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T h is b o o k le t g iv e s a n o v e r v ie w o f s o m e o f t h e d e s ig n , in s ta lla t io n a n d o p e r a t io n a l is s u e s in v o lv e d in v a r ia b le s p e e d d r iv e s w ith o u t g o in g in t o a n in - d e p t h t e c h n ic a l d is c u s s io n . I t is in t e n d e d t o h e lp u s e r s , in s t a lle r s a n d s a le s p e r s o n n e l to u n d e r s t a n d t h e v a r io u s p r o b le m s a s s o c ia t e d w it h v a r ia b le s p e e d d r iv e s a n d t h e s o lu tio n s t o t h e m . T h e f ilt e r s , in d u c t o r s a n d r e s is t o r s c a n b e s p e c if ie d d u r in g t h e d e s ig n s t a g e s o f th e v a r ia b le s p e e d d r iv e s y s t e m w it h o u t w a itin g u n t il in s t a lla t io n is c o m p le t e a n d t h e n h a v in g t o ir o n o u t t h e p r o b le m s .

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A n A C v a r ia b le s p e e d d r iv e ( V S D ) is a n e q u ip m e n t w h ic h c a n c o n t r o l a n I n d u c t io n M o t o r a t v a r ia b le s p e e d . S in c e th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e I n s u la t e d G a t e B ip o la r T r a n s is t o r ( I G B T ) , a r e la t iv e ly s m a ll n u m b e r o f c o m p o n e n ts a r e u s e d in th is e q u ip m e n t , r e s u lt in g in a n e f f ic ie n t a n d lo w c o s t p r o d u c t. E le c tr o n ic c o m p o n e n t a n d s y s t e m d e v e lo p m e n ts h a v e e n a b le d v e ry a c c u ra te c o n tro l o f th e th re e p h a s e in d u c t io n m o t o r w h ic h is a s g o o d a s , o r b e tte r th a n , th a t p r e v io u s ly o n ly o b ta in e d w ith a D C m o t o r d r iv e s y s t e m .

2
A L o o k a t th e P r o b le m s C a u s e d b y V S D s
T h e p o w e r c o n v e r s io n p r c r e a t e s m a n y p r o b le m s a s y s te m a n d th e o u tp u t b y u n w a n te d fre q u e n c y c o m a r e c o r r e c tiv e s te p s w h ic re d u c e th e s e to a n a c c e p e lim in a te th e m . E x c e s s iv f r e q u e n c ie s c a n le a d t o e in te r fe r e n c e , ( E M I) . o c e s s o f th e V S D t t h e in p u t s u p p ly in tr o d u c in g p o n e n ts . T h e re h c a n b e ta k e n to ta b le le v e l, o r to e le v e ls o f th e s e le c tr o m a g n e tic

E le c t r o m a g n e tic C o m p a tib ility 4 A r a n g e o f ty p ic a l c o m p o n e n ts s u p p lie d b y R E O to th e D r iv e In d u s try 5 T h e U s e o f F ilte r s a n d In d u c to r s 1 1

A n in d u c tio n c o r r e s p o n d in s u p p ly . I f w e m o to r th e n w t h e s u p p ly t o p r o d u c e s th is fre q u e n c y o u

m o to r w g to th e w a n t to e c a n v th e m o f ix e d v tp u t b y

ill r o t a te a t a s p e e d fre q u e n c y o f th e v a ry th e s p e e d o f th e a ry th e fre q u e n c y o f to r. T h e V S D o lt a g e v a r ia b le u s in g a n in v e r t e r . tic o n P a p o n e n ts a 3 p h a s s u p p ly to S D in v e r u e n c y o u g e 1 w e o f th e e r e c t if ie r p ro d u c e te r tp u t to

E M I a n d E le c t r o m a g n e t ic C o m p a t ib ility , ( E M C ) , a r e n o w s u b je c t to m a n d a to r y E U d ir e c t iv e s . T h e a ffe w in a n d p e rfo rm a n c e o f c t e d in m a n y w a d in g s , in s u la t io n e x c e s s iv e m e c h th e m o y s :- o v f a ilu r e a n ic a l t o r is a ls o e r h e a tin g o f th e o f t h e w in d in g s , v ib r a t io n .

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I f w e lo o k a t t h e s c h e m a c a n s e e t h e v a r io u s c o m V S D . T h e in p u t s t a g e is w h ic h r e c t if ie s t h e in p u t a D C lin k v o lt a g e . T h e V p r o d u c e s a v a r ia b le fr e q s u p p ly th e m o to r .

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T h e V S D in v e r t e r is s w it c h e d a t a f r e q u e n c y , ty p ic a lly 8 k H z , in a c o n t r o lle d p a t t e r n o f v a r ia b le w id th , k n o w n a s p u ls e w id t h m o d u la t io n , ( P W M ) . T h e V S D in v e r t e r is c o n t r o lle d in a p a t t e r n t o p r o d u c e a s e r ie s o f o u t p u t p u ls e s t h a t a v e r a g e to a s in e w a v e . T h e f r e q u e n c y o t h e s in e w a v e o u tp u t c a n b e v a r ie d b y c h a n g in g t h e P W M p a t te r n . T h e r e w ill b e m a n y o t h e r f r e q u e n c ie s in t h e in p u t a n d t h e o u tp u t o f t h e V S D w h ic h a r e m u lt ip le o f t h e m a in s s u p p ly a n d in v e r t e r s w it c h in f r e q u e n c ie s . T h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e s in e w a v e t h a t is t h e a v e r a g e o f t h e o u t p u t v o lt a g e , is w h a t d e te r m in e s t h e r o t a t io n a s p e e d o f th e m o to r. s

T h e r e a r e a ls o p r o b le m s in t r o d u c e d o n th e in p u t s u p p ly b y t h e h a r m o n ic s . S o m e o f th e e ffe c ts to c o n s id e r a r e :- o v e r h e a tin g o f t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d c a p a c it o r s in t h e s u p p ly s y s t e m , e x c e s s iv e c u r r e n t s in t h e n e u t r a l c a b le o f a 3 p h a s e s u p p ly s y s te m , in t e r f e r e n c e w it h t e le c o m m u n ic a t io n e q u ip m e n t a n d in c o r r e c t o p e r a t io n o f m e te r in g a p p a r a tu s . O th e r c o n s id e r a tio n s a ls o a p p ly s u c h a s v o lta g e flu c t u a tio n s in t r o d u c e d in to th e s u p p ly b y t h e o p e r a t io n o f t h e V S D , w h ic h w ill b e t r o u b le s o m e fo r o th e r u s e r s o f t h e s u p p ly , in c lu d in g d o m e s t ic u s e r s . In th e U K a n d E U th e re a re re w h ic h lim it t h e h a r m o n ic c u r r e w h ic h c a n b e ta k e n f r o m t h e s w ith th e e v e r in c r e a s in g u s e o e q u ip m e n t b o th fo r d o m e s tic a c o m m e r c ia l a p p lic a t io n s , t h e n t h e s e r e s t r ic t io n s is b e c o m in g im p o r ta n t. s t r ic t io n s n t le v e ls u p p ly , a n d f e le c tr o n ic n d e e d fo r m o re

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a n d its E n v ir o n m e n t
H o w e v e r , t h e C E m a r k w ill a ls o b e a p p lie d u n d e r t h e L o w V o lt a g e D ir e c tiv e r e la t in g t o e le c t r ic a l s a f e ty .

E le c tr o m a g n e tic C o m p a tib ility

3
W e m u s t c o n s id e r th e e n v ir o n m e n t a l c o n d it io n s f o r t h e V S D e q u ip m e n t to e n s u r e t h a t it c o m p lie s w ith th e E U a n d U K s ta n d a rd s . T h e t w o a p p lic a t io n s to b e c o n s id e r e d in t h is b o o k le t a r e 1 ) d o m e s tic , c o m m e r c ia l o r lig h t - in d u s t r ia l L V p o w e r n e t w o r k s w h e r e t h e L V m a in s p o w e r is s h a r e d w it h h o u s e h o ld s o r o t h e r o r g a n is a t io n s , a n d 2 ) In d u s tr ia l L V p o w e r n e tw o r k s w h e r e th e L V m a in s p o w e r is d e r iv e d fr o m a h ig h v o lt a g e d is t r ib u t io n t r a n s f o r m e r d e d ic a t e d t o a s it e o w n e d b y a s in g le o r g a n is a t io n . T h e lim fo r th e v o lt a g e d e p e n d s y s te m it s e m flu o n . s e t b y th e is s io n s o f c tu a tio n , a t h e c la s s v a m a n d if ic r io u in s R F a tio ir n o q s E U h a rm in te n o f S ta o n ic rfe re th e V n d a rd s s , n c e w ill S D

4
T h e r e a s o n s fo r u s in g F ilte r s In d u c to r s a n d R e s is to r s
T h is b o o k le t w ill d is c u s s th e u s e o f f ilt e r s , in d u c t o r s a n d r e s is t o r s t o d e a l w ith m a n y o f t h e p r o b le m s a n d c o m p lia n c e is s u e s a s s o c ia t e d w it h V S D s . T h e V S D u n it is s u p p lie d a s a s t a n d a r d u n it , o r r a n g e o f u n its , w h ic h w ill d e p e n d o n t h e p o w e r r a t in g o f th e m a c h in e r y t o b e o p e r a t e d . T h e f ilt e r s , in d u c t o r s ( s o m e t im e s c a lle d r e a c t o r s ) a n d r e s is to r s a r e a ls o s u p p lie d a s a s ta n d a r d r a n g e o f u n its . E a c h a p p lic a tio n h a s it s o w n r e q u ir e m e n t s a n d c h a r a c te r is tic s . T h e r e fo r e , it is m o r e c o s t e ff e c t iv e t o u s e t h e s e d e v ic e s to a d a p t t o t h e a p p lic a t io n , r a t h e r t h a n t o d e s ig n e a c h V S D in d iv id u a lly . R E O p r o d u c e s a r a n g e o f t h e s e d e v ic e s . A s t h e te r m im p lie s , E le c t r o m a g n e t ic C o m p a t ib ilit y r e la t e s t o t h e c o m p a t ib ilit y o f th e e q u ip m e n t w ith o th e r e q u ip m e n t c o n n e c t e d t o t h e s u p p ly s y s te m a n d a ls o its c o m p a tib ilit y w ith th e e n v ir o n m e n t . T h e e q u ip m e n t m u s t o p e r a t e s u c c e s s f u lly in a n e le c t r o m a g n e t ic e n v ir o n m e n t, a n d a ls o m u s t n o t in te r fe r e w ith a n y e q u ip m e n t o r in s t a lla t io n in it s n e ig h b o u r h o o d . T h e t e r m in o lo g y u s e d f o r t h is is E le c t r o m a g n e t ic I m m u n it y a n d E le c t r o m a g n e t ic E m is s io n s . W it h t h e e v e r in c r e a s in g u s e o f e le a p p lia n c e s a n d p o w e r s e m ic o n d u c e q u ip m e n t , t h e e le c t r o m a g n e t ic e n v ir o n m e n t m u s t b e c a r e fu lly c o n T o t h is e n d t h e E U h a s is s u e d D ir e w h ic h c o n t r o l th e a m o u n t o f e m it t e in te r fe r e n c e a n d s e t s ta n d a r d s fo r s u s c e p tib ilit y t o in t e r f e r e n c e . c t r o n ic to r t r o lle d . c t iv e s d E m is s io n s V S D E m is s io n s r a d ia te d , a n d c a fre q u e n c y ra n g e 1 0 G H z (1 0 ,0 0 0 M e m is s io n s b e lo w s u p p ly s y s te m b a n d in te r h a r m o n d is t o r tin g t h e m a p o s s ib ly c a u s in g p r o b le m s . c a n b e c o n d u c te d a n d n e x is t o v e r t h e e n t ir e fr o m a lm o s t D C to o v H z ). C o n d u c te d 2 .5 k H z c a n a ffe c t th e y c a u s in g la r g e h a r m o ic c u r r e n t s t o f lo w in s v o lta g e w a v e fo r m o v e r h e a tin g a n d o th e /o r e r n ic r a n d

T h e o b je c t o f th e E M e n s u r e th a t th e in s ta in t e r f e r e w it h e a c h o s y s te m . A ls o th e r e a m a k e t h e in s t a lla t io n ty p e s o f in te r fe r e n c e v o lt a g e c h a n g e s , s h s u p p ly , s u r g e s e t c .

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e c tiv e s s d o n o r th e s u u ir e m e m u n e to h a s p o w te r r u p tio

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T h e e q u ip m e n t m u s t b e s u f f ic ie n t ly im m u n e t o t h e e le c t r o m a g n e tic d is t u r b a n c e s t h a t c a n e x is t in it s o p e r a t in g e n v ir o n m e n t. T h e r e a r e m a n y d is t u r b a n c e s w h ic h c a n in f lu e n c e th e o p e r a t io n o f e q u ip m e n t . T h e s e in c lu d e h ig h f r e q u e n c y d is t u r b a n c e s u c h a s e le c t r o s t a t ic d is c h a r g e ( w h ic h c a n b e c a u s e d b y a n o p e r a t o r t o u c h in g t h e e q u ip m e n t ) , f a s t t r a n s ie n t b u r s t ( t y p ic a lly h ig h v o lt a g e t r a n s ie n t s o n p o w e r a n d c o n t r o l in p u t s ) , r a d ia te d e le c t r o m a g n e tic f ie ld s , c o n d u c tin g r a d io in te r f e r e n c e a n d s u r g e s . L o w fr e q u e n c y d is tu r b a n c e s in c lu d e s u p p ly in t e r r u p t io n s , s u p p ly v o lt a g e s t e p s , p h a s e im b a la n c e a n d s u p p ly v o lt a g e h a r m o n ic s . S u it a b le le v e ls fo r w h e n th e re a ls o fo r c o n d u c R E O h a v e p ro d b o o k le t s r e la t in a n d t e s t in g [ 1 ] . o f im m is p o o te d a n u c e d g to im u n ity a r e r p o w e r q d r a d ia te a s e r ie s o m u n it y p r e q u ir e d u a lit y a n d d f ie ld s . f E M C h e n o m e n a

C o n d u c t e d e m is s io n s a b o v e 2 .5 k H z a n d a ll r a d ia t e d e m is s io n s a r e g e n e r a lly c o n s id e r e d t o b e e le c t r o m a g n e t ic d is t u r b a n c e s t h a t c a n h a v e a b a d e ff e c t o n s e n s it iv e d e v ic e s a n d c ir c u it s in e q u ip m e n t . A t lo w fr e q u e n c ie s r a d ia t e d e m is s io n s g e n e r a lly a p p e a r a s s t r a y e le c t r ic o r m a g n e t ic f ie ld s , b u t a t h ig h e r f r e q u e n c ie s t h e y a p p e a r a s e le c t r o m a g n e tic f ie ld s w ith b o th e le c tr ic a n d m a g n e tic p r o p e r t ie s s im u lt a n e o u s ly . B e lo w 3 0 M H z , c iv ilia n e m is s io n s g e n e r a lly o n t h e m s e lv e s w it h c o n d u a n d lim it s a n d a b o v e g e n e r a lly o n ly c o n c e r n m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d lim E M C D ir e c t iv e 's lis t e d lim it s f o r f r e q u e n c ie s b 1 5 0 k H z , o r a b o v e 1 G H w it h t h e D ir e c t iv e 's e s s (n o t to c a u s e o r s u ffe r fre q u e n c y ) m a y m e a n te s t s ta n d a rd s . te s t s ta n d a rd s fo r ly c o n c e r n c te d m e a s u re m e n ts 3 0 M H z th e y r a d ia t e d its . In g e n e r a l, th e s ta n d a rd s s e t n o e tw e e n 2 .5 k H z a n d z , b u t c o m p lia n c e e n tia l r e q u ir e m e n ts in te r fe r e n c e a t a n y a p p ly in g a d d it io n a l e ta ils a b o u t m is s io n s . fo u r m e n a a n d te d e r [1 ].

T h e H e a lt h a n d S a f e t y a t W o r k A c t a ls o a p p lie s a n d is m a n d a to r y . T o s im p lif y th e p o s it io n t h e E u r o p e a n U n io n is e n c o u r a g in g m a n u f a c tu r e r s t o t e s t t h e ir p r o d u c t s t o E M C s ta n d a r d s a n d a p p ly th e C E m a r k , th u s g iv in g th e u s e r a n in d ic a t io n t h a t th e p r o d u c t c o n f o r m s w ith D ir e c tiv e s a n d S ta n d a r d s . T h e C E m a r k , o r a D e c la r a tio n o f C o n fo r m ity , d o e s n o t g u a r a n te e t h a t a p r o d u c t is c o m p lia n t w it h t h e E M C D ir e c t iv e . I t is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a p r o d u c t 's t e c h n ic a l d o c u m e n t a t io n is c h e c k e d t o s e e w h e t h e r th e r e is c o n f id e n c e in c o m p lia n c e w it h t h e r e le v a n t D ir e c t iv e s a n d t h e ir s t a n d a r d s .

T h e m a r k C E tr a n s la te s to C o n fo r m it E u r o p e n e " w h ic h lite r a lly m e a n s " E u r o p e a n C o n f o r m it y .

T h is b o o k le t d o e s n o t g o in to d th e v a r io u s te s t s ta n d a r d s fo r e H o w e v e r R E O h a v e p ro d u c e d d e t a ile d b o o k le t s o n t h e p h e n o te s tin g fo r c o n d u c te d a n d r a d ia e m is s io n s , h a r m o n ic s a n d f lic k

5
B e lo w is a lis t o f s o m e o f t h e p r e s e n t E m is s io n S ta n d a r d s r e la tin g to e le c t r o m a g n e tic c o m p a t ib ility w h ic h a p p ly , a n d a b r ie f d e s c r ip t io n o f e a c h s u b je c t . T h is lis t is b y n o m e a n s e x h a u s tiv e a n d a d v ic e s h o u ld a lw a y s b e t a k e n fr o m a s p e c ia lis t . S ta n d a r d s w ith in t e r n a t io n a l a c c e p ta n c e a re p ro d u c e d b y th e I n t e r n a tio n a l E le c t r o t e c h n ic a l C o m m is s io n , w ith p r e fix IE C . S ta n d a r d s lis te d u n d e r th e E U 's E M C D ir e c t iv e a r e E u r o p e a n h a r m o n is e d v e r s io n s o f IE C s ta n d a r d s , a n d a r e p r e f ix e d w it h E N . IE C a n d E N s t a n d a r d s a r e m o d if ie d e v e r y f e w y e a r s t o k e e p u p to d a te w it h t e c h n ic a l p r o g r e s s . I E C 6 1 8 0 0 - 3 a n d E N 6 1 8 0 0 - 3 a p p ly s p e c if ic a lly to V a r ia b le S p e e d D r iv e s . N o te th a t t h e r e a r e s t a n d a r d s f o r in d iv id u a l e q u ip m e n t s , w h ic h w ill s e t a lim it t o r e d u c e in t e r a c t io n b e t w e e n t h o s e e q u ip m e n t s in s t a lle d o n t h e s a m e s it e , a s in a n in d u s t r ia l in s t a lla t io n c o n s is tin g o f m a n y lo a d s , f o r e x a m p le . T h e r e a r e a ls o s t a n d a r d s f o r a c o m p le te in s t a lla t io n , w h ic h w ill lim it in te r a c t io n b e t w e e n t h a t t o t a l in s t a lla t io n a n d t h e e le c t r ic it y s u p p ly a u t h o r it y .

6
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D w e c o n s id e r th e h a r m o n ic s o d u c e s in th e s u p p ly w h ic h w ill it h o t h e r e q u ip m e n t c o n n e c te d p ly .

L o w e r F re q u e n c y H a r m o n ic s M a in s C u r r e n t F re q u e n c y R a n g e 0 -2 5 0 0 H z H a r m o n ic s in In p u t C u rre n t

H ig h e r F r e q u e n c y E m is s io n s C o n d u c te d E m is s io n s 1 5 0 k H z -3 0 M H z H ig h S w itc In v e r d e v ic F re q u e n c y h o f O u tp u t te r a n d o th e r e s R a d ia te d E m is s io n s 3 0 M H z -1 G H z F a s t R is in g V o lta g e P u ls e s o f O u tp u t In v e rte r R a d In te V S D a n d ia te d rfe re n c e fro m e q u ip m e n t m o to r c a b le s

T h e t e r m H a r m o n ic , o r H a r m o n ic F r e q u e n c y , r e f e r s t o a f r e q u e n c y w h ic h is a n in t e g r a l m u lt ip le o f th e f u n d a m e n t a l f r e q u e n c y . In th e c a s e o f th e U K m a in s s u p p ly w h e r e t h e f u n d a m e n ta l f r e q u e n c y is 5 0 H z , th e n th e 3 r d a n d 5 th h a r m o n ic s a r e 1 5 0 H z , a n d 2 5 0 H z r e s p e c t iv e ly . I f w e lo o k a t t h e f o llo w in g d ia g r a m s , t h e n w e c a n s e e th e r e s u lts o f a d d in g u p th e fu n d a m e n ta l a n d tw o lo w e r m a g n itu d e h a r m o n ic s .

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H a r m o n ic v o lt a g e d is t o r tio n is p r o p o r t io t o t h e c u r r e n t c o n s u m p t io n o f n o n - lin e a d e v ic e s , s u c h a s tr a n s fo r m e r s , w e ld in g e q u ip m e n t a n d p o w e r e le c t r o n ic d e v ic e w h ic h in c lu d e d o m e s t ic a p p lia n c e s a n d in d u s t r ia l m a c h in e r y . M a n y e le c t r ic a l lo a d s a r e n o n - lin e a r : th e ir in s t a n t a n e o u c u r r e n t c o n s u m p tio n d o e s n o t v a r y d ir e c t ly w it h v o lt a g e . T h is n o n - lin e a r ity c u r r e n t w ill d is t o r t t h e v o lt a g e a t t h e s u p p ly p o in t , s in c e e v e r y s u p p ly h a s it s o w n im p e d a n c e . T h e h a r m o n ic s p r o d u c e d b y n o n - lin lo a d s a r e o d d m u ltip le s . E v e n h a r m a r e p r o d u c e d b y lo a d s w h ic h h a v e c o m p o n e n t, s u c h a s a s y m m e tr ic a l r e c t if ie r s . T h e r e g u la t io n s c o n tr o llin p r o d u c tio n o f e v e n h a r m o n ic s a r e s th a n th o s e fo r o d d h a r m o n ic s , a s th d is t u r b p o w e r s u p p ly t r a n s f o r m e r s . n a l r s s o f

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O v e r h e a tin g o f s u p p ly c o n d u c to r s , tra n s fo rm e rs e tc . E N 6 1 1 6 6 1 7 5 6 1 8 0 0 0 0 -3 A /p h a 0 0 0 -3 A /p h a 0 -3 ,E -2 u p s e , IE -1 2 u s e to C p to N

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E N 5 0 1 6 0 ( in ( E U ) G 5 /4 in U K E N 6 1 0 0 0 -2 -4 E N 6 1 1 6 6 1 7 5 6 1 8 0 0 0 0 -3 A /p h a 0 0 0 -3 A /p h a 0 -3 ,E -2 u p s e , IE -1 2 u s e to C p to N

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S ta n d a r d s a n d R e g u la tio n s o n H a r m o n ic s T h e r e g u la t io n a r e in p la c e t o d is t o r tio n c a u s s y s t e m . T h e in 8 % . A t a r g e t le a llo w m a r g in s f lu c t u a t io n s in T h e r e g u la t io h a r m o n ic s th in to th e s u p p P o in t o f C o m P C C is t h e p a n d a ll o f t h e c o n n e c te d to r u le s a p p e a r lo g ic a l b e c a u o f th e h a rm o e q u ip m e n t in a ffe c t o th e r u s fo r c o m lim it t h e e d b y lo a te r n a t io n v e l o f 5 % d u e to s h lo a d in g . p le h a r d s a lly is o rt t e in s ta lla tio n s m o n ic v o lt a g e o n t h e s u p p ly a g r e e d lim it is th e re fo re s e t, to te rm a th re a t. T in f o r m a t io d ra w n b y fo r a to ta l a n a s s e s s h e n o h is in s m e V S D m a n u fa n t h e le v e ls o e q u ip m e n t . W ta lla tio n a r e e n t m u s t b e m c tu re f h a r h e n x c e e a d e . r w m o th d e ill g iv e n ic s e lim it s d , th e n B u t r a d ia t e d e m is s io n s p r o b le m s c a n a ls o o c c u r , c a u s e d b y th e c a b le s a n d a ls o b y t h e V S D its e lf . T h e s e a r e u s u a lly d e a lt w ith b y s h ie ld in g th e c a b in e t t h e V S D is in s t a lle d in . W h e n u s in g c a b in e t s h ie ld in g , t h e lo c a tio n s a n d g r o u n d in g o f V S D f ilte r s a n d t h e t e r m in a t io n s o f a n y m o t o r c a b le s h ie ld s a r e v e r y im p o r ta n t , s o a s n o t t o d e s t r o y t h e c a b in e t 's s h ie ld in g e f f e c t [ 2 ] . O n e o f th e a d v a n ta g e s o f th e IG B T is th a t it p r o d u c e s lo w h e a t lo s s e s b y h a v in g a f a s t s w it c h in g t im e a n d lo w c o n d u c t io n h e a t lo s s e s . T h e f a s t e r t h e s w it c h in g t im e t h e lo w e r t h e s w it c h in g h e a t lo s s e s . T h e p r o b le m w it h t h e f a s t s w it c h in g t im e is t h a t it p r o d u c e s a h ig h d v /d t a t its o u tp u t. T h e t y p ic a l t u r n o n a n d t u r n o f f t im e f o r a n I G B T is 0 . 5 m ic r o s e c o n d s , o r le s s . T h e r e f o r e if s w itc h in g a v o lt a g e o f 5 0 0 V t h e d v / d t w ill b e a t le a s t 1 0 0 0 V /m ic r o s e c o n d . T h e h w ill p r c a p a c m o re o f th e 'c o m m c o m m ig h d v /d t in th e o u tp u t o f th e V S D o d u c e a c u r r e n t in t h e s t r a y ita n c e o f th e m o to r c a b le s , a n d im p o r ta n tly in th e s tr a y c a p a c ita n c e m o t o r w in d in g s . T h is is c a lle d o n - m o d e c u r r e n t' a n d it c r e a te s o n - m o d e in t e r f e r e n c e .

8
in t e r f e r e n c e , t h e r e a r e m a n y in s t a lla t io n g u id e lin e s . T h e im p o r t a n t p o in t s o f t h e s e w ill b e o u t lin e d la te r in t h is b o o k le t . C o r r e c t ly - t e r m in a t e d s c r e e n e d c a b le s p r o v id in g a r e tu r n p a th fo r th e c o m m o n m o d e c u r r e n t th r o u g h th e s c r e e n w ill m in im is e t h is in t e r f e r e n c e , a t th e o u t p u t o f t h e V S D , b u t it w ill n o t p r e v e n t it fr o m r e a c h in g b a c k to t h e s u p p ly w ith o u t f u r th e r m e a s u re s . If th e c o m m o n -m o d e c u rre n t f lo w s in t h e s u p p ly it w ill c a u s e R a d io F re q u e n c y In te rfe re n c e , (R F I). R e fe r to th e d ia g r a m b e lo w . T h e m o t o r c a b le s h a v e a d is t r ib u t e d c a p a c it a n c e a n d in d u c t a n c e a n d e ff e c t iv e ly b e c o m e a s e r ie s o f L C c ir c u it s . T h e lo n g e r t h e c a b le s , t h e la r g e r t h e s e p a r a m e te r s b e c o m e . T h e m o to r its e lf h a s d is t r ib u te d in d u c t a n c e a n d c a p a c it a n c e in its w in d in g s . A t h ig h d v / d t t h e s e c a p a c ita n c e s a n d in d u c ta n c e s c a u s e th e v o lt a g e a t th e m o t o r t e r m in a ls to b e s ig n if ic a n t ly h ig h e r t h a n t h a t a t t h e V S D 's o u t p u t t e r m in a ls , in c r e a s in g t h e s t r e s s e s o n t h e in s u la t io n . A t h ig h le v e ls o f d v / d t, n o t o n ly is t h e in s u la tio n b e t w e e n t h e w in d in g s a n d e a r th im p o r t a n t , b u t a ls o b e t w e e n in d iv id u a l c o n d u c t o r s . S o , h ig h d v /d t c a n r e s u lt in a p a r tia l d is c h a r g e in t h e in s u la tio n o f t h e m o t o r c a b le s a n d m o to r , w h ic h w o u ld p r o d u c e a s lo w d e g r a d a t io n o f t h e in s u la t io n .

n s s e t t h e m a x im u m le v e ls o f a t a r e p e r m it t e d t o b e e m itt e d ly , a t w h a t is k n o w n a s th e m o n C o n n e c tio n ( P C C ) . T h e o in t a t w h ic h a n in s ta lla tio n , e q u ip m e n t it c o n t a in s , is th e p u b lic s u p p ly . T h e s e c o m p le x a t f ir s t , b u t t h e y a r e s e t h e P C C is w h e r e th e t o t a l n ic e m is s io n s f r o m a ll o f t h e o n e u s e r s in s ta lla t io n w ill s e rs

It is r e c o m m e n d e d th a t te c h n ic a l d o c u m e n t a tio n is c r e a te d t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t a n in s ta lla tio n c o m p lie s w ith th e r e q u ir e m e n t s o f th e E M C D ir e c t iv e , a n d in t h e U K w it h t h e r e q u ir e m e n t s o f G 5 / 4 f o r h a r m o n ic s . T h e s e c o n d e d itio n o f th e E M C D ir e c t iv e ( 2 0 0 4 / 1 0 8 /E C ) w ill m a k e s u c h d o c u m e n t a tio n m a n d a t o r y f o r n e w f ix e d in s t a lla t io n s ( a n d m a y b e f o r m o d if ie d f ix e d in s t a lla t io n s t o o ) f r o m J u ly 2 0 0 7 s o it is a g o o d id e a t o g e t s o m e p r a c t ic e in b e fo re h a n d .

S ta n d a r d s o n F lic k e r
R a p id a c c e le r a t io n a n d d e c e le r a t io n o f V S D s c a n c a u s e f lu c t u a t io n s a n d f lic k e r in t h e m a in s s u p p ly v o lta g e . E m is s io n s o f s u p p ly v o lt a g e f lu c t u a t io n s a n d f lic k e r a r e c o v e re d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -3 fo r u p to 1 6 A / p h a s e w it h u n c o n d it io n a l c o n n e c t io n , a n d E N 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -1 1 fo r u p to 7 5 A /p h a s e w ith c o n d it io n a l c o n n e c t io n . B o t h o f th e s e s ta n d a r d s a r e lis te d u n d e r th e E M C D ir e c tiv e [1 ].

E q u ip m e n t w it h a c u r r e n t r a t in g o f u p t o 1 6 A p e r p h a s e m u s t s a t is f y th e r e q u ir e m e n ts o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 [1 ] to b e c o n n e c t e d w it h o u t a s s e s s m e n t. S in g le e q u ip m e n t s b e t w e e n 1 6 A a n d 7 5 A a r e r e c o m m e n d e d t o c o m p ly w it h t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts o f IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 1 2 , w h ic h m a y s o o n b e lis te d u n d e r th e E M C D ir e c t iv e a s E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 1 2 . N e it h e r E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 o r IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 1 2 a p p ly to in d u s tr ia l p o w e r n e tw o r k s ( th a t a r e s u p p lie d f r o m a d e d ic a t e d H V tr a n s fo r m e r ) b u t s in c e it is g o o d p r a c tic e n o t t o p o llu t e in d u s tr ia l n e tw o r k s w ith h a r m o n ic s w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e y a r e a p p lie d a n y w a y . T h e r e a r e o t h e r lim its f o r c o n n e c t io n t o 1 1 k V s y s t e m s , d e p e n d in g o n t h e ir in p u t r e c t if ie r c o n f ig u r a t io n . W it h o u t g o in g in t o f u r t h e r d e ta il, th e U K s u p p ly r e g u la t io n G 5 /4 s e ts lim it s o n t h e le v e ls o f h a r m o n ic s a t fr e q u e n c ie s u p to 2 5 0 0 H z , o r th e 5 0 th h a r m o n ic . A ft e r t h is f r e q u e n c y t h e h a r m o n ic s a r e n o lo n g e r c o n s id e r e d t o b e

H ig h F r e q u e n c y E m is s io n s , th e IG B T a n d d v /d t
T h e m fro m V c o n n e c a u s e b e lo w f ilt e r in s h ie ld a in c a u s e s o f e m S D s a re th e p o w c t io n s . M o s t o f t h a re c o n d u c te d o 1 0 0 M H z , u s u a lly g a t th e in p u t, a n in g th e m o to r c a b is s io n s p r o b le m s e r in p u t a n d m o t o r e p r o b le m s t h e y n e s a t f r e q u e n c ie s d e a lt w ith b y d f ilt e r in g a n d / o r le .

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P le a s c re d if f e m a n f o llo s e N o te : T h is d ia g r a m d o e s n o t s h o w e n e d c a b le s b e c a u s e th e r e a r e s o m e r e n c e s in t h e w a y s t h a t v a r io u s V S D u f a c t u r e r s s p e c if y t h e ir u s e . I t is im p o r t a n t t o w th e ir E M C in s t r u c tio n s t o t h e le t te r .

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1 1
F ilt e r s a n d in d u c t o r s a r e u s e d to c o r r e c t th e u n w a n te d e ffe c ts o f th e V S D o n th e m a in s s u p p ly a n d t h e e le c t r o m a g n e t ic e n v ir o n m e n t, a n d a ls o p r e v e n t in te r fe r e n c e f r o m o th e r e q u ip m e n t c o n n e c te d t o t h e s u p p ly . I n d u c t o r s a ls o s t o r e e n e r g y , w h ic h , in c o m b in a t io n w it h t h e D C lin k c a p a c it o r , h e lp s t o m a in t a in t h e s u p p ly in t h e e v e n t o f s m a ll f lu c t u a t io n s o f th e v o lta g e . T h e c h o ic e o f w h e th e r t o u s e o n e f ilte r to p r o t e c t a ll e q u ip m e n t s in a n in s t a lla t io n , o r t o h a v e a f ilt e r o n e a c h e q u ip m e n t w ill b e d e t e r m in e d b y c o s t , b u t le s s in t e r f e r e n c e b e t w e e n e a c h w ill b e o b t a in e d b y u s in g in d iv id u a l f ilt e r s . im p e d a n c e to th e fu n d a m e n ta l 5 0 H z f r e q u e n c y . T h e in d u c t a n c e v a lu e s m u s t b e k e p t to a le v e l a t w h ic h th e ir v o lta g e d r o p a t 5 0 H z is n o m o r e th a n 2 % to 4 % o f t h e p h a s e - n e u tr a l s u p p ly v o lt a g e , s o a s n o t to h a v e s ig n if ic a n t e ff e c t o n t h e m o to r a t f u ll lo a d . T h e lin e in p u t in d u c t o r g iv e s a s u b s t a n t ia l im p r o v e m e n t in lo w e r p o w e r e d V S D s w h ic h h a v e o n ly s m a ll in d u c t a n c e in c lu d e d in th e D C lin k . A n im p r o v e m e n t is a ls o o b t a in e d in h ig h e r p o w e re d V S D s . T h e r e a r e in s tr u m A n a ly s e r s w h ic h o f th e c u rre n t (a n p ro d u c e d o n th e u s e t h e s e in s t r u m h a r m o n ic s to a d v in d u c ta n c e to b e e n ts k n o w n c a n g iv e m e d v o lta g e ) h s u p p ly . A s p e n ts a n d w is e o n t h e c u s e d . a s S p e a s u re m a r m o n ic e c ia lis t ill a s s e s o r r e c t le c tru m e n ts s w ill s th e v e l o f E M C f ilt e r s a r e g e n e r a lly c h o in d iv id u a l s y s t e m r e q u ir e m e n im p o r t a n t c o n s id e r a t io n is th e lo s s , w h ic h r e la te s t o t h e a t t e t h e u n w a n te d f r e q u e n c ie s . s e ts ir n u n to a n d a n in s e r tio n a t io n o f

1 2

R e d u c tio n o f In p u t H a r m o n ic s
T h e t h r e e p h a s e r e c t if ie r b r id g e s h o w n a t t h e in p u t c ir c u it in t h e d ia g r a m o n p a g e 1 o f t h is b o o k le t is k n o w n a s a 6 - p u ls e s y s t e m a n d w ill d r a w h a r m o n ic s c u r r e n t s f r o m t h e s u p p ly . T h is is b e c a u s e th e r e c t if ie r s a r e o n ly c o n d u c t in g a t t h e p e a k s o f t h e v o lt a g e w a v e fo r m . T h e r e a r e 6 p u ls e s p e r c y c le , a n d th e h a r m o n ic s t y p ic a lly p r o d u c e d a r e 5 t h , 7 t h , 1 1 t h , 1 3 t h a n d s o o n . S o m e m a n u fa c tu re rs p ro d u c e V S D s w h ic h u s e 1 2 o r 2 4 p u ls e r e c tif ie r s a n d h a v e lo w e r le v e ls o f h a r m o n ic c u rre n ts . A n e x a m p le o f t h e v o lt a g e a n d c u r r e n t w a v e f o r m a t th e in p u t o f a V S D is s h o w n in th e fig u r e s o n p a g e 1 3 . B y c o n n e c tin g a n in d u c to r in s e r ie s w ith th e in p u t to th e V S D , a r e d u c t io n in t h e p e a k v a lu e a n d s m o o th in g o u t o f t h e c u r r e n t w a v e f o r m is o b t a in e d . T h e r e s u lt in g s m o o th e d c u r r e n t w a v e f o r m im p r o v e s t h e p o w e r f a c t o r , g iv e s lo w e r le v e ls o f h a r m o n ic s , a n d s o h e lp s in m e e t in g t h e r e q u ir e m e n t s o f G 5 / 4 . T h is is b e c a u s e t h e in d u c t o r h a s a h ig h e r im p e d a n c e to th e h ig h e r h a r m o n ic s . T h e d is a d v a n t a g e is th a t it is a ls o a n

R e d u c tio n o f E M I a n d R F I
A s d e s c r ib e d e a r lie r , th e s w it c h in g f r e q u e n c y o f t h e in v e r t e r a n d th e h ig h d V / d t r a te s o f its s w it c h in g d e v ic e s c a u s e h ig h f r e q u e n c y n o is e s t o b e e m it t e d in t o t h e m a in s p o w e r s u p p ly . T h e s e c o u ld in t e r f e r e w it h o t h e r e q u ip m e n t c o n n e c te d t o t h e s a m e p o w e r d is t r ib u tio n n e t w o r k , o r r a d ia t e f r o m t h e p o w e r c a b le s a n d in t e r f e r e w it h r a d io r e c e iv e r s o r o th e r s e n s it iv e e q u ip m e n t . T w o t y p e s o f e m is s io n s e x is t: d if fe r e n t ia l- m o d e ( b e t w e e n t h e in d iv id u a l p o w e r c o n d u c to r s ) a n d c o m m o n -m o d e (b e tw e e n th e p o w e r c o n d u c t o r s a n d t h e c a b in e t 's e a r t h ) . I n p u t f ilt e r s a r e c a r e f u lly d e s ig n e d to s u p p r e s s b o t h t y p e s o f e m is s io n s , u s in g in d u c to r s w o u n d t o c r e a t e e it h e r d if fe r e n t ia l o r c o m m o n - m o d e im p e d a n c e s ; 'X ' c a p a c it o r s c o n n e c te d b e tw e e n th e p o w e r c o n d u c to rs t h e m s e lv e s , a n d 'Y ' c a p a c it o r s b e t w e e n e a c h o f th e p o w e r c o n d u c to rs a n d th e e a rth .

W h e n in s t a llin g a n E M C f ilte r th e le a k a g e c u r r e n t m u s t b e ta k e n in to a c c o u n t fo r s a f e t y r e a s o n s . T h e 'Y ' c a p a c it o r s c o n d u c t c u rre n t to e a rth , th e a m o u n t o f c u rre n t d e p e n d in g o n t h e ir v a lu e . S o m e e le c t r ic a l in s t a lla t io n s h a v e e a r th le a k a g e d e t e c tio n c ir c u it s c o n n e c t e d a n d t h e y w ill in t e r r u p t t h e s u p p ly if t h is le a k a g e v a lu e is e x c e e d e d . T h e p e r m is s ib le le v e l o f e a r th le a k a g e v a r ie s a c c o r d in g to th e ty p e o f a p p lia n c e a n d it s m e t h o d o f c o n n e c t io n t o t h e s u p p ly ; le v e ls v a r y f r o m 0 . 2 5 m A fo r s m a ll d o u b le - in s u la t e d a p p lia n c e s , t o v e r y m u c h h ig h e r f o r in d u s t r ia l e q u ip m e n t . B e c a u s e t h e f ilt e r is c o n d u c t in g c u r r e n t to e a r th th e e n c lo s u r e fo r th e filte r m u s t b e s e c u r e ly e a r th e d fo r s a fe ty . C a re s le a k a g s a fe ty w ill s t a f ilt e r 's h o u ld e c u rr r e q u ir te th e r a t in g b e ta k e e n t r e la e m e n ts le a k a g la b e l. n to e te s to . T h e e c u rr n s u re th e a m a n u e n t v a th a t th e p p lic a t io n 's fa c tu re r lu e o n th e

T y p ic a l E M C filte r fr o m R E O , o p e n e d to s h o w c a p a c ito r s a n d c h o k e s

1 3
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F ig s h o in tr f ilt e u re s 1 w th e o d u c in r a n d to 3 e ffe g a re a c : T h e o s c illo s c o p e t r a c e s c ts o n th e 5 0 H z s in e w a v e o f lin e r e a c to r a n d a c o m b in e d to r.

1 4
S u r g e P r o te c tio n
A n o v e rv o a d v is a b le v o lt a g e s u o th e r p o w T h e R E O a c t in g d e v tr a n s ie n ts lta g e p r o te c tio n d e v ic e to p ro te c t th e V S D fro m r g e s w h ic h m a y b e c a u e r e q u ip m e n t o r b y a lig 7 0 3 , a s a n e x a m p le , is ic e w h ic h d iv e r t s h ig h v to e a rth . lin s e d h tn a fa o lt a is e th e n th e m o to r w ill p r e s e n t a n e le c tr ic a l s h o c k h a z a r d d u e to le a k a g e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e w in d in g s , o r in a n e x t r e m e c a s e , d u e to a w in d in g in s u la t io n f a ilu r e . T h is m u s t b e t a k e n in t o c o n s id e r a tio n w h e n d e c id in g o n t h e e a r th c a b lin g r o u t e to th e m o to r . A s e c u r e c o n n e c tio n to e a r th is a ls o r e q u ir e d a t t h e V S D f o r s im ila r s a fe ty re a s o n s . T h e d iff ic u lt y w ith th e s c r e e n e d c a b le is th a t its c a p a c ita n c e , b e tw e e n c o n d u c to r a n d s c r e e n , in c r e a s e s w ith c a b le le n g th . T h e c h o ic e o f f ilt e r w ill b e d e t e r m in e d b y t h e c a b le le n g t h : t h e lo n g e r th e c a b le , t h e h ig h e r t h e p e a k v o lt a g e a n d t h e d v / d t w ill b e p r e s e n t a t t h e m o to r te r m in a ls a n d a ls o t h e h ig h e r t h e c a b le c h a r g in g c u r r e n t.

F ig u r e 1 s h o w s t h e o s c illo s c o p e t r a c e o f th e o r ig in a l o u tp u t w ith a 7 .7 A R M S a n d 2 4 .5 A p e a k . F ig u in tr o re a c g iv e re 2 s d u c tio to r w h s a p e h o w n o ic h a k s f a re o f th e 4 % d u c 9 .5 A e ffe c ts o f th e im p e d a n c e lin e e s R M S to 4 .8 A a n d .

b y in g . s tg e

F ilte r s o n th e O u tp u t o f th e V S D T h e p r o b le m w ith h ig h d v /d t c a u s e d b y t h e r a p id s w it c h in g o f t h e I G B T h a s b e e n p r e v io u s ly d e s c r ib e d in t h is b o o k le t . O u to h e in s d e wT m wT wT wT wE wC tp u t f ilt e r s th e m o to r c lp r e d u c e o u la t io n p r o p e n d u p o n c a n re d u a b le a n d r e lim in a b le m s . T a n u m b e c e th e d v /d t a m o to r, a n d c te e m is s io n s h e r e c h o ic e w r o f fa c to rs :p p lie d a n a n d ill

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t h e e f f e c t s o f a c o m b in e d r w h ic h p r o d u c e s a c le a n v e , a s w e ll a s r e d u c in g t h e n .

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F ig u r e 3

T h e 3 - p h a s e p o w e r s u p p ly c a b le s r u n n in g t o t h e m o t o r a r e u s u a lly s c r e e n e d . T h is h e lp s to r e d u c e r a d ia te d c o m m o n - m o d e e m is s io n s b y a llo w in g t h e h ig h f r e q u e n c y c o m p o n e n t o f th e c u rre n t to re tu rn th ro u g h th e s c re e n b a c k to th e V S D . A c o r r e c tly - t e r m in a t e d m o to r c a b le s h ie ld [2 ] p r o v id e s a p r e fe r e n tia l r e tu r n c u r r e n t p a th fo r th e c o m m o n -m o d e c u rre n t, ra th e r th a n a llo w in g it to r e t u r n a s le a k a g e th r o u g h t h e e x t e r n a l g r o u n d s tr u c t u r e . T h is h e lp s r e d u c e t h e r a d ia t io n f r o m t h e c o n d u c t o r s . T h e m e a rth O n e o E M C th e c o o to r m u s th ro u g h a f th e re a s c o n s id e r a n n e c tio n t b e h ig o n s tio n is b s e c u r e ly c o n h in te g r ity c o f o r t h is , a s id s , is e le c tr ic a ro k e n , o r n o t n e c te d n n e c tio e fro m l s a fe ty p re s e n to n . . If t,

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T h e d v /d t F ilte r In d u c to r
T h e d v / d t f ilt e r in s p e c ia lly c o n s t r u f e r r ite c o r e . T h is s y m m e tr ic a l c o m s in c e in a 3 - p h a s o u t to z e ro . d u c t o r is a n in d u c t o r c te d , w o u n d o n a to r o id a l a c ts a s a c o n d u c to r to th e p o n e n ts o f th e c u rre n t, e s y s t e m t h e s e b a la n c e r s e e a W ith o u t d V /d t F ilte r

1 6
C a b le L e n g th L im ita tio n s
T h e lim it a tio n in th e f e r r it e c o r e t y p e in d u c t o r is t h a t it p r o d u c e s h e a t in t h e p r o c e s s o f f ilt e r in g . T h e c o r e m a y o v e r h e a t , o r s a t u r a t e , if t h e h ig h fr e q u e n c y c u r r e n ts a r e la r g e . T h e c u r r e n ts w ill in c r e a s e w it h c a b le le n g t h : t h e lo n g e r th e c a b le , th e m o r e c a p a c ita n c e . T h e r e f o r e th e f e r r it e c o r e in d u c t o r / f ilt e r is lim it e d in it s a p p lic a t io n to c a b le le n g t h s o f u p to 1 0 0 -1 5 0 m e tre s . T h e S in u s f ilt e r , o r S in u s o id a l F ilt e r , u s e s in d u c t a n c e a n d c a p a c it a n c e to filte r o u t t h e h ig h e r f r e q u e n c ie s p r o d u c e d , th u s r e d u c in g t h e e f f e c ts o f c a p a c it a n c e a n d in d u c t a n c e in lo n g c a b le r u n s t o t h e m o t o r . In s o m e c a s e s th e n e e d fo r s c re e n e d c a b le s to t h e m o t o r is e lim in a t e d . T h e v o lt a g e w a v e f o r m s u p p ly in g t h e m o to r is a lm o s t s in u s o id a l w it h lo w d is t o r tio n . T h e R E O C N W 9 3 3 / s e r ie s o f S in u s F ilte r s c o v e r s a w id e r a n g e o f c u r r e n t r a tin g s . T h e S in u s F ilt e r s h o u ld b e c h o s e n c a r e f u lly a s it p r o d u c e s a p e r m a n e n t lo a d o n th e V S D a n d a ls o r e d u c e s th e o u t p u t v o lt a g e t o t h e m o t o r . T h e s e f ilte r s p r o d u c e h e a t a n d c a n r u n a t te m p e r a tu r e s h ig h e r th a n 8 5 8 C . A d e q u a te v e n t ila t io n is r e q u ir e d .

T h e h ig h fr e q u e n c y c o m p o n e n ts h o w e v e d o n o t b a la n c e o u t. T h e s e a r e k n o w n a s a s y m m e t r ic c o m p o n e n t s . T h e t o r o id a l in d u c t o r a c t s a s a h ig h im p e d a n c e t o t h e c o m p o n e n t s . T h is s lo w s d o w n t h e v o lt a g r is e r a te , o r d v / d t. T h e illu s t r a t io n s h o w s t y p ic a l r e d u c t io n in d v / d t o b t a in e d u s in g t h e R E O t y p e C N W 8 1 1 s e r ie s o f in d u c to r s .

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3 -P h a s e O u tp u t In d u c to r
F o r lo n g e r c a b le r u n s o f u p t o 2 0 0 m e tr e s t o t h e m o t o r a c o n v e n t io n a lly c o n s t r u c t e d t h r e e p h a s e o u t p u t in d u c t o r c a n b e u s e d . T h e C N W 8 5 4 / s e r ie s o f in d u c t o r s a r e d e s ig n e d t o p r o v id e in d u c t a n c e v a lu e s r e q u ir e d o v e r a w id e fr e q u e n c y r a n g e . A s w ith th e in p u t in d u c t o r , t h e y a ls o a c t a s a n im p e d a n c e to th e fu n d a m e n ta l fr e q u e n c y a n d s h o u ld b e c h o s e n c a r e f u lly . T h e ir in d u c t a n c e v a lu e s m u s t b e k e p t t o a le v e l a t w h ic h t h e v o lt a g e d r o p a t 5 0 H z is n o m o r e t h a n 2 % o f t h e V S D o u t p u t 's p h a s e n e u tr a l, s o a s n o t to h a v e s ig n if ic a n t e f fe c t o n th e p e r fo r m a n c e o f th e m o to r a t fu ll lo a d . T h e c a b le le n g th b e tw e e n t h e d r iv e a n d m o to r d e p e n d s o n th e s w itc h fr e q u n c y - s e e th e ta b le b e lo w .
C o n v e r te r s w itc h in g fre q u e n c y M a x . a llo w a b le c a b le le n g th u p to 1 6 k H z 5 0 m u p to 8 k H z 1 5 0 m u p to 4 k H z 2 0 0 m

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T h e V S D m a y b e in s t a a n e x is tin g in s t a lla t io n s ta n d a r d in s u la tio n , i.e u s e w ith V S D s . I n t h is b e re d u c e d to u p to 5 0 w ith th e s p e c ific a tio n s 0 5 3 0 . lle u s . n c a 0 V IE d a s a in g m o o t in s u s e th e /m s , to C 3 4 -1 r e tr o f it to t o r s w it h la te d fo r d v /d t m u s t c o m p ly 7 , o r V D E

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T h e S re d u c th e V p a r t ic in u e m S D u la s F a n o u r ly ilt e r , if y o f th e tp u t P W w h e n u a p p M s in p lie d c r o b le m v o lt a g g lo n g o r r e c tly , c a s c a u s e d b e w a v e fo rm c a b le r u n s n y .

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T h e p ro d lo a d c a n a s a b e in V S D is g e n e r a u c in g p o w e r to , i. e . p o s it iv e t o a ls o p r o d u c e a b r a k e . T h is is g u s e d in a lif t , lly t h o u g h t o f a s t h e m o t o r t o d r iv rq u e . H o w e v e r th n e g a t iv e t o r q u e , u s e fu l w h e n th e d o r a c ra n e , fo r e x e a e d r iv e a c t in g r iv e is a m p le . S o m e e x a m p le s o f R E O b r a k in g r e s is to r s T h S p s y e s v a s u b e e in s t a lla e e d D r iv s t e m s in t a b lis h e d r io u s m a m m a ry o lo w . t io n p r e s a n d g e n e ra a n d w n u a ls a f t h e im o c e d u r e s f o r V a r ia b le p o w e r e le c tr o n ic l a r e n o w w e ll e ll d o c u m e n te d in n d p u b lic a tio n s . A p o r t a n t p o in t s is g iv e n w E n s u re th a c c e s s to b e lo c k e d a c c e s s . w E n s u re th in d u c to r s g u a rd e d . w F it s a fe t y te r m in a ls m a g n e tic

1 8
a t t h e r e is n o u n a u t h o r is e d liv e t e r m in a ls . C u b ic le s m u s t to p r e v e n t u n a u th o r is e d a t h o t s u rfa c e s , e .g ., , b r a k in g r e s is t o r s , e t c ., a r e w a r n in g la b e ls t o w a r n o f liv e , h o t s u rfa c e s , s tro n g f ie ld s e t c .

W h e n t h e m o t o r is u s e d a s a b r a k in g f o r c e it g e n e r a te s p o w e r b a c k in t o t h e s u p p ly . I f w e lo o k a t t h e d ia g r a m o n p a g e 1 , w e c a n s e e t h a t t h e p o w e r w ill b e r e t u r n e d t o t h e D C lin k a n d c a n g o n o f u r t h e r a s it is b lo c k e d b y t h e r e c t if ie r u n it . T h is w ill r e s u lt in a n in c r e a s e in v o lt a g e o n t h e D C lin k . A r e s is to r c o n n e c t e d t o t h e lin k a b s o r b s t h is p o w e r a n d p r e v e n t s t h e in c r e a s e in v o lt a g e . T h e r e s is t o r c u r r e n t is c o n t r o lle d b y a D C c h o p p e r u n it w h ic h in c r e a s e s o r d e c r e a s e s t h e c u r r e n t le v e l in t o t h e r e s is t o r a c c o r d in g t o t h e lin k v o lt a g e , i.e . t h e b r a k in g p o w e r p r o d u c e d b y t h e m o to r . T h e o h m ic v a lu e o f t h e r e s is t o r is c h o s e n b a la n c e t h e D C lin k v o lt a g e w ith th e m a x im u m b r a k in g c u r r e n t p r o d u c e d b y t h m o t o r . T h e D C c h o p p e r w ill r e g u la t e t h e v o lt a g e fo r v a r ia t io n s in th e r e q u ir e d m o t o b r a k in g c u r r e n t a n d in th e p r o c e s s th e r e s is to r w ill h e a t u p . T h e r e f o r e th e p o w e r r a t in g o f th e r e s is t o r m u s t b e e s t im a t e d . T p o w e r r a tin g o f th e r e s is to r is g iv e n b y a d u t y c y c le e s tim a t e , i. e . t im e o n a n d t im e o ff. e r h e T h e R E O U N IT Y ra n g th e c o m p o n e n ts m e n g u id e in to a m o d u la r a s s e m b ly f o r e a s e o f p a n e l s y s t e m . T h is r a t h e p r o c e s s o f d e v e lo e x is t in g r a n g e c o v e r s e o f tio n e b o o k in s t a n g e p m e fro m m o d u le s f it a ll d in th is m in i c a s e - s ty le lla t io n in a V S D o f m o d u le s is in n t a n d th e 6 k W to 1 5 k W . In m a n s w itc h p r o v id e H o w e v s u p p lie in s t a lle y V S D is b u ilt d fo r in e r , if th d , th e n d . u n its th e b r a k in g in , a n d th e t e r m in s ta lla tio n o f th e r e s w itc h c o n tr o l u a s e p a ra te p a n e r e s is to a tio n s e s is to r n it is n l m u s t . r a re to

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T h e in s t a lla t io n p r o c e s s c a n b e s im p lif ie d if a ll o f th e a d d - o n f ilt e r s , in d u c t o r s a n d r e s is to r s c a n b e in c o r p o r a t e d in t o o n e m o d u le . T h e c o m p le te d r iv e p a c k a g e is t h e n f u lly c o m p lia n t w ith E M C r e q u ir e m e n t s , d v / d t f ilt e r in g , m a in s h a r m o n ic r e d u c t io n , p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c tio n a n d b r a k in g e n e r g y d is s ip a t io n , a n d r e q u ir e s o n ly in p u t a n d o u tp u t c a b le c o n n e c t io n s . R e fe r e n c e s [1 ] R E O m in i g u id e s E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 1 1 P o w e r - fr e q u e n c y m a g n e t ic f ie ld im m u n ity t e s t; E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 L im it s f o r h a r m o n ic c u r r e n t e m is s io n s ; E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 5 S u r g e im m u n ity te s t; E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 3 a n d E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 1 1 F lic k e r ; E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 1 V o lt a g e d ip s , s h o r t in t e r r u p tio n s a n d v o lt a g e v a r ia t io n s im m u n it y t e s t s ; E N 5 5 0 2 2 a n d E N 5 5 0 1 1 M e a s u r in g r a d ia t e d e m is s io n s a n d E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 6 ( t h e f ir s t s e v e n o f a s e r ie s o f s e v e n te e n b o o k s to b e p r in te d b y R E O ) . [2 ] C h a n d In K e ith 7 5 0 6 3 7 7 -6 a p te rs 6 s t a lla t io A rm s tro 4 1 6 7 -3 , 4 6 3 . , 7 n s " n g , R S a n d 8 o f "E M C S , b y T im W illia n s N e w n e s 2 0 0 0 , IS C o m p o n e n ts P a o f in fo r m a s te m s a n d A rm s tro n g n c e J o u rn - c lu b . c o m y s te m s a n d N B 0 rt N o .

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