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?? ?
K ?

KK

????

?Microprocessor?W{

KK

IntelIntel A
KEZilog, MotorolaF

WJ

KJ

??J

KJ

WJ

KLJ

KJ
WJ

W
J

EIntel AFJ

EFlowchartFJ

W
EAssembly languageF

EOperation codeF
KEHigh level LanguageF


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

ELSI : Large Scale IntegrationFEIC : Integrated Circuits)

EVLSI : Very Large Scale IntegrationF

J
KJ J

K -

K -

--

WEJ F

J J

--

WEJ F

L
EClockFELogic GatesFEMultiplexorsF

KEPower SupplyF

WEJ F

--

W
WEROM : Read Only MemoryFJ

K
K

WERAM : Random Acces MemoryFJ

K
WEInput unitFJ

K
WEOutput unitFJ

K
ECPU : Central Processing UnitFJ

KECU : Contol UnitF

.W(J

W
--

RAM

ROM

W(J )

WEBusFJ
Fvv

KE

WEData BusFJ

EEBitF LLLF

KD D D D D D D D

--

WEAddress BusFJ
K

F

.E

KA A A.A A A
K

D D

WEJ F

--

EControl BusFJ

EWRFERDF

K
W

ROMRAMFMEMR
ERAMFMEMW

IOR

IOW

--

EF
KEBit)L/L EWordF

KEByteF?
?
W

KEBinary Coded DecimalFJ

--

x +
x +

x +

x +

x +
x +

--

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

- -

WJ

H AFH ABCDH H FEH H H AH EFH

WJ

H-ABCDH H GH H FH F-BBEEH ABCF EFH-

ABFH H

KJ

WJ
KRAM/ROM
KRAM/ROM

J
K

WEFEFJ

KJ

- -

WJ

J J

J J

J J
J J

WJ

IOR

MEMW

MEMR

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KL
L

KJ

EFEF

EF
K

J J

EF

EF

WEJ F

EFE D ---- D FEF

- -

KJ J
EFEF
E D ---- D F

EF

D D ----D

D D ----D

WEJ F

- -

J
W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWLJ J
KKKKKKKKKKKWJ J

KKKKKKWJ J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWJ J
KJ J

- -

WJ

K EWordF
WEFK

K = =

EF

EF

W(J )

KEF
Knn

- -

KK K EK F
J
J J

KELF
K

KEChip SelectF

J J

HHKK
WH H.
H = H

H = H

: EFEFD
KEF

- -

A A

D D

WD

W
WEJ F

J J

- -

CS

CS

WEJ F

J
J J

EF

KELF

EF

KKRAMKROM

- -

W
WROMJ J J

ZxZKZKZ
W

KEF
FFF<J J J ZEF
WRAMJ J J

WE

FEF

FF<J J J ZE K
W
FFFROM-

.EROMFFFZEFF + FRAMJ

FRAM
KEROM

- -

A A

ROM

FFF

RAM

ROM

RAM

FF

L
FFFF

WEJ F

EBinary DecoderFJ

EEFZF

- -

WEJ F

EAAFEF

KEF

A
A

CS

CS

CS
CS

WEJ F

- -

J
WELF

ERD : ReadFJ

EWR : WriteFJ

KJ

W
J

EFJ

- -

LJ

EHandshakingF
KL
K

WEF

WEJ F

EDAV : Data AvailableF

W EDACK : Data AcknowledgeF

KLJ

J
KK

- -

KEF
K

WEJ F

- -

EIntel AFW
WIntel A

TRAP

RST

RST

Intel A

RST {C
RST {
C

RST
RST
INTR

WEJ F

KEMemory Acces ControllersF

- -

LJ

J
J

FFFH HROMFFFH HJ
KRAM

KJ
ROMJ
RAMJ

KKRAMKROMJ

KHROMJ
RAMJ
KROM

KJ

- -

WJ

A
CS

A
A
A

I
I
I

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

CS

CS
CS
CS

A-A

I I

I O

- -

EFJ
WROM

KFH-FFFFH CFFFH-CH J

DFFFH-DH J
K EFFFH-EH

EFFFH-EH J
KDFFFH-DH

WEFEF
KI KII -

K -

E FEFJ
W
FFH HWJ

FFH HWJ
BFFH H WJ

FFFH CH WJ

WJ

J
J

LJ
- -

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

WEVolatile MemoryFJ

K
KERAMF

WENonvolatile MemoryFJ

KEROMF

- -

EF

WEJ F

- -

ESRAM : Static Random Access MemoryFJ

EFlip-FlopF

KKEF

WEJ F

J J

KQQXX

EDRAM : Dynamic Random Access MemoryFJ

KEF
W

- -

WEJ F
J J

KK

J
KEF

F E F
KE

E
K

- -

K
EROM : Read Only MemoryFJ

KWK
KW

+V

WEJ F
EF
K

KK

KEPROM : Programmable Read Only MemoryF

- -

EPROM : Programmable Read Only MemoryFJ

WK
K

K
v

EF
EF

WEJ F
W
K -

K K

- -

J
EEPROM : Erasable Programmable Read Only MemoryF
FAMOS

EFAMOS : Floating Avalanche Injection Metal Oxyde SiliconF

KWK

FAMOSJ J
S
P+

G
N-

P+

FAMOSWEJ F

J J
EFETF

v EDFESF
K ??ms
KEF

- -

J J

KK

EPROM WEJ F

J
EEEPROM : Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only MemoryF
SAMOS

ESAMOS : Stacked gate Avalanche injection Metal Oxyde SiliconF

- -

G
S
P+

G
N-

P+

SAMOS WEJ F

FAMOS

SAMOSFAMOSEGFEDF
FK

KKEms

- -

WJ

J J J

WJ
RAM/ROMJ

RAM/ROMJ

EDRAMFESRAMFJ

J
J

EROM : Read Only MemoryFJ

EPROM : Programmable Read Only MemoryF

J
- -

EEPROM : Erasable Programmable Read Only MemoryF

J
EEEPROM : Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only MemoryF

EEPROMFJ

J
FF

SAMOSJ

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KIntel

K
W

W(J )

--

KWJ
KWJ

EHLT : HaltF
KEF

W(J )

--

.
J

EF

EHF
W
WJ

EFJ
KEF

KJ

EByteFJ

Emicro-instructionsFJ

K
K

--

W(J )

--

J
ELFEHF

KIntel

F
E bits

EStack PointerF
E F

W()

Z()

B()

C()

D()

E()

H()

L()

EF

WEJ F
EZFEWF

FEHLF
KE
KEFH W
WWJ

EZFByteJ

EWFByteJ

--

WJ

WJ
K

--

KWIntel A
WJ

FJ

K
KE??
KHL DE BCWJ
WZWJ

KWWAJ

WJ

WIntel A

E ByteFJ
E BytesFJ

E BytesFJ

KEOperation CodeF

--

Byte

Byte

Intel A WEJ F

--

EF W
JMP addr

EJMP : JUMPF
A
KJMP A

WC

JMP

Byte
Byte

JMP AWEJ )

--

J
KJ J

EZFByteJ
EWFByteJ

KJ J
W

J
EZFJ

J J

EF

--

K
W

KL J
KJ
KJ

KLJ
KLJ J

W
( A)
AW

(Port)
/

W
KAEF (Port)L
IN Port

(Input)

KW

KIntel AW

--

IN W
W

IN DB

LJ J
W
( A)
AW

(Port)
/

--

W
EPortF
OUT Port

EOutputF

K W

OUT

OUT D

--

KJ
KJ J

K
EFW

EFW
EFW

J J J
W
(r )

(H,L)

MOV r,M

(H,L)

--

MOV B,MW

EHLF

KJ J J
W
(H,L)

(r)

MOV M,r

EFErF

KEHLF

--

MOV M,C W

C
EHLF

KJ J
K

KJ J J
W

(H,L)

(data)

MVI M,data

EH,LFEdataF

--

MVI M, W

HL

(HL)

KJ J J

W
(r)

(data)

MVI r,data

rEFdata

MVI D,W

KD

--

W
(rp)

data

LXI rp,data

KrpprEF
LXI BC,W
KBC

KBC
KJ

EF

WMOVW

(r)

(r)

MOV r,r

ErFErF

EBFEAF MOV B,AW

(B)

F
A

(A)

MOV B,A

F
A
MOV B,A

--

WFK

A
C

CY

CY(Carry) P(Parity) AC(Auxiliary Carry) Z(Zero) S(Sign)

KEF
J
KAWJ

EA-BFB W

KEF??EJ FK

WJ

WJ

--

EA+BFBEW

H B
Z

KEDFEDF

EFWJ
K

AWJ

EFFF

(A) + (B)BFFW

KEF

HB
Z

--

(Flowchart)

KK
W

EProgram FlowFW
K

EProcessFW

EPredefined ProcessF W

EDecisionFW

ETerminalFW

--

W
WW

--

EBranch InstructionsF
EF
K

EJUMP InstructionsFJ

ECALL InstructionsFJ

--

EJMP : JUMPFJ
J J

JMP addrW

KaddrEFJMP

W
JMP F

KF

--

J J
W

J<>addr
J
KEaddrF

Jump if Zero : JZ W

EFW
K
JZ
K
KW

EF

EF

--

J
W

CALL addr
addr
KEsubroutineF
ERETURNFK

K
W

RETURN

WEJ F

KJ
--

HLTJ

ROMJ

KEmicro-instructionsFJ

H J
W Z

ByteByteWJ
W

--

WJ
(A)

(Port)

; (A)

(Port)

MOV r,M J

MOV r,rJ

J J W

J J
L

KJ

WJ
MVI M, ; LXI DE,FH ; MOV A,C ; MOV M,E ; MVI D,FC ; MOV C,M

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKMOV A,B J J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKMOV B,MJ

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

MVI C,A J

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKDJ

KJ

A
C

--

CY

EA-BFJ
KEF

KJ

WJ
BH

KH

EJMPFJ

JMP FEFE J

WJ

JMP ABCDH ; JMP FH ; JMP H ; JMP GH ; JZ FFH ; JP FH

K JM AFFH ; JMP H

--


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

IntroductionJ

'Intel '

K
K

'Assembly Language'E
F

'high level languages'

'Low level

'machine language'language'
K

(machine (Low level language) J

language)
K

(high level languages)J

K

E F (Instruction)
W

(Binary code)

- -

EF

K(Hexadecimal loader)
(Assembly language)J

K

SUBAddition ADD

Subtraction

Mnemonicscodes (Assembly language)

Mnemonics
K

Mnemonics
K

K
- -

(Assembler)J

Mnemonics
K

EF

K
'Source Program'

EF'Object Program'

Source Program

(assembler program)

Object program

KEF

EF

WK
- -

(Flow-Chart) J

J
K

'Comments' J
;
K;

'Labels'
J
K

ECommentF

(;)

K
(LABEL)
labels

Input Output Instructions

W
K

- -

W
KEFAB(Register)
W

WMOV

MOV A,B

W
MA

WMOV

MOV M,A

HLM
H,L A

KMOV M,A

- -

W
KBH
W

MVI B,H

W
KH
W

MVI M, H

- -

W
{{{{{ W H,E,D,C,B,A

WK

MVI E RAM
W

(Mnemonics)(Op code)(Address)
E

MVI B,

MVI C,
E

MVI E,
E

- -

MVI D,

E
E

MVI A,
E

W
{{W C,B,A
KEF

{{ C,B,A

A CCBBA
D
EJ F

(Mnemonics)(Op code)(Address)
E
E
MVI A,

MVI B,

E
MVI C,

E
E

MOV D, A

MOV

MOV

A
B
C

E
A, C
E
C, B

MOV B, D

E
D
A
C
B

A
C
B
D

KEFEF
- -

W
KFA HEFHL

LXI

WE H

Address
E

op code

Mnemonics
LXI H, FA H

KHFLA
W
KFA HE

HL

:M FA H

FA

LXI H ,E

MVI M ,FA H

- -

W
A H,H L,H
KSHLD EE,E

E L SHLD E

E E H
L,H KH E A
SHLD
L L,H SHLD

K(E H)H(E H)

W
K {A B,EFA
'Status Register

KADD A J
KADD B J

KEAF

W ADDA

(A + A

K H B HA)

A =

A=

KZF

KCF
- -

KPF
KHCF

KSF
WADDB

K HB

H (A + )A
A =
B =

A + B =

KZF
KCF

KPF

KHCF
KSF
W
EF FH AFH
KE,E, E

AEF

CAF HB, C
A HBF H
EF HD, E

- -

HDF H
KEF

F
A
F

C
B
E
D

AC
E
E

AB
D

KEFEF

- -

E
KEF

(Mnemonics)(Op code)(Address)
E
E
MVI C, F
F

MVI B, A
A

E
E

MVI E, F

MVI D,

MOV A, C

ADD E

EA

STA E

EB

EC

ED

MOV A, B

EE

ADD D

EF

STA E

E
E

E
E

MVI A,

ADD A

STA E

- -

W
KEF
W

W

(Mnemonics)(Op code)(Address)
E
E
MVI C, F
F

E
E

MVI E, F

MVI D,

MOV A, C

ADD E

EA

STA E

EB

EC

ED

MOV A, B

EE

ADD D

EF

STA E

E
E

E
E

MVI A,

ADD A

MVI B, A

STA E

E
- -

W
KE,E,E,E{{{
W

AINREF

WHLINX

(Mnemonics)(Op code)(Address)

LXI H, E

E
E

MVI A,

E
E

MOV M, A
C

E
E
E
E

INR A
INX H
MOV M, A

EA
EB

INR A
INX H
MOV M, A

EC

INR A

ED

INX H

EE

MOV M, A

- -

W
KE,E,E,E,, , ,
W

INR

HLINXA
W

(Mnemonics)(Op code)(Address)
E

LXI H, E
E

E
E

MVI A,

E
E

MOV M, A

INR A

INR A

E
E
EA

INX H
MOV M, A

INR A

EB

INR A

EC

INX H

ED
EE

MOV M, A
INR A

EF

INR A

INX H

- -

MOV M, A

E
D D
K

KEF
KEFE

E H

E M

( ZF)

( SF)

KEFEF

- -

(Mnemonics)(Op code)(Address)
E

LXI H, E
E

E
E

E
E

E
E

MVI A,

ADD M

JNZ EE

E
EA
EB

JMP E

C
EC

ED

EE

JP E

EF

E
E

MVI D,
JMP E

MVI D,

MVI D,

- -

W
KEEF
W

EF

'JMP E''JMP E'

KE

(Mnemonics)(Op code)(Address)
E

LXI H, E
E

E
E

E
E
E

ADD M

JNZ EE

E
MVI D,

EA
EB

JMP E

EC

ED

EE

JP E

EF

E
E

MVI D,

MVI A,

JMP E

- -

MVI D,

E
E

JMP E

EA

W
B
BKEC
KC

CB
W
Label

Comment

Mnemonics

;
E E MVI B, ; B
E E MVI C, ; C

E E MVI A, ;
B E

ADD B

CE

DCR C

E EA JNZ E ;

; B
; C

EB EC ED STA E ; E
;
- -

W
K

JNZ DELAYJNZ E

WDELAY

Label
Mnemonics
Comment

E E

E E

MVI B, ; B

MVI C, ; C

E E

B E DELAY

MVI A, ;
ADD B

CE
E

DCR C

E EA JNZ DELAY ;

; B
; C

EB EC ED STA E ; E
;

- -

W
KB
W

EFAB

B A

B MOV A, C ;

OUT

W
KE
W

IN

STA E

;E

- -

K H
K H

KEF

KEF

B A

K
EF

- -

B,;B

MVI

DELAY: IN;

CPI

;A

JZ DELAY ;DELAY
;

; A

INR B ;B

DELAY: IN ; A
CPI

;A

JZ DELAY ;DELAY
;

MOV A,B ; B
OUT ;A

JMP

DELAY ;DELAY

- -

K J

J
J

WA, B J
E

MVI A,

MVI B, A

ADD B

INR A

INR B

ANA B

ORA A

STA E

EC

MOV A, B

ED

STA E
KEF J

KEF J
F HBA HA J
W
ADD A
ADDB
INR A
SUB B
NOP
NOP

- -

INR B
ORA A
XRA B
K

EEF J
K

W J
E

MVI A, H

MVI B, H

ADD B

NOP

NOP

INR B

INR B

DCR A

EA

JNZ E

ED

STA E

MOV A, B

STA E
KEFE, E J
KEF J

J
E

KEF J

- -

EBusFJ

EAddress BusFJ

EControl BusFJ

EData BusFJ

EBinary DecoderFJ

LJ

EDRAM : Dynamic Random Access MemoryFJ

ESRAM : Static Random Access MemoryFJ

EROM : Read Only MemoryFJ

EPROM : Programmable Read Only MemoryFJ

(EPROM : Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

(EEPROM : Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only memory)

WIntel A

WJ

LJ

WJ

(Flowchart)

EBranch InstructionsF

EJMP : JUMPFJ

ECALLFJ

EF
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