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Biology 225: Study Outline Exam 4 Chapter 21: Microbial Diseases of The Skin & Eyes
Biology 225: Study Outline Exam 4 Chapter 21: Microbial Diseases of The Skin & Eyes
Study Outline Exam 4 Chapter 21: Microbial Diseases of the Skin & Eyes
Structure & Function of Skin: - epidermis: thin outer layer of skin, composed of epithelial cell layers o keratinocytes in outermost layer (stratum corneum) contain a waterproofing protein called keratin o unbroken epidermis is effective barrier against microbes dermis: inner thick layer of skin, composed mainly of connective tissue o hair follicles, sweat glands ducts & oil gland ducts provide portals of entry for microorganisms perspiration from sweat glands provides moisture & nutrients for microbial growth, but salt inhibits growth sebum from oil glands provides lipids & proteins, but low pH from fatty acids inhibits microbial growth mucous membranes: epithelium lining GI, respiratory, urinary & genital tracts o contains epithelial cells that secrete mucus that traps particles & microbes o acidic pH limits microbial populations
Normal Microbiota of Skin: - on superficial surfaces, some aerobic bacteria produce fatty acids from sebum that limits growth of other microbes - some gram-positive bacteria (staphylococci & micrococci) are able to grow in the high salt concentrations of skin o Staphylococcus epidermidis & other coagulase negative staphylococci o Staphylococcus aureus (especially in abnormal skin (eczema)) o washing can reduce their numbers but will not eliminate them o areas with more moisture have higher populations (metabolize secretions from sweat glands (odor)) - gram-positive pleomorphic rods (diphtheroids) o Propionibacterium acnes are typically anaerobic & inhabit hair follicles growth is supported by breakdown of sebum to form propionic acid, which keeps skin pH between 3 & 5 o Corynebacterium xerosis are aerobic rods that occupy the skin surface - yeast Pityosporum ovale grows on oily skin secretions (may cause dandruff) o dandruff shampoos contain the antifungal ketoconazole, or zinc pyrithione or selenium sulfide that target yeast
Rubella (German measles): viral infection leads to rash of red small spots (not raised) & light fever - cause: rubella virus (togavirus) - route of transmission: respiratory route - complications: can cause fetal damage (deafness, cataracts, mental retardation, death) if contracted during pregnancy (congenital rubella syndrome) - treatment/prevention: vaccination (rubella vaccine, MMR)
Diagnosis & Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis: o broad-spectrum cephalosporins are first choice, even before identification of pathogen o diagnosis requires sample of CSF from spinal cord (spinal tap) based on Gram stain & serological tests of bacteria in CSF, & cultures on blood agar Listeriosis: meningitis in newborns, immunosuppressed, pregnant women & cancer patients o cause: Listeria monocytogenes o acquired by ingestion of contaminated foods o may be asymptomatic in healthy adults o can grow within phagocytes o L. monocytogenes can cross placenta & cause spontaneous abortion & stillbirth
Tetanus: - cause: Clostridium tetani - C. tetani is anaerobe found in soil; enters wound (caused by dirty needles, blades, rusty nails) & causes localized infection - C. tetani produces neurotoxin tetanospasmin that causes spasms, contractions of jaw muscles (lockjaw), & death by spasms of respiratory muscles - prevention: DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus & acellular pertussis) vaccine - following injury, immunized person can receive booster of tetanus toxoid; unimmunized person can receive tetanus immune globulin - debridement (removal of tissue) & antibiotics may be used to control infection Botulism: - cause: Clostridium botulinum - produces exotoxin (neurotoxin) that inhibits transmission of nerve impulses - symptoms: blurred vision & progressive flaccid paralysis; possibly death from respiratory & cardiac failure - endospores killed by proper canning of foods - toxin heat-labile; destroyed by boiling Leprosy: - cause: Mycobacterium leprae - diagnosis: acid-fast stain & lepromin test (injection of lepromatous tissue extract) - not very contagious; spread by prolonged contact with exudates from wounds - untreated individuals may die from secondary infections (TB) rather than leprosy - treatment: sulfone drugs, rifampin 4-5 days & outpatient treatment
Salk vaccine: virus inactivated with formalin (IPV) o booster shots needed every few years Sabin vaccine (oral polio vaccine): 3 living attenuated strains of the virus o more popular in US; uses orange-flavored drink rather than shots o attenuated virus may cause disease in secondary contacts (1:750,000) o for this reason, IPV is now recommended vaccine
Rabies: - cause: rabies virus (rhabdovirus) - usually transmitted by animal bites or saliva - symptoms: virus travels along peripheral nerves to CNS & causes encephalitis; spasms of mouth & pharynx when swallowing (sight of water may trigger spasms: hydrophobia); excessive salivation; possible death from respiratory failure - diagnosis: immunofluorescence of virus in saliva, serum or CSF - treatment: postexposure prophylaxis: series of antirabies vaccine & immune globulin injections o human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) or chick-embryo vaccine administered in a series of 5-6 injections over 28 days, with human rabies immune globulin (RIG) Arboviral encephalitis: - cause: mosquito-borne viruses (arbovirus or arthropod-borne virus) - incidence increases during summer (mosquito proliferation) - horses & humans affected - viruses: Western equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, California encephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis - West Nile virus infected many animals & some humans in NYC in 1999 - incidence can be estimated by serological tests on animals
heart (following dental procedures or surgery) o bacteria lodge in preexisting lesions of weakened heart valves due to congenital defects, rheumatic fever or syphilis o lesions produce blood clots that protect bacteria; clots may break off & block circulation or kidneys o over time heart valve function is impaired fatal if untreated acute bacterial endocarditis: rapidly progressing endocarditis o cause: Staphylococcus aureus o treatment: penicillin; can be used prophylactically prior to dental surgery (if valve function weakened) pericarditis: bacterial infection & inflammation of pericardium o cause: Streptococcus pyogenes (usually)
Rheumatic Fever - cause: Streptococcus pyogenes - probably autoimmune complication of streptococcal infection (immune reaction against streptococcal M protein); repeated sore throats can renew attacks - progression: sore throat; arthritis & fever; subcutaneous nodules at joints; heart inflammation & valve damage; may cause death - common cause of death in children in early 1900s; incidence has declined in developed countries & is now rare with periodic localized outbreaks - complication: Sydenhams chorea (St. Vitus dance) flailing involuntary movement - treatment: penicillin (benzathine penicillin G) Tularemia - cause: Francisella tularensis (small gram-negative facultatively anaerobic pleomorphic rods) - mode of transmission: inhalation, ingestion of contaminated meat, contact with minor skin breaks, bites of small wild mammals (rabbits) or arthropods (deer flies, ticks) - bacteria are intracellular; survive phagocytosis - signs & symptoms: local inflammation & ulcer at infection site; enlarged lymph nodes; septicemia, pneumonia & abscesses throughout body - treatment: streptomycin, gentamicin; prolonged administration to prevent relapse - prevention: attenuated vaccine for high risk workers Brucellosis (undulant fever) - cause: Brucella species (small gram-negative aerobic rods) - mode of transmission: historically unpasteurized milk of cattle or goats; but more recently, through contact with diseased animal tissue o bacteria enter through abrasion in skin or mucous membranes - treatment: tetracycline & streptomycin for several weeks Anthrax - cause: Bacillus anthracis , a gram-positive aerobic rod - grazing animals contract disease after ingesting endospores (endospores can survive up to 60 years in soil & can be spread airborne in aerosols)
Kevin Kelleher, MTC Biology 225 Study Notes Exam 4
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mode of transmission: to humans by handling hides of infected animals o pulmonary anthrax: entry through the respiratory tract can cause pneumonia produces pustules that can progress to septicemia treatment: penicillin (may be ineffective due to persistent exotoxins) prevention: vaccine; boosters
Gangrene: death of soft tissue from loss of blood supply - ischemia (blocked blood flow) leads to necrosis (tissue death) & bacterial growth - gas gangrene results from anaerobic production of gases (carbon dioxide & hydrogen) by bacteria that swell tissues - cause: Clostridium perfringens (usually; also other Clostridium species) - Clostridium are gram-positive endospore-forming anaerobes - treatment: penicillin; surgical removal of necrotic tissue; amputation if necessary; hyperbaric oxygen chambers kill anaerobic clostridia Bacteria that cause systemic diseases by bites & scratches - Pasteurella multocida (gram-negative rod) o mode of transmission: dog and cat bites; can cause septicemia, pneumonia o treatment: penicillin & tetracycline - Cat-scratch disease o cause: Bartonella henselae (aerobic, gram-negative) o mode of transmission: dog and cat scratches or bites; possibly fleas or saliva o signs & symptoms: papule at infection site; swollen lymph nodes, malaise & fever; usually self-limiting Plague (known in middle ages as Black Death; killed 25% of European population) - cause: Yersinia pestis (gram-negative rod) - mode of transmission: rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) o normal host is rat, but can infect human host - progression: bubonic plague (buboes or swellings in lymphoid tissue); septicemic plague (bacteria multiplying in blood); pneumonic plague (bacteria move to lungs) - pneumonic plague easily spread by aerosols; usually fatal within 3 days - treatment: streptomycin, tetracycline - prevention: vaccine available for high risk workers Relapsing Fever - cause: Borrelia species (spirochetes) - signs & symptoms: fever, often > 105C; jaundice; red skin spots; relapse in 3-4 days Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis) - cause: Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete) - most common tickborne disease in US (10,000 annual cases) - mode of transmission: tick (Ixodes) bite; field mouse is reservoir - signs & symptoms: skin lesion spreads at site of bite, clearing in center; flu symptoms - complications: arthritis; occasionally heart & neurological abnormalities - treatment/prevention: several antibiotics effective (penicillin); vaccine available
Kevin Kelleher, MTC Biology 225 Study Notes Exam 4
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Typhus: caused by parasitic rickettsias transmitted by arthropod vectors - epidemic typhus: o cause: Rickettsia prowazekii o mode of transmission: human louse (Pediculus humanus); scratching bite o signs & symptoms: prolonged high fever; stupor; small red spots from subcutaneous hemorrhaging (bacteria invade endothelium & cause inflammation) o treatment/prevention: tetracycline, chloramphenicol; vaccine available - endemic murine typhus: similar to epidemic typhus but less severe o cause: Rickettsia typhi o mode of transmission: rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) o treatment: tetracycline, chloramphenicol - spotted fevers (Rocky mountain spotted fever): o cause: Rickettsia rickettsii tick parasite passed from one generation of ticks to another o mode of transmission: bite of wood tick or dog tick (Dermacentor species) o signs & symptoms: rash similar to measles on palms & soles (unlike measles); fever & headache o treatment/prevention: tetracycline, chloramphenicol; vaccine available
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treatment: penicillin, erythromycin to kill bacteria; antitoxin prevention: DTaP vaccine in US; contains diphtheria toxoid (inactivated toxin) diphtheria infection is still common in some developing countries
Otitis Media (middle ear infection/earache) - cause: usually Streptococcus pneumoniae (also H. influenzae, S. pyogenes, S. aureus) o often a complication of nose & throat infections - signs & symptoms: pus build pressure against eardrum causing inflammation & pain - treatment/prevention: broad-spectrum penicillin (amoxicillin); vaccines in development
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Bacterial pneumonias - Pneumococcal pneumonia o cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae (encapsulated) o signs & symptoms: high fever, breathing difficulty, chest pain; lungs have red appearance due to blood vessel dilation & blood cells in alveoli o diagnosis: x-ray; -hemolysis, optochin sensitivity & bile solubility in culture o treatment: penicillin o prevention: purified capsular & conjugated pneumococcal vaccines - Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia o cause: Haemophilus influenzae (gram-negative coccobacillus) o predisposing factors: alcoholism, poor nutrition, cancer, diabetes o treatment: 2nd generation cephalosporins (due to penicillinases) - Mycoplasmal pneumonia (primary atypical or walking pneumonia) o cause: Mycoplasma pneumoniae o signs & symptoms: low-grade fever, cough, headache o diagnosis: PCR; serology; bacteria form colonies with fried-egg appearance on rich medium o treatment: tetracycline Legionellosis o cause: Legionella pneumophila (aerobic gram-negative rod) o bacteria isolated from natural waters; can grow in water cooling towers, spas, showers, hospital water lines o signs & symptoms: high fever, cough, pneumonia symptoms o treatment: erythromycin, azithromycin Psittacosis (Ornithosis) o cause: gram-negative obligate intracellular parasite Chlamydia psittaci o mode of transmission: contact with bird droppings o signs & symptoms: fever, headaches, and chill. o bacterium is obligate intracellular parasite; must be isolated in embryonated eggs, mice, or cell culture; identification by FA techniques or complement fixation o treatment: tetracycline; no effective immunity is produced Chlamydial Pneumonia o cause: Chlamydia pneumoniae o mode of transmission: person to person o treatment: tetracycline Q Fever o cause: obligate intracellular parasite Coxiella burnetii o mode of transmission: unpasteurized milk or inhalation of aerosols in dairy barns o signs & symptoms: subclinical; fever, chills, chest pain, & headache o treatment: tetracycline o diagnosis: culture in embryonated eggs or cell culture.
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Other Bacterial Pneumonias o cause: gram + bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes); gram bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas & Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli) o rare in healthy individuals; mostly affect immunocompromised, debilitated o Klebsiella pneumoniae can cause a severe lobar pneumonia with a risk of lung abscesses & possible lung damage; individuals with chronic alcoholism, diabetes, COPD are at greatest risk
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Pneumocystis pneumonia - cause: Pneumocystis carinii o found in healthy lungs but causes disease in immunosuppressed (AIDS patients) - thick-walled cysts in alveoli that rupture & releases intracystic bodies; released bodies develop into trophozoites (asexual) & cysts (sexual stage) - treatment: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; pentamidine isethionate Blastomycosis (North American Blastomycosis) - cause: Bastomyces dermatitidis (dimorphic fungus in soil) - signs: spreads from lungs; forms cutaneous ulcers, abscesses & tissue death - treatment: amphotericin B
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signs & symptoms: 2-3 weeks of high fever, headache, diarrhea after 2 week incubation period S. typhi may remain in the gallbladder of carriers treatment/prevention: several weeks of cephalosporins; vaccine available for high risk
Cholera - cause: Vibrio cholerae (slightly curved gram-negative rod) o enterotoxin produced by some serogroups causes excretion of water & electrolytes with dead mucosal cells (rice water stools) - mode of transmission: contact with food items associated with poorly sanitized water - signs & symptoms: violent vomiting with significant fluid loss - treatment: tetracyclines & replacement of lost fluids & electrolytes Vibrio gastroenteritis - other serogroups of Vibrio produce mild diarrhea - cause: V. parahaemolyticus & V. vulnificus o symptoms within a day; recovery in a few days o contracted by consumption of contaminated crustaceans & mollusks Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis - cause: enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, or enterohemorrhagic strains of E. coli - epidemic diarrhea in nurseries, traveler's diarrhea, endemic diarrhea in less developed countries, & hemorrhagic colitis - signs & symptoms: enterohemorrhagic E. coli (E. coli O157:H7) produces Shiga toxins that cause inflammation and bleeding of the colon, including hemorrhagic colitis; Shiga toxins can also cause hemolytic uremic syndrome in kidneys - treatment: self-limiting in adults; no chemotherapy required Campylobacter Gastroenteritis - cause: Campylobacter species (usually Campylobacter jejuni); gram negative microaerophilic curved rods - mode of transmission: consumption of contaminated poultry; sometimes red meat - Campylobacter is the second most common cause of diarrhea in the U.S. Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease - cause: Helicobacter pylori - Helicobacter pylori produces ammonia, which neutralizes stomach acid; the bacteria colonize the stomach mucosa and cause peptic ulcer diseases - treatment: bismuth & several antibiotics may be useful in treating peptic ulcer disease Yersinia Gastroenteritis - cause: Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis - mode of transmission: meat and milk; Yersinia can grow at refrigerator temperature Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis - cause: Clostridium perfringens
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endospores survive heating and germinate when foods (usually meats) are stored at room temperature exotoxin produced by bacteria growing the intestines is responsible for symptoms diagnosis: isolation and identification of bacteria is stool samples.
Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis - cause: soil saprophyte Bacillus cereus - signs & symptoms: diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting - mode of transmission: endospores in undercooked foods
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Hepatitis C o cause: hepatitis C virus (HVC) o mode of transmission: via blood o average incubation period is 2-22 weeks: the disease is usually mild, but some patients develop chronic hepatitis o blood is tested for HCV antibodies before being used in transfusion. Hepatitis D o cause: hepatitis D virus (HDV); RNA virus that uses HBsAg as a coat Hepatitis E o cause: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is spread by the fecal-oral route o there is evidence of the existence of hepatitis types F and G.
Viral Gastroenteritis - Viral Gastroenteritis is most often caused by a rotavirus or the human calciviruses, better known as the Norwalk or norovirus family of viruses Protozoan Diseases Of The Digestive System Giardiasis - cause: Giardia lamblia - mode of transmission: contaminated water; grows in the intestine of humans and wild animals - symptoms: malaise, nausea, flatulence, weakness, and abdominal cramps that persist for weeks - diagnosis: presence of the protozoa in the small intestines - treatment: metronidazole or quinacrine Cryptosporiosis - cause: Crytosporidium parvum - causes diarrhea; in immunosuppressed patients, the disease is prolonged for months - mode of transmission: contaminated water - diagnosis: identification of oocysts in feces - treatment: fluids Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection - cause: C. cayetanensis - causes diarrhea - mode of transmission: contaminated produce - diagnosis: identification of oocysts in feces - treatment: TMP-SMZ Amoebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis) - cause: Entamoeba histolytica growing the large intestine - amoeba feeds on RBCs and GI tract tissues; severe infections result in abscesses - diagnosis: observing trophozoites in feces and by serology - treatment: metronidazole & iodoquinol
Kevin Kelleher, MTC Biology 225 Study Notes Exam 4
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Helminthic Diseases Of The Digestive System Tapeworm Infestation - cause: tapeworms (Taenia species) o includes beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) & pork tapeworm (Taenia solium); fish tapeworm is Diphyllobothrium latum) - mode of transmission: eating undercooked beef, pork, or fish with encysted larvae o scolex attaches to the intestinal mucosa of humans (the definitive host) and matures into an adult tapeworm o eggs are shed in the feces and must be ingested by an intermediate host o eggs ingested by animals (cow, pig, fish) & eggs hatch into larval form (cystercerci) that lodges in animals muscles - can be undiagnosed in a human - diagnosis: observing eggs or proglottids in feces - treatment: niclosamide Nematode Infestations - humans are the definitive host for pinworms, Enterobius vermicularis o the disease is acquired by ingesting Enterobius eggs - hookworm larvae bore through skin and migrate to the intestine to mature into adults o in the soil, hookworm larvae hatch from eggs shed in feces - Ascariasis is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides; adults live in human intestines o the disease is acquired by ingesting Ascaris eggs. Trichinosis - cause: Trichinella spiralis - larvae encyst in muscles of humans and other mammals - mode of transmission: ingesting undercooked meat (primarily pork) o adults mature in the intestines & lay eggs; new larvae migrate to invade muscles - symptoms: fever, swelling around the eyes, gastrointestinal upset - diagnosis: muscle biopsy no egg stage where larvae are laid, & serology tests - treatment: mebendazole to kill worms & corticosteroids to control inflammation
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Cystitis: inflammation of the urinary bladder - common in females because of a short urethra - mode of transmission: careless personal hygiene, sexual intercourse, and urinary tract infections - cause: gram-negative rods are the most common cause (usually E. coli); also Staphylococcus saprophyticus - symptoms: dysuria and pyuria - treatment: antibiotics - type depends on the etiologic agent Pyelonephritis: inflammation of the kidneys - usually a complication of a lower urinary tract infection and involves nephrons and renal pelvis - cause: usually Escherichia coli (75%) - complications: chronic condition causes formation of scar tissue - treatment: extended course of IV broad-spectrum antibiotics Leptospirosis - cause: spirochete Leptospira interrogans - mode of transmission: to humans by urine-contaminated water - signs & symptoms: chills, fever, headache, jaundice. - diagnosis: isolation and identification by serological tests - treatment: usually penicillin, but it is often not effective
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treatment: traditionally penicillin, with increased dosages due to resistance; ceftriaxone (cephalosporin) has shown good results o also, tetracycline to treat possible concurrent Chlamydia infection
Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) - includes any inflammation of urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae - cause: usually Chlamydia trachomatis o also Ureaplasma urealyticum & Mycoplasma hominis - signs & symptoms: often lacking; possibly uterine tube inflammation & may cause sterility in females & males (epididymitis) - Chlamydia trachomatis is also a cause of lymphogranuloma venereum (inflammation of lymph nodes) in tropical regions - Chlamydia trachomatis can be transmitted to infants eyes at birth - diagnosis: detection of chlamydial DNA in urine - treatment: tetracycline, doxycycline; azithromycin Syphilis - cause: Treponema pallidum (spirochete) - mode of transmission: direct contact; bacteria can invade intact mucosal membranes or penetrate through breaks in the skin - signs & symptoms: primary stage - asymptomatic chancre at the site of the lesion; secondary stage - rash over skin and mucous membranes; tertiary stage may appear after 2-3 years latency... includes lesions (gummas) on organs that may ulcerate, may cause damage to palate (affects speech), weakening of aorta, loss of motor control & dementia - congenital syphilis: bacteria may be transmitted across placenta to fetus; may cause neurological damage to fetus in latent period or stillbirth in initial stages - diagnosis: microscopic visualization (primary stage); serological tests (treponemal & nontreponemal); T. pallidum has not been cultured in vitro o Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, along with fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test - treatment: benzathine penicillin; for penicillin-sensitive individuals, doxycycline & tetracycline
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Fungal Disease of the Reproductive System Candidiasis - cause: Candida albicans (usually) when pH of vagina increases o C. albicans causes nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in males & vulvovaginal candidiasis in females - predisposing factors: pregnancy, diabetes, tumors, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy - signs & symptoms: irritation, itching, discharge - diagnosis: fungal observation & isolation from lesions - treatment: topical antifungals (clotrimazole, miconazole); oral fluconazole Protozoan Disease of the Reproductive System Trichomoniasis - cause: Trichomonas vaginalis when pH of vagina increases - protozoans seen in urine - treatment: oral metronidazole
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