat St. An-
of the house being greatly alarmed, put
drew's church on the 27th of February,
himself in a posture of defence,

earl told
for the
when
the
1546.
him
that
it
was
in
vain to resist,
At
this
meeting the archbishop of Glasit
governor and cardinal were within

if
gow gave
as his opinion, that application
a mile, with a great power; but
he would
should be made to the regent, to grant a
deliver Wishart to him, he would promise
commission
prisoner,
to
upon his honor,

Wishart
of
that
he should be safe, and

the gstes, the will
that
a
all
some nobleman to the odium of

to
try
the
putting
lie
that the cardinal should not hurt him.

said, "
;"
so popular
the clergy.
man
death might not
on
but
Open
:
God be done
to
Wishart said
receive
and Bothwel coming in, him " I praise ray God,
To
this the cardinal readily

to the regent,
agreed
upon sending
he received the
but delay
that so honorable a
man
;
as you,
my
lord,
following answer, that he would do well

not to precipitate this man's
trial,
me
this night
for I
am persuaded
that for your honor's sake, you will suffer it until his coming; for as to himself, he nothing to be done to me but by order of would not consent to his death before the law I less fear to die openly, than secret- cause was very well examined and if the Bothwel replied, " I cardinal should do otherwise, he would ly to be murdered."
:
will not only preserve
your body from

but
also
violence that shall be intended against you
without order of law

in the presence of
make protestation, that the blood of this man should be required at his hands. The cardinal was extreniely chagrined promise
all
these gentlemen, that
at this
message from the regent

in
;
however,
neither the governor nor cardinal shall have

their will of you
my own
restore
h(use,
to
you
keep you in you free, or the same place where I re;
but
1
will
he determined to proceed business he had undertaken

ten to
the bloody
and therefore
till
either set
sent the regent word, that he had not writ-
him about
this
matter, as supposing
Then said the laird, " My himself to be any way dependent upon his lord, if you make good your promise, which authority, but from a desire that the prosewe presume you will, we ourselves will cution and conviction of heretics might not only serve you, but we will procure all have a show of public consent; wliich, the professors in Lothian to do the same." since he could not this way obtain, he This agreement being made, Mr. Wis- would proceed in that way which to him
ceive
you."
hart
earl,
was delivered
into the
hands of the
to
appeared the most proper.

In consequence of this, the canlinal im-
who immediately conducted him
Edinburgh.
mediately proceeded
as the earl arrived al that |ilace,
fi)r
to the trial of
Wishart,
As soon
against
whom
:
no less thnn eighteen articles
he was sent
an inveterate on the
by the queen, who being

to
were
1.
exhil)iteil,
which
had
in
substance were
enemy
to
Wishart, prevailed
as follows
earl (notwiihslanding the
promises
That
he
despi.ied
the
holy
he had made)
the castle.
commit him
a pri.soner to
mother-church, and had deceived the people

;
and that wlnm ho was

from preaching
the same.
at
t)r(lcriJ to
de-
The
hart's
cardinal
situation,
being informed of Wis-
sist
Dundee, by the govslill
immediately caused
thence
to the
went to Edinburgh, and him to be removed
ernor, he
would not obey, but
perse-
vered
2.
in
castle of St. Andrew's.
That he had
his
tail.
said, the priest standing
The
having
inveterate and persecuting prelate,
at the altar,
and saying mass, was like a fox
now
got our
mariy
fully at his
own wagging

THE CHRISTIAN MARTYIIOLOGY.
3.
-
225
That he had preached against the build costly churches to the honor of God, there were not seeing that he remained not in churches nor yet could seven, but two only, viz., baptism and the made with men's han-'s God be in so small a space as between the supper of the Lord.
sacraments, saying, that
i
>
4.
confession
That he had taught, that auricular was not a blessed sacrament

;
priest's
\
\
hands,
and had said confession should be made
to
God
5.
only, and not to a priest.
That he had despised fasting, and had taught the people to do the like. 18- That in his preaching he had said
17.
That he had
said
it
was necessary
the soul of
]
man
should sleep
till
the last
life
for
every
man
to
know and understand

catholic church.
his 'day, and

^
should not obtain immortal
baptism, contrary to the established max-
liH that lime.
ims of the
6. altar
Roman
Mr. Wishart answered these respective

articles with great
in so learned
That he had said the sacrament of the was but a piece of bread baked upon
;
composure of mind, and
the ashes
it
and clear a manner, as greatand the ceremonies attending ly surprised most of those who were pres\
:;
was
7.
but a superstitious rite, against the
ent.
commandment
was not
8.
of God.
said
'
bigoted priest, at the instigation of the
That he had
extreme unction
| <
archbishop, not only heaped a load of curses on him, but also treated
a sacrament.
him with
the
That holy water was equally simple

insignificant as water not consecrated
that
;
most barbarous contempt.
He
used a lan-
and
and
gnage
fidel
;
fit
only for the most complicated in-
he had said the curses of the Ro-
and, not satisfied with that, he spit
raish clergy availed nothing.

9.
in his face,
and otherwise maltreated him.
On this Mr. Wishart fell on his knees, That he had said every layman was a priest and that the pope had no greater and after making a prayer to God, thus addressed his judges auihority or power than another man. " Many and horrible sayings unto me a 10. That he had said a man had no free will, but was like the stoics, who said, that Christian man, many words abominable to which hear, have ye spoken here this day it was not in man's will to do anything, but
i
;
>
that
all
concupiscence and desire came from
not only to teach, but even to think,
ever
God, of what kind soever it might be. 11. That it was as lawful to eat flesh on a Friday as on a Sunday.
12.
<
thought a great abomination."

After the examination was finished, the
archbishop endeavored to prevail on Mr.
That
the people should not pray to
Wishart
fixed in
to
recant
but he
was
too firmly
saints, but to
God
only.
his
religious
principles,
and too
13. That in his preaching he had said that there was no purgatory, and that it was a false conception to imagine there was any
much
\
enlightened with the truth of the gos-
pel, to
be in the least moved.
In consequence of this, the archbishop
such thin^
the
after death.
pronounced on him the dreadful sentence

\
',
14. That he had taught plainly against
of death, which he ordered should be put

into execution on the following day.
vows of monks,
said, that
friars,
nuns, and priests
and had
whoever was bound to such vows, they vowed themselves to the Moreover, that it was state of damnation.
lawful for priests to marry, and not to live
single.
|
I
As soon
this
as the archbishop
had finished
and melancholy ceremony, our martyr fell on his knees, and thus excruel
claimed
"
immortal God,
how
long wilt tnou
15.
That he had spoken disrespectfully
| |
sufl'er
the rage, and great cruelty of the
of the general and provincial counsels.

16.
That he had
said,
it
was
in vain to
ungodly, to exercise their fury upon thy servants, which do further thy word in this

m226
i

?
world
Whereas
they, on the
contrary,
'(
remember
feed on
it
that
Christ
died
for
us,
and
seek
I \
to
destroy the truth, whereby thou
j
(
spiritually."
Then
taking the
hast revealed thyself to the world, &c.
cup, he drank, and bade

that Christ's blood
Lord,
we know
certainly that thy true sersuffer,
vants must
needs
for
thy name's
'
After this
them " remember was shed for them," &c. he gave thanks, prayed for some
sake, persecutions, afflictions, and troubles,

in this present
time, took leave of his visiters, and retired

to his
world
yet
we
desire, that
chamber.
the morning of his execution there
to
I
l
thou
wouldst preserve
and
defend
thy
On
came
one of
church, which thou hast chosen before the foundation of the world, and give thy peopie grace to
him two
friars
from the cardinal

a black linen coit,
whom
put on
him
hear thy word, and
to
be thy
and the other brought several bags of gunpowder, which they

tied
true servants in this present life."
about
different
Having
prison
said this, he arose, and
was imto the
parts of his body.
mediately conducted by the officers

I
s
In this dress he was conducted from the
whence he had been brought,
in the
room
outer
in the castle.
I >
in which he had been confined, to the chamber of the governor's apartments,

till
In the evening he was visited by two

friars,
there to stay
the necessary preparations
who asked him

;
to
make
his confes-
were made
tle,
for his execution.
sion to
>
them to whom he said, " I will not make any confession to you ;" on which
they immediately departed.
The windows and

fer,
balconies of the cassufsilk
opposite the place where he
were
all
was to hung with tapestry and
I I
Soon
after this
came the
sub-prior, with
in so feeling a
hangings, and with cushions for the cardinal and his train,
feast their
'f
whom
manner weep.
tercede
Wishart conversed
who were thence

also a
to
to
on religious matters as to
make him
to the
eyes with the torments of
this
When
and
for
he
left
him, he went
but
innocent
man.
There was
great
cardinal,
told
him, he came not

life,
to in-
guard of soldiers, not so

the execution, as to
much
secure
Wishart's
to
make
show a
vain ostentation
known
his innocence to all
men.
At these
of
power
besides which, brass guns were

preparations being made,
isfaction,
',
words, the cardinal expressed great dissatand forbid the sub-governor from
placed on different parts of the castle.
The necessary
again visiting Wishart.
our martyr, after having his hands tied be-
Toward
castle,
the close of the evening, our
hind him, was conducted

In his
friars,
to the
fatal spot.
martyr was visited by the captain of the

I <
with several of his friends
who
way thither, he was who desired him to
accosted by two
pray
to the Vir-
bringing with them some bread and wine,
asked him
them.
lingly, for
he would eat and drink with " Yes," said Wishart, " very wilif
gin Mary, to intercede for him. he meekly said, " Cease ; tempt
entreat you."
To whom me not, I
know you
arc honest men."
As soon
as
he arrived
at the stake, the
In the meantime he desired them to hear
executioner put a rope round his neck, and

a chain about his middle
fell
;
<
him a little, when he discoursed with them on the Lord's supper, his sufferings and death for us, exhorting them to love one
another, and to lay aside
all
upon which he
:
on his knees, and thus exclaimed " thou Savior of the world, have merFather of heaven,
I
rancor and
cy upon me!
com-
>
malice, as
Christ,
became
the
members of Jesus
mend my
spirit into
thy holy hands."
who
continually interceded for them
After repeating these words three time*
with his Father.

to
After this he gave thanks
'
God, and blessing the bread and wine, he took the bread and brake it, giving some to each, saying, at the same time, " Eat this,
he arose, and turning himself to the spectators, addressed them as follows " Christian brethren and sisters I be:
seech you be not offended
at the
word of

God
for the
111
torments which you see pre;
fire to
the
powder
that
was
tied about liim,
pared for
love the
me
but of
exhort you, that ye

for
and which blew into a flame and smoke.
word
God
your salvation,
The
governor of the castle,
who
stood
and
suffer patiently, and with a comforta-
so near that he
was singed with
the flame,
|
ble heart, for
the
word's sake, which
is
exhorted our martyr in a few words,

of good cheer, and to ask pardon of
for
to
be
>
your undoubted salvation, and everlasting

comfort.
I
God
:
pray you also, show
my breth-
his
offences.
To which he
replied
>
ren and sisters,
who have
often heard me,
" This flame occasions trouble to
my
body,
word of God, indeed, but it hath in no wise broken my which I taught them according to the meas- spirit. But he who now so proudly looks ure of grace given me, but to hold fast to down upon me from yonder lofty place," and show pointing to the cardinal, " shall, ere long, it with the strictest attention them, that the doctrine was no old wives' be as ignominiously thrown down, as now
that they cease not to learn the
\
;
'
| >
fables, but the truth of
God
I
:
for if I
had
he proudly
lolls at his
ease."
this, the
taught men's doctrine,

greater thanks from
should have had

\
When
\
he had said
executioner
>
of God's sake,
ly,
men but for the word pulled the rope which was tied about his now suffer, not sorrowful- neck with great violence, so that he was
For soon strangled; and the
5
but with a glad heart and mind.
fire
getting strength,
>
this
cause
was
sent, that I should
suffer
burnt with such rapidity that in less than

^
this fire for Christ's
sake
behold
my face,
countenpersecuI
an hour his body was
totally
consumed.
forti-
you
ance
tion
shall not see

:
me change my
;
Thus
died, in confirmation of the gospel
>
fear not the fire

to
and
if
of Christ, a sincere believer, whose
j
\
come
'
you
for
the word's sake,

that
tude and constancy during his sufferings,
pray you
fear not
them
can
kill
the
can only be imputed

vine aid, in order to
to
the support of dithat
" body, and have no power over the soul.' After this he prayed for his accusers, saying " I beseech thee. Father of heaven,
:
fulfil
memorable
shall
promise, " As
is
thy day, so
thy
strength be also."
forgive
them
all
that have, from ignorance, or

lies of
I
The
ing
\
prediction of Mr. Wishart, concern-
an evil mind, forged
me
forgive
Cardinal
Beaton,
is
related
by that
has
them with
to
my
heart.
beseech Christ
great historian, Buchanan, as also by Arch-
forgive them, that have ignorantly con-
bishop Spotwood, and others
but
it
demned me."
Then, again turning himself to the speche said " I beseech you, brethren, exhort your prelates to learn the word of God, that they may be ashamed to do evil, and learn to do good or also there will shortly come upon ihem the wrath of God, which they shall not eschew." As soon as he had finished this speech, the executioner fell on his knees before him, and said, " Sir, I pray you forgive me,
tators,
: ;
been doubted, by some

er he really
later writers,
wheth-
made such
it
prediction or not.
may, however, it is certain that the death of Wishart did, in a short time after, prove fatal to the cardinal himthat as
Be
self; the particulars of
which
it
may
not
be improper here to
sul)j(in.
Soon
after
the
death of Mr. Wishart,

to
the cardinal
went
Finhaven, the seat of
the earl of Crawford, to solemnize a mar\
for I
am
not the cause of your death."
In return to this, Wishart cordially took

the
man by
:
the hand, and kissed him, saythat I forgive

\
between the eldest son of that nobleman, and his own natural daughter, MarWhile he was thus employed, he garet. received intelligence that an English squadriage
ing, " Lo, here is a token
ron was upon the coast, and that consequently an invasion was
to
thee
my
heart, do thine office."
be feared.
Up\
\ k
He was
then fastened to the stake, and
the fagots being lighted, immediately set
on this he immediately returned to St. Andrew's, and appointed a day for the nobility

t 228
and gentry
proper
to

to
meet, and consult what was
the
door in the best
manner he
could.
fire
be done on this occasion.
But
However, finding
as
it
that they
had broualit
as no further
lish
news was heard
of the
Eng-
>
in order to force thfir

is
way, and they having,
fleet, their
apprehensions of an inva-
said by some,
life,
made him
promise
im-
sion soon subsided.
',
of his
he opened the door.

vrith their
They
In the meantime,
Norman
Lesley, eldest
>
mediately entered
swords drawn,
but
son of the earl of Rothes,
who had been
and John Lesley smote him twice or thrice,

as did also Peter Carmichael
;
'f
treated by the cardinal with injustice and
James
affair),
J
contempt, formed a design, in conjunction

with his uncle John Lesley,
>
Melvil (as
Mr. Knox relates the

to
<
Beaton, and others
who hated who were inflamed
perceiving them
| |
be in anger, said, " This

it
work and judgment of God, although

secret, ought to be
:"
be
against him on account of his persecution

!
done with greater grav-
of the protestants, the death of Wishart,
Mfy
^
and presenting the point of his sword
and other causes,

i
to
assassinate the prelate,
to the cardinal, said to
him
"
Repent thee
in-
though he now
resided in the castle of St.

at great
of thy wicked
life,
but especially of the
Andrew's, which he was fortifying

expense, and had,
in
>
shedding of the blood of that notable

strument of
the opinion of that

it
>
God, Mr. George

fire
Wishart,
age, already rendered

ble.
I
(
almost impregna-
which, albeit the flame of

it
consumed
The
cardinal's retinue
at
was numerous,
the
>
before men, yet cries for vengeance up;
the
town was
his
full
devotion, and
on thee
venge
and
wo from God
are sent to re-
neighboring country
I
i
of his dependants.
it.
For here, before
my
God,
pro-
However, the conspirators, who were in number only sixteen, having concerted their/
|
test, that
neither the hatred of thy person,
the love of thy riches, nor the fear of

trouble
any
in
plan,
I
met together early

29lh
of
to
in the
morning, on
^
''
thou couldst have done
to
me
Saturday the
)
May.
The
first
particular,
moved
or
moveth me
to strike
thing they did,

the castle, from
was
seize the porter of
thee
but only because thou hast bee^, and
whom
they took the keys,
remainest, an obstinate
enemy
of
Christ
and secured the gate.
They then
sent four
I
Jesus, and his holy gospel."

this,
Having said
of their party to watch the cardinal's chamher, that
he with his sword run the cardinal

;
he might have no notice given him
twice or thrice through the body

said, "
I"
I
who
!
onis
of what
I
was doing
after
which, they went
Hy
\ I
am
a priest!
Fy
Fy
all
and called up the servants and attendants,

j
gone
and then expired, being about

Cardinal Beaton,
fifty-
to
whom
they were well known, and turned
two years of age.
I }
number of fifty, out of the gate, as they did also upward of a hundred workmen, who were employed in the fortithem
to the
Thus
fell
who had
been as great a persecutor against the protestants in Scotland, as
fications
I I
and buildings of the castle; but
land
Bonner was in Engand whose death was as little reall
the eldest son of the regent,
also in the castle, they kept for their

security.
who lodged own
grelted by
true
professors of Christ's
gospel.
<
The
character of this distinguished ty:
<
<
was done with so little noise, that the cardinal was not waked till they knocked at his chamber door; upon which
All this
rant, is thus given
by a celebrated writer " Cardinal Beaton," says he, " had not
to
it.
'.
he cried
ley
"
}
<
Who is there answered, " My name

out, "
?"
is
John LesLesley."
cardinal
;
used his power with moderation equal the prudence by which he obtained
"
I
j
Which Lesley ?" Is it Norman ?"

;
replied
It
the
was answered
to
that
1
he must open the door

there
but instead of
those
who were
Notwithstanding his great abilities, he had too many of the passions and prejudices of an angry leader of a faction, to govHis reern a divided people with temper.
senlment against one part of the nobility,
tliis
he barrictyled

his insolence
to the
229
t)ul
toward the
rest, his
all,
severity
and of primitive sanctity, won'

lience of a fierce age
;
the pa|
'
reformers, and above
the harba-
and notliing but a

to gratify the
rous and illegal execution of the famous
bold hand
lie
was wanting,
pub-
<
George Wishart, a man of honorable
birth,
wish by his destruction."

|
PERSECUTIONS OF PROTESTANTS IN IRELAND, DURING THE IRISH MASSACRE.
HOUGH
ally
the
various atI
meetings
fro, to
and thence used
to
pass to and
tempts made by the Irish

against the English usu-
France, Spain, Flanders, Lorraine,

;
>
and
go under the name of

|
where the detestable plot of 1641 was hatching by the family of the
Rome
<
rebellion, yet
they deI
O'Neals, and their followers.
serve more properly the

epithet persecution, as
efforts
all
A
[
>
short time before the horrid conspira-
their destructive^ cy broke out,

relate,
were particularly
levelled at the prot-
which we are now going to the papists of Ireland had presented

free exercise of
I <
eslants only,
if
whom
they were determined,

extirpate
a remonstrance to the lords-justices of that
possible, totally to
from
the
kingdom, demanding the

the contrary
to
kingdom.
carried
ect that
I
;
They
had, indeed, hitherto mis| i
their religion, and a repeal of all laws to
but they at length hit upon a pruj-
succeeded to their wishes, and produced a catastrophe that will remain in

characters of blood to the latest posterity.
liament
that they
in
which both houses of parEngland solemnly answered,

;
would never grant any toleration

in that
<
to the
popish religion
kingdom.
papists to put
}
That
that
the
Romish clergy
is
of Ireland were
<
This further
in
irritated the
the principal fomenters of the rebellions in

^
execution the diabolical plot concerted

;
kingdom,
evident from their treach-
for the destruction of the protestants

it
and
|
erous and disloyal behavior under

Elizabeth and King James
uallj''
Queen
<
failed not of the
success wished
for
by
I.,
they continsupported
to Ire-
<
its
malicious and rancorous projectors.
urging to the people the lawfulness

all
',
The
design of this horrid
conspiracy
of killing
protestants,
who
that
<
was, that a general insurrection should take

place at the
the right of the

\
crown of England
all
<
same time throughout

all
the king-
land
and assuring them
papists
',
dom
and that
the protestants, without
who
should die fighting against tue protes-
exception, should be murdered.

fixed for this horrid massacre,
The day
the
tants,
would go immediately
to
heaven.
was
23d
These
I.
Irish ecclesiastics, under Charles

titular
of October, 1641,
the
feast
of Ignatius
;
were greatly increased by
Romish
rea-
Loyola, founder of the Jesuits

the kingdom,
and the
archbishops, bishops, deans, vicars-general,

abbots, priests, and friars
;
chief conspirators, in the principal parts of
for
which
made
the necessary prepara-
son, in 1629, the public exercise of the po-
tions for the intended conflict.
pish rites and ceremonies
was
forbidden.
after the
In order that this detested scheme might

the
But notwithstanding
this,
soon
more
infallibly succeed, the
most
dis| s
Romish clergy erected a new popish

versity in the city of Dublin.
unialso
tinguished artifices were practised by the

papists
to the
;
They
and their behavior,
in their visits
proceeded
to build
monasteries and nun-
neries in various parts of the
kingdom ; in which places these very Romish clergy, and the chiefs of the Irish, held frequent
was with more seeming kindness than they had hitherto shown, which was done the more completely to effect the inhuman and treacherprotestants at this
time,
| I
230
\

first
ous designs then meditating against them. The execution of this savage conspiracy
assault
let loose,
destruction was everywhere and met the hundred victims at

:
<
was delayed
I
i \
till
the approach of winter,
every turn.
lations, to
In vain
was recourse had

to friends
:
to re-
that the sending troops from
England might
Cardiminister,
companions,
all
con-
be attended with greater

nal
difficulty.
nexions were dissolved, and death was dealt

/
Richelieu, the
.
French
had
by
that
hand, from which protection was
promised the conspirators a considerable and many supply of men and money
;
implored and expected.

tion,
Without provocathe
'
without
opposition,
astonished
' '
had given the strongest assurances, that they would heartily concur
Irish officers
<
English, living in profound peace, and, as

they thought,
full
',
security,
were massacred
'>
with their catholic brethren, as soon as the

I
by their nearest neighbors, with

of kindness and good offices.
whom
they
insurrection appeared.
I
had long maintained a continued intercourse

^
The day preceding

i
that appointed for
>
carrying this horrid design into execution
>
death was the slightest
Nay, even punishment inflicted

:
>
>
was now
arrived,
when, happily
for the
>
by these monsters
tortures
in
human form
all
the
metropolis of the kingdom, the conspiracy

I
/
which wanton cruelly could
invent,
'/
was discovered by one Owen O'Connelly, all the lingering pains of body, the anguish for which most signal service of mind, the agonies of despair, could not the English parliament voted him 500Z. satiate revenge excited without injury, and
a Irishman,
I I
and
pension of 200^. during his

this
life.
cruelly derived from no

1
cause
whatever.
religion,
So very seasonably was

city
plot dis-
Depraved nature, even perverted

can not reach
>
covered, even but a few hours before the
>
though encouraged by the utmost license,

to a greater pitch of ferocity
'(
and castle of Dublin were
to
have
been surprised, that the lords-justices had but just time to put themselves, and the
city, in a
>
than appeared in these merciless barbarians.
'
Even
the
I
^
proper posture of defence.
The
>
tender to their
weaker sex them.selves, naturally own suflerings, and com>
\ <
Lord M'Guire, who was the principal leader

here, with his accomplices, were seized
the
passionate to those of others, here emulated

their robust
companions
in
the practice of
j
\
\ <
same evening in the city and in their every cruelty. The very children, taught lodgings were found swords, hatchets, pole- by e'xample, and encouraged by the exaxes, hammers, and such other inslrutnents hortation of their parents, dealt their feeble
;
'/
<
<
of death as had been prepared for the destruction and extirpation of the protestants
in that part of the
>
blows on the dead carcases of defenceless

children of the English.
<
kingdom.
metropolis happily pre-
Nor was
cruelty.
the avarice of the Irish suffij
Thus was
the
cient to produce the hâst restraint on their
served; but the bloody part of the intended
Such was
their phiensy, that the
The contragedy was past prevention. spirators were in arms all over the kingdom
their
cattle they
<
had seized, and by rapine had
early in the morning of the day ap-
<
pointed, and every proteslaiit
who
fell
in
<
made their own, were, because they bore the name of English, wantonly shu'ghiered, or, when covered with wounds, turneil loose
into the
way was immediately murdered.

was spared.
No
'
woods, thcie
to perish
by
sow
and
(
age, no sex, no condition,
The'
<
lingering torments.
wife weeping for her butchered husband,
The commodious
ers
habitations of thr plant-
I
J
pierced
and embracing her helpless children, was with them, and perished by the The old, the young, the same stroke.
vigorous,
were
laid in ashes, or levellrd
with the
<
'.
ground.
And where
the wretched
in the
owners
had shut themselves up

^
\
houses, and
j
i
<
same
fate,
and the infirm, underwent the and were blended in one comIn vain did
flight
were preparing
in the flames,
for defence, they
perished
',
together with their wives and
'
mon
ruin.
save from the
children.
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYROLOGV.

Such
is
231
their cups,
the general description of this

;
^ i
unparalleled massacre
but
it
now
remains,
from the nature of our work, that
we
pro-
their wicked brethren for their victory over these un-
some papists were merry over who were come to congratulate
ceed
to particulars.
<
happy
friars,
creatures, those protestaiits

forth
who
sur-
The
bigoted and merciless papists had

to
|
\
vived were brought
by the White-
no sooner began
embrue
their
hands
in
and were either
killed, or precipita-
blood, than they repeated the horrid trage-
ted over the bridge into a swift water,
where
added,
dy day
day and the protestants in all parts of the kingdom fell victims to their fury by deaths of the most unheard-of naafter
;
<
they were soon destroyed.

that this
It
is
>,
wicked company of Whitefriars went some time after, in solemn proceswith holy water in their hands, to
;
ture.
I
sion,
The
by the
ignorant Irish were more strongly

|
sprinkle the river
on pretence of cleansit
instigated to execute the infernal business

Jesuits, priests,
ing and purifying
from the stains and
and
friars,
who, when
I
pollution of the blood

s
and dead bodies of

slaughter-
the day for the execution of the plot
was
the heretics, as they called the unfortunate

protestants
at this
agreed on, recommended, in their prayers,

diligence in the great design,
said would greatly tend to the prosperity
who were inhumanly
which they ed
I s
very time.
of the kingdom, and to the advancement

of the catholic cause.
see,
At Kilmore. Dr. Bedell, bishop of that had charitably settled and supported a
declared to the
protestants
They everywhere great number of distressed protestants, who common people, that the had fled from their habitations to escape
| <
were
it
heretics,
and ought not
to
;
the
diabolical cruelties committed
be sufTered
adding, that
to live
any longer among them

to kill
papists.
| I
by the But they did not long enjoy the

;
was no more
a
sin to kill an
consolation of living together

prelate
the good
Englishman than
the relieving
dog; and
that
I
was
forcibly dragged from his epis-
or
protecting
them
was a copal residence, which was immediately

s
crime of the most unpardonable nature.
occupied by Dr. Swiney, the popish

bishop of Kilmore,
titular
The
and
of the
papists having besieged the
town
I
who
said
mass
in the
castle of Longford,
latter,
and the inhabitants

protestants, sur-
church the
seized on
all
Sunday
following, and
then
who were
the goods and effects belong-
rendering on condition of being allowed

quarter, the besiegers, the instant the towns-
j >
ing to the persecuted bishop,
Soon
after this the papists
forced
Dr.
people appeared, attacked them in the most
unmerciful manner, their priest, as a signal

for the rest to fall on, first ripping
open the
;
>
belly of the English protestant minister

after
two sons, and the rest of his family, with some of the chief of the protestants whom he had protected, into a ruinous castle, called Lochwater, situated in a
Bedell, his
which his followers murdered all the some of whom they hung, others were stabbed or shot, and great numbers knockrest,
lake near the sea.

his
companions some weeks,
Here he remained with all of them
daily expecting to be put to death.
The
ed on the head with axes provided for the

purpose.
I
The
I
;
',
garrison at Sligo
was
treatpd in like
manner by O'Connor Slygah

the protestants
ised
quilting their
who, upon holds, prom; \
them were stripped naked, by which means, as the season was cold (it being in the month of December) and the building in which they were confined
greatest part of
open
at the top,
they
sufli'ered
the most se-
them
quarter,
and
to
convey them safe

to
vere hardships.
over the Curlew mountains,
Roscom-
They
leased.
continued in this situation
till
the
re-
mon. But he first imprisoned them in a most loathsome jail allowing them only
;
7th of January,
'
when
they were
all
The
bishop was courteously re-
grains
for
their food.
Afterward,
when
ceived into the house of Dennis O'Sheridan,
one of his
clergj',
whom
he had made a
;
expositions of scripture,
great trunk
\ \
all
which, with
fell
convert to the church of England

did not long survive this kindness.
but he
full
of his manuscripts,
into
>
the hands of the Irish.
Happily his great
During his residence here, he spent the whole of his lime in religious exercises, the better to fit and prepare himself, and his sorrowful companions, for their great
change, as nothing but certain death was
perpetually before their eyes.
<
Hebrew MS. was preserved, and is now in the library of Emmanuel College, Oxford.
In the barony of Terawley, the papists,
at the instigation
|
)
of their friars, compelled

protestants,
<
above
forty
English
some of
to the
|
>
whom were women
and children,
He was
at this
time in the 71st year of
<
his age, and being afflicted with a violent
hard fate either of falling by the sword, or of drowning themselves in the sea.
ague caught
in his late cold

it
and desolate
These choosing
forced, by the
habitation on the lake,

into a fever of the
soon threw him

hand, he received
<
the latter, were accordingly naked weapons of their in-
most dangerous nature.

at
exorable persecutors, into the deep, where,

with their children in their arms, they
first
|
i
Finding his dissolution

it
waded up to their chins, and afterward sunk just hastening to his crown of glory. After down and perished together. having addressed his little flock, and ex-? In the castle of Lisgool upward of 150 horted them to patience, in the most pathet- men, women, and children, were all burnt ic manner, as they saw their own last day together and at the castle of Moneah not approaching; after having solemnly bless- Uess than 100 were all put to the sword.
with joy, like one of the primitive martyrs
|
>
>
,'
ed his people, his family and his children,
Great numbers were also murdered

castle of Tullah.
to
at
the
| |
M'Guire on condition of having fair! His friends and relations applied to the quarter but no sooner had that base villain intruding bishop, for leave to bury him, got possession of the place, than he orderwhich was with difficulty obtained he, at ed his followers to murder the people, first, telling them, that the church-yard was which was immediately done with the greatholy ground, and should be no longer de- est cruelty.
J
'.
he finished the course of his ministry and life together, on the 7th of February, 1642.
which was delivered up
<
'
<
filed
with heretics
however, leave was.

though
the
Many
| \
others were put to deaths of the
',
at
last
granted, and
church
solemni-
funeral service
was not used
at the
most horrid nature, and such as could have been invented only by demons instead of men.
<
ly (for fear of the Irish papists), yet
some
of the
belter sort,
veneration for him

his remains
to
who had the highest when living, attended

At his
inter-
<
Some
of them were laid with the centre
of their backs on the axle-tree of a carriage, with their legs resting on the
the grave.
ground
on one side, and their arms and head on crying out, " Reqniescat in pace, uUimitsiAhe other. In tliis position one of the sav|
ment, they discharged a volley of shot,
Anglorum
;" that
is,
"
May
the last of the| ages scourged the
wretched object on the

tore
to
English rest in peace."
Adding, that as
thighs, legs, &.C., while another set on fu-
he was one of the
best, so
he should
be
rious
dogs,
who
pieces ihe arms

;
the last English bishop found
among them. and upper

\ ^
parts of the
body
and
in
this
manner were they deprived of their he would have given the world a greater existence. Great numbers were fastened proof of it, had he printed all he wrote, to horses' tails, and the beasts being set on Scarce any of his writings were saved full gallop by their riders, the wri-tched victhe papists having destroyed m(5t of his tims were dragged along till tluy expired, Others were himg on lofty gibbets, and papers, and his library. \
dreadful
;;
His learning was very extensive; and
He
had gathered a vast heap of
critical \d. fire
being kindled under them, they
fin-
SCENES IN THE IRISH MASSACRE. Page
^3;!.

ished their lives, partly by hanging, and
partly
235
to
such as attempted
\
reach the shore were
by
suffocation.
knocked on the
In the
h(!ad.
Nor
did the
more tender sex escape the
same
part of the country, at least
least particle of cruelty that could be pro-
four thousand
persons
were drowned
them
in
jected by their merciless and furious persej
different places.
l
The inhuman
papists, aflike
cutors.
Many women,
of
all
ages, were
ter
first
stripping them, drove
put to deaths of the most cruel nature.
beasts to the spot fixed on for their destruction

;
Some
backs
in particular
to strong posts,
to their
were fastened with their and being stripped waists, the inhuman monsters cut
and
if
any, through fatigue, or natu-
ral infirmities,
were slack
in their pace,
they
pricked them with their swords and pikes;
off their right breasts with shears, which,
and
to strike a further terror
on
tin;
multi-
of course, put them to the most excruciating torments

;
tude,
they murdered some by the

these poor wretches,
way.
and
in
this
position they
Many of
into the
when thrown
but their
were
pired.
left, till,
from loss of blood, they ex-
water, endeavored to save them-
selves by
the savage ferocity of these
swimming
to the
shore
Such was
merciless persecutors prevented their en-
barbarians, that even unborn infants were
deavors taking
the water.
effect,
by shooting them
in
dragged from the

to
their
rage.
womb to become victims Many unhappy mothers,
In one place one hundred and forty English,
who were near
the time of their delivery,
after
being driven
for
many
miles
were hung naked on the branches of trees, and their bodies being cut open, the innocent offsprings were taken from them, and thrown to dogs and swine. And to increase the horrid scene, they would oblige
the
l <
stark naked, and in the most severe weather, were all murdered on the same spot, some being hanged, others burnt, some !iot, and many of them buried alive and so
;
cruel
were
their tormenters, that they
would
husband
to
be a spectator before he
not suffer
them
to
pray, before they robbed
(See engravings.) At the town of Lissenskeath they hanged above one hundred Scottish protestants,
suffered himself.
I
showing them no more mercy than they did

to the
them of their miserable existence. Other companies they took under pretence of safe-conduct, who, from that consideration, proceeded cheerfully on their
;
English.
to the castle of that
^journey
town,
5
but
when
to
the treacherous papists
M'Guire going
had got them

ner.
a convenient spot, they the most cruel
desired to speak with the governor,
when butchered them

5
all in
man-
being admitted, he immediately burnt the

I
records of the county, which

I
]
were kept
there.
He
then
demanded
him
to
j6
1,000 of the
governor, which having received, he immediately compelled
One hundred and fifteen men, women, and children, were conducted, by order of Sir Phelim O'Neal, to Portendown bridge,
where they were
and drowned.
bell,
all
hear mass, and
to
forced into the river,
swear
that
he would continue so
to do.
One woman, named Camp-
>
And
to
complete his horrid barbarities, he

be-
finding no probability of escaping, sud-
ordered the wife and children of the governor to be hung up before his face
;
denly clasped one of the chief of the papists in
her arms, and held him so
fast,
sides massacring at least one hundred of
that they
the inhabitants.
were both drowned together. In Killoman they massacred forty-eight

together
Upward of one thousand men, women, and children, were driven, in different companies, to
i
families,
burnt
among whom twenty-two were in one house. The rest

shot, or
Portendown
bridge,
which was
and
were either hanged,

sisted of about
drowned.
broken in the middle, and there compelled

to
In Kilmore the inhabitants,
which confamilies, all
throw themselves into the water
two hundred
236
fell

victims to their rage.
till
;
Some
after
of them
They
beat an
Englishwoman with such

;
they sat in the stocks
they confessed
savage barbarity, that she
where
their
money was
death.
which they
>
whole bone
left
after
;
had scarce a which they threw

not satisfied with
]
put them
I I
to
The whole county
her into a ditch
but
was one common scene of butchery, and this, they took her child, a girl about six many thousands perished, in a short time, years of age, and after ripping up its belly, by sword, famine, fire, water, and all other) threw it to its mother, there to languish till
|
:^
'',
the most cruel deaths, that rage and malice

I
it
|
perished,
could invent.
They
forced
one man
to
go
to
mass,
These bloody favor to some as

diately
fsT
;
but
to
showed so much after which they ripped open his body, and in that manner left him. They sawed to despatch them immethey would by no means suf- another asunder, cut the throat of his wife,
villains
\
] '
them
pray.
Oihers they imprisoned

they
and
after
having dashed out the brains of
in filthy
dungeons, putting heavy bolts on
>
their child, an infant,
threw
it.
it
to the
swine,
their legs,
and keeping them there

the
till
who
greedily devoured
were starved to death. At Casel they put

into a loathsome
After committing these, and

all
many
other
protcstants
\
horrid
cruelties,
they took the heads of
dungeon, where they kept

for several
seven protestants, and among them that of

a pious minister, all
at the
them together,
greatest
weeks,
in
the
which they
fixed
up
At length they were released, when some of them were barbarously mangled, and left on the highways to perish at leisure others were hanged, and some were buried in the ground upright, with their heads above the
misery.
;
<
market cross.
They
put a gag into

his cheeks
the minister's mouth, then

to his ears,
slit
and laying a leaf of a bible
'
it, bid him preach, for his mouth was wide enough. They did several other things by way of derision, and expressed
before
earth, tho papists, to increase their misery,

I
the
greatest
satisfaction
at
having thus
treating
them with derision during
their
murdered, and exposed the unhappy protestants.

It is
suflêrings. 'In the
county of Antrim they murdered

fifty-four
impossible to conceive the pleasure
nine hundred and
protestants in
these
monsters took
in
exercising
their
one morning
and afterward about twelve
cruelty, and to increase the misery of those
hundred more in that county. At a town called Lisnegary, they forced

\
who fell into iheir hands, when they butchered them they would say, " Your soul to
the devil."
twenty-four protestants into a house, and

then setting
fire to
it,
>
<
burned them togelh-
>
One
of these miscreants would
come
into
er, counterfeiting their outcries in derision
>
a house with his hands
to others.
and boast that

that his
it
embrued in l)lood, was English blood, and
<
sword had pricked the white skins two children belonging to an English- of the protestants, even to the hilts. When any one of them had killed a woman, and (lashed out their brains l)cfore after which they ilirew the moth- protestant, others would come and receive her face er into a river, and she was drowned. a gratification in cutting and mangling the They served many other children in the body after which they left it exposed to and when thoy had like manner, to the great aflliciion of their be devoured by dogs parents, and the disgrace of human nature. slain a number of them ihey would boast, In Kilkenny all the protestants, without that the devil was beholden to them for
Among
other acts of cruelty, they took
j
(
<
,;
j
,
<
>
exception,
were put
to
death
and some
sending so many souls
to hell.
of them in so cruef a manner, as, perhaps,
|
!
But
it
is
no wonder they should
thus
was never
before thought of.
treat the
innocent Christians,
when
they
DRAGGING PROTESTANTS THROUGH BOGS
IN
IRELAND.
l'a;fc
237.

commit blasphemy against God, and his most holy word. In one place they burnt two protestant bibles, and then said they had burnt hellhesitated not to
fire.
I
239
In the county of Tipperary upward of

thirty protestants,
>
dren,
fell
into
the
men, women, and chilhands of the papists,
In the church at Powerscourt, they

to
burnt the pulpit, pews, chests, and bibles,
who, after stripping them naked, murdered them with stones, pole-axes, swords, and other weapons,
In the county of
estants, fifteen of
belonging
it.
Mayo, about
sixty prot-
They took
them with
other bibles, and after wetting

I
whom
were ministers,
be
safely con-
dirty water,
dashed them
in the
were, upon
covenant, to
faces of the protestants, saying, "

;
We know
ducted to Galway, by one

:
Edmund Burk
you love a good lesson here is an excel- and his soldiers but that inhuman monlent one for you come to-morrow, and you ster by the way drew his sword, as an intimation of his design to the rest, who imshall have as good a sermon as this." Some of the protestants they dragged by mediately followed his example, and mur1 ; ? |
the hair of their heads into the church,
dered
the
whole,
some of whom they
where they stripped and whipped them
in
stabbed, others were run through the body
the most cruel manner, telling them, at the
with pikes, and several were drowned.

In Queen's county, great numbers of protestants
same
I
I
time, that " if they
came to-morrow,
to
they should hear the like sermon."

In Munster they put
ministers in the
death several
deaths.
er in
most shocking manner.
I
'
most shocking were placed togethone house, which being set on fire,
to
were put
the
Fifty or sixty
One,
in
particular, they stripped stark na-
they
all
perished in the flames.

stripped naked, and being
j '
ked, and driving him before them, pricked
Many wore
I <
him with swords and

and expired.
In
darts
till
he
fell
down
eyes,
fastened to horses by ropes placed round

their middles,
till
'
were dragged through bogs
some places they plucked out the
they expired.
',
Some wore hung by the feet to tenteroff the hands of the protestants, and manner turned them into the fields, hooks driven into poles and in that wretchthere to wander out a miserable existence. ed posture left till they perished. Others were fastened to the trunk of a They obliged many young men to force their aged parents to a river, where they tree, with a branch at top. Over this were drowned wives to assist in hanging branch hung one arm, which principally
and cut
in that
I
<
;
<
<
<
their
husbands
and mothers
to
cut the
supported the weight of the body

of the legs
and one
throats of their children.

I
I
was turned
and
up, and fastened to
In one
place
they compelled a young
the trunk, while the other

in
hung straight. And
man
I
to kill his father,
and then immediate-
<
ly
I
I
hanged him.
to kill
In another they forced a
uneasy posture did they remain, as long as life would permit,

this
dreadful
woman
I
her husband, then obliged
pleasing spectacles to their blood-thirsty

j
|
the son to kill her, and afterward shot
through the head.

i I
him persecutors. (See engraving.) At Clownes 17 men were buried

s
alive
At a place called Glaslow, a popish

priest,
^
'
j
I
with some others, prevailed on forty
and an Englishman, his wife, five children, and a servant maid, were all hung together, and afterward thrown
into a ditch.
protestants to be reconciled to the church
of
Rome.
They had no sooner done
this,
>
They hung many by
the arms to branch-
than they told them they were in a good

faith,
>
es of trees, with a weight to their feet; and others by the middle, in
ling from
and that they would prevent their falit, and turning heretics, by sendtheir throats.
'/
>
they
ing them out of the world, which they did
which postures them till they expired. Several were hung on windmills, and
left
by immediately cutting
before they
were half dead, the barbarians
m
i
240
cut

them
in
pieces
with
their
swords.
^
>
sacrificed to gratify the diabolical souls of
>
Others, both
men, women, and children,

wallowing in their
the papists,
it
it
amounted
that
to
150,000.
But
they cut and haclced in various parts of their

bodies, and left thenn
blood, to perish
>
now remains
we proceed
to the par|
\
ticulars that followed.
I
}
These desperate wretches, flushed and where they fell. One poor i woman they hung on a gibbet, wjth her grown insolent with success (though atchild, an infant about a twelvemonth old, tained by methods attended with such ex( ^ '
the latter of
whom was hung

its
by the neck
cessive barbarities as perhaps are not to be

\
with the hair of

I
>
mother's head, and in

its
^
',
equalled), soon got possession of the castle

|
that
manner
finished
short but miserable
of
Newry, where
the king's stores and

;
amlittle
'
existence.
I
munition were lodged

difficulty,
and, with as
Tyrone no loss than 300 protestants were drowned in one day and many others were hanged, burned, and
In the county of
;
dalk.
>
made themselves masters of DunThey afterward took the town of

all
Ardee, where they murdered

estants,
the prot-
<
otherwise put to death.
and then proceeded

siege
to
Drogheda.
no condi-
Dr Maxwell,
this lime
rector of Tyrone, lived at
The
garrison of
Drogheda was
;
in
near Armagh, and suffered greatly) tion to sustain a

merciless savages.
notwithstanding
from
iliese
This clergy-
which, as often as the Irish renewed their
man,
'\
in
his examination, taken
upon oath
\ >
before the king's commissioners, declared,

that the
Irish papists
were vigorously repulsed, by a very unequal number of the king's forces,

attacks, they
owned
in
to
him, that
|
and a few
/
faithful protestant citizens,
under
'
they had destroyed in one place,

I j
at
Glyn-
Sir
Henry Tichborne,
the
governor, as-
wood, 12,000 protestants,

from the county of Armagh.
their
flight) sisted
by the lord viscount Moore.
The
As
the river
Bann was
not fordable, and

Irish forced
the bridge broken

thither,
at
down, the
diflerent times, a great
number
Drogheda began on the 30lh of November, 1641, "and held till the 4ih of March, 1642, when Sir Phelim O'Neal, and the Irish miscreants under him, were forced
siege of
to retire.
|
$
of unarmed, defenceless protestants, and
with pikes and swords violently thrust above
In the meantime 10,000 troops were sent

i
1,000 into the river, where they miserably

]
from Scotland
to the relief of the
remaining
, J
perished.
Nor
did the cathedral of
Armagh escape
it
>
the fury of these barbarians,

f
being ma-
liciously set
on
fire
by
their leaders,
and
^ |
which being properkingdom, happily suppressed the power of the Irish and the protestants, for several savages
protestants in Ireland,
ly divided into various part of the
;
burnt to the ground.
And
to extirpate, if
years, lived in tranquillity.
unhappy | protestants, who lived in or near Armagh, the Irish first burnt all their houses, and then gathered together many hundreds of those innocent people, young and old, on pretence of allowing them a guard and safepossible, the very race of those
|
After
James
II.
had abandoned England,

j
he maintained a contest Ireland, where he did all

carry on that
for
sometime
in
power to persecution which he had

in his
:
been happily prevented from persevering accordingly, in a parliain, in England
conduct
ously
to
Coleraine
when ihey
treacher-
fell
on them by the way, and inhu-
manly murdered them.
The
like horrid barbarities with those
we
ment held at Dublin, in the year 1689, numbers of the protestant nobility, clergy, and gentry of Ireland, were attainted The government of the of high treason.
great
have particularized, were practised on the
kingdom was, at that time, invested in the wretched protestants in almost all parts of earl of Tyconnel, a bigoted i)apist, and an By and, when an estimate was inveterate enemy to ttio protestants. the kingdom afterward made of the number who were his orders they were again persecuted in
; \

various parts of the kitigJom.
241
left,
The
reve-
had only nine lean horses

of meal to each man.
wih a pint
nues of the city of Dublin were seized,
'>
By
hunger, and the

fighting
and most of the churches converted into

prisons.
olution
>
fatigues of war, their 7,361
men
And had it not been for and uncommon bravery of
the resthe gar-
<
were reduced to 4,300, one fourth part of whom were rendered unserviceable.
As the calamities of the besieged were town of Inniskillen, there had not one place very great, so likewise were the terrors remained for refuge to the distressed prot- and suflerings of their protestants friends estaiifs in the whole kingdom but all must and relations all of whom (even women have been given up to King James and to and children) were forcibly driven from the furious popish party that governed him. the country thirty miles round, and inhuThe remarkable siege of Londonderry manly reduced to the sad necessity of conwas opened on the 18lh of April, 1689, by tinning some days and nights, without food
risons in the city of Londonderry, and the
^ ^ \
;
>
20,000
pa[)ists,
the flower of the Irish ar-
>
or covering, before the walls of the town,;
my.
The
ciiy
was not properly circumraw undisciplined
and were thus exposed
to the continual fire
^lanced to sustain a siege, the defenders

consisting of a body of
protestants,
ter,
both of the Irish army from without, and

the shot of their friends from within.
who had
fled thither for
shelI
^
But the succors from England happily

riving, put an
ar-
and half a regiment of Lord M(nmtjoy's

only 7,361
end
to their affliction
and
disciplined soldiers, with the principal part
the siege
was
raised on the 31st of July,
of the inhabitants, making in

fighting
all
having been continued upward of three

months.
men.
besieged hoped,
at first, that their
The
The day
ry
before the siege of Londonder-
stores of corn, and other necessaries,
would
I j
was
raised, the Inniskilleners
engaged
be sufficient
but by the continuance of the

;
a body of 6,000 Irish
siege their wants increased

last
and these
at
Newton
near
Butler, or
Roman catholics, at Crown castle, of whom

slain.
became so heavy,
that, for a
consider-
5,000 were
This, wiih
the
able time before the siege
was
raised, a pint
<
defeat at Londonderry, so
much
up
dispirited
all
of coarse barley, a small quantity of greens, a few spoonfuls of starch, with a very moderate portion of horse-flesh,
uhe
\
papists, that they gave

at that
further
attempts
eslants.
time to persecute the prot-
were reckoned
soldier.
to
<
week's
provision
at length,
for
And
and
In the year following, 1690, the Irish
they were,
reduced
such excats,
who had
II.,
taken up arms in favor of James

totally defeated
tremities, that they
devoured dogs,
were
by William
left
III.
mice.
and that monarch, before he
the coun-
Their miseries increasing with the siege, try, reduced them to a state of subjection, many, through mere hunger and want, pined sin which they very long continued, at least and languished away, or fell dead in the so far as to refrain from open violence, alstreet and it is remarkable, that when though they were still insidiously engaged their long-expected succors arrived from in increasing their power and influence ;
\
i
;
England, they were upon the point of being

reduced
to this alternative, either to pre-
for,
by a report made
in the
year 1731,
it
appeared, that a great number of ecclesiastics,
serve their existence by eating each other,

or attempting to fight their
the Irish,
had, in defiance of the laws, flocked

Ireland
;
I s
way through
infallibly pro-
into
that
several
convents had
friirs;
which must have
been opened by
I I
jesuiis,
monks, and
duced
their destruction.
that
many new and pomptHis

in
mass-liouses
These succors were most happily brought had been erected

>
the most conspic.joiis
by the ship Mountjoy, of Derry, and the Phoenix, of Coleraine, at which time they
16
parts of their great cities,
where there had

that
>
not been any before
and
such swarms

242
/

Romish
priests
of vagrant, immoral
had ap-
],
benefits will arise from the establishment

|
peared, that the very papists themselves
of protestant schools in various parts of the
^ i
<
which the children of the RoBut, notwithstanding all the arts of priest- man catholics are instructed in religion and craft, all the tumid and extravagant har- literature, whereby the mist of ignorance angues of Hibernian orators, and the gross is dispelled, which was the great source of and wilful misrepresentations of their self- the cruel transactions that have taken
considered them as a burden.
I
\
kingdom,
in
|
<
',
'.
\
\
styled liberal abettors, the protestant reli-
place, at
different
periods, in that
king-
gion
now
stands on a firmer basis in Ireit
dom
<
and
this is sufficiently
proved by the
|
<
land than
J
>
ever before did.
The
Irish,
fact, that
those parts of the country which
who
life,
formerly led an unsettled and roving

in
haVe been disgraced by the most horrible

outrages, are those in
the
woods, bogs, and mountains,
^,
which the most

still
pro-
<
and lived on the depredation of their neighI I

'(
found ignorance and bigotry
prevail.
bors; they
who
in the
morning seized the
In order to preserve the protestant interj
prey, and at night divided the spoil, have,

for
est in Ireland
all
|
upon a
solid basis,
is
it
behooves
to
'
many years
past,
become comparatively
in
whom power
their
invested
duties
;
dis-
'
quiet and civilized.
They
taste the
sweets
j
charge
respective
with
the
of English society, and the advantages of

civil
strictest assiduity
and attention
tempering
government.
of their clans, and the chiefs
>
justice with mercy,

ciliation.
and firmness with con-
The heads
They
should endeavor rather to
>
of the great Irish families,
who
cruelly op\
gain the hearts of the people by kindness
>
pressed and tyrannized over their vassals,

are
than to enslave them by fear
and
to
show
now
;
l
'
nothing
nobility
dwindled, in a great measure, to* | them that the ministers of the protestant reand most of the ancient popish ^ ligion are more estimable, instead of more
and
gentry of Ireland
religion.
have
re-
powerful, than ihe
Romish
clergy.
sin-
'
nounced the Romish

It is
gle voluntary proselyte is worth a thousand

^
also to be hoped, that inestimable
converts
to
" the holy text of pike
and gun,"
POPISH CRUELTIES IN MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICA.

jIIE bloody tenets of tho Ro- their own writers, some of whom have man catholic persuasion, even glorified in their inhumanity, and, as
\
<
and the cruel disposiiions

of
Roman
catholics,
deemed those
atrocious
the votaries of that actions meritorious, which would make a church, can not be more protestant sliudder to relate, so that wo amply displayed, or truly may well exclaim with the poet:
will
depicted, than by giving an authentic and " Figots

'I'lie
draw, wherever popery reigns,

;
\ . '
simple narrative of the horrid barbarities exercised by the Spaniards oti the innocent
streiiming blood Iroiii |)ioiiN martyr's veins Alike in Kurope, or the eastern purls,
and unoffending inhabitants of America. Indeed, the barbarities were such, that they
would scarcely seem credible from their enormity, and the victims so many, that they would startle belief by their numbers,
if
Their eriiel turlures, iind inCi'mal arts, Alike in pfilished, or unpolished dimes, Their siipersiilion, jjrejudiL-e, and crimes. The murders, Lisbon or Madrid can show, Are matched in Goa, and in Mkxico; While Romish malice bears triumphant sway, To cloud the splendor of the gosjjcl day While barb'rous men with truth and sense at strife, Deprive the just and innocent of life."
;
i
}
the facts were not indisputably ascer-
The Spanish
historians in general, and

that
tained, stnd the circumstances admitted
by most of the theological writers admit,
THE CHRISTIAN MARTYttOLOGY.

the Spaniards
243
In justice, however, to the great comwere guilty of the barbarities which f-hey are accused. Indeed, the mander who conducted the expedition, it whole is amply displayed by a writer, who is necessary to observe, that historians adhad the most authentic authority for all he mit, " When Christopher Columbus sat out asserts, and was an eye-witness of many upon his discovery, under Ferdinand and of the cruelties he describes. The person Isabella, king and queen of Spain, he was
of
alluded to
is
the celebrated Bartholomeo
exhorted
to
behave with
all
possible hu-
de las Casas, bishop of Chiapa, a town

?
manity toward such nations as he might

arrive
ly
and province of Mexico, or New Spain. A portrait of this famous prelate is thus drawn by an able French writer " The
:
among
and that he complied exactill
with those instructions, but was
sec-
celebrated Bartholomeo de las Casas

a virtuous
I
was
ecclesiastic,
infidels
whom
the desire
onded by his companions. Most of these were men, who being voluntary exiles from their native country, hoped thereby to escape the punishment justly due
to their
of
converting
\
'?
America.
He possessed
had invited into most of the talents
crimes, and who, at the hazard of dying an
which form the
truly apostolic
man
honorable death, thirsted after the riches

of the
strong zeal, an ardent charity, a perfect

disinterestedness, an irreproachable purity
New
World."
in
of manners, and a robust constitution,
which
fa'/
Columbus first landed which he thought proper

pellation
place, to
to give the
ap-
<
enabled him
tigues.
to
undergo the greatest
of Port Royal.
The
neighbor-
<
with
His enemies could reproach him hood, or district, to which this spot appernothing but a too great vivacity of? tained, or belonged, was governed by a
;
temper
I <
but
then his virtue, his under-
powerful cacique, or chief, called Guacan<
standing, and the singular talents by
which
aric.
he
won
the confidence of the Americans,
air, affable in
This prince appeared serene his manner, and mild

;
in his
in his
'j
made him a very respectable
character."
<
disposition
and his subjects, though greatfirst
From this prelate's writings, who was a Roman catholic, and consequently can not
be supposed
to
ly surprised at the
\
appearance of the
Spaniards, soon contracted a great familiarity with,
speak, with prejudice against
and gave them ample demonstraavarice of the Spaniards soon betheir thirst after
>
those of his
own
persuasion, and
some
<
tions of their hospitable tempers.
other authentic materials,

the ensuing particulars.
we
shall select
The
>
coming conspicuous, and
'/
The West
in
Indies, and the vast continent
gold appearing to the natives, they readily
>
of America, were discovered by Columbus,
parted from their golden trinkets, bracelets,
1492.
This distinguished commander

in the large island of St.
at that
&c., to the Spaniards, in exchange for a

bells, or
landed
first
Do- few glass beads, or brass
some
mingo, or Hispaniola, which was

I
other such inconsiderable baubles.
lime exceedingly populous

lation
but this popu-
The
opinion
entertained
by the His-
was
of very
little
consequence, the
paniolans
of the
Spaniards
;
who
visited
inoffensive inhabitants being
murdered by
Blind
craving
multitudes, as soon as the Spaniards gained
for they lookthem, was rather romantic ed upon them to be descended from heaven,
a permanent footing in the island.

superstition,
and
to
have a command of the elements.
This exalted idea of their new guests ocavarice, rendered that, in the course of casioned them to imitate all their actions, years, a dismal desert, which, at the arrival and to copy every ceremony they saw the
bloody bigotry, and
of the Spaniards,
seemed
to
appear as an
is
Spaniards
perform,
without
having
the
earthly paradise; so that at present there
least conception of its
meaning.
scarce a remnant of the ancient natives re-
While
this
good correspondence lasted,
maining
Columbus's ship foundered in a storm, and
244

?
consequently himself and his crew were

at
among
for the
other things, several
women.
This
>
the
mercy of
cacique,
the
Hispaniolans.
The
outrage, however, did not go unpunished,
>
friendly
however,
in his
administered
cacique of the country so ravaged,
>
every consolation
to
power, sent canoes
<
succor the ship, and attended in person,

it.
whose name was Caunabo, inspired with indignation at their behavior, attacked them
in their retreat,
that his subjects might not plunder

built
He
recovered the
this success,
to the
women and
|
warehouses by the sea-side
to
secure
spoils,
and cut the invaders
to pieces.
<
the goods,
was
at the
so
much
his
affected that he
Flushed with
shed tears
offered
if
Spaniards' loss, and even
ceeded immediately
invested
Caunabo profort, which was
<
Columbus
whole possessions,
>
only defended by a few Spaniards.

it
He
j
\
he would remain
in that country.
with
the
soldiers
under his
caraval, or galley, having escaped the
|
> i
>
command,
but the Spaniards defended them|

\ ] I
storm,
Columbus
deterrilfined
to venture in
selves with such bravery, that the natives
that to Spain, in order to give
an account
were repulsed.
This determined Caunabo

;
He, therefore, thanked to act by stratagem he, accordingly, withthe cacique, told him he must return to s drew his army in the daytime, and sent a Spain, but that he would leave part of his chosen detached body in the night, who, coimtrymen with him. swimming across the ditch, set fire to the On this intimation the cacique built a fort, which was entirely consumed, together commodious house for the residence of his with the Spaniards. It is here requisite guests, and, with the wrecks of the ship, > to mention, that a few days before the fort raised them a kind of fort, which he fur- was burnt, the cacique, Guacanaric, still
of his discovery.
s
<
<
>
j
'<
| >
by sinking a ditch round it. friendly to the Spaniards, attempted to but Caunabo, having In this fort, Columbus, at his departure for relieve the place Spain, left behind him forty men, a gunner, a superior army, engaged, and defeated a carpenter, a surgeon, a few field-pieces, | him. and a quantity of ammunition. Soon after these transactions, Columbus | The command was given to Diego Do- returned from Spain with a strong force, With prudent manranna, and strict orders left to behave well and a povverfiil fleet. to the natives. agement things might have been happily Columbus, however, was no sooner de- 1 adjusted, but this fleet was manned by the purled, than the Spaniards left behind refuse of all the prisons in Spain, by wretchtotally changed their ctmdnct, and bi^came es without principles, feelings, or humanity,
ther secured
> j
;
|
j
\.
'
at
once robbers and
libertines,
plundering
'.
and officered by persons of a most mercenary disposition

:
the natives of their wealth upon every occasion, debauching their wives and daughters,
<
so that Columbus could
not act agreeable to the dictates of his
own
and acting with such an excess of heart, without hazarding a mutiny, barbarous rapacity, that they soon changed Under pretence of revenging the deaths
^ j I
those sincerest of friends into the bitterest
of those Spaniards
who had been
killed
of enemies.
Guacanaric, that tender and
humane
caci(|ue, expostulated in vain with
| \
during the absence of Columbus, the newcomers began to ravage and plunder the
country, concealing their avarice and cruel|
the Spaniards, on the imj)roprinty and cruelty of their practices

:
thuy laughed at his

still
ty
under the pretended mask of a generous
Remonstrances, rejected his advice, and

continued their depredations.
resentment,
Tlius, by their
artifices, hiding shatne. A.ul, un.icr vices, stealing virtue's name.'
At length thoy became so

party of the Spaniards
ihe
fort,
bold, that a
went armed from

1
A
ried
\
desperate war
was
kindled, and carfor

j
attacked a nfjighboring district,

i^reat
on with the most bloody barbarity,
carrying off a
deal of plunder, and,
the space of three years, without intermis-

sion.
*3I
245
in
The
natives had
age: the Spaniards, though inferior

bers,
numbers and courin num-
of his
council
subjects
and even
his
own
some bigoted
papists proposed to
had equal courage, greater discipline,
enslave the people entirely, and to divide
and the invincible assistance of firearms. Urged by avarice, and prompted by cruelty,
they spared neither age nor sex.
them among the Spaniards, who should employ them to work in the mines, or otherwise, as they might think proper.
The
Six
caciques,
or
sovereign
field
princes,
to
pretence of endeavoring to establish the
brought their forces into the
op-
Romish
religion
;
made
the
groundwork of
it
pose
:
these
invaders.
;
Their
the
endeavors
skill,
this project
the promoters of
insinua-
were, however, in vain

pline,
discistill
ting, that the natives
and firearms of the Spaniards
vailed
upon
to
would never be prebecome good catholics, so
prevailed, and the
Hispaniolan caciques
long as they should be permitted to exercise their superstitions, and escape a saluta-
wrere glad to agree to a cessation of hostilities,
which was chiefly brought about by ry violence. At the same lime it was urged the good offices of Guacanaric, who still that this would be of the highest advantage continued firm in his attachment to the in a political view, as the natives, by being Spaniards, and had accompanied them in thus shackled, would be no longer able to all their expeditions. rebel. This matter was argued at the court Notwithstanding the truce, the Spaniards of Spain, and at length it was inhumanly
continued their rapacious depredations as
before,
agreed upon, that the natives of Hispaniola

shoidd be divided
and put
to
death the natives wher-
among
the conquerors,
ever they met them.
The
repeated mur-
ders of the poor natives, and the endless
persecutions and violence of the Spaniards,

at
and become their slaves. At the time of the division of the natives, those unhappy people were reduced to the
length
determined the
caciques,
and
number of
sixty thousand, and these being
principal
people, not to suffer any more
ruled with a rod of iron, and barbarously
maize, or Indian corn, and manioc, a root

of
persecuted by their inhuman masters, were,

in the
which bread
is
made,
to
be planted,
space of only
five years,
:
diminished
thinking thus to starve out their tyrants,
to fourteen
thousand
so that allowing one
while they retired with their people
to the
thousand
forty-five
for natural
deaths during that time,

fell
woods and mountains.
thousand
martyrs to others'
The Spaniards, however, had their own to sow, and were well
felt
corn of
supplied
cruelty,
and their
own
anguish.
transactions
The inhumanity
of these
with provisions from Europe, so that they

but
little
raised at once the indignation, and excited

the compassion, of that elegant writer, and
inconvenience from this reso-
lution of the natives,

to their recesses,
whom
they pursued
into platill
humane
prelate, the celebrated

full
Bartholomeo
Europe, and
and penetrated ces before judged inaccessible

:
de las Casas, who,
of horror at what
for
being
he had seen, took shipping
harassed from mountain
to
mountain, and
repaired to the court of Spain, where he
wood to wood, more perished by fatigue and made a just and candid representation of the whole affair, and pleaded strongly in hunger than by the sword and firearms. In this lamentable situation the remnant favor of the poor natives of Hispaniola. thought proper to submit, and were treated This worthy gentleman was opposed at with the most inhuman rigor. the Spanish court by some of those merFerdinand, king of Spain, indeed, sent cenary wretches who were partly proprieorders to treat the natives with all possible tors of the conquered lands, and consequenthumanity, and to make converts of them by ly of the enslaved natives on them. He,
the mildest
means
but these orders
were
however, continued assiduous
in
his en-
neglected, through the avaricious barbarity
deavors, and indefatigable in his labors to

If
246
effect his point.

Urged by a most benevters, in
hopes thereby
1
to
free
them from
allow free-
|
<
he passed several times backward and forward, from Europe to Ameriin both ca, and from America to Europe places, however, he met with strong oppoolent spirit,
:
their
new government
to these
If
it
we
dom
barbarians,
will
be giving
{
up the conquest of America, and all the advantages to be expected from it ? But
wherefore should any one find fault with
their being
i >
sition
in
Europe from the king's
council,
'.
and
in
Hispaniola from a council called the
made
slaves
Do
And
?
not those
<
council of the Indies.
who conquer
to a state of
barbarous nations reduce them

captivity
?
<
These impediments determined the worthy prelate. Las Casas, to lay the whole matter
is
not this
| i
the privilege of the victors
Did not the
before Prince Charles (afterward the

em-êror, Charles V.),
renowned
and who,
at this time,
ws
?,
in right of the queen, his
mother, governor of the

countries.
new-discovered
The
bishop of Darien, or Span-
Greeks and Romans often treat thus the rude people whom they subdued by force of arms ? If ever any nation merited harsh treatment, it must be these Americans, who resemble brutes more than rational creatures
!
<
<
ish Terra Firma,
was employed by the en-
How
shocking are their crimes,

!
at
|
slavers of the poor natives (a practice at

that time general throughout all the
which nature herself blushes
Do we
?
West
discover the least traces of reason in them
Las Casas. As the bish- Do they follow any other laws than those op of Darien was a man of a disposition of their brutal passions ? But it will be totally contrary to that worthy and humane objected, that their insensibility and savage prelate, he did all he could to prevent his disposition prevent their embracing our The prince, however, determined religion but what do we lose by this ? success. want to make Christians of those who to hear both parties, and named a day for We Let our misthe matter to be solemnly argued before are scarce human creatures. sionaries declare what fruit they have him. At the time appointed, the prince being reaped by their labors, and how many of But seated on a kind of throne, and the proper these people are sincere proselytes.
Indies), to oppose
;
attendants and officers present, the bishop
here
it
will bo objected, that the Hispanij
of Darien
was ordered
to deliver his senti-
olans are souls for

vior died
whom
:
our blessed Sagrant

it,
ments, and explain his motives for wishing

to
on the cross
and God
continue the slavery of the native Amer

;
forbid that I should desire to have
them
| <
icans
when
:
that dissembling, artful,
and
abandoned.
Eternally be praised the zeal
inhuman
prelate, addressed himself thus to
of our pious monarch, for winning over
<
the prince
these infidels to Christ.

that the
But then
affirm
| J s
" Most August Prince, " It is very extraordinary that a point
should
still
be argued, which hath been so
most effectual way of doing this, and I add, will be by enslaving them that this is the only method that can be
;
frequently decided in the councils of the

catholic
employed.
" Being so ignorant, stupid, and vicious,
will
it
kings,
your
august
ancestors.
the
j
s
Doubtless, the sole reason

icans have
at last
why
Amer-
ever be possible to
instil into their
been treated with so much minds the necessary knowledge, except severity, is from a mature reflection on their by keeping them in perpetual bondage ? Need I set be- Equally desirous of renouncing the Chrisdispositions and manners. and rebellions of tian religion, as of embracing it, they often, fore you the treacheries
the worthless Hispaniolans
possibility of
?
>
j >
Was
there a
moment
after
their
baptism, return to
ever reducing them except
their native superstitions."
<
'/
by violent methods? every engine to work
Have they
to
not set
''
The
his
destroy their mas-
sophistical
bishop of Darien having concluded and fallacious harangue,
'0

Bartholomeo de
las
:
247
them be so
;
Casas
rose,
and made
our vassals, even
let
the la v
;
the following reply
of the conqueror indeed authorizes thus
<
"Illustrious Prince: I was one ofi but then what have they done to deserve first who went to America, when it slavery ? He adds, that they are stupid, was discovered under the reign of the invin- brutal, and addicted to vices of every kind cible monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella, your but is this to be wondered at? Can better
the
;
:
majesty's predecessors.
Neither curiosity
things be expected from a nation deprived

of gospel light
?
nor interest prompted
me
to
undertake so
Let us
us
pity, but
to
let
not opinstruct,
>
long and dangerous a voyage, the saving

of the souls of heathens being
ject.
press them
let
endeavor
;
my
sole ob-
enlighten, and reform

pline,
Why
was
I
was
not allowed to labor as

?
them but not plunge them

is
us discidespair.
into
assiduously as the ample harvest required
All this time religion
used as a cloak to
Why
not permitted, even at the exblood, to
cover such crying acts of injustice.

shall chains be the first fruits
How!
ransom so many thousand souls, who fell unhappy victims to avarice or lust ? Some would persuade us that barbarous executions were necessary, in order to punish or check the rebut let us inquire bellion of the Americans Did not these to whom they are owing. nations receive the Spaniards, who came among them, with gentleness and humanity ? Did they not show more joy in proportion, in lavishing treasures upon them,
pense of
:
my
people reap from the gospel
which these But will it
<
be possible for us to inspire them with a

^
love for
its
dictates,
now
and
they are so en-
venomed by
blessing,
hatred,
exasperated
at
their being dispossessed of that invaluable
LIBERTY?
?
Did
the
apostles
i
employ such methods

of the
gentiles
in their conversion
mitted to chains,
They themselves but loaded no man

to free, not
sub-
'
with
<
them
us
to
;
Christ
came
to enslave
^
than the Spaniards did greediness in re-
submission
to the faith
act,
he
left
us ought
\ <
But our avarice was not yet satiated though they gave up to us their lands, their settlements, and their riches, we also would tear from them their
ceiving them
1
:
be a voluntary
and should be propa-
gated by persuasion, gentleness, and reason;

|
violence and force will
make
hypocrites
only, but never true worshippers.
^ <
wives, their children, and their liberties.
Could we imagine them so miserable as
show any resentment, though we hanged and burnt them ? " To blacken these unhappy people, their enemies assert, that they are scarce human
not to
creatures
for
:
" Permit me now to ask the bishop, whether the Americans, since their being enslaved, have discovered a stronger desire
to
<
become
Christians
Whether
their
several masters have endeavored to dispel

their ignorance, their
by pouring instruction into
but
it is
we who ought
to blush,
minds
And what
or
advantage have
having been less men, and more barbarous
either religion
this
first
<
the state reaped, from

?
than they.
What have
they done
only
distribution
of the slaves
it
At
my
defended themselves when

arms.
attacked, and
arrival in Hispaniola,
contained mill-
repulsed injuries and violence by force of
ions of inhabitants, and there
now remain
want,
Despair always furnishes those who
are drove to the last extremity with
weap-
scarce an hundredth part of them. " Thousands have perished by
ons
but the
Romans
are instanced to give
fatigue, merciless punishments, cruelty,
and
in
a sanction to our enslaving these nations.
barbarity
sport
erns,
;
these
men
are
murdered
The
and
person
a
who speaks
Is
to
thus
is
a Christian,
?
they are dragged into dreadful cav-
bishop.
this
gospel
What
right have
we
enslave a people
who were
must be
born free, and
whom we
?
disturbed, though
If they
they never offended us
and there denied the light of the and that of the gospel. If the blood unjustly shed of one man only, calls loudly for vengeance, how strong must be the
skies,

cry of that of SO many unhappy creatures, which is shedding daily ? therefore I humbly implore your highness's clemency,
for subjects so unjustly
J
anguish,
have refused
all
sustenance
till
>
they perished.
If an American attempted lo run away, he was brought, if caught, to the next market-place, and there scourged almost to
oppressed, and take
| /
the liberty to declare, that if you do not

afford
will,
them the
relief in
call
your power, heaven

I
death
<
but
if
an American made a cornSpaniard,

it
one day,
you
to
an account for
plaint against a
was
not at-
the numberless acts of cruelty which you
<
tended
to in the least.
might have prevented."

Prince
Charles
zeal,
In every respect the Spaniards treated
highly
applauded
to
the
i
these miserable sons of bondage with the

greatest barbarity.
good bishop's
ise,
and promised
to
redress
the grievances complained of.
His prombe
that of a
;
Many
quently
of the
Spanish writers confess,
however, appeared
<
'hat their tyrannical
countrymen were
to steal the tools
fre-
courtier, rather than of a

for
generous prince
perform
:
he
totally forgot
to
so that
be-
<
the poor Hispaniolans dwindled
away
if
and implements of the poor natives, in order to deduct half their week's scanty allowance
mean enough
neath oppression and barbarity, or

fled to the
they
<
of provisions for restoring them.
woods
or mountains,
were hunted
and destroyed
like wild beasts.

<
ters,
Some let them out to work to other maswho never failed to make them earn
for their hire.
While the poor people of Hispaniola were thus oppressed, the Spaniards revelled in luxuries,
what they paid

let
Others were
in
<
out to travellers,
who harassed them
and lived
in
the utmost
<
long journies, and through
rugged wa^s,
splendor,
their
were drained of with heavy burdens on their backs, till and most of the natives they frequently fainted, and sometimes exwere worn out by working them, or had pired on the road for the life of the natill
the mines
treasures,
<
fallen martyrs to
the cruelty of their ty-
tive
rants.
was not in the least considered, if the person who hired him made satisfaction to
The
natives of Guatemala, a country of
his master.
America, were used with similar barbarity, As these people were exceedingly numerons, viz., at the rate of a thousand to one
Many were
gether
:
compelled
to
carry burdens
to-
of an enormous weight for three days

the load
was fastened to their head with respect to the Spaniards who settled and shoulders by means of a leather strap, there, the latter, for fear they should grow which crossed the forehead, and the prestoo powerful, refused them the use of any sure of which frequently made the blood weapons, more particularly their bows and to gush from the eyes and nostrils, and arrows, in the use of which they were very leave a frightful scar in the forehead. With
I > >
l
expert.
'J'he
such loads they travelled barefooted through
were formerly active and? all kinds of roads, and in all seasons, valiant, but from ill-usage and oppression By repeated barbarities, and the most grew slothful, and so dispirited, that they execrable cruelties, the vindictive and mernatives
| i
not only trembled at the sight of firearms, but even at the very looks of a Spaniard.
>
ciless Spaniards not only depopulated His-
paniola,
| i
Porto-Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, and

islands, but destroyed
Some were
^
so
plunged
in
despair, that
the
Bahama
above
after returning
home from
laboring hard for
twelve millions of souls upon the continent

of America, in the space of forty years.
their cruel task-masters, and receiving only
contemptuous language and stripes

I
t
for their
The
cruel methods by
which they masdiabolical
pains, they have sunk
down
in ihoir cabins,
;;
sacred and butchered the poor natives, were
with a
full
;
resolution to prefer death to such
innumerable, and
nature.
of the most
slavery
and, in
the
bitterness
of their
THE CHRISTIAN MAttTYROLOQY.

Incredible as the following circumstances
?
249
may
appear, they are as well authenticated
put to death, and destroyed, eight hundred thousand of the inhabitants of that country.
as any facts that ever were delivered by

the pen of history, and are even attested
Between
hundred
the years 1523 and
15.:i3,
five
>
thousand
to
natives
of
Nicaragua
\
by many of the
Roman
catholic missiona-
were transported
Peru, where they
all
\ >
ries themselves, as
well as by the before-
me*itioned Bartholomeo de las Cases, viz:

1.
all
perished by incessant labor in the mines.

In the space of twelve years, from the
first
The Spaniards
they drove
stripped a large and?

all
its
landing of Cortez on the continent of

to
very populous town of ry

I
inhabitants,
\
s
America,
the
entire
reduction of the
whom
to the
mines, leaving
populous empire of Mexico, the amazing
the children behind them, without the least
numberof
Spaniards.
city of
four millions of
Mexicans perishparticulars, the

-
idea of providing for their subsistance, by
ed, through the unparalleled barbarity of the
which inhuman proceeding

'(
six thousand
To come
its
to
helpless infants perished.

2.
Cholula consisted of thirty thousand

great population
As
a
the Spaniards were marching tow-
houses, by which
may
j
'
inhabitants came be imagined. The Spaniards seized on them with refreshments, not- all the inhabitants, who refusing to turn withstanding which they fell upon these Roman catholics, as they did not know the defenceless people, and put them all in- meaning of the religion they were ordered to embrace, the Spaniards put them all to discriminately to the sword. 3. A Spanish officer, having three hun- death, cutting to pieces tlie lower sort of dred Americans allotted to him as slaves, people, and burning tliose of distinction. Pedro de Alvarado, one of the ollicers he, in only three months, killed two hundred and sixty of them, by excessive labor, under the command of Cortez, laid waste a whole province, and committed innumeraand hard living, in the mines. 4. A Spanish commander, in 1514, de-jble murders and barbarities on the poor
ard
large town, the
;
i
out to meet
<
<
^ 1
stroyed
I
\
all
the inhabitants of a tract of land
>
defenceless natives.
In the province of Honduras, near two
of above
5.
five
hundred miles
in length.
An
officer,
under the
above
com-
<
millions of the natives perished, the Spanj
murdered above persons in one expedition.

raander,
two
thousand
iards setting fire to the towns, and burning
the inhabitants in their houses.
Whenever
' (
the people of
the reputation of being rich, an order
any town had was

it
Sometimes the
^
Spaniards
spared
the
>
handsomest American women, not through

motives of humanity, but merely
their lusts, or
to gratify
immediately sent, that every person in

should turn
Roman
catholic
if this
not directly complied with, the town

instantly
was was
make them domestic

at the
drudge.?,
Exasperated
cruelties exercised
on
j |
plundered,
;
and the
inhabitants
them, some of the Mexicans dug

the public roads, in
stakes,
pits across
j I
I I
was complied with, a pretence was soon after made to strip the
murdered
and
'f
it
which they set sharp and then covered them slightly over
few of the Spanish horse these holes, the Spaniards were
inhabitants of their wealth.
so artfully, that the danger could not be

|
One
of the
Spanish governors seized
perceived.
falling into
'/
upon a very worthy and amiable Indian prince, and in order to extort from him where his treasures were concealed, caused
his feet to be burnt
till
| >
so enraged, that they seized a great
num-
ber of the natives,
filled
the pits with them,

|
the
marrow dropped and buried them

\
alive.
from his bones, and he expired through the

i
extremity of the torments he underwent.
I
J
In the interval, between the years 1514 and 1522, the governor of Terra Firma
>
One of the Spanish commanders, in a few years, destroyed eight thousand Mexicans, by half starving ih^m, and making
them work hard,
to
build
him
superb
j
U.
'
250

it.
palace, and lay out elegant gardens to
what was meant by the Roman catholic

persuasion, very naturally
refusal
Twenty thousand
ployed
iards
to
of the natives being emtlie
refused.
The
carry the baggage of

all
Span-
was immediately made

Spaniards,
a handle of
upon an expedition,
except two
by the
who
thereupon seized
hundred were harassed
to death
by their their persons, plundered the houses, ran-
cruel masters, before the return of the troops.
sacked the temples, murdered many of the

inhabitants,
The governor
finding
I
of Jucatan, in
in
1526, not
seized
and enslaved the
rest.
any gold
that province,
I
>
upon a great number of the inhabitants, ly and sold them for slaves, to make amends to propagate for his disappointment. To account for papal power
these cruelties, the Spaniards absurdly
al-
Romish missionaries have been continualsent to America, not so much (in reality)
religion, as to aggrandize the
;
for,
on the
first
discovery of
America, the pope invested the kings of

Spain with the sovereignty of
title
it,
ledged
I
/
"
That the inhuman butcheries

so
under the
formerly committed by the Americans, in

sacrificing
of the royal patrimony, upon condition
many
idols,
rational
creatures to
that the catholic

tain
monarchs should mainto
I
(
their
wicked
was a
sufficient
wardivest
a multitude of priests, friars, Jesuits,
rant
I I ]
to justify
tlieir
those
who
them of
with
country."
should
(fcc, in
America,
fascinate the people,
" But (says an
and advance the power and authority of the

pontiffs.
intelligent writer) the
same argument might, Roman
>
much
greater reason, be urged against
Multitudes of secular priests in South
the Spaniards themselves,
who
sacrificed
America,
In
live
with
all
the splendor of
men
so
J
many
millions uf Indians to their darling
of the greatest opulence.
idol, gold."
some towns they have had such powit
The Spanish
I
ofllcers,
upon their
first
er as frequently to reverse the sentence of
into any country, ur province, began their operations by summoning the
entering
I
the civil magistrate, whether

fines,
related to
imprisonment,
whipping, or death;
<;
people to submit
of Spain, and
to the to
pope, and the king
and
if
the civil magistrates appeared in the
>
The
people, not
Roman catholics. least refractory, these ecclesiastical tyrants knowing who the pope and would imprison them for contempt of the
turn
the king of Spain were, not understanding
church.
JUDGMENTS OF GOD ON PERSECUTORS.

^k,y-^ÎIOUGH
>^^?^?j
the
his
Omnipotent, Almighty displeasure, from
such actions
through
justice,
mercy and
not
as our consciences
tell
us must certainly
does
always offend his holy laws.
In scarcely any instance has this been most more remarkably conspicuous, than the flagrant manner, offended punishments he has thought proper to inhis holy ordinances, but reserves to himself flict on those who have been the persecuyet the', tors of his children in holiness and truth. their punishment in a future state numerous instances that might be brought, Many examples may be produced from
punish in this world those
who
have,
in
the
;;
>
/'
where
it
has, even in this
life,
pleased his history, both

ages,
sacred
the
and
profane, of
all
divine will to
show us
his terrible judgto
some of
most distinguished of
ments on such offenders, may serve
deter us, by these dreadful examples of his
which we shall lay before our readers. The examples of this kind to be deduced

from the Holy Scriptures, as of Pharaoh, Saul, Jezebel, with many others in the
period, let us take notice of the
251
God on Sigismund, emperor
of
hand of Germany,
John Huss, and Jerome of Prague. After the martyrgenerally known in this Christian country, dom of those eminent lights of the reformaas not to need particularizing. tion, by his orders, nothing he took in Waving, therefore, a further mention of hand succeeded, but a series of the most the sacred histories, we shall examine unhappy events attended him and his the profane. In the Roman history, what family, which, in one generation, became
late,
Old Testament, and of Herod, Judas, Pi&c., in the
for his imjustifiable treatment of
New,
are,
we
trust,
so
<
can be more striking on this subject than

the miserable end of the emperor Nero,
that bitter persecutor of Christianity,
extinct
he,
in
his wars,
was ever
the
oi
loser; and his empress Barbara turned
whose
even
so infamously lewd, as to be a lasting in-
agonies were so great, from the shocking

barbarity with
famy
to
her family, and disgrace to her sex.
which he was
treated,
In the reign of
Henry H.
of France, the
instigation
that
by his own subjects,

ferings
that he, in vain, im-
Chancellor Oliver, who,

of Cardinal
at the
plored to be eased by death from his suf;
Lorrain, brother to
im-
and when he could find neither

this request,
to his enor-
placable
enemy
of the gospel the duke of
friend nor enemy to grant even he added the crime of suicide
Guise, had stretched the authority of the
laws
to bring
many worthy persons
to utter
:
mous
his
vices, and, unlamented, perished
by
destruction, for their adherence to the truth

this unjust judge,
own hand. The two emperors,
being struck with great
Diocletian and Maxifaith,
minian, rigid enemies to the Christian

after abdicating,
remorse and self-conviction of his misdeeds, fell sick, and so great were the horrors of
his tormented conscience for his cruel de-
through vexatious circum:
stances, their thrones, both died unhappily
crees against the righteous, that he could

not rest day or night, for the torture of his
the latter, in particular, in his attempting

to
restore
himself, unnaturally falling by
wounded mind,
:
but shortly expired, horri-
the
means of his own son Maxentius, who likewise came to as untimely an end as his
and the very meridian of his sins and
the
bly shrieking out with a loud cry, in his " Oh last moments cardinal, thou wilt
!
parent, being drowned, in the prime of his

life,
make us
all
to
be damned," with which
words he gave up the ghost.

Neither did the cardinal himself, nor his
brother the duke of Guise, long triumph in
the success of their bloody machinations,
as
impieties.
The example of
serves recital.
emperor Maximinus,
after his setting forth
another persecutor of Christ's church, de-
Soon
the former shortly after died, and the
his impious decrees against the unoffending
latter fell a sacrifice to the
daggers of his
which were engraved in brass, he was, by the just judgment of the Most High, afflicted with a dreadful and unnatural disease, having lice, and other shockChristians,
exasperated countrymen.
Hoimeister, an arch papist, and a chief

pillar of the pope's anti-christian
doctrine,
to
as
he was proceeding on his journey

and
to
ing vermin, crawling from his very entrails,

in so terrible a
tive
Ratisbon, to be present at a council held

there,
tions
manner, as
to afford
to
render aborrelief;
defend the
the
Roman
of
supersti-
every method
him
and
against
defenders
Christ's
his
in
attended with so horrid a putrescent stench,

that for several
gospel,
was prevented from executing
days before his death no
impious purpose, being suddenly seized

his progress, near the city of
person would hazard their lives to give him

the least assistance.
Ulmes, with
an
history,
extreme
illness, of
which he almost
To
leave the
Roman
and turn
instantly expired, in great agonies, crying
our eyes on transactions nearer the present
out in the most horrid manner.
2A
; ;
B
252
THB CHRISTIAN MARTYROLOGY.

following tragedy, which happened
tion for
The
him, because he had, against the
in the university of
Louvaine, will likewise

r
positive conviction of his
own
conscience,
exemplify our subject

in the above seminary,
a learned person
;
withstood the truth of God,

;"
and Christ's
who was
reader of holy word
and thus shortly ended his

with
all
divinity to the
monks
of St. Gertrude, and
wretched
life,
the violence of the
had violently maintained the corrupt errors

of popery, at length, falling extremely
ill,
most furious insanity, A Dominican friar, of Munster, as he
and perceiving no hopes of recovery, he was inveighing in the pulpit against the regretted, with the greatest perturbation of; protestant religion, which was then springmind, his manifold sins, but more particularly
ing up,
his having so
warmly espoused the

in opposition to the
;
lightning,
was suddenly struck with a flash of which immediately deprived him
cause of idolatry, &c.,

said, of so
of
life.
divine truths of the gospel
an offence, he
Continually
popish gentleman in Germany, hear-
heinous a nature, as to be too
ing one of the reformed sing: ''Our only

hold or fortress is our
great to expect God's pardon.
God ," immediately

I
will not live ;"
repeating this terrible expression, he expired in

all
answered
"
will help to shoot against thy
the horrors of desperation.
stay, or fortress, or else
and
Jacob Latomus, who was president of a

college at Louvaine,
is
within three days he expired, without the
another instance of; least signs of repentance.
the dreadful judgments of .God,
offending
against
his
on persons most holy word.
Ponchet, archbishop of Tours, made application to have
a court erected, called

to
;
Latomus went
to Brussels, to
make
a long
Chamber Ardent, wherein

protestants to the
condemn
the
oration against the reformed religion, and

to vindicate popery,
flames
but soon after
which he did before

little
obtaining permission to execute his cruel

intentions,
the emperor
<,
but so
to the
purpose,
he was struck with a disease,
^
\
common observation, that a bad advocate does much more harm than good to any cause. The Romish clergy,
as to verify the
called the Fire of God,

feet,
which began
at his
and ascended upward with so torment-
I
^
ing a burning, that he was obliged to have and indeed the whole court, seem to have one member cut off after another, and thus been of this opinion, as he returned to miserably ended his days. Louvaine, despised and ridiculed by those. In the history of Switzerland is a memwho plainly saw he had vainly attempted orable incident of the divine justice on to defend a train of absurdities, which re- popish perfidy, and unjust barbarity. A
'
quired the utmost sophistry to vindicate
consul of that republic, an inveterate ene-
and whether
it
might proceed from the

felt, at
my
to
the reformed, being a
man
of im-
mortiflcation he
the indifferent re-
mense
nificent
fortune, purposing to erect a

edifice, to
mag-
ception his pious falsehoods met with at

Brussels, or whether his
plainly pointed out to
convey the dignity of
own conscience
1
>
his
family to
to
posterity,
was assiduously
most
ingenious
to
duct (the
latter,
him his impious conindeed, seems to be more

open fury of madness,
to
diligent
procure
the
artificers, in
every department,
conduce
probably the case) he, very soon after his

return, fell into an
at the
'/
thereunto.
that
at
Among
others, being informed
'
the city of Trent resided a most

i
very instant he was giving his public
singular excellent carver,
lectures,
and was forced
be conveyed,
named John, he was very desirous of procuring the assistto the decoration of
raving with lunacy, to a close room, and

fastened
ance of his ingenuity,

his
down
therein
and from that pe-
intended mansion.
But an obstacle
'
riod to his last breath, his

that
whole cry was,
occurred that seemed,
for a time, toj)rovent

| \
was damned, and rejected of his purposed intention. John was a man, God, and that there was no hope of salva- who, to his other excellent qualities, added
" he
IE.-
B
J
253
the most sincere and immovable attach- High, to answer for the unjust murder he ment to the purity of the gospel, and tiuly was about to commit. The consul, though commendable abhorrence of popish idola- ^ at that time in perfect health, and in the and well knowing the character of bloom of youth, suddenly dropped dead on try the consul to be that of one of the blindest the third day after this pious martyr had
I
;
bigots to his superstition, very prudently,

for
(by his wickedness) been thus barbaroudy

sacrificed.
a time, refused
to
put
his personal
detestable proof of the
little
safety in the hands of those,
whose religion regard to be paid by protesiants adopts the infamous maxim, to hold no less asseverations of catholics
with those they choose to denominate
;
to the faith-
in
general,
faith
who
term,
never
scruple
violating
to
the
most
heretics
and honestly and ingenuously declaring, that as he could not behold the
to,
solemn engagements
the
!
promote, what they

the
service
of
holy
mother-
impious idolatry which the people of the

consul's city were so addicted
church
but with
Thus having presented our
readers with
contempt, and as any token of that con-
some remarkable instances of supernatural

retaliation,
tempt might be the utter destruction of justice, and divine

him, he rather chose to decline the adnations,
fore
in foreign
we
shall next proceed to lay be-
vantageous offers made him, than

of them at the hazard of his
life.
to
accept
them such examples of a similar nahave occurred,

at different periods,
ture, that
These motives,
to resist the
for a time,
induced him
in the history of England.
tempting proffers to engage in

;
That
furious destroyer of God's children
this
business
but, at length,
the deluding offers,
overcome by and solemn promises
in purity, the bigoted
Mary, found but

throne,
little
comfort during the short space she dis-
his
of unlimited protection made him, as to faith, this unhappy victim of papal

treachery consented to give his assistance
graced
the
British
by embruing
her merciless hands in the blood of so
many
to
of her truly protestant subjects, as
on
this occasion,
and accordingly repaired
the people of that realm

rejoice
at
had great reason

reign,
al\
to the consul's house, to exert his ingenuity in the
the conclusion of a
embellishment thereof.
it
diametrically the contrary of what is

create in
But what indignation must the mind of every good man,

the barbarous return
sufferer
ways wished
to attend the reigns of
good
to reflect
on
princes, viz., to be long and happy, hers
',
made
who,
to this
worthy
having
being equally unsuccessful, and of short

duration.
for the truth,
after
Disappointed of almost every
I
<
finished his performance with the greatest

skill
purpose, and mortified with a train of events

the most contrary to her expectations, she,
at
and ingenuity, instead of receiving
the recompense due to his great merit and
length,
fell
;
a sacrifice to pining grief
by this infamous consul, ac cused of having spoken irreverently of the Romish faith, and under that pretext, by
industry, was,
and vexation
<
and even owned
herself,
\
that she died of that corrosive and mental

torture, a
is
broken heart.
And perhaps
there
him cruelly condemned to be beheaded, which barbarous sentence was accordingly

executed, but not
tyr,
till
not a more contrasting parallel, either
in the British, or
any other
history, than
the much-injured marthe
the
[
glorious and
long-continued
reign of
naturally shocked at
inhumanity
that noble vindicator of the reformed religion, the ever-to-be-honored

<
and treachery of the villanous consul, had. with a most affecting and solemn delivery,
queen Eliza-
beth,
made
a noble speech, reciting the treacher-
and the unauspicious tyranny of her sanguinary sister; as the one will be handj
ous conduct of his detestable betrayer, and
ed
down
to posterity
with immortal honor,
concluding with citing him
to
appear, with-
while the other will ever be reflected on
in three days, at the tribunal of the
Most
with abhorrence
; !
254

of that arch-persecu-
The wretched end
By
the raging
fire in
his intestines his

;
body
tor Gardiner, bishop of
Winchester, almost
was miserably swollen and black

thrust at last out of his
his tongue
immediately on his closing his bloody proceedings, with the sacrificing of those two
mouth
he expired
eminent martyrs, Ridley and Latimer, has
shocking spectacle, and with a most nauseous and unendurable effluvia a propa
:
something
in
it
remarkably striking.
er
end
to so
inhuman a persecutor of the
The
paid
fatal
day on which these martyrs

;
righteous.
suffered at Oxford, the old duke of Norfolk

a visit
in
to
Dr. Dunning, the bloody chancellor of
Bishop
in
Gardiner,
at liis
Norwich
Dover,
other
ton
Berry,
;
ecclesiastical
commisfell
house
London,
consequence of his
at that time.
sary in Norfolk
all
and Thornton, bishop of

suddenly
little
being invited
to dine
with him
rigid persecutors,
But so eager was
this
bloody prelate
to
down dead
;
within a
space of one an-
glut his ears with the
news
of the absolute
and the next that succeeded Thorn-
destruction of these two pious sufferers,

that
the bishopric of Dover, broke his he postponed his usual time of dining, neck down stairs at Greenwich, just after saying, he would not eat till he received receiving the blessing of Cardinal Poole.
in
positive assurance of the execution of the
We
have shown
the
in the
preceding pages
barbarous sentence he
in practice that
knew was
Oxford.
to
be put
some of
many
barbarous persecutions
day
at
practised by the church of
Rome
ages
:
against
it
Accordingly, as soon as the messenger
our Christian brethren in

ever exerted
its
all
has
which was not till four o'clock, and had given him the assurance of his
arrived,
utmost
efforts to overturn
is
a divine system,
which
Let
as
much
calcula-
cruel wishes being completed, he ordered
ted to destroy sin, as to promote true piety
dinner
to
*'
to
be ushered
in,
and setting down

:
and godliness.
that the
us,
therefore, hope,
it
with great apparent satisfaction, said

lord duke,
many examples
of the severe per-
Now, my
we
can set
down
to
secutions against Christianity which have
refresh ourselves with pleasure."
But obimpious
been recorded,
may
serve to unite Chris-
serve the hand of

priest
:
God on
this
tians of every denomination

in
more strongly
no sooner had he swallowed a few morsels, but he was suddenly seized with
so violent a
fit
the bands of brotherly love, and uni:
versal benevolence
of illness, that he
was ob-
"
bigotry
in
whose dark
train
liged to be taken from table, and from that
moment
to
the last of his
life,
never was
;
The furies, with their horrors, reign The basis of whose empire's built On streams of blood, and stores of guilt
In future
free from the greatest

for fifteen
misery and torture
days and nights did he languish,

in his
not being able to evacuate, which caused
such a terrible inflammation

as if
body,
alive.
may thy hands be bound. croaking voice confined from sound, Till innocence no longer bleeds, Till soft humanity succeeds Till far as distant winds can blow, Or surging waters ebb or flow Thy
; ;
The
he were,
in a
manner, burning
And
great Redeemer's words are knowo, all men gospel blessings own."
lllIC
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REVISED AND CORRECTED WITH LARGE ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. WITH AN INTRODUCTION.
BY PROFESSOR
And
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they that be wise shall shine aa the brightness of the firmament;

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and they that turn many
and ever. Dam. xii.
3.
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THE
I.IFE
OF OUR LORD AND SAVIOUR
ST;
CONTAINING A
FULL, ACCURATE,
FROM
HIS
AND UNIVERSAL HISTORY,

TO HIS
TAKING UPON HIMSELF OUR NATURE,
CRUCIFIXIOx^,
KESURRECTION, AND ASCENSION:

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iC0, ranoartion0, ani

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AND OTHER PRIMITIVE MARTYRS.

AND A
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BROUGHT DOWN TO THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM.
BY
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DJ.
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MI8TOKY OF THE JEW^,

FROM THE
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AWD THE
STRIKING FULFILMENT OF TIIEM,

PARTICULARLY OF THOSE RELATING TO THEIR PRESENT CONDITION.
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an
WITH
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INTRODUCTION
?
Carlisle,
Late President of Dickinson CoUcje,
Pru
With a Splendid
upon
these.
Portrait of the
Author engraved on
;
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Never 8tudy to say all thnt can he paid upon a sulyect no error is greater than this. Select the most useful, the most striking and persuasive topics which the text suggests, aud rest the discourse
Blair.
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One Hundred and Forty Sermons on the following important subjects

The The The The The Ghost of Samuel. Cautions against Drror. Original state of Man. The Spiritual Kingdom of Jesus. Christianity is a Source of .Toy. Present state of Man. Working Good, the Way to Honor. Cnun.sel to a Fallen Church. Mediation of Christ. The Propriety of praising the Lord The Parable of the Sower. Necessity of Repentance. Secret Things belong unto the Lord The Wisdom of Obedience. Paniel in the Pen of Lionn. Contending for the Faith. The Hebrew Children in the Fiery lirotherly Union. Redemption by Jesus Christ. The Happy Death of Relievers. Furnace. Reverence due to God in Public Holy Angels serve gooii Men. Prayer in Affliction. Worship. The Government of God. A Message from God.
David's Advice to Solomon. Strait Gate. Otijects of God's Hatred. Justification by Faith. The Importance of Regeneration.
The Jews charged with robbing The good Samaritan.

God. Christian Privileges.
The
An
I I
important Petition.
is
The Parable of the

Jesus
the
The Conduct and End of Enoch. Noah warned of the Flood.

TIagar seen of God.
The The The The The
Danger of Had Habits.

Prayer of llabakkuk. Blessing of Pious Connexions. Portion of the Pious. Mission of Uarnabas to Anti-
Lamb
Tares. of God.
The Destruction of Sodom.
och.
Abraham about
The
to Slay hia Son.
Joseph sold into Kgypt.

final Lot of Men. Sin punished with Death.
call for
The Master's
John
Day.
Mary.
Family Religion.
in the Spirit
little
on the Lord's
Christ
The Nativity of Christ. The Crucifi.xion of Christ. The Resurrection of Christ. The Day of IVnti-cost. The Brevity of Human Life. The Certainty of Death. The Resurrection of the Dead. The General Judgment.
rîniiers
The murmuring Labourers. The Ascension of .Tesus. The wicked Husbandman. The Resurrection of Uelievers The Ten Virgiii.s. The Spirit may be quenched. The Parable of the Talents. Good News to fallen Man. The wealthy Farmer.
We
should hate vain thoughts.
The barren
The
Flock of
en
banished from Christ.
couraged.
Saints invited to Glory.
Encouragement to theTempted.
The A'anity of the M'orld. The Growth of a Christian. The Pure in Heart shall see God. Christian
The unjust Steward. The Way to eternal Life. The rich Man and Lazarus. Privileges. The Lord is a righteous Judge. Followers of that which is Good. The importunate Widow. Friendliness secures Friends. Kools deny the being of a God. The Peo|)le of God are happy. The Christian Race. The Word of God is a Light to Man, The Pharisee and the Publican. Christ our Great High Priest. All the Earth shall know the J,ord. God is mindful of Man. The True Circumcision. Jesus is the Light of the World. A Word to Saints and Sinners. The Day devoted to the Lord. Faith and Hope in the Redeemer. The Duty of searching the Scrip- The cloud lietween the camps. tures. The Conversion of the Gentiles. The First Christian Martyr. Directions how to hear Sermons. We should be derided in Relitsiou The Jlinistry of the Apostles Per.'ieverance in Prayer. Rest from Persecution. The Character of Christ.
Caution against Idolatry.
The Gentiles trust in Jesus. The Dispersion of Knowledge. Advice to Young Men. The Captain of the Lord's Host.
Fig-Tree. Piety produces strong confidence. The Parable of the great Supper. Wise and useful Men. The Prodigal Son. The Jiody and the Eagles.
Primitive Christianity. Propriety of Trusting in God.
Sinners invited to Christ,
Social Worship.
The Case of Lot's V\ifc. The Strength of a Christian.
The Lost Sheep. Walking in Truth. The Days of Methuselah. Troubles prevented by keeping the The Wisdom of Man. Tongue. The Obedience of Josiab.
The Conduct of Jesus. The best Exerri.se. The Counsel of God.

Christian Morals.
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mns^
fgEira^
LIVES
OF
EMINENT CHEISTIANS
OF
VARIOUS DENOMINATIONS,
BY JOHN
AUTHOR OF
" PICTORIAL
FROST, LL.
D.,
HISTORY OF AMERICA," &C., &C.
A SPLENDID LARGE OCTAVO VOLUME, ILLUSTRATED WITH FUMEEOUS ENGEAVINGS, AND BOUND IN ARABESQUE, GILT.
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;
found
I
.Tonn AVlclir, Joltn II 1188, Jerome of Pragne,

.Tohii
GIroIamo Savonarola,
Craig,
KTng Edward tlie Slxtli, John Milton, James Montgomery, Sir Henry Vane,
Joseph Lancaster, Sir Thonias More, G-orge P-ox, Martin Luther, Cotton niather, Philip Melanothon, Richard Baxter, ThoiniisFo-vvcll Bnxton, Thomas Cranmer,
Hugli Latimer, Admiral Coligny, John Hooper, Tlieodore Beza, Jarlne of Arragon,
James Saiirin, William Romaine, Robert Lowtli, Anne Letltla Barbauld, William Carey, George Lord Lyttleton, Henry Martyn, John Frederick Ober*
Robert Hall,
Jonathan Edwards, Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
Gustavufl Adolphns, Jeremy Taylor,
Archbishop Fenelon, Samuel Johnson, George Whitehead,

Elizabeth Ro^re,
Thomas ChalnterS, I>r. Thomas Arnold,
lin,
John Howard, James Hervey,
Archbishop Teulson,
lliimplirry Prideaux, Isaac W'atts, Philip l)o(lflridge, Sir Isaac Newton, Ilenrj' Scougal, Sir AV 111 am Jones, Rolert Barclay,
I
Hugo Grotius,
Timothy D-^viglit, BlalHe Pascal, Sir Mathew Hale, AViUlam Pnn, John 'WeBley,
JoHcph AddlMon,
Nicholas Ridley,
Frederic,
Isabella, of Castile,
Elector
<
Hugh
AVIlllam Cowper, Charles Wesley,
William Law,
Blair,
Charles Chaiincy, Hannah More,

]M.a,ttUew Hcnr]r,
113
Edward Yonng,
John Calvin, Roger Williams, John Winthrop, Lady Jane Grey, lllric Kwlngle, Jolin Knox, John Eliot, Increase Mather, John Buuyau,
Saxony,
Anne Ilaseltinc Judson, KeginaM Hclt>er, Dr. Marshmaa,

William Wllberforie, Henry KIrke White,
Eli/.abith Fry,
Beilbv Porteus,
Legh Richmond, Jane Taylor, Joseph John Gurney,

&.C.,
Thomas Clarkson,
itc, &-C.
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SCIFA'CR rilVSICAI,, MATHK.MATIOAL,
LITKRATURE. All is f?iven which, if studied and mind, would make an individual, in the common walks of life, A WEI>L INFOR.MKD MAN. While, with a few exceptions, only that is omitted which is not needed as a part of the standing knowledge of any person whatever, besides those for whom it may have a professional or local interest.
received into
tlie
HISTORY, GKOGRAPHY,
AND MORAI, NATURAL AND GKNKRAL

;
HISTORY, POLITICAL
INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE,

an KNCVCI.OP.'EDIA including such knowledge only us tends to improve every mind it such knnwietlge as expands, liberalizes, and fertilizes. The ruling objects of the accomplished authors, the Messrs. Chambers, have been to give what may be expected to prove the means of SKLF-EDUCATION to the people generally, whetlier enjoying tlie meojis of academic instruction
Therefore, possessing
is
or not.
AMONG THE SUBJECTS TREATED ARE

Astronomy,
Geot;raj)hy,
Navigation,
Geofogy, Physical Hist'y of Man, Ancient History EfOTt, Arabia-Petrtpa, History of tJie JewsPalestine,
The WhaleWhale Fisheries, Conveyance

Roads,
Canals, Railways, Zoology, Account of the Human Body. Vegetable Physiology, Botauyj Natural Theology, History of the BibleChristianity,
Cookery, Proverbs and Old Sayings,
Social Economics of the Industrious Orders.
Improvement
Lands,
ot
Waste
Natural Philosophy, Meelmnics,

Maeliiiiery,
Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics,

Optics, Light,
_
The Kitrhen Garden, The Flower Garden, The Fruit (iarden.

Arboriculture,
The Morse,
Cattle
History of Greece and
and Dairy Hun-
Rome,
History of the Middle Ages, Historv of Great Britain
ban.'Jry,
Acoustics, Chemistry,
Sheep,
I'lpn,
and Irelaml, Con.stitution and Resources of

pire,
iJie
Chemistry applied to the Arts

Electricicy,
(ioats.
iJriUsh
Em-
Descriptions
of
England,
lyomton, Scotland, Ireland,
Private Duties of Life Public and Social Duties of Life, Life and Maxims of Franklin, Preservation of Health,
Rabbits, Poultry,
Galvanism, Electro-Magnetifm, Meteorolocy, The Weather, Phrenology,

Principles of Civil Go-
Cage
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The
tteff.
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History and Nature of
America, United States,

British
vernment, Language,
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Gymnastic Exercises, In-door Amusemeuta,

Chronology,
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Australia,
Laws.
Political
Van Diemen's Land,
New
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Engraving, Liihoprapny,
Architeclure,
Zealand, South America,

Indies, East Indies, Cliina and the TeaTrade,
Population,
Drawing and Pcrspeotive,
Poor-Laws,
Life Assurance,
The Steam Engine,

Mining,
Metals, Coal,
Salt,
West
Mohammedan and
gan Religions,
Superstitions,
Pa-
Arithmetic, Algebra, (Jeometry,
Ocean
Maritime Discovery,
Popular
Stntiftics,
Domestic Economy,
Agriculture,
and a 'ariety of other subjects.
The expense of preparing this work has been very heavy, as, in addition to the closely condensed printed matter, it has been necessary to execute upwards of FIVE EN(;RAVINGS, in order effectually to explain and embellish the various subjects of scientific, historical, and geog'aphicnl information which the work embraces; but the publisjiiers confidently rely on liie intelligence and liberality of the public for rercunerHtion. >^ This is one of the most useful books published, of which 100,000 coptet have been sold in England. Price, elegantly bound in Two Volumes, only FIVJS DOIjL.\ll.S.
HUNDRED
^ ^
^
r<r
EB 15
1944

The Illustrated Christian Martyrology; Being an Authentic and Genuine Historical Account of the Principal Persecutions Against the Church of Christ, In Different Parts of the World, By Pagans and Papists

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The Illustrated Christian Martyrology; Being an Authentic and Genuine Historical Account of the Principal Persecutions Against the Church of Christ, In Different Parts of the World, By Pagans and Papists

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vDK

r^nNI^^, or joan of att.

AUTHENTIC AND GENUINE HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL

PERSECUTIONS AGAINST THE CHURCH OF CHRIST,

PAGANS AND PAPISTS.

PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY LEARY & GETZ.

NORTH SECOND STREET.

THE KEW YORK

the design of this

the periods of her history, per-

open an honest page of the

secution has been the doctrine and practice of the church, as

well those of a mild

makes no attempt wrong which

ceal the deformity, or excuse

able and essential feature of popery,

no change or modification can destroy, and no circumstances for a time suppress. We

the sad and mournful tale

voice of the past utters any lesson,

editor does not possess,

and therefore has

aspect of the times both favor and

upon, that false

which shrinks from

calling things by their

of the character and claims of popery.

good enough and and

pain the ear

and shock the heart,

can not be the

has become the

great question of the age, and whatever

leads to cruelty, intolerance,

can no longer be avoided.

upon it, it At such a time,

Such has always been

the belief of the editor, that a work,

history, and, from

The assumptions and The

idea that the church

and that there can be no salva-

compilation of Christian Martyrology, from

tion out of her, almost sanctifies the perse-

the church from supposed corruption, into

and cruelty practised by the Romish church.

purest and most compassionate, under the

which have never appeared be-

was and Rome

In the following pages,

to observe a spirit of candor,

labor and care,

accomplish something towthe

and of guarding against

every honest papist in his heart condemns.

truth's pencil paint to all

superstition clouds the

mount on reason's throne.

opinions but their

sense, and charity, and truth.

the object into air;

Sharp dogs to worry, and wild beasts to tear;

Slow_^res to broil, and dry pans to destroy;

arts that popish fiends

bid you such a bloody faith oppose