)*(

)( 2

.
)
) ( .

: Caecarism War
of position .Civil Society

:
...1930 .
Bonapartism
.
225

 conpromise
-1
...

revolution/restoration
-2 ...

.
...
.

-1 :
-2 .
: =
.


.
:


frontal attack
war of manuvre .
:







. :


)( .

226




.

. :
)
(
)
(.

.

.

hegemony
moment of political Society
.moment of force

-
/ / Consent
.

.
)

Norberto Bobio
Gramsci e la cultura
:
Jacques Texier
.(contemporena Ed.Riuniti, 1969

.

227


.



.

.

+
.

.

) .(71 49 5 4 :
:

)

(

.

/
as moments of the
Superstructure
.
.


IL materialismo Storico e la filosofia di 1949
.Benedetto Croce, 1949

228

 266 276 :
its homo
oeconomocus .



.

.
-

.


.
.


.





economic moralism .
.
***





229

 )
( .


.charismatic men of destiny
stuations of conflict

)
(
) (

.

. crisis of
the ruling class's hegrmony
) (
) (


.
:crisis of the authority
.


.

.
.



.



230


.

.

)



:1934-1932} .
{1932-1930 18 : (.


.

.

)
(
.
:

.

.

.
.
:
.


1934-1932} .
.{1931-1930
231



.


.

.




.


.
.
.
.


.


.
:



)
(


232


.
) (


.


.


.


.

peasant
farmer


.


.


.
:
.

.

.

233


.

-
.
. economic
margins


.

urban power .




)
Longer cycles of development
(.

directive function
. (*1).



.

.

.

private forces
political gangrine
.
Cossack
234

 .type

.




) (.





.

.
:

.
.
)
:

( .


.

.
.

235




.



.
.

) (2

.



.
:

.
.


.

:
) (

) (
.


) ( ) (3
236




.





.

.
historical

forms .unique


Primo de Revera
...Zivkovic ) :1934-1933} .(4
.{1932-1930



Stratigic conjuncture
.

)( .

) ( .


.

237


).(*5

General
Gazzera 19
/ ) 1932 : 20 /(
:

.
.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.

.


.
.
.
intellectual discipline

.

Schematism

. tradition
.
238

 ) .

.(jutland
} :1934-1933 {1932
)(6
Cesarism
...

.

catastrophic

.balance
.

.

.
.(7) Loenzo il Magnifico

arbitration
-
.

.

.

.

.

.
239


dilectic

/
revolution/resoration

resoration in toto
a polimical-ideological
-
formaula .

.
.
Mac Donald -
-

) .(8
/ 1922
Popolari 3/
1925 8/ 1926
) (9 -

. .

)

(.

- -



... .


.
economic unions
18.
240


the
/ 48
Jacobin/Forty-eightist formula
.
1848
associative Systems

)
- - (



.


investigative
and

.preventive
)( )(
)(
)( ) (
constitue (or reconstitue) organic equilibrium
.
) (.


.
)( )(
.

.

)( )(
-
241

reciprocal
fusion
and

.assimilation
) -

fundamental organic Struggle
(.
.
:

.
. 1815 1848
)( :
legitimists
Orleanists Bonapartists
.Jacobin-republicans
)( )(


.
)
( .
.
// .


.
.

.

/

.

242




.

.




.
:

:1934-1933} . {1932
)
(Sociological mechanicism

-
.
) -
-(
auxilary of forces
. 3/
) (10
.

Dreyfus affair

:
.




)
(.

243

 -



.



.
.

.

.
}{1933

The fable of the Beaver
) the Beaver

(
.

.

. :
) 1917
(11) (Bergsonism
Voluntarism
. 1920
) .(12


Camera del Lavoro
. -
urban
244

} element{ )
.


.
.

(13) Trevers
expiation speech
.


.

. !
war pschosis
.


)
: -
!(


.
:
. .

.
.
) (1920-1919


.

245


.
pact of alliance
confederation
concordat
.



)
(
.



.


.


....

:
:
.
:

)
( .
1919
/ .1914
fractions .
}.{1930

246


)
(


organic continuity
....

deliquescence of

economic
classes
. .


.
.
.
/ :

/ a
.national factor





-
.

Depretis Crispi Gioletti
the partiamentary phenomenon
.of transformism

247


.

.


.


.
.


.



.

.
bureaucratic hierarchy

{1930} (14) .State/Bonapartist party

force and

consent

.

.


) (15
.

248


-1 :

-2 .



... -3 .
.

.
... .


.
.

...{1932-1930} .



.
.


.
:
wars
of conquest


.
)
Little
249

} entente
-1921{( :

underground war

.
.
.
) (16
.

)
-

(



} -{ .



.


)
-(military Substratum

.
comitadjis
.

.
Irish bands

250

)(
.


-
.
1918-1917

. :
-1

.



.
-2

.

.
political militia



.

.

251

 .1918-1914

.
... -
.



.


.
.

:

.

.

.
:



.
.

.

.


:

252

 .
.


-.

. -


{1930-1929} .



} -{
. C.Alessandri ) 1919 (
).(17

1905 .


. )

(
.
) ... (

)(
.


:
-1
.

253

-2
)
(
.
-3
.

iron economic determinism

.
historical mysticism .
) Krasnov ( ) (18
the Entente
)
(
)




) (
.

.


.


.



.
254



.


incursion tactics
.
1920
General Weygand

.



.



siege warfare
.




) ...( .
trench-Systems .


the outer perimeter

.

.
255

 .
.

.

political

.Cadornism
1917
.


.
1917

.


)
(.

) .(19

} L.Dav.Br{
) -(
) .(20

.


... .
:1934-1933} .
.{1932-1930

256

 Bronstien
} -{
) (21 )
(
--

.
-
cosmopolilitan
Ilitch
}{ .

... .
.
.

.

. :

.

1918

-

.

Foch.
.



... .

257

 .

.

. .


}{
Alessandri

(22) Rosmer
) Vie Ouvrire
( .
{1932-1930} .theory of spontaneity
) Frontal
(attack

.
}{
"
.

) ( .
.

intervtionist

controls
...
... .

.
258



the resources of the States's
.hegemongy




.
-1930} .
{1932

.

.
: 14 ./ .1855

tactic of great masses
immediate tactic of
small groups

)( . )
(
.
)
(
partisan war
) Garibaldine warfare
(.

) : +( .
)
259

 ( .
individual

particularism
.{1932-1930} .

}{ )
( / :1927
.
:
)
( }{
}{ .

) ( :

.

"
.
the combination of national forces

} {.



.
} Leo Davidovitch{
}Vissarianovitch{
}.{Bolshevism

}{
1902 1917
)
( .
260

 /
.
.
to

natinalis itself
)(
: )(



) regional combinations (

.


} {.
:
-1 :


.
.
-2
" "Napoleonism
) (
).(23



{1933} .

Problem of the Collective Man or of Social
Conformism
261





.

.collective man
educative pressure

:

legally neutral


....
1848
1789
.Thermidor

.
:
)
(




....
1870
:
.

262

 Civil hegemony
1848 .
:

.

complex of
associations

:
....


.
-1933} .
{1934


)

( .
. Politics
.

...
.
!
.
Science of the State

263

 .
.

) :
-(
:
)
(


....






.
.





.



transcendent

creation

rational
)( ).(*24

264

 ) (
) (25


.

)
(
.

)
(

.
.
) (Secularising
/ )



(.

.
.
:

the crystalisation
of the leading personnel
.caste

.
) ... .

(.

265

 unity of the state in

:the differentiation

) ( .

organs of political hegemony
-1 : -2 . -3 .
.
:

.
}{1932-1930


)
) .(26

)
(
.
)
(
.
) (27
transcendetalism

.

)
( .
educator
.

266

acceleration

rationalisation
Taylorisation
.

.
.

.civilising activity
....

)
(:1934-1933} .
.{1932-1931

Nuova Antologia
16/ 1929 .
M.Azzalini : La
Politica scienza ed arte di Stato

.

.

:
Cardinal of Rouen



) (
....

267

) (28) Marsillo of Padua

-
( .
.
.
:
.


.
.


) ( .

.
.

.


)!(
)!(
.

.

:

.


.
neo-
humanism
)
immanent

transcendent
268

(
.


.


.


) .
Commune

(29) communal Signoria

.
non-State
.




(.

:
corporate
phase


)( humanists

.
(30) Ulpian
digest
) (
269

 .
!.

.

.
.



.
) Ontological
-( analitical

non-ontological

evauative
criteria expediency
.


.





.

.
.



270


.
)!(
)!( .




.

.


.
.
-
.

.

.

)
)!(
.


)(.


.


271


)!( . :
Kamandaka ) (
Petrarch Trttarello pei Carraresssi
Botero Ragion di Stato
.

Tittoni
.Nuova Antologia
.
.


:
) (.
object
.
. intuition
: .

.

.

and effort
of intrution .model
aesthetic intuition
Henri Bergson-Creative-
} evolution London, 1945, passim
{
.
political intuition

272

 .
.



.
)

(.

:
)
(
.
" "Prince


:

.



) (.

. de facto
hegemonic
power /
function


.



{1930} .

273

 Julius Miskolczy
Magyzar

Szemle ) (


...


.

. : -
-






)
( .
- -
.
.



.

) (


.


{1933} .

274


) .(31


. :
.
.

.

.
implicit and
tacit parliamentarism
.

.


ndivualism

. .
.

)!(.



.
.


.new absolutism
275


black parliamentarism



.

corporatism
ancien rgime

corporation
) corporatism
of social function

legal

privilege ( .

absolutism
)
) ( .

.
:
viscous forces

) (.

(32) Cesariono Rossi
.


} {) .
:
}{

276

 (



.
)(
.

)
(.
}{1933

- class-
regulated
State /
(33) Society
Nuovi Studi
Volpicelli .Sprito


Bolzano
/ 1930 Nuovi Studi
/-/ .1930


.

.

.

.

and act of will

)
277



( .

Ludovico Zuccolo IL Belluzzi
. Maurras

....

regularisation

. .
}{1932-1930

(34) the ethical State
the cultural state :

) (type

.

:


.

:
.



...
{1932-1931} .

278


the private woof the State
.

constitutionalism
.
.


.

association



) corporative
(.

) (
.
:

.

the clabs
popular assembly

clientel
.



.
279


1848
:

1815 1830 :
.

1830
) (35
. 1830 1848

Blanqui .Bounarroti

).(36


) the will to conform
ethecity ( .

organic transition

: .


.
...an educator.
...
:
.
) .
(


280



{1932-1931} .


Halvy dcadence de la
libert
.nouvelles Littraires
.the representative apparatus
1870

)
...(
... .


private apparatus hegemony



... .

:
)
... Maurras({1932-1930} .
Curzio Malaparte
: technique of the coup
d'Etat

.

.

{1932-1931} .
281

 ) (
) -
( the State as
veilleur de nuit
State carabiniere
.

)
( private forces

.
:

interventionist
.State
) :
(



.


economic nationalism


)
( ).(37

. )(



.
282

 :
) interventionlists

...( .

.
} :1935 .{1930
: --
) :
... (
-

- economic-
corporate form
.

)
= +
.

.
)
( .

a State without a
State

)



(.

283



) Statalist -
( )

(.


gouvernment



.

{1932-1930}.

-


:

.

.

.
)
( .


) anti-economic
(
.

284

 ...-1931} .
{1932

.

:
.
)

(.
.

.
.

.


.
... .
great power

{1932} .



.
) private organisations
: (

)
( : -
.gouvernmental-coercive organisation

285


.
totalitarian policy
:
-1
.
.
-2
.the sole regulator
Luigi Einaudi
Riforma Sociale/-
/ 1931 :

) Etienne Martin Saint-Leon
415 (1930
)
...( .
-1930} .
{1932

.

. .
.
.
.

)
( .
norms .
.
286

 representative power
the

represented .
.




.

) State personnel
( .

.




.




{1933} .

:Mein Kampf

: ... ...

- .

.
287


absolute laicism
)
(.

-

) an integral State
( .


molecular
)(

.

)
(

.



.


{1933} .

the function of hegemony



288





.

)
(
.
:
) ( )
(
) (.
}{1932-1930

Statolary


:
. Statolary
government
by officials .

.
)
( active
) culture
(



.

289



)
Estates Orders

(
.autonomus State life



.





) (-1931} .
{1932

/
)(
. )(



.
.
.
.
.

...
.
.
.
290

 .
.

/ autonomous
force .


.


.
) (

.

)
(

)
(

{1932} .


. .

.

an international of parties
.



.

291


-
-.

.
.

.

.





.


diagonstic

.





.

federative of the dominant classes
.

actualism positive
.phase of the state .
unity
292

 in the act
anti-history
-
.ethical-political

hegemony .

)( .
-
ethical-phase
:historical act


... .


) .(38
State functionary

-
State political-government


.



.

.

Americanism
-
.
293


.
)

(.
}{1932-1930

Subversive
) (39 :
-
Signori
) (40 signore
.

.
.

.

morto di fame
.

.

.
.



.

294

 .
.

:
.petty intellectuals

.

)
(



... (41) carabinieri.

.
.
.

.
.
.

... .

) ... (
the local Subversive
.

.

.


.

295

 Subversivism
.
.
.

.

internationalism
.

:
universalism


State conciousness .


. .
)
.
.1870

Magra Rubicon

:Longobardia . C.Cipola
Att del-L'Accademia di
.(Torino

1700-1300

.
Risorgimento
.

.popular nationalism
296

 -
-



.

cultural chauvinism


)



(.

:
)
(
...
poliical
Gypsy bands
nomadism .
.



.

:
)
non-activity ( .

{1930} .

297




.crisis of authority
consensus

"

... .
.
. :NB

.



.
:



-
) (
.

scepticism

...Jesuitism.

.


.

298



) (...
) (
.
) ) (42
Rensi
) 1920 (1922
(.


}-{ .
.
}{1930
:
.
*

) (*1
. Teorica dei
e
) governi 1883 (1925
governo parlamentare
] ) (1941-1858
.
.

[ 1883
. 1883
) (

.

299

) (2 1920


Venizelos .
1920

.
Dragoumis
.
) (3 ... :

)
(
.


.
) (4 (1930-1870) Primo de Revera
) (1930-1923 .
(1847-1879) Petar Zivkovic
) (1932-1929
.
) (*5 . T.Tittoni
:
Ricordi personali di politica interna (Nuova
( Antologia 1-16 April 1929 .


.
/ 1914
Ravenna

:

300

 .

.
.
) (6
.
-


.
) (7 Lorenzo 1492

.
) (8
.1931
) (9 1922 .
.
1923
. / 1924
.
. 1925
. 8/ 1926

)
(.
) (10 .
) (11
.
) (12 1920-1919

)
301

 (
.
) (13 -1869) Claudio Treves
(1933 Turati


.1926 30
/ 1920



.
) (*14 1929
)
( .

: .
16 200
.
) (15 .
) (16
1883

.
) (17 : - .
)P.N.Krasnov: From two-headed Eagle to (18
Red Flag, Berlin, 1921. Italian Ed. Florence
.1928
) (19

.
302

) (20
.

) (21 .

1921-1920


- .



.
) (22 Alfred Rosmer
.

.
) .(1924-1923 1926
.
) (*24
Armando
(Carlini (Nuova Antologia, 16 March 1933
Wittaker
: : = :.
) (25 :


.
.
) (26 (1929-1856) Enrico Ferri

.Penologist )
! ! .(1905-1900) Avanti
303

 1922
.

.
) (*27
} .:
/{.
) (28 -1375) Marsilio of Padua
(1432 Defensor Pacis
.
.
.
.
) Signoria (29
- City-states


.
.principato
) (30 Ulpian .228
) (31
.
.
) (32 Cesare Rossi .1887


1924 .
.

1924-1920
IL
Mondo .1925
304

 :

.
) (33 Spirito Volpicelli
corporate
economy
corporatism
.

/ regulated Society -
.
.



.
.

.
.
- .
) (34
:
the
)
(usefull
.
. .
:1932

. ...1929
... ...
... civil vertue.
) (35
.

305

) (*36 the :
publications of Paul Louis and Morice Block's
Political Dictionary
Aulard
Andler's notes to the Manifesto :
: Luzio
.
) (37
.
.
) (1880-1874
1875

....
) (*38 Nuovi 1931 :
.Studi
) (39
Souversivo
.
.Subvesive
)Genteleman (40
.Signore

) (41 }{ carabinieri
1814
Risorgimento

. .
) (42

306

===========================
)*(
Antonio Gramsci
Selctions from Prison Notebooks
:Edited and translated by
QUINTIN HOARE
And
GEOFFERY NOWELL SMITH
:
LAWRENCE AND WISHART-LONDON-1978

:

- :

307