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Chp5 GWQ
Chp5 GWQ
Chp5 GWQ
Dept. of Geology
Groundwater Quality
L Elango Professor Dept. of Geology Anna University, Chennai, INDIA elango@annauniv.edu www.elango.5u.com
U ni ve rs ity
Water quality may yield information about environments through which water has circulated Chemical reactions are time and space dependent - can provide info on residence times, flowpaths and aquifer characteristics
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
The distribution of dissolved ions reflect minerals in and contamination of the subsurface
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate as only significant solutes l i i bi b l i ifi l TDS between 100 and 600 mg/l limestones weather more rapidly than igneous rocks, so generally limestone waters are more concentrated most minerals unreactive in weathering environment
T a ble 9 - 1 0 . O r ig in o f m a j o r a qu e o us s pe c ie s in g r o u n d w a t e r * A q u e o u s sp e c ie s N a+ O r ig in N a C l d is s o lu tio n (s o m e p o llu tio n ) P la g io c la s e w e a th e r in g R a in w a te r a d d itio n K+ B io tite w e a th e rin g K - f e ld s p a r w e a th e r in g M g2+ A m p h ib o le a n d p y r o xe n e w e a th e rin g B io tite ( a n d c h lo rite ) w e a th e r in g D o lo m ite w e a th e r in g O liv in e w e a th e r in g R a in w a te r a d d itio n C a2 + C a lc ite w e a th e r in g P la g io c la s e w e a th e r in g D o lo m ite w e a th e r in g H C O3 C a lc ite a n d d o lo m ite w e a th e r in g S ilic a te w e a th e rin g SO4
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P y r ite w e a th e rin g (s o m e p o llu tio n ) C a S O 4 d is s o lu tio n R a in w a te r a d d itio n C lN a C l d is s o lu tio n (s o m e p o llu tio n ) R a in w a te r a d d itio n H 4 S iO 4
(a q )
L.Elango
* F r o m B e r n e r a n d B e r n e r (1 9 9 6 )
Elango, L
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S ilic a te w e a th e rin g
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
3. Climate
L.Elango
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Concentrations
Amount of the solute in the solvent
e.g., the amount of chloride dissolved in water Mass solute per volume of solution
most often expressed as mg/l or g/l.
Moles per volume (molarity) or moles per mass (molality) Equivalents moles x charge of the atom
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Closely related to mg l-1 is parts per million (ppm) or mass of solute (mg) mg kg-1 1
mg kg = mass of solution (kg)
L.Elango
These two units are related through the density of the solution () or mass per unit volume.
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
CONCENTRATION UNITS - II
mg kg 1 = mg L1
Because the density of many natural waters is 1 near 1 kg l-1, it is often a sufficiently good approximation that mg l-1 and ppm are numerically equal.
L.Elango
Atomic wt
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
CONCENTRATION UNITS - IV
Molar concentrations
In almost all geochemical calculations, it is necessary to use molar concentrations rather than mass concentrations. Molarity (M) = moles of solute/liter of solution Molality (m) = moles of solute/1000 g of solvent If the density of the solution is significantly different f diff t from 1 k l-1, th molality and molarity kg 1 then l lit d l it will be quite different; however, in most natural waters, these quantities are nearly equal and the difference between them can be neglected.
L.Elango
CONCENTRATION UNITS - V
Molar concentrations (continued)
Conversion from mol L-1 (M) to mg L-1 is accomplished using the formula:
mg L1 = mol L1 FW(g mol1 ) 1000 mg g
where FW is the formula weight of the 1 substance in g mol-1. The reverse conversion is accomplished using:
mol L1 =
L.Elango
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mg L-1 FW 1000
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Chemical Parameters
pH
Inverse log of hydrogen ion activity in the water
Alkalinity
Ability of the water to neutralize an acid
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
pH
pH = -log [H+] , based on dissociation of water where [H+] x [OH-] = 10-14 Measures hydrogen ion M h d i concentration Logarithmic scale, from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic) Influences the solubility of many elements - important in surface and ground water Most aquatic species sensitive to pH with limited range that they can live in
Alkalinity is a measure of the ability of water to neutralise acids It is the sum of the anions capable of pairing with hydrogen ions For most natural waters these are:
Bicarbonate, Carbonate and Hydroxide
Under most environmental conditions CO32and OH- can be ignored, so g , Alkalinity = HCO3- as mg CaCO3 /l Occasionally it may be expressed as:
mg HCO3- /l or mg Ca /l
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Alkalinity
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Electrical Conductivity
The electrical conductivity of water estimates the total amount of solids dissolved in water - TDS,. TDS can be estimated easily in the field by measuring the electrical conductivity of the water Unit S/cm (microSiemens/cm) dS/m (deciSiemens/m) Where: 1000 s/cm = 1 dS/m TDS (ppm) = 0 64 X EC ( S/ ) = 640 X EC ( ) 0.64 (S/cm) (dS/m) This relation provides an appox. estimate only!!
L.Elango
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Watertight case 1-year instrument warranty Rugged weighted probe assembly Automatic t A t ti temperature t compensation Low battery indicator Conductivity, salinity, TDS, specific conductance, temperature Oakton Tester Waterproof, dustproof housing that floats Certified to IP67 standards Replaceable sensor lets you reuse same meter t body Hold function Auto-Off Automatic Temperature Compensation
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Hardness
Hardness is the sum of the divalent cations, expressed as equivalent CaCO3 The major divalent cations are:
Calcium, Ca2+ and magnesium, Mg2+
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soft moderately soft slightly hard moderately h d d t l hard hard very hard
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Primary Constituents
Primary cations and anions
Concentrations generally > 5 mg/L Make up about 95-99% of the typical groundwater sample (by weight)
Bicarbonate Calcium Chloride Magnesium Silicon Sodium Sulphate
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Minor/Trace Elements
Minor constituents (concentrations ranging from 0.1 10 mg/L) include:
Boron B Carbonate Fluoride Iron Nitrate Potassium Strontium
15000
10000
5000
0 Na
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Ca
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Mg
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Cl
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SO4
HCO3
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Ca
Mg
Cl
SO4
HCO3
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Ca Mg
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Cl
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SO4
HCO3
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Rain water
Na
Ca
Mg
Cl
SO4
HCO3
Groundwater
Na
Ca
Mg
Cl
SO4 HCO3
Seawater
L.Elango
mg/l 10000
5000 0 Na K Ca Mg Cl SO4 HCO3
Groundwater Sampling
Important Points
Be sure to take a representative sample Make sure water bottles are properly rinsed Filter and preserve samples in the field Take field measurements with proper equipment Store on ice at 4o C Try to analyse in chemistry laboratory within 24 hours of sampling Have a quality control program with duplicates, blanks, field blanks, or spiked samples
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
WELL SAMPLING
Calculating Well Volume: After determining static water level, the volume of water in the well casing must be calculated A minimum of three casing volumes is recommended, however, wells should be purged until field water chemistry parameters stabilize.
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Laboratory:
Cations: sodium, calcium magnesium, potassium, and iron Anions: bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, and chloride Trace Metals, Radioactivity
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
ION-BALANCE ERROR - I
Aqueous solutions must be electrically neutral. In other words, the sum of all negative charges must equal the sum of all positive charges. One check on the quality of a water analysis is the ion-balance error or charge balance error, calculated as follows:
C.B.E. =
m z m z m z + m z
c c c c
a a a a
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ION-BALANCE ERROR - II
There is always some error in the measurement of cation and anion concentrations. Thus, we cannot expect a charge-balance error of zero for any analysis. The I.B.E. may be positive or negative, depending on whether cations or anions are more abundant abundant. A reasonable limit for accepting an analysis as valid is 5%.
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
A serious, systematic error has occurred in the analysis. y One or more of the concentrations was recorded incorrectly.
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
HCO3
1
K
SO4 Cl
Na ?
0.5 SO4 Cl Mg ? 0
cations
anions
L.Elango
Stiff patterns
A Stiff pattern is a kite diagram containing the same information as pie and bar charts The ionic strength of the cations is plotted on the left hand side and the anions on the right On a Stiff pattern Na and K are lumped together If NO3 anion levels are significant then these can be added beneath Mg and SO4. Usually Fe is added as a cation opposite NO3 Stiff patterns are a useful visual indicator of the geochemistry of water samples. One Stiff pattern can easily be compared with another
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Stiff Diagrams
Graphic representation of the water chemistry of a single sample
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L.Elango
Elango, L
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Stiff diagram
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Schoeller Diagrams
Graph of concentrations of major ions Each sa p e has a spec c s ape to t e cu e; ac sample as specific shape the curve; can be used to compare to other samples
L.Elango
Piper diagrams
Piper diagrams are tri-linear graphs representing the ionic strengths of the cations and anions. Plotting the data onto the tri-linear graphs takes a little practice Again, Na and K are plotted together There is no room on a Piper diagram for NO3 as it is a purely geochemical method
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Piper Diagram
Plots each ion as a value normalized to 100% Data on the 2 triangles is projected on the quadrilateral
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Piper Diagram
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L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
L.Elango
Durov Diagram species in ground water* Ta ble 9-10. Origin of major aqueous
Aqueous species Na+ Origin NaCl dissolution (so me pollution) Plagioclase weathering Rainwater additio n K+ Biotite weathering K-feldspar weathering Mg 2 + A mphibole and pyro xen e weathering Biotite (and chlorite) we athering Dolo mite weathering Olivine weathering Rainwater additio n Ca2 + Calcite weathering Plagioclase weathering Dolo mite weathering HC O3 Calcite and dolo mite weathering Silicate weathe ring SO 4
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Pyrite weathering (so me pollution) CaSO 4 dissolution Rainwater additio n Cl NaCl dissolution (so me pollution) Rainwater additio n
L.Elango
H 4SiO 4 (aq)
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Silicate weathe ring *Fro m Berner and Berner (19 96)
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Groundwater contamination
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Contamination sources
Most important ones: Surface sources: landfills, dumps and surface impoundings for wastewater Ground sources: flaws in petrol storage tanks and wastewater (sewer) system Other sources: pesticides used in agriculture and runoff from paved areas Natural sources: Rocks, seawater
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L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Natural sources
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Sources
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
L.Elango
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
L.Elango
www.groundwater.org/gi/sourcesofgwcontam.html
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Septic Systems
Disposal of domestic waste Large quantity of wastewater discharged every year Anaerobic decomposition of waste occurs in septic tank
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Problematic: Areas of High Density Homes Permeable Soils / Aquifer Shallow Water Table Leachate
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Landfills
Burial of garbage
Landfills should be constructed above the water table Infiltrating precipitation generates leachate
www.groundwater.org/gi/sourcesofgwcontam.html
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L.Elango
Elango, L
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Landfill Cap
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
L.Elango
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
DNAPL (Denser)
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Acid Mine Drainage
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Restoration/Remediation
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Slurry Wall
1. Physical Removal L.ElangoExcavation
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Remediation
Plume Treatment
Extraction wells Capture the plume while minimizing water removed
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
L.Elango
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
L.Elango
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Remediation of groundwater polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by physical and microbiological methods
Netz AG Regionalbereich Sd Regionale Instandsetzung Sd, Instandsetzung, Kanalprogramm/Bodensanierung Richelstrae 3, 80634 Mnchen, Germany
3Department
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Chemical compounds that contain fused aromatic rings without heteroatoms Pollution of groundwater by PAHs is of g y great concern as some of its compounds are carcinogenic. Generally PAHs occurs in oil, coal and tar. These compounds also known as dense non aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL)
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Study Area
Kirchseeon region near M i h G Ki h i Munich, Germany Railway sleeper factory1869 1959 Impregnation of sleepers with tar-oil Loss of tar-oil led to soil and groundwater contamination L.Elango
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To assess the status of the groundwater polluted by PAH To redemiatiate the PAH contaminated groundwater by physical and microbiological methods
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Elango, L
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Objective
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Hydrogeological Cross-section
L.Elango
Methodology
Location and Drilling of Wells (depth 40 48 m) Six wells for remediation Two recharge wells 15 observation wells Remediation well - two pums to pump contaminated groundwater and DNAPL
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
L.Elango
Remediation Plant
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
L.Elango
Input concentration
1 15.11.05 14.07.06 10.08.06 06.09.06 06.10.06 02.11.06 30.11.06 19.12.06 25.01.07 21.02.07 22.03.07 20.04.07 14.05.07 12.06.07 07.08.07 06.09.07 27.11.07 04.03.08 06.06.08 02.09.08 04.12.08 04.03.09
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
1200.00
1000.00
800.00
600.00
400.00
200.00 200 00
0.00
20 04 -1 20 0 04 -1 20 2 05 -0 20 2 05 -0 20 4 05 -0 20 6 05 -0 20 8 05 -1 20 0 05 -1 20 2 06 -0 20 2 06 -0 20 4 06 -0 20 6 06 -0 20 8 06 -1 20 0 06 -1 20 2 07 -0 20 2 07 -0 20 4 07 -0 20 6 07 -0 20 8 07 -1 20 0 07 -1 20 2 08 -0 20 2 08 -0 20 4 08 -0 20 6 08 -0 20 8 08 -1 20 0 08 -1 20 2 09 -0 2
Sampling dates
Conclusion
700.000 m groundwater purified to g q y drinking-water quality 7.000 liter DNAPL removed 950 kg dissolved PAH removed Up to 95 % decrease of pollutants in g the groundwater effluent Cost-Effective (biological treatment removes up to 90 % of pollutants) Remediation technique successful
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
GW Quality
Drinking Industry Irrigation
L.Elango
US EPA Guidelines
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
L.Elango
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
L.Elango
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Sodium percentage
%Na+ = (Na+ +K+ ) X 100 (Ca2+ + Mg2+ +Na+ + K+)
Na% Suitability for irrigation Excellent Good Permissible Doubtful Unsuitable
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<20 20-40 40-60 60-80 >80
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Wilcox diagram
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Saltwater Intrusion
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Seawater Intrusion
Lateral entry of seawater into aquifers Seawater generally intrudes upward and landward Naturally descends landward as a wedge within aquifers Common hydrogeological problem in coastal regions Lead to fresh water scarcity Occurs when fresh water is withdrawn faster than it can be recharged also due to general lowering of the water table near a coastline Freshwater-saltwater interface seldom remains stationary
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L.Elango
Elango, L
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Unconfined Aquifer
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Confined Aquifer
L.Elango
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Confined
Unconfined
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Fetter
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
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Fresh Water
Sea level
? ? ?
Salt Water
=1.025
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Ghyben-Herzberg
hf
Sea level
L.Elango
Ghyben-Herzberg Analysis
Hydrostatic Condition P - g = 0 No horizontal P gradients Note: z = depth fw = 1.00 sw= 1.025
Developed initially by Ghyben in 1888, and later by Herzberg in 1901. Ghyben-Herzberg model is based on hydrostatic balance between fresh and saline water in a Ushaped tube
P = gz sw = g (h f + z ) fw
fw z = hf 40h f sw fw
Substitution of fw (1000 kg m-3) and sw (1025 kgm-3) in this eqn. give that Z = 40 hf.
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Ghyben-Herzberg
z = hf
fw 40h f sw fw f
hf
Sea level
L.Elango
Physical Effects Tend to have a rather sharp interface, only diffuse in detail
2) If decreases 5m ASL, then interface rises 200m BSL 3) Sl Slope of i t f f interface ~ 40 x slope of water t bl l f t table
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
This difference make even a small changes in fresh water level or head can effect large changes in the transition zone. That is for every foot drop in head (water level), the transition zone immediately beneath will rise 40 feet. Therefore even very small changes in the water level (whether they are caused by drought or over drafting the aquifer) can cause a significant intrusion of seawater.
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. ..
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
. ..
Fresh Water Equipotentials
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Transition zone
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
0 0
L.Elango
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Up coning
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Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
L.Elango
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Methods of identification Groundwater level measurement Geophysical methods Geochemical analysis Isotopic analysis
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Geophysical Mehtods
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Configuration:Wenner-Schlumberger
L.Elango
Geochemical analysis
Concentration of major ions in Jan 2005
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Concentration of major ions in Jan 2005
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
HCO3 Cl SO4 Ca Mg Na+K
rs
Co nc entratio n in M e q / l
ity
Series1
Co nce ntratio n in M e q / l
Series1
Co nc e ntratio n in M e q / l
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
HCO3 Cl SO4 Ca Mg Na+K
Series1
Co nc entratio n in M e q / l
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
HCO3 Cl SO4 Ca Mg Na+K
Series1
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
Oxygen-18 Deuterium
Seawater
L.Elango
Methods of prevention
Reduction of pumping Rearrangement of pumping wells Artificial recharge (Ex: ponding) Artificial injection wells parallel to coast Seawater pumping wells parallel to coast Subsurface barrier
L.Elango
Elango, L
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Hydrogeology
Dept. of Geology
GW Reso. Evaluation
Aerial extent of aquifer Thickness Estimate Sy or S Estimate the resource Estimate annual fluctuation in gw level Estimate safe withdrawal
L.Elango
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