Unit 11 Cycle Analysis November 18, 2010

ME 370 Thermodynamics 1
Unit Eleven Unit Eleven Cycle Analysis Cycle Analysis
Mechanical Engineering 370
Thermodynamics
Larry Caretto
November 18, 2010
2
Outline
Quiz solution
Analysis of thermodynamic cycles
Assumptions for cycle analysis: no line
losses, isentropic work, isobaric heat with
no added work, saturated fluids
Rankine cycle analysis
Simple cycles
Cycles with corrections to assumptions
Cycles with additional components
3
Schedule Reminder
November 23 Unit 11 Group Work
November 25 Give Thanks
November 30 Unit 11 Quiz (Unit 12 Lecture)
December 2 Unit 12 Group Work
December 7 Unit 12 Quiz (Review Lecture
with questions on sample final questions)
December 14 Final exam (10:15 am to
12:15 pm)
4
Unit Eleven Goals
As a result of studying this unit you
should be able to
understand and apply the assumptions of
simple cycle analysis
No line losses (output state of one device is
input to the next device)
Work devices are isentropic
Heat transfer has no work and AP = 0
Exit from two-phase device is saturated
5
More Unit Eleven Goals
Note that basic
assumptions are not
used if actual data
are available
Recognize the
components of a
simple Rankine
cycle shown in the
diagram to the right
Condenser
Turbine
Steam
Generator
1
2
3
4
Pump
6
More Unit Eleven Goals
Apply the equation
below for Rankine
cycle efficiency given
only T
3
, P
3
and P
cond
Condenser
Turbine
Steam
Generator
1
2
3
4
Pump
( )
2 3
1 2 4 3
h h
h h h h

= q
h
1
= h
f
(P
cond
) & v
1
= v
f
(P
cond
)
h
2
= h
1
+ v
1
(P
3
P
cond
)
h
3
= h(T
3
,P
3
); s
3
= s(T
3
,P
3
)
h
4
= h(P
cond
, s
4
= s
3
)
Unit 11 Cycle Analysis November 18, 2010
ME 370 Thermodynamics 2
7
Unit Eleven Goals (concluded)
Analyze a mixing device with two inlets (1
and 2) and one outlet (3) to get mass flow
rate ratios
1 2
1 3
3
1
3
2
1
h h
h h
m
m
m
m

= =

Analyze variations on the Rankine cycle in

which the mass flow rate differs in different
parts of the cycle
Inlet 1
Inlet 2
Outlet 3
8
Sample Problem
Given: T
3
= 600
o
C;
P
3
= 10 MPa;
P
cond
= 50 kPa
Find: Cycle efficiency
First get h values
Condenser
Turbine
Steam
Generator
1
2
3
4
Pump
h
1
= h
f
(P
cond
) = h
f
(50 kPa)
= 340.54 kJ/kg
|w
P
| = h
2
- h
1
= v
1
(P
3
P
1
)
v
1
= v
f
(P
cond
) = v
f
(50 kPa)
9
Sample Problem Continued
|w
P
| = (0.001030 m
3
/kg)
(10000 50) kPa =
10.25 kJ
h
2
= h
1
+ |w
P
| = 340.54 +
10.25 = 350.79 kJ/kg
h
3
= h(T
3
,P
3
); s
3
= s(T
3
,P
3
)
T
3
= 600
o
C; P
3
= 10 MPa
h
3
= 3625.8 kJ/kg
s
3
= 6.9045 kJ/kgK
h
4
= h(P
cond
, s
4
= s
3
)
Condenser
Turbine
Steam
Generator
1
2
3
4
Pump
10
Answer to Example Problem
x
4
= 89.37%
h
4
= 2400.9 kJ/kg
Condenser
Turbine
Steam
Generator
1
2
3
4
Pump
( )
79 . 350 8 . 3625
25 . 10 9 . 2400 8 . 3625

= q
( )
2 3
1 2 4 3
h h
h h h h

= q
q = 37.1%
11
Exercise
Given: T
3
= 500
o
C;
P
3
= 15 MPa;
P
cond
= 40 kPa
Find: Cycle efficiency
Find property values
Compute work in
turbine and pump
Compute heat transfer
in steam generator
Compute efficiency
Condenser
Turbine
Steam
Generator
1
2
3
4
Pump
12
Exercise Solution
State 1 is saturated liquid at
P
1
= 40 kPa h
1
= 317.62
kJ/kg; v
1
= 0.001026 m
3
/kg
|w
P
| = (0.001027 m
3
/kg)
(15000 40) kPa
= 15.40 kJ/kg
h
2
= h
1
+ |w
P
| = 333.02 kJ/kg
T
3
= 500
o
C; P
3
= 15 MPa
Condenser
Turbine
Steam
Generator
1
2
3
4
Pump
h
3
= h(T
3
,P
3
) = 3310.8 kJ/kg; s
3
= s(T
3
,P
3
) =
6.3480 kJ/kgK
h
4
= h(P
cond
,s
4
= s
3
) = 2173.68 (mixed region)
Unit 11 Cycle Analysis November 18, 2010
ME 370 Thermodynamics 3
13
Exercise Solution II
h
4
= h(P
cond
, s
4
= s
3
)
x
4
= 80.03%
h
4
= 2173.68 kJ/kg
Condenser
Turbine
Steam
Generator
1
2
3
4
Pump
( )
02 . 333 8 . 3310
40 . 15 68 . 2173 8 . 3310

= q
( )
2 3
1 2 4 3
h h
h h h h

= q
q = 37.6%
14
Mixing of Two Streams
Steady, adiabatic, no
useful work, negligible
changes in kinetic and
potential energies
2 2 1 1 3 3
h m h m h m + =
Mixer 3 - outlet
2 - inlet
1 - inlet
2 1 3
m m m + =
1 2
1 3
3
2
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
3
2
1
3
1
3
1
h h
h h
m
m
h
m
m
h
m
m
h
m
m
h
m
m
h

= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =

15
Mixing of Two Streams II
Easier way to handle
mass flow rate ratios: set
the total flow rate to 1,
and the component flow
rates to f and 1 f
2 1 3
) 1 ( ) 1 ( fh h f h + =
Mixer 3 - outlet
2 - inlet
1 - inlet
( )
1 2
1 3
2 1 2
3
2
1
3
1
3
1
h h
h h
f fh h f h
m
m
h
m
m
h

= + = + =

f m f m m = = = 1 1
1 2 3

1 f
f
1
16
Feedwater Heater Cycle
1
5
6
8
High Pressure
Turbine (T1)
Low Pressure
Turbine (T2)
Condenser
Pump
(P1)
Steam
Generator
Feedwater
Heater
Pump
(P2)
2
3
4
7
a
m m m m = = =
5 4 3
b
m m m m m = = = =
2 1 8 7
There are different
mass flow rates in
different parts of
the cycle
b a
m m m m m = =
2 3 6
1 f
1
f
17
Feedwater Cycle Assumptions
1
5
6
8
High Pressure
Turbine (T1)
Low Pressure
Turbine (T2)
Condenser
Pump
(P1)
Steam
Generator
Feedwater
Heater
Pump
(P2)
2
3
4
7
How do we apply
cycle assumptions
here?
No line losses
Constant P for heat
P
2
= P
3
= P
6
= P
7
P
4
= P
5
and P
8
= P
1
Isentropic work
Exit from two phase
devices is saturated
Points 1 and 3 are
saturated liquid
18
Feedwater Cycle Assumptions
1
5
6
8
High Pressure
Turbine (T1)
Low Pressure
Turbine (T2)
Condenser
Pump
(P1)
Steam
Generator
Feedwater
Heater
Pump
(P2)
2
3
4
7
State 1 is saturated
liquid: P
cond
=P
1
= P
8
Pump work = vAP
State 3 is saturated
liquid at P
FWH
Isentropic turbines
P
7
= P
6
= P
3
= P
2
=
P
FWH
; P
4
= P
5
W
u
= 0 in FWH, con-
denser and SG
Unit 11 Cycle Analysis November 18, 2010
ME 370 Thermodynamics 4
19
Feedwater Heater Cycle Data
1
5
6
8
High Pressure
Turbine (T1)
Low Pressure
Turbine (T2)
Condenser
Pump
(P1)
Steam
Generator
Feedwater
Heater
Pump
(P2)
2
3
4
7
The cycle efficiency
can be calculated
from the following
data
Condenser pressure
Steam generator
outlet temperature
and pressure
Feedwater heater
pressure
20
Feedwater Cycle Enthalpy
1
5
6
8
High Pressure
Turbine (T1)
Low Pressure
Turbine (T2)
Condenser
Pump
(P1)
Steam
Generator
Feedwater
Heater
Pump
(P2)
2
3
4
7
h
1
= h
f
(P
cond
)
w
P1
= v
1
(P
FWH
P
cond
)
h
2
= h
1
+ |w
P1
|
h
3
= h
f
(P
FWH
)
w
P2
= v
3
(P
SG
P
FWH
)
h
4
= h
3
+ |w
P2
|
h
5
= h(P
SG
,T
SG
)
s
5
= s(P
SG
,T
SG
)
h
7
=h
6
= h(P
FWH
,s
6
= s
5
)
h
8
= h(P
cond
,s
8
= s
5
)
21
Reheat Feedwater Cycle
1
5
6
8
High Pressure
Turbine (T1)
Low Pressure
Turbine (T2)
Condenser
Pump
(P1)
Steam
Generator
Feedwater
Heater
Pump
(P2)
2
3
4
7
h
1
= h
f
(P
cond
)
w
P1
= v
1
(P
FWH
P
cond
)
h
2
= h
1
+ |w
P1
|
h
3
= h
f
(P
FWH
)
w
P2
= v
3
(P
SG
P
FWH
)
h
4
= h
3
+ |w
P2
|
h
5
= h(P
SG
,T
SG
)
s
5
= s(P
SG
,T
SG
)
h
6
= h(P
FWH
,s
6
= s
5
)
h
8
= h(P
cond
,s
8
= s
7
)
7
1 = m
1 = m
f m =
f m =
f m =
f m =
f m =1
22
Heat and Work Rates
1
5
6
8
High Pressure
Turbine (T1)
Low Pressure
Turbine (T2)
Condenser
Pump
(P1)
Steam
Generator
Feedwater
Heater
Pump
(P2)
2
3
4
7
a
m m m m = = =
5 4 3
b
m m m m m = = = =
2 1 8 7
b a
m m m m m = =
2 3 6
( )
4 5
h h m Q Q
a SG H
= =

( )
( )
8 7
6 5
h h m
h h m W
b
a T
+
=

1 2
P b P a P
w m w m W

+ =
( )
SG
P T
Q
W W

= q
23
Combine Previous Equations
( )
SG
P T
Q
W W

= q
( )
4 5
h h m Q
a SG
=

( ) ( )
( )
4 5
8 7 6 5
1 2
h h m
w m w m h h m h h m
a
P b P a b a

+
=

q
( ) ( )
8 7 6 5
h h m h h m W
b a T
+ =

1 2
P b P a P
w m w m W

+ =
( ) ( )
( )
4 5
8 7 6 5
1 2
h h
w
m
m
w h h
m
m
h h
P
a
b
P
a
b

+
=

q
24
Apply Mixer Equation to FWH
2
3
2
6
3
2
2
3
2
6
3
6
3
1 h
m
m
h
m
m
h
m
m
h
m
m
h

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
2 2 6 6 3 3
h m h m h m + = 2 6 3
m m m + =
Mixer 3 - outlet
6 - inlet
2 - inlet
f
m
m
h h
h h
m
m
a
b
= =

6 2
6 3
3
2
( ) ( )
( )
4 5
8 7 6 5
1 2
h h
w
m
m
w h h
m
m
h h
P
a
b
P
a
b

+
=

q
Unit 11 Cycle Analysis November 18, 2010
ME 370 Thermodynamics 5
25
Condenser Analysis
( ) ( )
1 8 8 1
h h m h h m Q Q
b b cond L
= = =

( ) ( )
4 5 4 5
h h m h h m Q Q
a a SG H
= = =

( )
( )
4 5
1 8
1
h h m
h h m
Q
Q Q
Q
W
a
b
H
L H
H
net

= =

q
Usually simpler than work analysis
26
Cycle Analysis Summary
Use the following cycle idealizations
No line losses the state entering a device is
the exit state from the previous device
All work devices are isentropic
Useful work and AP = 0 in heat-transfer devices
The exit state of two-phase devices is saturated
(liquid or vapor)
Can have combination of idealizations and
actual data; use data when available
Solve for mass flow rate ratios if necessary