BIO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CONTENTS:

Definition Examples Important terms Latest advancement Applications References

Biochemical Engineering

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DEFINITION:
The application of chemical engineering principles to conceive, design, develop, operate, or utilize processes and products based on biological and biochemical phenomena. The extension of chemical engineering principles to systems using a biocatalyst to bring about desired chemical transformation is known as biochemical engineering. It is a branch of chemical engineering or biological engineering that deals with the design and construction of unit processes that involve biological organisms or molecules, such as bioreactors. This field is included in a wide range of industries, such as health care, agriculture, food, enzymes, chemicals, waste treatment, and energy.

EXAMPLES:
Examples of biochemical engineering are organic acids produced from Aspergillus niger, citric acid used in soft drinks Xylanase used for wood pulping and bleaching Recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) for increasing milk production Bioreactor Industrial biotechnology Biological hydrogen production Photo bioreactor Electrochemical energy conversion Biofuel from algae Moss bioreactor

Biochemical Engineering

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IMPORTANT TERMS
Enzymology bio refinery Biotechnology Proteins fermentation Genetic engineering Cell culture

Enzymes:
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates sufficient for life The function of enzymes is to adjust food flavor adjust food texture improve nutritional quality high fructose corn syrup

Enzymatic Reaction:

Biochemical Engineering

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Kinetic properties of enzymes:

Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalysed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction investigated. Studying an enzyme's kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, how its activity is controlled, and how a drug or an agonist might inhibit the enzyme

MichaelisMenten Kinetics::
Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates sufficient for life in MichaelisMenten kinetic there is an initial bimolecular reaction between the enzyme E and substrate S to form the enzymesubstrate complex ES. Although the enzymatic mechanism for the unimolecular reaction can be quite complex, there is typically one rate-determining enzymatic step that allows this reaction to be modelled as a single catalytic step with an apparent unimolecular rate constant kcat. If the reaction path proceeds over one or several intermediates, kcat will be a function of several elementary rate constants, whereas in the simplest case of a single elementary reaction (e.g. no intermediates) it will be identical to the elementary unimolecular rate constant k2. The apparent unimolecular rate constant kcat is also called turnover number and denotes the maximum number of enzymatic reactions catalysed per second.

Biochemical Engineering

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Cells:
Cells are living organisms that require specific conditions for growth, production Cells grow in culture medium (nutrients) that may support other cell types (contamination) Cells will often perform reactions that are too difficult to do synthetically (penicillin) Cells can turn basic nutrients (for example, agricultural waste) into valuable products Cells can be modified to increase product diversity even more!

FERMENTATION:
A metabolic process whereby electrons released from nutrients are ultimately transferred to molecules obtained from the breakdown of those same nutrients it is a form of anaerobic respiration occurring in certain microorganisms (ex. yeasts) Alcoholic fermentation is a series of biochemical reactions by which pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2. Fermentation products are cheese soy products yoghourt wine, beer

BIO-REACTOR
A bioreactor refers to manufactured or engineered device or system that supports a biologically active environment. In one case, a bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic. These

Biochemical Engineering

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bioreactors are commonly cylindrical, ranging in size from litres to cubic metres, and are often made of stainless steel. A bioreactor may also refer to a device or system meant to grow cells or tissues in the context of cell culture. These devices are being developed for use in tissue engineering or biochemical engineering. On the basis of mode of operation, a bioreactor may be classified as batch, fed batch or continuous (e.g. a continuous stirred-tank reactor model

Biopharmaceutical:
Biopharmaceuticals are medical drugs produced using biotechnology. They include proteins, nucleic acids and living microorganisms like virus and bacteria where the virulence of viruses and bacteria is reduced by the process of attenuation, they can be used for therapeutic or in vivo diagnostic purposes, and are produced by means other than direct extraction from a native biological source. The first such substance approved for therapeutic use was biosynthetic 'human' insulin made via recombinant DNA technology. Sometimes referred to as rhi, under the trade name humulin, was developed by genentech, but licensed to eli lilly and company, who manufactured and marketed the product starting in 1982.
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Cell culture:
Cell culture is the complex process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions. In practice, the term "cell culture" has come to refer to the culturing of cells derived from single cellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells. However, there are also cultures of plants, fungi and microbes, including viruses, bacteria and protists. The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Animal cell culture began when scientists removed a small amount of monkey kidney from a host organism and maintained it in a warm saline solution for several days, establishing the principle of tissue culture

PROBLEMS FOR USE OF BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN INDUSTRY:

Types of reactors to provide high oxygen transfer Appropriate cell and medium selection Sterilization and maintaining sterility, no cross contamination In pharma, product purity and quality impedes process change Cells and molecules are sensitive to extreme conditions Growth rate and reaction rates are small Product is usually very dilute Nontraditional methods of separation

Biochemical Engineering

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LATEST ADVANCEMENT:
Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology reviews actual trends in modern biotechnology. Its aim is to cover all aspects of this interdisciplinary technology where knowledge, methods and expertise are required for chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, chemical engineering and computer science. Special volumes are dedicated to selected topics which focus on new biotechnological products and new processes for their synthesis and purification. They give the state-of-the-art of a topic in a comprehensive way thus being a valuable source for the next 3 - 5 years.

It also discusses new discoveries and applications The most visible contributions of biochemical engineering to clinical practice involve instrumentation for diagnosis, therapy, and rehabilitation. A revolution in disease diagnosis began in the 1970s with the introduction of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonic imaging. Computed tomographic scanning, developed at EMI Research Labs (Hayes, Middlesex, England) (funded in part by the success of EMI's Beatles records) provided the first high-quality, cross-sectional images of the body. Magnetic resonance imaging further revolutionized imaging of soft tissues, enabling both the imaging of static structures and dynamic function, such as blood flow and metabolism. Open magnetic resonance imaging scanners are used in operating rooms to guide biopsies and stereotactic surgery. Ultrasound also affords soft-tissue imaging, with lower resolution but at reduced cost and thus increased accessibility compared with magnetic resonance imaging.8

The development of these imaging modalities has been accompanied by exciting advances in 3-dimensional image reconstruction, quantitative image analysis, and
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Biochemical Engineering

image enhancementadvances that were made possible by improved computational power and algorithms Biochemical engineering has also been responsible for the development of new therapeutic devices.

REFERENCES:
Websites: http://www.np.edu.sg/~deptbio/biochemical_engineering/lectures/bioreact1/bioreact3_1.htm http://www.springer.com/series/10 http://cheme.uplosbanos.net/content/academics/courses/ jmlee.net/Documents/eBioCheSample.pdf http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/285/5/556 http://opbs.okstate.edu/~petracek/Chapter%2027%20Figures/Fig%2027-36.GIF

Biochemical Engineering

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