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Viswanath
Viswanath
Viswanath
Outline
Overview and introduction to Cognitive Radios Approaches for spectrum sensing
Conclusions
Spectrum Utilization
Increasing demand for spectrum Existing scenario Under-utilization of spectrum Innovative approach to improve spectrum utilization Cognitive Radio
Ref: M.A.McHenry, NSF Spectrum Occupancy Measurements Project Summary, August 2005 Ghasemi and Sousa, IEEE Communications Magazine, April 2008
CR Scenario
CR: Opportunistic Unlicensed Access To temporarily unused frequency bands (across the entire licensed radio spectrum)
- A means to increase efficiency of spectrum usage
TV Bands
Unlicensed Bands
Several co-existing radios networks interfere with each other - 2.4GHZ band
Zigbee, Bluetooth and wireless LAN
Co-existence approaches critical for capacity The network geometry and its structural fluctuations are critical parameters that influence the performance of random networks. The interference and the signal strength at a receiver critically also depends on the distribution of the interfering transmitters Studying wireless networks based on geometry is discussed in
http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~jandrews/stochgeom/index.htm
Spectrum Sensing
Regulatory constraints
Detection Sensitivity
Detection Sensitivity
Spectrum Sensing
Energy Detector
Correlation Detector
Key Question
Can we look at a spectrum sensing algorithm that does not depend on: - Estimate of noise variance - Prior knowledge of the signal
The transmitted signal is s(n) and the i.i.d white noise is 2 with variance
(n )
The off diagonal elements of covariance matrix are zero if the signal is not present. If the signal is present and the signal samples are correlated then covariance matrix is not a diagonal matrix. Consider the following:
Difficult to set the threshold based on probability of detection since signal is unknown
Select the components near the DC terms for every dwell in the spectrogram
Key conclusions
Spectrum sensing using energy detection requires estimate of noise uncertainity Correlation based techniques require signal model Spectrum sensing algorithm using statistical covariance - Without signal knowledge - Without estimate of noise uncertainty Next steps - Co-operative spectrum sensing - Cross layer based approaches for sensing
Thank You
Backup Slides
Generic Hardware
Multiple Protocols
Upgradeable
Radio Architecture
Classification of SDRs
Multi-band System Multi-standard System Multi-service system Multi-Channel System
ATM in commercial Airspace(NAS in U.S) 26 Waveforms across CNS Key Initiative : CNS/ATM Systems
- 3 radio cores (C,N & S) common across 3
segments
AT BRH GA
- A cognitive radio (CR) is a radio that can change its transmitter parameters
based on interaction with the environment in which is operates.
Definition: Cognition
According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science: - Mental states and processes intervene between input stimuli
and output responses - The mental states and processes are described by algorithms - The mental states and processes lend themselves to scientific investigations
Reliable communication
Cognitive Radio
Responds to operators commands: Turning the knobs Also monitors its own performance continuously
- Prediction of channel capacity for use by the transmitter Co-operation - Transmit power control and dynamic spectrum management - Game theoretic approahes Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
Computationally feasible approach for a noncooperative multi-user scenario: - Maximize the performance of each unserviced transceiver
subject to the constraint of interference temperature, irrespective what other transceivers do
In OFDM case: - Number of bits per channel varied based on the SNR - Bandwidth and carrier frequency dynamically modified
depending on Spectrum Holes
Illustration
Concluding Remarks
All of the benefits of software defined radio Improved link performance Adapt away from bad channels Increase data rate on good channels Improved spectrum utilization Fill in unused spectrum Move away from over occupied spectrum New business propositions High speed internet in rural areas High data rate application networks (e.g., Videoconferencing) Significant interest from FCC, DoD Possible use in TV band reframing