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Relay Coordination Methodology
Relay Coordination Methodology
Relay Coordination Methodology
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June 2008
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... 2 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 3 1. Relay Co-ordination Study ........................................................................................ 4 1.1 Data collection and mapping ........................................................................................ 4 1.2 Overcurrent protection guidelines ................................................................................ 4 1.2.1 Conductors........................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Motors .................................................................................................................. 5 1.2.3 Transformers........................................................................................................ 6 1.2.4 Generators ........................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Time-current characteristic plots .................................................................................. 6 1.3.1 Curve Interpretation ............................................................................................. 6 1.3.2 Curve variations ................................................................................................... 7 1.3.3 Time-overcurrent relays ....................................................................................... 7 1.4 Co-ordination Settings & Criteria.................................................................................. 8 1.4.1 Selection of PSM ................................................................................................. 8 1.4.2 Selection of TMS.................................................................................................. 9 1.5 Procedure ................................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Points to be noted while doing relay coordination ...................................................... 11 1.7 Case Study ................................................................................................................. 11 1.7.1 Coordination of earth fault by fuse..................................................................... 11 1.7.2 Sample protection calculation for a sub-station................................................. 15 1.7.3 Earth fault protection for High Resistance grounded systems........................ 21 1.8 Earth Fault Detection Techniques in an Ungrounded System ................................... 24 1.8.1 Open delta connection of PT ............................................................................. 24 1.8.2 Core balance current transformer (CBCT)......................................................... 24 1.8.3 Earthing Transformer ......................................................................................... 26
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List of Figures
Figure 1-1 System considered for earth fault coordination by fuse......................................... 11 Figure 1-2 Coordination curves for an earth fault on ASB motor terminal Without CTIs ..... 12 Figure 1-3 Coordination curves for an earth fault on ASB motor terminal With CTIs .......... 13 Figure 1-4Coordination curves for an earth fault on ASB motor terminal With proposed relay ................................................................................................................................................. 14 Figure 1-5 Sample Calculation for a Sub-Station .................................................................... 15 Figure 1-6 3-phase fault on LV side of Auxiliary T/F MCC 11-1.............................................. 18 Figure 1-7 3-phase fault on HV side of Auxiliary T/F MCC 11-1 ............................................. 19 Figure 1-8 3-phase fault on LV side of Smelter Auxiliary T/F 1............................................... 20 Figure 1-9 Sample protection calculation for high resistance grounded systems................... 21 Figure 1-10 Single- phase to ground fault on Unit LV T/F primary side .................................. 23 Figure 1-11 Open delta connection of PT ............................................................................ 24 Figure 1-12 Core balance CT encircling all phase and neutral conductors ............................ 25 Figure 1-13 Physical installation of core balance CT for shielded cable termination.............. 26 Figure 1-14 Connection diagram for earthing transformer ...................................................... 27
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1.2.1 Conductors
Continued over currents increase the resistance heating (I2R) of conductors and can decrease cable insulation life and cause failures. Conductors are normally protected by overcurrent protective devices, with the pickup settings based on the cable ampacity. The NEC provides rules for the protection of conductors. These rules are generally based on the long-time pickup rating of the protective device and the normal full-load rating (or ampacity) of the conductor.
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The conductor short-time heating limits, based on short-circuit currents or on allowable emergency overload currents, are additional points that should be plotted to ensure that the protective devices provide adequate protection for the conductor. In coordinating system protection, the conductor should be able to withstand the maximum through-fault current for a time equivalent to the tripping time of the upstream protective device. Another factor in protecting the circuit cable is the maximum short-circuit current available at the extremity of the cable circuit. The conductor insulation should not be damaged by the high conductor temperature resulting from current flowing to a fault beyond the cable termination. As a guide in preventing insulation damage, curves of conductor size and short circuit current based on temperatures that damage insulation are available from cable manufacturers. In coordinating system protection, the cable should be able to withstand the maximum through short-circuit current for a time equivalent to the tripping time of the primary relay protection or total clearing time of the fuse. Many times this requirement determines the minimum conductor size applicable to a particular power system. If it is not possible to select a device that will protect the cable insulation, it is recommended that a conductor large enough to carry the current without insulation damage be used.
1.2.2 Motors
The overcurrent protection of motors includes both overload and short-circuit protection, as required by the NEC. However, additional factors should be considered when applying overcurrent protective devices to motors. These factors include locked-rotor current, acceleration time, and safe stall time. Complications arise from the fact that the same devices that protect the motor from thermal damage must also allow the motor to start. Motor protection points that are generally plotted on the overcurrent coordination curve include root-mean-square (rms) asymmetrical starting current, locked-rotor current, acceleration time, allowable stall time, and full-load current. The motor starting curve normally shows the symmetrical starting current, but the initial starting current is asymmetrical with the maximum occurring at a 0.5 cycle. Peak-current-sensing protective devices are sensitive to this current. Therefore, engineering judgment should be used when choosing the protective device type and settings to account for the asymmetrical current during startup to prevent false tripping of the short-circuit protective device. A typical rms asymmetrical starting inrush current would be about 1.76 times the symmetrical locked-rotor current. The point on the voltage waveform influences this inrush factor on each phase when the contactor closes, the X/R ratio of the power system, and the X/R ratio of the motor. This inrush factor could be as high as 2 to 3 times for stiff power systems for large high-efficiency motors. The locked-rotor current should be obtained from manufacturers data. The acceleration time of the motor, based on the normal means used to start the motor and driven load, should be plotted. The motor acceleration time can be obtained from the motor manufacturer. The motor permissive stall time, which may be given as both hot and cold stall times, should be plotted as well. The overcurrent protection should give enough time delay to allow the motor to start, but not so much that the operating time at locked-rotor current is above the permissive stall times. If the acceleration time is above the stall time, special relaying considerations may be required. The motor full-load current should be plotted, and a benchmark should also be plotted for the maximum permitted overcurrent device setting for overload protection based on the NEC. Motor overload and short-circuit protection are often provided by a combination of devices. On low-voltage systems, this combination is usually an overload relay with a current-limiting fuse or an overload relay with a low-voltage circuit breaker. The overload relay should be selected (or set) based on the full-load current and service factor of the motor. The fuse or circuit breaker should be selected or set to protect the motor circuit during short circuits, but should not interrupt normal starting currents. As a result, the time-current characteristic (TCC) of the combination device must fall below and to the left of the motor thermal limit curve and fall above and to the right of the motor starting curve.
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1.2.3 Transformers
Transformers are subject not only to insulation damage from prolonged overloads and short circuits, but also to mechanical damage from the tremendous stresses experienced during a fault. Because of their importance in the plant electrical distribution system, the transformer should be not only well protected, but also secure from inadvertent trips due to faults elsewhere in the system. The transformers be protected from overcurrent with the use of protective devices on the primary and secondary. The important factors to be considered when coordinating transformer protective relays are Transformer voltage, kilovolt amperes, and impedance ratings Primary and secondary winding connections Connected load Transformer magnetizing inrush current Transformer thermal and mechanical protection curves Short-circuit current available on both the primary and secondary
IEEE Standard C57.109-1993 recommends protection based on the size of the transformer and the number of estimated through-faults that the transformer is expected to encounter. The through-fault protection curves contained in IEEE Standard C57.109-1993 should be used as the basis for setting transformer overcurrent protective relays. In addition, the maximum inrush current, usually assumed to be at 0.1 s and ranging from 8 to 12 times the transformer self-cooled rated current, should be plotted to ensure the protective relays do not trip on transformer energization. A final protection point is the maximum permitted overcurrent setting for overload and short circuit protection based on NEC rules. The overcurrent device on the transformer primary should provide protection against thermal and mechanical damage; yet allow the normal connected load to flow.
1.2.4 Generators
Generators are complex and require a variety of protective devices. Overcurrent devices usually provide backup protection to other generator relays, such as differential. Because the short-circuit current available from a generator decreases over time, the use of standard overcurrent relays is not practical. The relay pickup setting should be low enough to trip in response to the minimum sustainable generator contribution (i.e., synchronous current E/Xd), but should not trip unnecessarily due to normal overloads. To accommodate these requirements, a voltage-restrained or voltage-controlled overcurrent relay (Device 51V) is used. This device allows the relay to differentiate between system faults and generator faults. When a fault occurs near the generator, the depressed voltage allows the voltage-restrained relay to become more sensitive. The voltage-controlled relay operates as a simple switched overcurrent relay. Both of these relays require coordination with local and upstream protective devices. The voltage- restrained overcurrent relay should be selective over its entire range of operation. In addition, many small, low-voltage generators are protected only by MCCBs or power circuit breakers with direct acting trip devices. These protective devices may provide fault protection for the generator, but probably will not provide any backup protection for system faults, due to the generator decrement.
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actually consists of multiple device curves plotted on a single page. The device curves are plotted on log-log paper with time on the ordinate and current on the abscissa. The time scale normally covers a range from 0.01 s to 1000 s; however, any desired current scale can be obtained by simply multiplying the existing scale by an appropriate factor of ten. The multiplying factor chosen and the voltage level on which the currents are based should be noted on the coordination plot. On a typical coordination plot, time zero is considered as the time at which the fault occurs, and all times shown on the plot are the elapsed time from that point. The relative position of the device characteristic curves on the plot reflects the response time of each device for a given fault-current magnitude. The region below and to the left of the characteristic curve is the non-operate area. For current magnitudes and durations in this region, the overcurrent device does not operate. The region above and to the right is the operate (or tripping) area. For simple radial systems, all devices between the fault and the power source experience roughly the same fault current. Starting at time 0.01 seconds and a given value of fault current and proceeding upwards along the plot at the value of fault current, the first device whose curve is intersected should be the first device to operate. The intersection at this point also indicates the device operating time. Continuing along the abscissa, the next curve should be the closest upstream protective device, which provides backup protection. In general, to minimize the loss of service, this upstream device should not operate until the first device is given adequate time (or margin) to detect and clear the fault.
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of the current, as long as the current is generally several multiples of minimum pickup and below the saturation limit of the CTs. The inverse time-delay relay has an operating time that is inversely proportional to the current magnitude. In other words, the higher the fault current magnitude, the faster the relay operates. Manufacturers may also offer other types of relay characteristics, such as a fixed-time curve, I2t curve (i.e., a form of inverse-time curve), and curves corresponding to different international standards. Within the inverse characteristic, several families of curves exist with different degrees of inversity. When exposed to a given input current above the minimum pickup value and with identical time-dial settings, an extremely inverse relay operates faster than a very inverse relay, which in turn operates faster than a standard inverse relay. The relay having an inverse or very inverse characteristic is most commonly used, and ideally the same inverse characteristic is used throughout the system. Relays with definite-time characteristics are used in medium-voltage motor protection circuits, ground-fault protection, and any similar application where a wide range of fault currents may exist with few stages of coordination. Selection of relay curve characteristics is often based upon preferences or standardization. In other words, the application is more of an art than a science.
PSM =
Pr imary current Pr imary current Pr imary current = = Pr imary setting current Re lay current setting CT Ratio Pr imary operating current
TMS =
Where, = Top Tm =
Top Tm
the required time of operation the time operation at TMS=1.0 for maximum fault current
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Pick Up
Desired operating time Downstream relay / fuse operating time Discrimination in time
Desired relay operating time t1 = Desired TMS setting Re lay operating time @ selected PSM and TMS = 1.0
Time discrimination is taken as 200 300 msec for relay to relay or fuse to relay considering the time intervals mentioned in Table 1-1. Table 1-1 Composition of Time discrimination between relays Components Circuit breaker operating time Relay over travel Relay tolerance and setting errors Total CTI Coordination Time Interval (CTI) Electromechanical Static 0.08 s 0.08 s 0.10 s 0.00 s 0.12 s 0.12 s 0.30 s 0.20 s
Note: All short-circuit currents considered for relay co-ordination are calculated based on IEC60909, 2001 standard. The CTI mentioned in Table 1-1 are taken from IEEE Standard 2422001.
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1.5 Procedure
Overcurrent coordination is a trial-and-error procedure in which the TCC curves of the various devices in series are graphically plotted on log-log paper so that selective coordination may be achieved. The device setting process is a compromise between the opposite goals of maximum equipment protection and maximum service continuity; therefore, complete selective coordination may not be achieved in all systems. The following procedure shows the logical progression of steps needed to effectively construct the time current coordination plots and set the time-overcurrent protective devices in the system. 1. Select the circuit to be coordinated. Start at the loads in the circuit (at the lowest voltage level) and work back toward the power source. Determine the branch circuit with the largest current setting. Typically, this point will be the largest motor on the branch circuit due to the high inrush current seen during starting. However, a feeder branch circuit should be selected if it has a higher current setting. 2. Select the proper current scale. Considering a large system or one with more than one voltage transformation, the characteristic curve of the smallest device is plotted as far to the left of the paper as possible so that the curves are not crowded at the right of the paper. The maximum short-circuit level on the system is the limit of the curves to the right, unless it seems desirable to observe the possible behavior of a device above the level of short-circuit current on the system under study. The number of trip characteristics plotted on one sheet of paper should be limited. More than four or five curves on one sheet become confusing, particularly if the curves overlap. All relay characteristics should be plotted on a common scale even though they are at different voltage levels. As an example, consider a system on which a 750 kVA transformer with a 4160 V delta primary and a 480 V wye secondary. Assume that this transformer is equipped with a primary circuit breaker and a main secondary circuit breaker supplying some feeder circuit breakers. On this system, full-load current of the transformer at 480 V is (750 103)/(480 3) = 902 A. When 902 A is flowing in the secondary of the transformer, the current in the primary of the transformer is the same value of current (i.e., 902 A) multiplied by the voltage ratio of the transformer (480/4160 = 0.115). In the case under consideration, the primary current would be 902 0.115 = 104 A. If the full-load current is established to be 1 per unit, then 902 A at 480 V = 104 A at 4160 V. As far as the time-current coordination curve is concerned, both 104 A at 4160 V and 902 A at 480 V represents the same value of circuit current: full load of the 750 kVA transformer and 1 per unit current. Plotting current on the time-current plot, 902 A at 480 V is the same as plotting 104 A at 4160 V. This type of manipulation permits the study of devices with several different system voltage levels on one coordination plot if the proper current scales are selected for the plot. 3. Draw a small one-line diagram of the circuit that is to be plotted on this curve to use as reference for the characteristic curves on the plot with the devices on the diagram. 4. On the log-log graph paper, indicate these important points (if applicable): a. Available maximum short-circuit currents. b. Full-load currents of transformers and significant load-flow currents. c. I2t damage points or curves for transformers, cables, motors, and other equipment. d. Transformer inrush current points. e. The motor-starting curve indicating the locked-rotor current, full-load current, and acceleration time of the motor. f. Short-time rating of switchboards and switchgear. 5. Begin plotting the protective device characteristic curves on the plot starting at the lowest voltage level and largest load. Once a specific current scale has been selected, calculate the proper multipliers for the various voltage levels considered in the study. Characteristic curves for the protective devices and damage curves for the equipment can then be placed on a smooth bright surface such as a white sheet of paper or on an illuminated translucent viewing box or drawing box. The sheet of loglog paper on which the study is being made is placed on top of the protective device
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characteristic curve or equipment damage curve with the current scale of the study lined up with that of the device or damage curves. The curves for all the various settings and ratings of devices being studied may then be traced or examined. The selective coordination of the protective devices should be based on the limiting characteristics of the particular devices in series, the boundaries imposed on the various protective devices by the full-load currents, short-circuit currents, motor-starting currents, thermal damage curves, and any applicable standards or NEC requirements.
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1000 s
100 s
10.0 s
O/G to SWBD # 102A-SWBD 104A I>>=600A T=0.130pu IEC255-3 normal inverse O/G to TR-1A I=250A T=0.100pu O/G to PMCC 1A I=300A T=0.250pu O/G to F_MCC # 11 I/C-1 I=100A T=1.0pu O/G to SWBD 104A-HVTR-1A I>>=1875A T=0.020s I>>=750A T=0.250pu IEC255-3 normal inverse
1.0 s
0.100 s
0.010 s
0.415 kV:0.100 kA 6.6 kV:
100 kA 10.0 kA
1000 kA
0.010 kA
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By adjusting the PSM and TSM of ACB and relay, the coordination curves are shown in Figure 1-3. In this case the fuse will operate first, however for first back-up the ACB and relay at PCC incomer may operate simultaneously (ACB dont have earth fault characteristic). Moreover, there is no coordination between fuse and ACB as the CTI between fuse and ACB is less than 100 msec.
1000 s
100 s
10.0 s
O/G to TR-1A I=500A T=0.550pu O/G to PMCC 1A-N_MCC11 I/C-1 I=300A T=1.0pu O/G to SWBD 104A-HVTR-1A I>>=3000A T=0.020s I>>=188A T=0.310pu IEC255-3 normal inverse O/G to MCC # 11 I/C-1 I=100A T=1.0pu SBEF TR-1A I0>=625A T=0.470pu IEC255-3 normal inverse
1.0 s
0.100 s
0.010 s
0.415 kV:0.100 kA 6.6 kV:
100 kA 10.0 kA
1000 kA
0.010 kA
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To avoid this situation, a relay having extremely inverse and definite-time characteristic is proposed and the coordination curves are given in Figure 1-4.
1000 s
100 s
10.0 s
O/G to SWBD # 102A-SWBD 103A I>>=1000A T=0.130pu IEC255-3 normal inverse O/G to SWBD 103A-HV_TR # 203 I>>=3400A T=0.020s I>>=200A T=0.290pu IEC255-3 normal inverse O/G to TR # 203 I=480A T=0.600pu O/G of PCC # 301A I0>=179A T=0.480pu IEC255-3 extremely inverse I0>=1210A T=0.290s O/G to ASB I=100A T=1.0pu
1.0 s
0.100 s
0.010 s
0.415 kV:0.100 kA 6.6 kV: 0.010 kA
1000 kA 100 kA
10001 kA
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F3
O/G_POTROOM S/S#1_BUS1_Ph1
O/G_POTROOM S/S#1_BUS2_Ph1
1250/1
POTROOM S/S#1_BUS1_Ph1
150/1
1250/1
POTROOM S/S#1_BUS2_Ph1
1250/1
Aux. TR MCC-11-1_Ph1
Setting of 6.6/0.433 kV Auxiliary T/F MCC 11-1 Primary side Protection: Settings of Inverse P/F relay (51)
Transformer ID: Auxiliary T/F MCC 11-1 Transformer rating: 6.6/0.433 kV, 1.25 MVA HV side CT Ratio: 150/1 A Relay Type: 7SJ61 Relay characteristics: Normal Inverse Plug setting range: 0.1-4A (insteps of 0.01A) Time setting range: 0.05-3.2 (insteps of 0.01) Plug Setting: The transformer rated current should be the basis to decide plug setting of the inverse phase fault relay. Considering 100% of transformer rated current the proposed plug setting = 109.3/150 = 0.73 A. Proposed Settings: 0.73 A
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Time Setting: For a 3 phase fault at the LV side of transformer, ACB operates in 0.25s. In case it fails to operate, the P/F relay at the transformer primary should clear the fault. Its Top should be set in excess to the Top of the LT side of the transformer. Keeping a time margin of 0.25s, the Top of the P/F relay at the transformer primary should be 0.5s (0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5). The TMS should be kept at 0.21 which gives Top = 0.5 sec. Proposed Settings: 0.21
Settings of P/F Instantaneous relay (50) Transformer ID: Auxiliary T/F MCC 11-1 Transformer rating: 6.6/0.433 kV, 1.25 MVA HV side CT Ratio: 150/1 A Relay Type: 7SJ61 Relay characteristics: Definite time Plug setting range: 0.1-35A (insteps of 0.01A) Time setting range: 0-60 (insteps of 0.01) Plug Setting: The high set unit should not operate instantaneously for downstream fault. Thus HS unit is to be set for more than the transfer fault at LV side. The setting should also be more than the transformer excitation current (it should not pick up during transformer charging). Transformer secondary fault current = 29.3 kA Reflected fault current at primary = 1.906 kA Transformer charging current = 10x 109.3 A = 1.093 kA Comparing the transformer charging current and reflected fault current, the high set pick up is to be kept more than reflected fault current of 1.906 kA. Considering the safety margin of 60%, it can be set at 1.6*1.906 = 3.04 kA. The setting is 3040/150 = 20 A (approximately). Proposed Settings: 20 A, 0.01 s
Time Setting: For a three-phase fault on the secondary side of Auxiliary T/F 1, the P/F relay on secondary side shall operate in 0.54 s. In case of failure of this relay, the relay on HT side should isolate the fault. Taking a CTI of 0.2 s, the Top of P/F relay should be operate at 0.74 s (0.54+0.2 = 0.74s). A TMS of 0.2 gives Top of 0.75 s. Thus this setting is proposed. Proposed Settings: 0.2
Settings of P/F Instantaneous relay (50) Transformer ID: Auxiliary T/F 1 Transformer rating: 220/6.9kV, 40 MVA
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T/F rated current on HV side = 105 A HV side CT Ratio: 200/1 A Relay Type: 7SJ63 Relay characteristics: Definite Time Plug setting range: 0.1-35A (insteps of 0.01A) Time setting range: 0-60 (insteps of 0.01) Plug Setting: The high set unit should not operate instantaneously for downstream fault. Thus HS unit is to be set for more than the transfer fault at secondary. The setting also to be more than the transformer excitation current (it should not pick up during transformer charging). Reflected fault current on HV side = 793 A Transformer inrush = 10* Ifl = 10*105 =1050 A Comparing the transformer charging current and reflected fault current, the high set pick up is to be kept more than transformer inrush current of 1050 A. Considering the safety margin of 60%, it can be set at 1.6*1.05 = 1.68 kA. The setting is 1680/200 = 8 A (approximately). Proposed Settings: 8 A, 0.01 s Settings of Directional E/F Instantaneous relay (67N) Transformer ID: Auxiliary T/F 1 Transformer rating: 220/6.9kV, 40 MVA T/F rated current on HV side = 105 A HV side CT Ratio: 200/1 A Relay Type: 7SJ63 Relay characteristics: Definite Time Plug setting range: 0.05-35A (insteps of 0.01A) Time setting range: 0-60 (insteps of 0.01) Plug Setting: Earth fault current doesnt get reflected on the primary side due to the vector group of the transformer (YNd11). The E/F hi-set setting of the transformer is kept at 200% of transformer rating. It should be kept at 2*105/200 = 1.05 A. Keep the PSM at 1A (nearest value). Here, the earth fault should be directional. If it is a non-directional relay, for a single phase to ground fault on grid incomer the relay at auxiliary t/f primary should operate instantaneously. This is happening because of YNd11 vector group of auxiliary transformer. Proposed Settings: 1 A, 0.01 s
Simulation results:
A three phase to ground fault on LV side of Auxiliary T/F MCC 11-1 is simulated in NEPLAN and the result of simulation is shown in Figure 1-6. For a fault current of 29.05 kA, the ACB on the LV side of the transformer will operate in 250 msec. If this fault is not cleared by this relay due to some failure, over current relay on the HV side of the transformer will operate in 500 msec, which acts as a backup. This fault current will vary depending upon the network condition and the ground impedance. For fault currents below 29.05 kA, proper margin in operating time is maintained between LV and HV overcurrent relays, which ensure proper relay coordination. A three phase to ground fault on the HV side of the Auxiliary T/F MCC 11-1 is simulated in NEPLAN and the simulations results are shown in Figure 1-7. For a fault current of 21.89 kA, the phase fault -instantaneous relay on the HV side of the transformer operates in 10 msec. If the fault is not cleared by this relay (due to some failure), over current relay (inverse type) on the Pot Room incomer will operate in 230 msec, which acts as a backup. If it fails to operate, the relay on Pot Room feeder at 6.6 kV Main sub-station side should operate at 350 msec. Even, this relay also fails to operate the relay at 6.6 kV Main sub-station incomer (feeding from secondary side of Auxiliary T/F) side should operate at 570 msec.
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A three phase to ground fault on the LV side of the Auxiliary T/F 1 is simulated in NEPLAN and the simulations results are shown in Figure 1-8. For a fault current of 25.29 kA, the relay on the LV side of the transformer operates in 540 msec. If the fault is not cleared by this relay (due to some failure), the relay on Auxiliary T/F primary should operate at 750 msec, which acts as a backup.
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UAT
I/C_UAT_BUS2
I/C_UAT_BUS1
3-ph: 12.86 kA, Top: 500 mec 1-ph: 0.191 kA, Top: 500 mec
UAT_BUS1
200/5 2000/5
3-ph: 21.05 kA, Top: 300 mec 1-ph: 0.191 kA, Top: 300 mec
2000/5
3-ph: 21.05 kA, Top: 500 mec 1-ph: 0.191 kA, Top: 500 mec
UAT_BUS2
2000/5
B/C_UAT
3-ph: 2.13 kA, Top: 480 mec 1-ph: 1.26 kA, Top: 590 mec
3-ph: 33.9 kA, Top: 50 mec 1-ph: 0.381 kA, Top: 50 mec
F2
UNIT LV T/R - 1
3-ph: 32.47 kA, Top: 250 mec 1-ph: 33.18 kA, Top: 250 mec
F1
Figure 1-9 Sample protection calculation for high resistance grounded systems
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Time Setting: For a 1 phase fault at Unit LV T/F primary, the relay on primary side should operate at 0.05 sec. If, it fails to operate, the relay on bus-coupler shall operate in 0.3 sec (0.05+0.25 = 0.3 sec). Proposed Settings: 0.13 A, 0.3
The simulation results for earth fault on Unit LV transformer primary are shown in Figure 1-10.
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Figure 1-10 Single- phase to ground fault on Unit LV T/F primary side
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PT Primary
PT Secondary
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The principle of the core-balance CT circuit is shown in Figure 1-12. All load-carrying conductors pass through the same opening in the CT and are surrounded by the same magnetic core. Core-balance CTs are available in several convenient shapes and sizes, including rectangular designs for use over bus bars. This method can be more sensitive than the residual method because the sensor rating is large enough for the possible imbalance, not for the individual conductor load current. Under normal conditions [i.e., balanced, unbalanced, or single-phase load currents or short circuits not involving ground (if all conductors are properly enclosed)], all current flows out and returns through the CT. The net flux produced in the CT core is zero, and no current flows in the ground relay. When a ground fault occurs, the ground-fault current returns through the equipment grounding circuit conductor (and possibly other ground paths) and bypasses the CT. The flux produced in the CT core is proportional to the ground-fault current, and a proportional current flows from the CT secondary to the relay circuit. Relays connected to core-balance CTs can be made quite sensitive. However, care is necessary to prevent false opening from unbalanced inrush currents that may saturate the CT core or through faults not involving ground. If only phase conductors are enclosed and neutral current is not zero, the transformed current is proportional to the load zero-sequence or neutral current. Systems with grounded conductors, such as cable shielding, should have the CT surround only the phase and neutral conductors, if applicable, and not the grounded conductor.
Figure 1-12 Core balance CT encircling all phase and neutral conductors By properly matching the CT and relay, ground-fault detection can be made as sensitive as the application requires. The speed of the relay limits damage and may be adjustable (for current or time, or both) in order to obtain selectivity. Many ground protective systems now have solid-state relays specially designed to operate with core-balance CTs. The relays in turn open the circuit protective device. Power circuit breakers, MCCBs with shunt trips, or electrically operated fused switches can be used. The last category includes service protectors, which use circuit breaker contacts and mechanisms, but depend on currentlimiting fuses to interrupt the high available short-circuit currents. Fused contactors and combination motor starters may be used where the device-interrupting capability equals or exceeds the available ground-fault current.
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Figure 1-13 Physical installation of core balance CT for shielded cable termination Figure 1-13 shows a typical termination of a medium-voltage shielded cable. After the cable is pulled up through the core-balance CT, the cable jacket is removed to expose the shielding tape or braid. Jumpering the shields together, the connection to the ground is made after this shield lead are brought back through the CT. This precaution would have been necessary only if the shield had been pulled through the CT. Between multiple shield ground connections on a single conductor cable, a potential exists that drives a circulating current, often of such a magnitude as to require derating of the cable ampacity. When applying the core-balance CT, the effects of this circulating current should be subtracted from the measuring circuit.
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Figure 1-14 Connection diagram for earthing transformer During undisturbed system operation with balanced (symmetrical) voltages the current through the earthing transformer is small & of the same size as the magnetizing current. Unbalanced voltages will cause some higher currents flowing through the earthing transformer, which it must be capable to carry. An alternative connection to the zigzag is star/delta connection where the delta connected winding will compensate the zero sequence magnetic fields so it will be confined to a leakage field between the star and the delta winding and make the zero sequence impedance of the transformer relatively small. However, if it is desired to increase the zero sequence impedance, this can be achieved by opening the delta connection and insert a reactor or resistor. Earthing transformers are usually oil immersed and may be installed outdoor. In cases where a separate reactor is connected between the transformer neutral and earth, the reactor and the transformer can be incorporated in the same tank. When the earthing transformer is going to be used together with an arc-suppression reactor, the rated current (and its duration) of the earthing transformer will be determined by the data for the arc-suppression reactor. If the earthing transformer is used for directly earthing or through a current limiting reactor, the neutral current through the transformer will be high but the duration is limited to a few seconds. Earthing transformer must be designed to withstand the thermal and mechanical effects of the rated neutral current. The characteristic of earthing transformer should be selected to match the property of the system. Most of the time in service the loading of earthing transformers is very low. It is the randomly occurring short duration currents that cause any heating of significance. Ageing of the cellulose materials is then not a matter of concern. Regarding acceptable temperatures there are two aspects to consider. The temperature during currents of say 10 seconds duration must not cause softening of the winding conductor material, say 250oC for copper and 200oC for aluminium. For currents with duration in the order of hours or more, temperatures that cause excessive gas development in the oil should be avoided. Temperatures for items in direct contact with the oil should then not exceed 140oC. The system earth fault protection relay may not be effective at low currents. To prevent damage to earthing transformer by such current, oil thermometer with alarm/trip contacts is recommended. Alternatively, the value of maximum continuous earth fault current may be declared and sensitive protection provided. The applicable standard for earthing transformers is IEC 60076-6.
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