Professional Documents
Culture Documents
14-2103471 Dynamic Analysis of The Internal Combustion Engine
14-2103471 Dynamic Analysis of The Internal Combustion Engine
The P-V diagram for the ideal air cycle for the four stroke internal combustion engine.
V1 V4 r= = V2 V3
Dynamics: An overview
Here is a brief overview of what is going on in the internal combustion engine. 1. The pressure of the gases (air + fuel, or by products of combustion) exerts a force on the piston. Think of this force as being an input force, although during some parts of this cycle, we know that the gases in the cylinder are not doing positive work. 2. All the parts of the internal combustion engine have a finite mass (inertia). Thus a fraction of the input forces are spent on accelerating or decelerating the masses. 3. Some of the input is used to overcome the friction on the piston walls and the friction at the bearings. (Gravitational forces are insignificant for internal combustion engines). 4. The crank is coupled to the crankshaft which in turn is coupled via a power train to the wheels of the automobile. The crankshaft may also power the water pump, camshaft, power steering pump, the air conditioning compressor and other accessories. A significant part of the input force is used to drive the automobile. Since the crank has a rotary motion, the fraction of the input force used to drive the crank is effectively a moment, and is called the turning moment.
Dynamics: An overview
We want a formal description of these ideas and we want to develop an equation that will relate the pressure in the cylinder to the turning moment.
Basic definitions
Displacement :
The swept volume of the engine = n (Vt Vc) where n = number of cylinders.
Maximum torque :
The maximum average turning moment at the crankshaft.
Curb weight :
The mass of the vehicle when ready to use (excluding the weight of the driver).
Basic definitions
Specifications for some commercially available automotive engines
As the position of the particle changes, after an infinitesimal time dt, the new position vector is r+dr given by: dr = dx i + dy j (3)
A particle of mass m acted on by a force F as its position vector changes from r to r+dr.
Particle dynamics
The work done on the particle by the force F is given by:
dW = F dr
where the product between F and dr is the scalar product between the two vectors. The power associated with the force is given by
(4)
P=
dW dr = F = F v dt dt
(5)
From Newtons second law we know that the force is related to the acceleration (a) of the particle by the equation:
F = ma
If the velocity of the particle is denoted by V,
(6)
F = m
Combining (5) and (7), we get:
dv dt
(7)
P = m
dv v dt
(8)
Particle dynamics
We will now try to relate the right hand side the above equation to the rate of change of kinetic energy of the particle. The kinetic energy K is half the mass times the square of the velocity of the particle:
Recognizing that the scalar product is commutative, we see that the right hand sides of (8) and (10) are the same. Therefore, we get the simple result:
The power associated with the force acting on a particle is equal to the rate of change of kinetic energy of the particle.
Particle dynamics
There are couple of obvious extensions to this. First, if there is more than one force acting on the particle, we can let F be the resultant force and the net power associated with the forces acting on the particle will equal the rate of change of kinetic energy. Second, (11) is also true for a system of n particles. If there are n particles and we compute the power associated with the net external force acting on each particle, we can apply (11) to each particle. We will find that the net power is equal to the rate of change of the total kinetic energy of the system. Therefore we can write:
The total power associated with external forces acting on a system of n particles is equal to the rate of change of the total kinetic energy of the system.
From these equations, substituting for q, we can see that: Differentiating equation (12) and solving we get:
If the slider crank mechanism is viewed as a system, there are two primary sources of energy interaction that will change the kinetic energy of the mechanism. First, there is the work done by the gases in the combustion chamber. Second, the crankshaft of the mechanism is coupled to a load, and the moment required to turn the load (or alternatively, the resistance offered by the load), called the turning moment does work on the system.
Let us assume that the engine is running at constant speed. This is at best an approximation since the engine speed is never constant but instead fluctuates within a narrow band. If this assumption is valid, the term associated with the angular acceleration drops out and we get the following equation:
If the slider crank mechanism were massless, the turning moment would be equal to be equal to the moment due to the pressure in the cylinder:
The moments due to the inertia of the moving parts in the mechanism is given by the inertial moment, Mi,