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Palm ch9
Palm ch9
Palm ch9
18/5+1/5*a
S.y
ans =
-3/5+2/15*a
T9.2-3 After the session shown at the end of Example 9.2-1, type
subs(S.y,b,sqrt(3))
ans =
4.7320
3.0180
9-2
9-3
25s2 + 101s + 30
s(5s2 + 20s + 15)
9-4
69 4c
13
y=
46 7c
13
9-5
syms x
subs(ans,x,2)
ans =
2546
solve(ans,y)
The answer obtained is
1
y=
2
c2 cos2 A + a2 c2
F = subs(E,a,17);
subs(F,x,-1)
ans =
0
subs(F,x,-5)
ans =
0
subs(F,x,-2)
ans =
0
Thus the answers are correct.
8. (a) The session is:
syms b x y
E = x^2+y^2/b^2-1;
F = x^2/100+4*y^2-1;
S = solve(E,F);
S.x
ans =
[ 10/(400*b^2-1)*((400*b^2-1)*(4*b^2-1)) ^(1/2)
[ -10/(400*b^2-1)*((400*b^2-1)*(4*b^2-1))^(1/2)
[ 10/(400*b^2-1)*((400*b^2-1)*(4*b^2-1)) ^(1/2)
[ -10/(400*b^2-1)*((400*b^2-1)*(4*b^2-1))^(1/2)
S.y
ans =
[ 3/(400*b^2-1)*(4400*b^2-11)^(1/2)*b ]
[ 3/(400*b^2-1)*(4400*b^2-11)^(1/2)*b ]
[ -3/(400*b^2-1)*(4400*b^2-11)^(1/2)*b ]
[ -3/(400*b^2-1)*(4400*b^2-11)^(1/2)*b ]
]
]
]
]
q
10
x=
(400b2 1)(4b2 1) = 10
400b2 1
4b2 1
400b2 1
p
3b
y=
4400b2 11 = 3b
2
400b 1
9-9
11
400b2 1
9-11
80
Theta1 (degrees)
60
40
20
0
20
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
x (feet)
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
x (feet)
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
150
Theta2 (degrees)
100
50
0
50
100
150
ans =
0
2
2
Thus the candidates for relative minima and maxima are x = 0 and x = 2. To determine
the nature of these points, and to find all inflection points, continue the session as follows.
Let dsydx2 represent d2 y/dx2 .
d2ydx2 = diff(y,2);
solve(d2ydx2)
ans =
[2/3]
[2]
p1 = subs(d2ydx2,0)
p1 =
16
p2 = subs(d2ydx2,2)
p2 =
0
p3 = subs(d2ydx2,2/3)
p3 =
0
Thus there is a relative minimum at x = 0 because d2 y/dx2 > 0, an inflection point at
x = 2 because d2 y/dx2 = 0, and another inflection point at x = 2/3.
13. To find dS/dV , first find the relation between S and V by eliminating r from the
following equations: V = 4r 3 /3 and S = 4r 2 .
Thus
r 6 = (r 3 )2 =
Thus
or
r3 =
3V
4
r2 =
S
4
9V 2
S3
2 3
=
(r
)
=
16 2
64 3
S3
9V 2
=
64 3
16 2
S 3 = 36V 2
syms r V
S = (36*pi*V^2)^(1/3);
dSdV = diff(S,V);
subs(dSdV,V,4*pi*r^3/3)
ans =
1/18*36^(1/3)*16^(1/3)*9^(2/3)/(pi^3* r^6)^(2/3)*pi^2*r^3
[result, how] = simple(ans)
result =
2/r
how =
radsimp
subs(dSdV,V,30)
ans =
1.0376
Thus
dS
2
=
dV
r
syms x y
S = (x+3)^2+(y-1)^2;
S = subs(S,y,2-x/3);
dSdx = diff(S);
solve(dSdx)
ans =
-12/5
y = subs(2-x/3,ans)
y =
14/5
9-14
y = 14/5
15. The equation for the circle is x2 + y 2 25 = 0. Evaluate the slope of this function at
x = 3. Note that there will be two values of the slope at x = 3, and that the slope will be
negative in the quadrant where x = 3, y = 4. The equation of the desired straight line is
y = mx + b. We will know its slope m in terms of b from the previous steps, and we must
solve for the constant b. The session is:
syms b x y
E = x^2 +y^2-25;
S = solve(E,y);
dydx = diff(S);
slope = subs(dydx,3)
slope =
-0.7500
0.7500
Choose the negative slope, which is in slope(1), and continue the session as follows:
F = y-slope(1)*x-b;
F = subs(F,{x,y},{3,4});
solve(F,b)
ans =
25/4
m = slope(1)
m =
-0.7500
The solution is y = 0.75x + 25/4.
16. Measure time t starting at the time ship A was dead ahead of ship B, at the intersection
of the two paths. Locate the coordinate origin at this point. Then the path of ship A is given
by yA = 6t and the path of
qship B is given by xB = 12t + 6. The distance between the
2 . To find the minimum, solve the equation dD/dt = 0
two ships is given by D = x2B + yA
for t. Because D is nonnegative and therefore must have a minimum, we need not check
the second derivative.
The session is:
syms t
yA = 6*t;
xB = -12*t+6;
D = sqrt(xB^2+yA^2);
9-15
dDdt = diff(D);
time = solve(dDdt)
time
= 2/5
dist = subs(D,time)
dist =
6/5*5^(1/2)
Thus the minimum distance is D = (6/5) 5 = 2.6833 miles, and it occurs 2/5 of an hour
after ship A is dead ahead of ship B.
17. The areas of the circle and the square are given by Acirc = (x/4)2 and Ssq = r 2 where
r = (L x)/2. The total area A = Acirc + Asq . The maximum area is found by solving
dA/dx = 0, and using the solution that gives d2 A/dx2 < 0. The session is:
syms x L
Asq = (x/4)^2;
r = (L-x)/(2*pi);
Acirc = pi*r^2;
A = Asq+Acirc;
dAdx = diff(A,x);
xsoln = solve(dAdx,x)
xsoln =
4*L/(pi+4)
d2Adx2=subs(diff(dAdx,x),xsoln)
d2Adx2 =
1/8+1/8/L*(pi+4)
The solution for x is x = 4L/( + 4), but because d2 A/dx2 > 0 the solution for x does not
give a maximum area. Therefore the minimum-area solution occurs at one of the boundaries:
x = 0 or x = L. So we evaluate A at x = 0 and x = L to see which gives the smallest area.
Continue the above session as follows:
subs(A,x,0)
ans =
1/4/pi*L^2
subs(A,x,L)
ans =
1/16*L^2
The area for x = 0 is A = L2 /4, and is greater than the area for x = L, which is A = L2 /16.
So x = 0 gives the maximum area. Thus you should use the entire length of wire to make
a circle.
9-16
h2 + 302
Note also that sin = h/d. Substitute these expressions into the equation for B to obtain
B=
h2
c
h
ch
= 2
2
2
2
+ 30 h + 30
(h + 302 )3/2
Because the height h cannot be negative, we choose the positive solution: h = 15 2 = 21.2
feet. The session to check the second derivative is:
d2Bdh2 = diff(dBdh,h);
subs(d2Bdh2,h,hsoln(1))
ans =
-1/41006250*c*1350^(1/2)*2^(1/2)
Because the second derivative is negative, the solution h = 15 2 gives a relative maximum.
The solution for the angle is
= sin
2
h + 302
= 0.6155
dv
= 500(2 et sin 5t)
dt
dv
= 10 5et sin 5t)
dt
v(5) =
5
10 5e
sin 5t dt = 50 5
5
0
et sin 5t) dt
syms t
f = exp(-t)*sin(5*pi*t);
v = double(50-5*int(f,0,5))
v =
49.6808
Thus the velocity at t = 5 seconds is 49.6808 meters/second.
20. (a) The equation of motion is
m(t)
or
v(t) =
or
dv
= T m(t)g
dt
T m(t)
dt gt =
m(t)
240
v(t) =
11
t
0
Z
0
48, 000
dt 9.81t
2200(1 0.8t
40 )
1
dt 9.81t
1 0.8t
40
12000
12000
24000
ln(50 t) +
ln 2 +
ln 5 9.81t
11
11
11
(b) To evaluate v(b), where b = 40, continue the above session as follows:
v = double(subs(v,t,40))
v =
1.3634e+003
Thus the velocity at burnout is 1363.4 meters/second.
21. Substituting the given parameter values we obtain
6
v(t) = 10
Z t
0
10
4 5t
+ 3 10
t
0
syms t x
f = exp(-5*x)*sin(25*pi*x);
v = 10*t + 300*int(f,x,0,t)
ezplot(v,[0 0.3]),axis([0 0.3 0 10])
The result is
v(t) =
0.05
0.1
0.15
t
0.2
0.25
E=R
i (t) dt = R
Let
F (t) =
i2 (x) dx
i2 (x) dx
0.3
syms x t
F = (1/25)*int((1+sin(x/5))^2,x,0,t)
F =
3/50*t-2/5*cos(1/5*t)-1/10*cos(1/5*t)*sin(1/5*t)+2/5
Thus
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
E(t) = RF (t) = R
cos
t
cos
t sin
t +
50 5
5
10
5
5
5
To calculate the energy dissipated in 60 seconds if R = 1000 ohms, continue the above
session as follows:
E=1000*double(subs(F,t,60))
E =
3.7077e+003
Thus the energy dissipated is 3707.7 joules.
23. (a) The following session finds dM/d, solve dM/d = 0 for max , and computes
d2 M/d 2 to verify that max gives a maximum of M and not a minimum.
syms w R L C
M = R*C*w/(sqrt((1-L*C*w^2)^2+(R*C*w)^2));
dMdw = diff(M,w);
wmax = solve(dMdw,w)
wmax =
[ 1/L/C*(L*C)^(1/2)]
[-1/L/C*(L*C)^(1/2)]
[ 1/L/C*(-L*C)^(1/2)]
[-1/L/C*(-L*C)^(1/2)]
Mmax = subs(M,w,wmax);
[Mmax, how] = simple(Mmax);
Mmax
Mmax =
[ 1]
[ -1]
[ i*R*C^(1/2)/(4*L-R^2*C)^(1/2)]
[-i*R*C^(1/2)/(4*L-R^2*C)^(1/2)]
d2Mdw2 = diff(dMdw,w);
second = subs(d2Mdw2(1),w,wmax(1));
simplify(second)
ans =
-4/R*(L*C)^(1/2)*L/(R^2*C/L)^(1/2)
9-20
The only candidate solution that is real and positive is wmax = [ 1/L/C*(L*C)^(1/2)].
The corresponding value of Mmax is 1. Thus
LC
max =
LC
and
Mmax = 1
The second derivative d2 M/d 2 evaluated at = LC/LC is negative, thus verifying that
a maximum solution has been found.
(b) The script file is
syms R w
C = 1e-5;L=5e-3;
M = R*C*w/(sqrt((1-L*C*w^2)^2+(R*C*w)^2));
M1 = subs(M,R,1000);
M2 = subs(M,R,10);
subplot(2,1,1)
ezplot(M1,[0 10000]),axis([0 10000 0 1.2]),title(),...
xlabel(\omega (rad/sec)), ylabel(M),gtext(R = 1000 \Omega),title()
subplot(2,1,2)
ezplot(M2,[0 10000]),axis([0 10000 0 1.2]),title(),...
xlabel(\omega (rad/sec)),ylabel(M),gtext(R = 10 \Omega)
The plots are shown in the figure. For R = 1000 the filter is a broadband
filter; for R = 10
it is a narrow band filter. Both filters have a center frequency of 5/5 104 = 4472
radians/sec, but the peak is hard to identify for the broadband filter.
9-21
1.2
1
0.8
R = 1000 W
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
w (rad/sec)
7000
8000
9000
10000
8000
9000
10000
1.2
1
R = 10 W
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
w (rad/sec)
7000
A=
50
10 cosh
x 20
10
syms x
A = double(10*int(cosh((x-20)/10),0,50))
A =
1.3645e+003
The answer is 1364.5 square feet.
25. The length is given by
L=
50
1+
where
y = 10 cosh
The required session is
syms x
9-22
dy
dx
2
x 20
10
dx
dx
y = 10*cosh((x-20)/10);
dydx = diff(y);
L = double(int(sqrt(1+dydx^2),0,50))
L = 136.4474
The length is 136.4474 feet.
26. The script file is
syms x
E1 = taylor(exp(i*x),10);
E2 = taylor(sin(x),10);
E3 = taylor(cos(x),10);
E4 = E3+i*E2;
E5 = simplify(E4-E1)
E5 =
0
The result is 0, so the expressions are the same.
27. The script file is
clear
syms x
E1 = taylor(exp(x),5);
E2 = taylor(sin(x),6);
E1E2 = collect(E1*E2)
E3 = collect(taylor(exp(x)*sin(x),6))
difference = simplify(E1E2-E3)
E1E2 =
1/2880*x^9+1/720*x^8-1/360*x^7-7/360*x^6-1/30*x^5+1/3*x^3+x^2+x
E3 =
x+x^2+1/3*x^3-1/30*x^5
difference =
1/2880*x^9+1/720*x^8-1/360*x^7-7/360*x^6
Thus the two expressions have been shown to be the same out to the x5 term.
28. (a) Note that some terms in the series are zero, so that the sixth (nonzero) term is given
by taylor(exp(-x^2),11) and the seventh (nonzero) term is given by taylor(exp(-x^2),13).
The session is
syms x
9-23
E = taylor(exp(-x^2),11);
F = double(int(E,0,1))
F =
0.7467
G = taylor(exp(-x^2),13);
H = double(int(G,0,1))
H =
0.7468
error = H-F
error =
1.0684e-004
Thus the error is 1.0684 104 .
(b) The session is
erf(1)*sqrt(pi)/2
ans =
0.7468
Thus the series with seven nonzero terms gives the correct value to four decimal places.
29. The session for parts (a), (b), and (c) is:
syms x
limit(2*x/(2*x-1),1)
ans =
2
limit((x^2-4)/(x^2+4),-2)
ans =
0
limit((x^4+2*x^2)/(x^3+x),0)
ans =
0
1
limit((1/(1-x))^(- 1/x^2),x,0,0right0 )
ans =
0
limit(sin(x^2)/x^3,x,0,0left0 )
ans =
-inf
limit((x^2-25)/(x^2- 10*x+25),x,5,0left0 )
ans =
-inf
limit((x^2-1)/sin(x- 1)^2,x,1,0right0 )
ans =
inf
33. (a) Let h be the initial height and D be the total distance traveled by the ball. Then
D =h+2
1
1
1
h + 2 2h + 2 3h + ...
2
2
2
or
D = h + 2h
n1
X
n1
X 1
1
=
h
+
2h
2h
k
2
2k
k=1
k=0
9-25
The summation
n1
X
1
2k
k=0
n1
X
1
=2 1
2k
k=0
and
D = h + 2h
n1
X
1
= h + 4h 1
2k
k=1
n
1
2
n
1
2
2h = h 3
1
D = 10 3 6
2
9-26
= 29.84
ft
1
2n2
108*exp(5*t)
12
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
0.6
0.7
9-27
0.8
0.9
170100*exp(1/10*t)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
10
15
20
25
t
30
35
9-28
40
45
50
20
15
10
0.5
1.5
2.5
t
3.5
9-29
4.5
25
20
15
10
5
t
9-30
10
0.1
0.05
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
t
1.2
1.4
9-31
1.6
1.8
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
t
1.2
1.4
9-32
1.6
1.8
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.2
0.4
0.6
t
0.8
9-33
1.2
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
t
0.8
9-34
1.2
25
Current (amps)
20
15
10
5
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Time (secs)
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Time (secs)
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
500
Speed (rad/sec)
400
300
200
100
0
v1 = 2.0021e10
sinh(99902t)
9-36
Output Voltage
0.8
0.6
R = 1000
0.4
0.2
0
0.5
1.5
Time (secs)
1.5
Time (secs)
2.5
3
3
x 10
0.5
Output Voltage
0.4
0.3
R = 10
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.5
2.5
3
3
x 10
4
va = 1 e5t cos 5t + e5t sin 5
5
vb = 1 + 4te5 e5t
vc = 1
49 50t
4
+ e5t
e
45
45
Case (a)
0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1.5
1
0.5
0
Case (b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
1.5
1
0.5
0
Case (c)
0.1
0.2
0.3
t
K 2s
1
K 2s
K2
V
(s)
=
=
d
4s2 + Ks + K 2
4s2 + Ks + K 2 s
4s2 + Ks + K 2
Thus
1
m(t) = K 2 teKt/2
4
(b) To find the peak torque, find where dm/dt = 0. Because m(t) has the form m(t) =
atebt , where a > 0 and b > 0, m(t) has a peak, and thus we need not check the second
derivative to verify that we have a maximum point. Continue the above session as follows:
9-39
0.5
case (a)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.5
case (b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
case (b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t
P = Rinv*R;
[r, how] = simple(P);
r
The result gives r to be the (2 2) identity matrix. Thus P = I, and R1 = R.
47. Let D = R(a)1 R(a). If we can show that D = 0, then R(a)1 = R(a). The
script file is
syms a
R = [cos(a), sin(a); -sin(a), cos(a)];
Rinv = inv(R);
R1 = subs(R,a,-a):
D = Rinv - R1;
[r, how] = simple(D);
r
The result gives r to be a (2 2) matrix of zeros. Thus D = 0, and R(a)1 = R(a).
48. The poly function finds the polynomial; the eig function finds the roots. The session
is
syms k
A= [-6,2;3*k,-7]
A =
[ -6, 2]
[ 3*k, -7]
poly(A)
ans =
x^2+13*x+42-6*k
eig(A)
ans =
[ -13/2+1/2*(1+24*k)^(1/2)]
[ -13/2-1/2*(1+24*k)^(1/2)]
Thus the polynomial is x2 + 13x + 42 6k. The roots are
13 1 + 24k
x=
2
9-41
62
129 + 88c
y=
16c + 15
16c + 15
50. With the matrix inverse method, the session is
x=
syms R v1 v2
A = [2*R,-R,0;-R,3*R,-R;0,R,-2*R];
b = [v1;0;v2];
current = inv(A)*b
current =
[ 5/8/R*v1-1/8/R*v2]
[ 1/4/R*v1-1/4/R*v2]
[ 1/8/R*v1-5/8/R*v2]
Thus the currents are
5
1
v1
v2
8R
8R
1
1
i2 =
v1
v2
4R
4R
1
5
i1 =
v1
v2
8R
8R
To use the left division method, replace the line current = inv(A)*b with current = A\b.
(b) Continue the above session as follows:
i1 =
c = subs(current,{R,v1,v2},{1000,100,25})
c =
0.0594
0.0188]
9-42
-0.0031
c4 = c(1)-c(2)
c4 =
0.0406
c5=c(2)-c(3)
c5 =
0.0219
Thus i1 = 0.0594, i2 = 0.0188. i3 = 0.0031; i4 = 0.0406, and i5 = 0.0219 amperes. The
negative sign on i3 indicates that we assumed the wrong direction for i3 .
51. (a) The session is
syms c I Ke KT L R
A = [-R/L,-Ke/L;KT/I,-c/I];
b = [1/L;0];
poly(A)
ans =
(x^2*L*I+x*L*c+R*x*I+R*c+Ke*KT)/L/I
ans*L*I
ans =
x^2*L*I+x*L*c+R*x*I+R*c+Ke*KT
r = eig(A)
r =
[ 1/2/L/I*(-R*I- L*c+(R^2*I^2-2*R*I*L*c+L^2*c^2-4*L*I* Ke*KT)^(1/2))]
[ 1/2/L/I*(-R*I-L*c- (R^2*I^2-2*R*I*L*c+L^2*c^2-4*L*I*Ke*K T)^(1/2))]
Thus the characteristic polynomial is
LIx2 + (Lc + RI)x + Rc + Ke KT
The roots are
x=
(Lc + RI)
R2 I 2 2RILc + L2 c2 4LIKe KT
2LI
r1 =
1.0e+002 *
-1.3333+ 2.9392i
-1.3333- 2.9392i
r2 = subs(rc,c,.01)
r2 =
1.0e+003 *
-0.3874
-1.1292
r3 = subs(rc,c,.1)
r3 =
1.0e+004 *
-0.0275
-1.2491
r4 = double(subs(rc,c,.2))
r4 =
1.0e+004 *
-0.0271
-2.4996
Thus, for c = 0 the roots are 133.33 293.92i. The speed will oscillate with a radian
frequency of 293.92 radians/second. It will take about 4(1/133.33) = 0.03 second to become
constant.
For c = 0.01 the roots are 387.4 and 129.4. The speed will not oscillate. It will take
about 4(1/129.4) = 0.03 second to become constant.
For c = 0.1 the roots are 275 and 12491. The speed will not oscillate. It will take
about 4(1/275) = 0.015 second to become constant.
For c = 0.2 the roots are 271 and 24996. The speed will not oscillate. It will take
about 4(1/271) = 0.015 second to become constant.
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