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Sub-Station & Circuit Breakers
Sub-Station & Circuit Breakers
Dr.V.Saravanan Assistant Professor EEE Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai 625 015.
Sub-Station Equipment
Incoming & Outgoing Feeders Transformers Main & Auxiliary HV & LV CB, LB Switch & Isolators Relay, Metering, CT, PT & Control Panels Shunt Reactors, Capacitors & SVC Power & Control Cables Surge Arrestor, OH Earth wire Battery System, Communication Equip.
Types of Sub-Station
Indoor type
Outdoor type
Compensation Equipment
Shunt Reactor
Shunt Capacitor
Load break switches Opening loaded circuits Earthing Switch Surge Arrestor CT & PT Discharge charges Divert HV Surges to Earth Measuring & Protecting
While opening
Open C.B Open isolator Close earthing switch Ensure C.B is open Open earthing switch Close isolator Close C.B
while closing
Isolator is a switch intended to make or break the circuit with out load Circuit Breaker will make or break the circuit with or without load Operation of Load Break Switch is also similar to Circuit Breaker
CB Development
Historical Development
Switch Switch with Fuse Bimetallic Relay Oil Circuit Breakers Air Circuit Breakers Vacuum Circuit Breakers SF6 Circuit Breakers
Disadvantage
ACBs are required to CARRY short circuit current for a specified time
Which is usually one second Is invariably more than what the downstream devices require to interrupt faults
In case the downstream devices fail to interrupt the fault current, the, breaker acts as a back-up protective device ACBs are also used for switching motors of higher rating Suitable for Medium Voltage Application
Vacuum as quenching media Features include high speed interrupting time Long working life due to minimized contact wear & shock Maintenance of circuit breaker is reduced
Used for Feeders & Mains protection Rugged Housing & Small in size Superior Than SF6 Breaker
SF6 as quenching media Service interval lies between 5000 & 20,000 operations SF6 pressure should be maintained for proper operation
Cost of Breaker
Working Voltage in KV Operating Capacity in Amps Rupturing Capacity in MVA Speed of Operation in milliseconds
CB Capacity in MVA
Capacity of the CB always expressed in terms of Fault MVA Cost of CB Depends upon the fault level Fault Level Depends on
Short Circuit Current is Equal to the Ratio between Load in Volt Amp divided by the Voltage Drop Measure the KVA of the Load Measure the Voltage No-load & Load
250
500
1000 1500
Rupturing Capacity
Rupturing Capacity represents the Max. power a CB can Safely interrupt Factors Determine Rupturing Capacity
Length & Speed of Breaking Position of Arcing Contacts Dimensions of Parts Mechanical Strength of Breaker
Overload Short Circuit Earth Fault Local Maintenance work Any other Abnormal operation
open the circuit in case of a fault Try to close the circuit with a few millisecond delay to allow the fault to clear Repeat the operation once more After the operation the circuit will break for next official command Line Ground Fault due to trees
The time taken to trip a circuit is the sum of the time taken by the various components in the Protecting System
Relay for Sensing the Faults Relay to CB communication Time taken by the CB to open the contact & Extinguish of Arc
CB Response
In HV Circuit Breaker
Time taken to break the Circuit within 2 to 3 Cycles or within 40 to 60 MilliSecond Discrimination of fault
Circuit Breakers
TROUBLE
Between phase terminal & earthed frame with C.B closed Phase terminals of a pole
Possible Causes
Moisture Dirty Insulation Surface Internal & /OR External Poor Oil Carbon / Copper Particle Sticking to Internal Surface
Above 2000 M
Possible Causes
Reduced contact pressure Loose screws or bolts for flanges Contact surface damaged due to repeated operations Insufficient contact wipe Oxidation layer on terminals
Remedial Measures
Dismantle repair & assemble again If necessary, replace the contact
Measured from top surface of interrupter flange & Contact tip by a simple rod with
breaker open breaker closed Contact erosion due to repeated load operations or short circuit operations Unequal lengths due to wrong adjustments during maintenance
Possible Causes
Remedial Action
Inspect contact tips Replace if badly eroded Adjust contact if lengths are unequal in three poles
Possible Causes
Pull rod for contact damaged One of the links of that pole broken Contact of that pole severely damaged Dismantle the pole and repair the defect
Remedial Action
60ms instead of say 40ms Excessive friction in the pole unit Contact grip too high Trip coil operation sluggish Low battery voltage, hence higher trip coil pick up time
Possible Causes
Possible Causes
Spring defective Trip coil open Trip coil /latch defective Spring not charged If breaker operates with manual operation of trip release
The mechanism is ok
Remedial Action
Check closing spring visually Identify the cause & take remedial action Check supply to spring charging motor
Once in Three to Six months depending upon the usage Check the Oil Level & Colour Check the Oil BDV Value Clean the insulators Check insulation value Check Closing, Tripping & Interlock Mechanism
Daily Basis
Check the Pressure of SF6 Gas in side the Breaker Check for SF6 Gas Leakage Refill incase of leakage
By Trained persons
Thank you