College Biology - Core Concept Cheat Sheet

07: Cell Communication and Cycle

Key Concept
Calcium ion: A second messenger, involved in muscle contraction, exocytosis, hormone secretion, T and B cell activation, cell adhesion, apoptosis and signal transduction. CDKs: Cyclin-dependent kinase that binds to cyclin. This binding activates its kinase activity, mostly for cell cycle control. Cell cycle checkpoint: the Cell cycle progression is monitored by surveillance mechanisms, or cell cycle checkpoints, that ensure initiation of a later event is coupled to the completion of an early cell cycle event. There are 4 major checkpoints: G1 checkpoint, Intra-S phase checkpoint, G2 checkpoit and sindle checkpoint. Cell cycle: A cell proliferation cycle from one cell to two cells. Cycling cells are proliferating cells which undergo G1,S, G2 and M phases. Chemical signal: Cell signals are often chemicals. Cyclin: Aclass of proteins that fluctuate in concentration at specific points during the cell cycle and regulate the cycle by binding to a kinase, therein regulate the kinase activity. DAG: Diacylglyceral, generated by phospholipase from PIP2 and serves as a second messenger Endocrine Signal: Specialized cells release molecules (often hormones) into blood vessels of circulatory system, which move to distant target cells G Protein: A huge class of proteins that bind to guanine nucleotide GDP and GTP, usually hetertrimers and associated with GPCR or cytosol side of cell membrane. Upon signal binding by a GPCR, it undergoes a conformational change and hydrolizes GTP to activate the downstream targets. G0 phase: Refers to cells in a quiescent state. Cells enter the G0 phase from a G1 phase checkpoint and out of cycling. GPCR: G-protein coupled receptors, usually has 7 transmembrane domains and has an intracellular domain to bind signal molecule and a cytosol domain to bind G protein. IP3: Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, a second messenger that can amplify the original signal Paracrine signal: Local signals that can only influence the neighboring cells, such as neuron transmitters. PIP2: Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, localized in cell membrane, precursors for second messengers IP3 and DAG RTK: Receptor tyrosine kinase, numerous types but often includes receptors for growth factors. It has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and is capable of self activation by phosphorylation and dimerization. Second messeger: A molecule that relays messages in a cell from a receptor on a cell membrane to the final destination where an action within the cell is to take place. Signal receptors: Often membrane proteins that can bind signal molecules from cell surface except for intracellular receptors which is localized in cytosol. Tumor suppressor:A gene or gene product that reduces the probability that a cell in a multicellular organism will turn into a tumor cell. A mutation or deletion of such a gene will increase the probability of the formation of a tumor.

Signal Reception and Transduction

For both GPCR and RTKs:

Signal
Reception

Receptor Cell membrane

Transduction

Transducer Effector
Response

Signal reception --> Transduction --> Response GPCR: Signal binds to serpent receptor Binding triggers a conformation change on G protein which then replace GDP with GTP (activation) GTP-G protein activates a downstream signal molecule by phosphorylation RTK:
Ligand Ligand binding

Phosphate group

Intracellular receptors Hormones pass through cell membrane Hormones bind receptors in cytosol Homone-receptor translocate into nucleus for gene activation Cell Cycle contains G1, S, G2 and M phases Controlled by cyclins and CDKs Controlled by checkpoints When cell cycle goes wrong, cancer may arise Tumor suppressors are often related to cell cycle regulation and checkpoint activation. Spindle checkpoint

o o o o o

G2 checkpoint

G1 checkpoint Intra-S checkpoint

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