1.

work to be done after the establishment of the industrial unit

A. information regarding project writing and registration with the department of industry
Registration of an existing or proposed small scale enterprise is voluntary and not compulsory. It has no statutory basis. But, registration is beneficial for the enterprise itself because it makes the unit eligible for availing the benefits given by the Central or State Governments for the promotion of SSIs. Some of the incentives so obtained by them relate to credit guarantee scheme; priority sector lending; capital subsidy; reduced customs duty; ISO-9000 certification reimbursement; power tariff subsidies; exemptions under tax laws; etc. The State Directorate or Commissioner of Industries or District Industries Centres (DIC's) are the concerned authorities for registration of small scale units. This registration is both location specific and product specific. Like in certain State capitals and metropolitan cities, it is granted to only those units which are located in the designated industrial areas/estates. A small scale unit is generally subjected to two types of registration. Initially, a provisional registration is granted for the proposed enterprise. It is termed provisional because the enterprise is yet to come into existence. It is granted for a specified period of time during which the unit is expected to be setup. A 'Provisional Registration Certificate (PRC)' enables the unit to obtain :- (i) term loans and working capital from financial institutions, banks under priority sector lending; (ii) facilities for accommodation, land and other approvals; (iii) no objection certificates (NOCs) and clearances from regulatory bodies such as pollution control board, labour regulations, etc. Once the unit has commenced commercial production, it is granted permanent registration. It is a life time registration given after physical inspection of the enterprise and scrutiny of certain documents. Some of the formalities required to be completed for seeking permanent registration are :-

Clearance from the municipal corporation

State pollution control board clearance

Sanction from the electricity board

Ownership/tenancy rights of the premises where unit is located

Copy of partnership deed/Memorandum of articles of association in case of a private limited company

Sale bill of product manufactured

Sale bill of each end product

Purchase bill of each raw material

Purchase bill of machinery installed

BIS/QC certificate if applicable

An affidavit giving status of the unit, machinery installed, power requirement, etc.

The registration certificate so issued by the concerned authority is seen as a proof of the unit being a small scale unit. It enables the unit to get several concessions like :-

Income tax exemption and Sales tax exemption as per the State Government policy.

Incentives and concessions in power tariff, etc.

Price and purchase preference for goods produced.

Availability of raw material depending on existing policy.

Though, provisional registration is not compulsory for getting a permanent registration. But, a provisional certificate enables the unit to apply to the various departments and agencies for assistance in setting up of the enterprise. Such a registration procedures is generally uniform across the States. However, there may be some modifications done by individual States. For example, certain States may have a 'SIDO registration scheme' and a 'State registration scheme'. But, whatever be the registration scheme, the main purpose is to maintain statistics and a roll of such units for providing incentives as well as to create nodal centres at the Centre, State and District levels to promote SSIs. It gives recognition to the industrial unit and helps in generating a database for policy planning. A small scale unit may also become liable for de-registration, if it crosses the investment limits; starts manufacturing any new item or items that require an industrial license or other kind of statutory license; or does not satisfy the condition of being owned, controlled or being a subsidiary of any other industrial undertaking.

B . Availability of raw material to be used in industry

Let's stay with the costs. What, if a producer who has to apply for registration or the importer of a substance will not fulfil the registration for reasons of costs? Maybe the profit arising from this substance will be only a fractional amount of the costs of the registration. In such a case the registration will not pay off. The raw material in question will disappear from the market. For the downstream users of this substance, e.g. the formulator of a coolant, this is, of course, a problem. In case raw materials are no longer available existing products have to be reformulated. In the best case there will be an alternative which can be used instead from the technical as well as economical point of view. In the worst case there will be no alternative. Then the downstream user will no longer be in a position to produce. Possibly even the downstream user who follows in the supply chain and so on, up to the end user. In most cases reality will be situated between the mentioned extreme cases. Very often there are technically reasonable alternative substances which are, however, more expensive than the originally used one. Since lubricant formulations are always a balancing act between technical necessity and economical feasibility the formulator has to be very careful when selecting the alternative substance and he has to decide which substance cannot be used for cost reasons. Up to now all suppliers for whom we are the downstream user promise that they will not stop production of any substance due to REACH. But what can they say else at this time? The actual economic situation which will exist at the time of registration will be shown only in the moment when the registration consortia, the SIEFs, will be grouped. Only then it will be clear which data are available and which studies still have to be carried out. Only then the real costs for the registration of a certain substance will be evident. And only then it can be estimated whether the registration will be profitable. The SIEFs will be formed in the beginning of 2009. Until that time no clear statement can be made with regard to the discontinuation of raw materials. Raw materials can also disappear from the market for other reasons. They can be subject to authorisation and their use can be banned or linked to restraints. Fortunately only those substances are subject to authorisation which are extremely hazardous. Such substances are normally not used in the lubricant industry. Therefore it is rather unlikely that lubricants have to be reformulated because the raw materials are no longer available due to the authorisation process. In any case the possibility that raw materials will no longer be available in the future require a very close communication between all members of the supply chain. Therefore we are in permanent discussions with our strategic suppliers and request their opinion to this subject. Thus we can guarantee that we will always be directly informed about the developments with regard to the availability of raw materials. C. Efforts made to provide market for the products

everal definitions have been proposed for the term marketing. Each tends to emphasize different issues. Memorizing a definition is unlikely to be useful; ultimately, it makes more sense to thinking of ways to benefit from creating customer value in the most effective way, subject to ethical and other constraints that one may have. The 2006 and 2007 definitions offered by the American Marketing Association are relatively similar, with the 2007 appearing a bit more concise. Note that the definitions make several points:

A main objective of marketing is to create customer value.

Marketing usually involves an exchange between buyers and sellers or between other parties. Marketing has an impact on the firm, its suppliers, its customers, and others affected by the firms choices. Marketing frequently involves enduring relationships between buyers, sellers, and other parties. Processes involved include creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings.

Elements of the environment. The marketing environment involves factors that, for the most part, are beyond the control of the company. Thus, the company must adapt to these factors. It is important to observe how the environment changes so that a firm can adapt its strategies appropriately. Consider these environmental forces:

Competition: Competitors often creep in and threaten to take away markets from firms. For example, Japanese auto manufacturers became a serious threat to American car makers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Similarly, the Lotus Corporation, maker of one of the first commercially successful spreadsheets, soon faced competition from other software firms. Note that while competition may be frustrating for the firm, it is good for consumers. (In fact, we will come back to this point when we consider the legal environment).Note that competition today is increasingly global in scope. It is important to recognize that competition can happen at different levels. At the brand level, two firms compete in providing a very similar product or service. Coca Cola and Pepsi, for example, compete for the cola drink market, and United and American Airlines compete for the passenger air transportation market. Firms also face less directbut frequently very seriouscompetition at the product level. For example, cola drinks compete against bottled water. Products or services can serve as substitutes for each other even though they are very different in form. Teleconferencing facilities, for example, are very different from airline passenger transportation, but both can bring together people for a meeting. At the budget level, different products or services provide very different benefits, but buyers have to make choices as to what they will buy when they cannot affordor are unwilling to spend onboth. For example, a family may decide between buying a new car or a high definition television set. The family may also have to choose between going on a foreign vacation or remodeling its kitchen. Firms, too, may have to make choices. The firm has the cash flow either to remodel its offices or install a more energy efficient climate control system; or the firm can choose either to invest in new product development or in a promotional campaign to increase awareness of its brand among consumers.

Plans and planning. Plans are needed to clarify what kinds of strategic objectives an organization would like to achieve and how this is to be done. Such plans must consider the amount of resources available. One critical resource is capital. Microsoft keeps a great deal of cash on hand to be able to jump on opportunities that come about. Small startup software firms, on the other hand, may have limited cash on hand. This means that they may have to forego what would have been a good investment because they do not have the cash to invest and cannot find a way to raise the capital. Other resources that affect what a firm may be able to achieve include factors such as:

Trademarks/brand names: It would be very difficult to compete against Coke and Pepsi in the cola market. Patents: It would be difficult to compete against Intel and AMD in the microprocessor market since both these firms have a number of patents that it is difficult to get around. People: Even with all of Microsofts money available, it could not immediately hire the people needed to manufacture computer chips. Distribution: Stores have space for only a fraction of the products they are offered, so they must turn many away. A firm that does not have an established relationship with stores will be at a disadvantage in trying to introduce a new product.

Plans are subject to the choices and policies that the organization has made. Some firms have goals of social responsibility, for example. Some firms are willing to take a greater risk, which may result in a very large payoff but also involve the risk of a large loss, than others. Strategic marketing is best seen as an ongoing and never-ending process. Typically:

The organization will identify the objectives it wishes to achieve. This could involve profitability directly, but often profitability is a long term goal that may require some intermediate steps. The firm may seek to increase market share, achieve distribution in more outlets, have sales grow by a certain percentage, or have consumers evaluate the product more favorably. Some organizations have objectives that are not focused on monetary profite.g., promoting literacy or preventing breast cancer. An analysis is made, taking into consideration issues such as organizational resources, competitors, the competitors strengths, different types of customers, changes in the market, or the impact of new technology. Based on this analysis, a plan is made based on tradeoffs between the advantages and disadvantages of different options available. This strategy is then carried out. The firm may design new products, revamp its advertising strategy, invest in getting more stores to carry the product, or decide to focus on a new customer segment.

After implementation, the results or outcome are evaluated. If results are not as desired, a change may have to be made to the strategy. Even if results are satisfactory, the firm still needs to monitor the environment for changes.

Ethical responsibilities and constraints. Businesses and people face some constraints on what can ethically be done to make money or to pursue other goals. Fraud and deception are not only morally wrong but also inhibit the efficient functioning of the economy. There are also behaviors that, even if they are not strictly illegal in a given jurisdiction, cannot be undertaken with a good conscience. There are a number of areas where an individual must consider his or her conscience to decide if a venture is acceptable. Some paycheck advance loan operators charge very high interest rates on small loans made in anticipation of a consumers next paycheck. Depending on state laws, effective interest rates (interest rates plus other fees involved) may exceed 20% per month. In some cases, borrowers put up their automobiles as security, with many losing their only source of transportation through default. Although some consider this practice unconscionable, others assert that such loans may be the only way that a family can obtain cash to fill an immediate need. Because of costs of administration are high, these costs, when spread over a small amount, will amount to a large percentage. Further, because the customer groups in question tend to have poor credit ratings with high anticipated rates of default, rates must be high enough to cover this. D Name of other industrial units similar to the one chosen

A brand is a name, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes a seller's goods or services in the marketplace. More than 500,000 brands are registered globally with pertinent regulatory bodies in different countries. Brands serve their owners by allowing them to cultivate customer recognition of, and loyalty toward, their offerings. Brands also serve the consumer by supplying information about the quality, origin, and value of goods and services. Without brands to guide buying decisions, the free market would become a confusing, faceless crowd of consumables. An established and respected brand can be the most valuable asset a company possesses. Brands have been used since ancient times. For example, people burned singular designs into the skin of their livestock to prove ownership, while potters and silversmiths marked their wares with initials or other personal tags. But it is only since the second half of the nineteenth century that branding evolved into an

advanced marketing tool. The industrial revolution, new communication systems, and improved modes of transporting goods made it both easier and more necessary for companies to advertise brands over larger regions. As manufacturers gained access to national markets, numerous brand names were born that would achieve legendary U.S. and global status. Procter and Gamble, Kraft, Heinz, Coca-Cola, Kodak, and Sears were a few of the initial brands that would become common household names by the mid-1900s. Before long, legal systems were devised to recognize and protect brand names, and branding was extended to servicessuch as car repairas well as products. Thus the brand concept moved into the forefront of modern advertising strategy. THE BRAND CONCEPT A brand is backed by an intangible agreement between a consumer and the company selling the products or services under the brand name. A consumer who prefers a particular brand basically agrees to select that brand over others based primarily on the brand's reputation. The consumer may stray from the brand occasionally because of price, accessibility, or other factors, but some degree of allegiance will exist until a different brand gains acceptance by, and then preference with, the buyer. Until that time, however, the consumer will reward the brand owner with dollars, almost assuring future cash flows to the company. The buyer may even pay a higher price for the goods or services because of his commitment, or passive agreement, to buy the brand.
SELECTING BRAND NAMES

Brand names are very important for small businesses, as they provide potential customers with information about the product and help them form an immediate impression about the company. A well-chosen brand name can set a small business's product apart from those of competitors and communicate a message regarding the firm's marketing position or corporate personality. When preparing to enter a market with a product or service, an entrepreneur must decide whether to establish a brand and, if so, what name to use.

Experts claim that successful branding is most likely when the product is easy to identify, provides the best value for the price, is widely available, and has strong enough demand to make the branding effort profitable. Branding is also recommended in situations where obtaining favorable display space or locations on store shelves will significantly influence sales of the product. Finally, a successful branding effort requires economies of scale, meaning that costs should decrease and profits should increase as more units of the product are made.
BRAND STRATEGY

In order to benefit from the consumer relationship allowed by branding, a company must painstakingly strive to earn brand loyalty. The company must gain name recognition for its product, get the consumer to actually try its brand, and then convince him that the brand is acceptable. Only after those triumphs can the company hope to secure some degree of preference for its brand. Indeed, name awareness is the most critical factor in achieving success. Companies may spend vast sums of money and effort just to attain recognition of a new brand. To penetrate a market with established brands, moreover, they may resort to giving a branded product away for free just to get people to try it. Even if the product outperforms its competitors, however, consumers may adhere to their traditional buying patterns simply because of their comfort with those competitive products. An easier way to quickly establish a brand is to be the first company to offer a product or service. But there are also simpler methods of penetrating existing niches, namely product line extension and brand franchise extension. Product line extension entails the use of an established brand name on a new, related product. For example, the Wonder Bread name could be applied to a wholewheat bread to penetrate that market. Brand franchise extension refers to the application of an old brand to a completely new product line. For example, CocaCola could elect to apply its name to a line of candy products. One of the risks of brand and product extensions is that the name will be diluted or damaged by the new product.

E.

Availability of skilled and unskilled labor

Labor is one of the three most important parts of the free-market economic system. Proper labor strategies ensure that businesses can produce goods at the lowest possible cost and earning a solid share of potential market share. Two types of labor exist in all economies: skilled and unskilled. Understanding the types of labor helps managers run successful companies and produce efficient goods

Skilled Labor
o

Skilled labor is the portion of workers in an economy that have specific, technical industry skills relating to business and the production of goods. Engineers, welders, accountants and scientists are a few examples of skilled labor. These individuals bring specialized skill sets to the marketplace and are essential in advancing industries through developing new techniques or methods of productions.

Benefits
o

Although skilled workers are more expensive than other workers in the market, they provide tremendous value to companies willing to employ them. Skilled workers can improve many different processes in a company depending on their expertise. Better production processes, financial reporting and research and development are areas that skilled workers can improve for businesses. These improvements can create a strong competitive edge for businesses and push inefficient producers from the market.

Unskilled Labor
o

Unskilled labor is the cheaper and less technical portion of the workforce that makes up a large part of an economy's labor market. This workforce plays the important part of performing daily production tasks that do not require technical abilities. Menial and repetitive tasks are the common workplace of unskilled labor; some unskilled labor tasks may include customer-service positions that help consumers when purchasing goods from a company. Unskilled labor is an inexpensive way for businesses to accomplish their production or service goals without raising consumer costs. Front-line jobs for many companies are not technical or demanding, so unskilled workers can complete the tasks with little or no formal education of the positions. While unskilled labor is inexpensive, it is not cheap; most individuals must earn a living wage when working for a company. Many successful companies use a mixed-labor strategy. Some skilled workers are necessary to improve business operations and develop market strategies for maintaining market share.

Benefits
o

Best Uses
o

Unskilled labor is used to perform the daily operations of a company and produce the goods or services in a similar fashion. Paying too little for this labor market will create inefficient company processes and increase consumer costs.

F. ability to face uncertainties

We all want to have more control over life's different events and over the outcomes we get from the actions we take. The level of control each of us demands usually differs from a person to another according to his ability to handle uncertainty. Life is full of uncertainties whether you like this fact or not and learning how to deal with uncertainty is the key to being in control when things get out of control. How to deal with uncertainty

You can't escape from uncertainty Some people believe that the best way to deal with uncertainty is to eliminate it by trying to over control everything in their life. People who think that way don't only become control freaks but they are the ones who lose control the most when they face uncertainties Learn how to be in control when you face uncertainty: The right way to deal with uncertainty is not avoiding it but its learning how to be in control when you face it. Instead of trying to control the whole world around you its much easier to learn how to control yourself and your response to situations that has unpredictable outcomes Destructive thoughts and uncertainty: One of the main reasons that makes some people unable to handle uncertainty are the negative thoughts they get when they have no control over the outcomes. Those people keep thinking about the worst possibilities and so end up feeling morestressed and frustrated. Learn how to watch your self talk during uncertainties and then teach yourself how to stop these thoughts or replace them with positive ones ( see How to stop negative thoughts) Act fast: If you are in a position to take action then do it as fast as you can because the more you delay your actions the more frustrated you will become and the more intense will your emotions be Don't escape: Usually uncertainty is accompanied by worrying which sometimes motivates the person to play it safe and to avoid anything that would lead to uncertainty. Playing it safe usually results in making your ability to face uncertainty weaker since you will never get enough

training and so the next time you face uncertainties you will feel really bad and frustrated Final words about dealing with uncertainty The next time you find yourself facing a situation that has an unpredictable outcome remind yourself that uncertainty is a normal part of life that can't be avoided, try to control yourself instead of trying to control the whole world and don't ever escape by trying to play it safe.

G. Knowledge of Ledger and Audit

Maintaining of ledger is a must in every accounting system. It is necessary as will be clear from its advantages. Bookkeepers, accountants, and computers use money language. And now, knowledge management professionals may find themselves needing access to this vocabulary and this money language.

A money language knowledge base uses the knowledge of accountants to maintain the rules table(s). It uses the knowledge of programmers to write code to use the symbols in the rules table for processing transactions and updating account records. And by providing a reliable and logical electronic warehouse of implicit and explicit information, it empowers knowledge engineers for applying their theories, methods and practice.

Transactions relating to a particular person, item or heading of expenditure or income are grouped in the concerned account at one place. When each account is periodically balanced it reflects the net position of that account. Ledger is the stepping stone for preparing Trial Balance - which tests the arithmetical accuracy of the accounting books. Since the entries recorded in the journal are referenced into ledger the possibility of errors of defalcations are reduced to the minimum. Ledger is the destination of all entries made in journal or subjournals.

Ledger is the "store-house" of all information which subsequently is used for preparing final accounts and financial statements.

An information audit will review what information is created and needed across the organisation. Everyone within an organisation has a role in creating and using information even if they do not realise it! One of the positive side effects of a well-run information audit is that it raises the awareness across the organisation of the value of information and the value of sharing knowledge. An information audit will also:

Identify the information needs of the organisation itself, the various business units and divisions, and the specific needs of individuals Identify the information created and assess its value to the organisation Identify expertise and knowledge assets and enable the start of an intellectual asset register Identify the information gaps Identify quick wins that could be implemented to produce immediate benefits Review the use of external information resources and how it may be used more effectively Review the use of internal information resources, how valuable they are, and how they may be improved Map the information flows and current bottlenecks within those flows Develop an knowledge and information map of the organization Develop and agree a set of Information management principles that will underpin the information management within the organisation.

information audit benefits? Information and knowledge are now recognised as core assets of any organisation and are potentially the source of an organization developing citizen centric and cost effective services. The main benefit of an information audit is the development of a much better understanding of this prize asset and how it can be used to stimulate creativity and innovation. Specifically an information audit will be to identify how the organisation can:

make better use of its intellectual assets make better use of external information avoid inefficiencies and duplication of information avoid information overload save real time and money through efficiencies

the information audit approach? A successful information audit must reflect the organisation and how it works. It must review the different business processes within the organisation, exploring what information is needed in the process and what information is generated by the process. It requires a top-down as well as a bottom up approach looking at all the information flows, barriers, and inefficiencies. An independent information audit team is often preferable, bringing confidentiality and a fresh perspective to information management practices and use. To achieve all the objectives of the information audit, to gather all the data, and to develop practical proposals, a mix of interviews, questionnaires, discussion groups and focus groups need to be used.