A Guide To Standard Referencing Practice For Students of Lancashire Business School and The School of Sport, Tourism and The Outdoors

A GUIDE TO STANDARD REFERENCING PRACTICE FOR STUDENTS OF LANCASHIRE BUSINESS SCHOOL AND THE SCHOOL OF SPORT, TOURISM AND
THE OUTDOORS
31 December 2007
LANCASHIRE BUSINESS SCHOOL AND THE SCHOOL OF SPORT, TOURISM AND THE OUTDOORS Standard Referencing Guide for Students Page 2 of 23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors acknowledge the contribution made by colleague Jeanne Hill, who has authored this Guide.
Table of contents
Overview and general guidelines Part A How to show references in the body of your work 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. How to present the authors ideas How to treat one, two or more authors How to treat several authors expressing the same idea How to treat authors quoting other authors More than one work by the same author in the same year When no author is shown; when no date is shown Direct quotation Using footnotes Referencing print-based sources Referencing web pages Referencing discussion groups, blogs etc. Referencing telephone calls, letters, memos or e-mails Referencing non-print miscellaneous sources
6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10
Part B - How to show references in the References section 1. 2. Books More than one work by the same author in the same year; more than one work by the same author in different years 3. Articles in journals 4. A chapter in a book edited by others 5. A conference paper 6. An academic dissertation 7. When no author is shown; when no date is shown 8. Web pages 9. Referencing other print-based sources 10. Referencing discussion groups, blogs etc. 11. Referencing telephone calls, letters, memos or e-mails 12. Referencing non-print miscellaneous sources Summary of in-body and References sections treatments 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 16 18
Academic Referencing Standards for students of the Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors will use one standard system for academic referencing across all programmes and modules delivered in the Faculty. This document provides details of how to use the system correctly. It is recommended that you adopt this standard system or you might be penalised for incorrect referencing practice. Overview The overall aim of the standard system is to ensure that students of Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors can correctly reference their sources on work at any level from first year through to publication in world-class academic journals. The standard adopted in Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors is the Harvard method, in the style used by the British Journal of Management (BJM). While it is recognised that the Harvard system has several stylistic variations, we have chosen to adopt the BJMs style as any student of Lancashire Business School and the School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors might aspire to publication in the BJM. It is strongly recommended that you use only this style standard. However, if you use another style of Harvard referencing correctly and consistently, you will not be penalised. You must not mix styles. Bibliographies In the Harvard/BJM system, bibliographies of works consulted are not to be used. You should list only the sources directly referred to in your work in the references. The page(s) where you show these references should be entitled References, not Reference List or References Section. Direct quotations In the Harvard/ BJM system, direct quotations are only rarely used. You should instead summarise the authors ideas in your own words and provide the appropriate reference in the body of your work, followed by the full references in the list of References. Details of the standard system follow on the next pages.
Summary of Harvard/BJM style details Overall: 1. 2. Show sources in brief in the body of your work. Instructions on how to do this follow. Direct quotations should only be used rarely. Instead, summarise the ideas in your own words (paraphrasing) and show the source by indicating the authors/authors name(s), the year of publication and the page number(s) on which the reference occurs. Show full details of sources as References at the end of your work, but before appendices. In the References section, show sources only for articles/books/etc. directly referred to in the body of your work. Dont use footnotes to reference sources or number the references in the References list. In the References section, list the works in alphabetical order by the authors surname. Put all references in the same list. Do not list books, articles, websites etc. separately. There is a standard order for listing publishing details in the References list. For individual references, the order is: author(s) surname author(s) initials year of publication title of the work (book, journal article, chapter in a book, name of the scholarly paper, etc.) name of the journal or magazine (if not a book) publishing details. The publishing details will vary depending upon whether it is a book, a journal or magazine, a conference paper or a website.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Details of how to present these in the BJM style follow.
Specific aspects of the Harvard/BJM referencing system Part A How to show references in the body of your work 1. How to present the authors ideas:
There are several ways in which you can lead into the ideas of authors in your work. The BJM style shows the authors surname (no initials), the year of publication in parentheses, followed by a comma, followed by p. or pp. for the page number(s) on which the reference is to be found when the author has been indicated as a specific source. For example, Kotler (1995, p. 238) states... Baskin and Aronoff (1988, p. 22) discuss.... Cutlip et al. (1993, pp. 27-28) show a model of ..... Note the following special case which does not include a page reference. Saundry (2005) believes that.... A reference without a page number would be used if the idea being expressed occurs repeatedly throughout a given authors book or article, or throughout several works by the author over time. Alternatively, you might reference commonly used terms or ideas without page numbers as in the following example: The terms Mode 1.5 (Huff, 2000), Mode 3, (Starkey, 2001) and pragmatic research (Hodgkinson, Herriot and Anderson, 2001) have been coined 2. How to treat one, two or more authors
One author: Kotler (1995, p. 238) states Two authors: Baskin and Aronoff (1988, p. 22) discuss.... Three authors: Hodgkinson, Herriot and Anderson (2001) outline the use of More than three authors: Cutlip et al. (1993, pp. 27-28) show a model of ..... In this context, et al. stands for et alii and means and others. Note that it is presented in italics and includes a full stop after al.
3.
How to treat several authors expressing the same idea
If you wish to demonstrate that an idea or theory appears to have been generally accepted, you should give examples of sources where you have found this agreement between writers. Several authors (e.g. Burns and Fry, 1998; Hill and Rakowska, 2003; Kotler, 2000; Herschberg et al., 2004) agree that .. 4. How to treat authors quoting other authors
It is quite common that you will find one author referring to the work of others. If you are reading something by Kotler who is discussing ideas originally written about by Smith and Span: Smith and Span (2004), cited in Kotler (2005, p. 37) found that. orKotler (2005, p. 37) gives an extensive commentary on the work of Smith and Span (2004) in which he In the references section, you must cite Kotler and should cite Smith and Span. 5. More than one work by the same author in the same year
If you have referred to more than one work by the same author or authors, you distinguish between them as follows in the body of your work: Smith and Jones (2000a, p. 276) state that..By contrast, in their article on the implications of segmentation (2000b), they go on to add In the references list, you should likewise use the same letters when listing the dates of publication. 6. When no author is shown; when no date is shown
Occasionally you will see an article in a journal, magazine or newspaper that does not show an authors name. In some cases these might be editorial articles or articles written by a staff writer. Similarly, reports from organisations usually do not show an authors name. Handle these as follows: Many institutions are struggling with governmental red tape (The Observer, 18 March, 2007, p. 47) and finding it difficult to
15% admitting having sent confidential information by mistake (BBC News Online, 2004). The penetration of broadband in UK households is predicted to rise to 86% by 2012 (Mintel, 2007, p. 35). Note that in the latter case you should, in the references list, show the name of the Mintel report as well as the date of publication. If the date of the work is not shown, BJM practice is to show (nd) after the authors name. Hass (nd) also states that 7. Direct quotation
In general, the Harvard system discourages the use of direct quotation. However, there are exceptions. You can sometimes use a short quote in your summary of the ideas, as in the example below. Mintzberg (1994, p. 279) says the firm should not try to analyse its strengths and weaknesses divorced from specific contexts, or from the actions to which they are directed. If the idea of the author you are citing is written in a particularly elegant, eloquent or specialised way, and its impact would be diminished significantly through paraphrasing, you can use the original quotation. However, remember that this is only for exceptional cases. If the key phrases you wish to quote are separated you may replace some text by an ellipsis (three full stops). This shows you have omitted some text. The sense of the original must be maintained. 8. Using footnotes
Footnotes are not used in the Harvard method to provide the source for the ideas under discussion. In most journal articles you will never see a footnote used. There are, however, special cases where you might want to draw the readers attention to something beyond the ideas in the body of your work by the use of a footnote. Such cases might include when you want to: refer the reader to another writer on the subject in addition to the one(s) you are referencing explain something that might help the reader understand the context or content of what is being discussed For example:
1 This method of valuing firms is consistent with much of the recent strategic management research on acquisitions (e.g. Brock, 2005; Capron, 1999; Capron and Pistre, 2002; Ellis and Lamont, 2004). 9. Referencing print-based sources
In general, all print sources, whether books, magazines, newspapers, journal articles, parliamentary or other governmental sources, company or organisational reports, standards or patents, maps, graphs, posters, charts etc. are referenced in the body of your work in the same basic way, i.e. by showing the name of the author/creator or organisation, the date of publication and the page number if appropriate, as outlined in the guidelines above. 10. Referencing web pages
As the Internet is a relatively new medium for sourcing information, there is debate and variation in how the referencing of material found on web sites should be done. In BJM practice, in the body of your work you should provide the name of the author or the source organisation and the date of the document or report, or (nd) if there is no date shown. You should not include the URL address in the body of your work as a citation. In the References section you will also provide the URL and information about the date accessed. 11. Referencing discussion groups, blogs etc.
In the body of your work, identify the writer of the posting cited and the date of the posting. 12. Referencing telephone calls, letters, memos or e-mails
Occasionally, you will want to refer to information gathered from a personal communication, for example, something you learned from a company official you interviewed. In the body of your work, show the name of the person and the year of the communication. Defining the market precisely is one of the most difficult problems faced by marketing practitioners (Smith, 2007). In your References section, you would describe this: Smith, P. (2007) Personal telephone communication to J. Hill, April 18.
or Smith, P. (2007) E-mail to the author, April 18.
13.
Referencing non-print miscellaneous sources
Sources such as radio or television programmes should be cited in the body of your work by showing either the name of the presenter, the programme or the broadcasting station, and the date. In an interview with Richard Branson (BBC Radio 4, 2006). or In a television interview with Richard Branson (Parkinson, 2007).
CD, tape or vinyl audio and podcast sources are referenced showing the name of the writer/composer/poet etc. and the date of publication. Film sources including those disseminated on DVD, VHS or downloaded from the Internet should be referenced showing the name of the film and the date of release. Public addresses, including lectures, events, theatre, music, talks. readings and speeches should show the name of the speaker, performer or performing organisation and the year of the performance.
Part B How to show references in the References section 1. Books:
Although in the body of your work you show only the authors surname, and no initials, and, in the case of more than three writers, you may identify some of the writers only as et al., in the References section you must provide surnames and initials of all authors. Follow the order: Authors/authors name(s), initial(s) as indicated below for all authors. Year of publication, in parentheses, followed by a full stop. It is not necessary to include the number of the edition as that is represented through the year of publication. Title of book in italics Publisher, place published, full stop. When referencing a book, show the publishers name and the place of publication. If the place of publication is within the UK or a major world city such as New York, Paris or Berlin, it is not necessary to show further details. However, it is common practice that when an American publisher is located in a smaller city, the abbreviation for the state is also shown. BJM style also indents the second and following lines of a reference by approximately 3 characters. Thus: Ritzer, G. (2004). The Globalization of Nothing. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA. When a book or article has more than one author, the BJM style uses the order of surname then initials for the first author, and then initials and surname for other authors. In this, it differs from most styles. For example, Clegg, S. R., M. Kornberger and T. Pitsis (2005). Managing and Organizations: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Sage, London. Note that if the book is a collection of articles by various authors, with an editor or editors, the reference shows the editors, for example: Smith, B. (ed.) (2005). Classic Marketing Stories. MB Publishers Tyldesley Smith, B., J.E. Watkins and F.R. Dean (eds) (2002). Marketing Strategy in the UK. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT. If you access the book online through services such as ebrary or Biz/ed Premier, it is not compulsory to indicate this in your reference.
2.
More than one work by the same author(s) in the same year; more than one work by the same author(s) in different years
If you have referred to more than one work by the same author or authors within the same year, you distinguish between them by assigning lower case letters to each separate work after the date. Note that this practice only applies when the work is by the same author or authors only and not by one of the authors with other authors. For example: Smith, J. and P.R. Jones (2000a). The Interactions in Multiple Regressions. Jossey Bass, New York. Smith, J. and P.R. Jones (2000b). A reflection on the processes of introducing dynamism into marketing research models. International Journal of Marketing Research, 33(4), pp. 146-164. . but: Smith, J., P.R. Jones and B. Roff (2000). A rejoinder to Blake and Deeleys analysis of regression interactions. International Journal of Accounting Practice, 2(2), pp. 17-29. When you have more than one work by the same author in different years, show the works in chronological order starting with the first-published. For example: Tsoukas, H. (1996). The Firm as a Distributed Knowledge System: A Constructionist Approach, Strategic Management Journal, 17(Winter special issue), pp. 1125. Tsoukas, H. (2005). Complex Knowledge. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 3. Articles in journals:
Authors/authors name(s) as for books Year of publication, in parentheses followed by a full stop. Title of article within single inverted commas Name of journal in italics Volume in bold type, followed immediately by the issue number in plain type in parentheses Page numbers on which the article is found. Thus: Mason, R. O. (2004). Lessons in Organizational Ethics from
the Columbia Disaster: Can a Culture be Lethal?, Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), pp. 128142. Sull, D. (1999). Why Good Companies Go Bad, Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 4252. Note: When you access academic journals through databases such as Emerald Fulltext, EBSCO, etc. you do not need to show that you have done so by citing Emerald or showing the URL. Simply reference the journal as above. 4. A chapter in a book edited by others:
Authors/authors name(s) as for books Year of publication in parentheses followed by a full stop. Title of article within single inverted commas Name(s) of editor(s) following In: Title of the edited book in italics Page numbers of the chapter in question followed by a full stop Publisher, place published, full stop. Thus: Barney, J. B., J. S. Bunderson, P. Foreman, L. T. Gustafson, A. S. Huff, L. L. Martins, R. K. Reger, Y. Sarason and J. L. Stimpert (1998). A Strategy Conversation on the Topic of Organization Identity. In: D. A. Whetten and P. C. Godfrey (eds) Identity in Organizations, pp. 99168. Sage Publications Inc., Thousand Oaks,CA March, J. G. (1988). The Technology of Foolishness. In: J. G. March (ed.) Decisions and Organizations, pp. 253265. Blackwell, Oxford. Shenhav, Y. (2003). The Historical and Epistemological Foundations of Organization Theory. Fusing Sociological Theory with Engineering Discourse. In: H. Tsoukas and C. Knudsen (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Organization Theory, pp. 183209. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 5. A conference paper:
Authors/authors names as for books Year of the conference Title of conference paper, within single inverted commas Conference name, sponsor Conference venue if published (e.g. if in the published Proceedings of the conference)
Thus: Burgoyne, J. (1998). Management Learning: Form, History and Prospects, Proceedings of the Emerging Fields in Management: Connecting Learning and Critique Conference, Leeds, July. Hill, J. and P. Frimston (2006). Learning to re-organize in transition: A reflection on 15 years of educating and researching in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia and the CIS. 22nd Annual European Group for Organisational Studies Colloquium (EGOS), Bergen, Norway, July. . 6. An academic dissertation
These are can be either published or unpublished. Show that the work is a dissertation or thesis, where it was submitted including the faculty or department and the university or institution to which it was submitted. For example: Gautam, T. (2004). Organizational commitment in Nepal, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Kathmandu: Faculty of Management, Tribhuvan University. If the dissertation is published on the Internet: Christ, O. (2004). Die berprfung der transaktionalen Stresstheorie im Lehramstreferendariat [An empirical test of the transactional stress theory among student teachers]. Electronic Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Germany. http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ pub/opus/volltexte/2005/1008/pdf/Christ2004.pdf. Note that when quoting works in other languages than English, the original title is cited first, followed by the English translation. 7. When no author is shown; when no date is shown
When no author is shown, reference the work by citing the publishing organisation. For example: BBC News Online (2004). Company secrets leak via e-mail, 15 June. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/ 3809025.stm. Where no date is shown, put (nd) in place of the year in parentheses. Hass, J. (nd). Some Results on Bubbles. Available at: http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/_hass/bubbles.html. Accessed
27 December 2006. 8. Web pages
Show the author or organisation controlling the website, the date of the material, if known, the URL of the page on the site which is referenced and the date accessed. For example: Hass, J. (nd). Some Results on Bubbles. Available at http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/_hass/bubbles.html. Accessed 5 July 2004. Hipschman, R. (1995). The Shape of Bubbles. Available at: http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/bubbles/shape_of_bubbles. html. Accessed 5 July 2004. Public Concern at Work (1999). Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998. Available at: http://www.pcaw.co.uk/policy_pub/pida. html. Accessed 27 December 2006.
9.
Referencing other print-based sources
In general, all print sources, whether books, magazines, newspapers, journal articles, parliamentary or other governmental sources, company or organisational reports, standards or patents, maps, graphs, posters, charts etc. are referenced in the same basic way but with additional details provided if appropriate to clearly identify the source. For example: Lund-Anderson, B. (2001). Device for the destruction of vibration resonance between objects. US Patent 692963874. Appl. 24 June 1999. Acc. 2 Oct. 2001. UKCC (1992). Code of professional conduct. United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, London. United Kingdom Parliament. House of Commons (1999). Order of Business, Wed. 11 Nov. 1998. Oral questions to the Secretary of State for International Development. Office of Public Sector Information, Norwich. 11. Referencing discussion groups, blogs etc.
Reference the individual who posted the item and provide details of the list or blog and the date accessed. For example:
Nel, F. (2007). Trinity Mirror's Neil Benson examines local news at 7th Forum. Journalism Leaders Forum, Available at http:// journalismleadersforum.blogspot.com/. Accessed 31 December 2007. Smith, J. (2005). Re. skills audit . Posted 25 Nov. 2005. LDHEN discussion list. LDHEN@Jiscmail.ac.uk. Accessed 4 October 2006.
12.
Referencing interviews, telephone calls, letters, memos or e-mails Smith, P. (2007). Personal telephone communication to J. Hill, 18 April.
or Smith, P. (2007). E-mail to the author, April 18. 13. Referencing non-print miscellaneous sources
Radio and television programmes should show the broadcasting network or station, the date, the title or topic of the programme and, if relevant, the name of the presenter or interviewee. For example: BBC Radio 4 (2003). Analysis: future of work. Broadcast 12 May 2003. Porrit, Jonathan. (1991). Interview by Jonathan Dimbleby on Panorama. BBC1 television broadcast, 18 Mar. 1991. Rich, E. (2006). Interview with Jenni Murray. Womans Hour. BBC Radio 4 Broadcast, 4 July 2006. CD, tape or vinyl audio and podcast sources are referenced showing the name of the writer/composer/poet etc., the date of publication and any relevant publisher details. Fink, S. (2006). Aids in Papua New Guinea. 29 May 2006. BBC world news: health/HIV Aids. Available at http://www.theworld.org/health/ aids.shtml. Accessed 1 August 2006. Roberts, R. (2000). Passive music for accelerated learning. (Audio CD). Crown House Publishing, Carmarthen. Film sources including those disseminated on DVD, VHS or downloaded from the Internet should be referenced showing the name of the film and the date of release. Alternatively, if the film is cited to demonstrate the work of a
particular author or director, the reference will highlight the individual concerned. For example: Loach, K. (Director) and S. Hibbin (Producer). (1993). Raining stones. DVD film. Channel Four Television (FilmFour), London. Twelve angry men. (1957). Motion picture. MGM Studios, USA.
Public addresses, including lectures, events, theatre, music, talks. readings and speeches should show the name of the speaker, performer or performing organisation Greer, G. (2004). Talk: Shakespeare and sexual difference. University of Western Australia, Perth, 7 September 2004. Neville, C. (2005). Lecture on academic writing. Self-development module. First year undergraduate course 2005/6. University of Bradford, Bradford. 25 November 2005. Smith, J. (2007). Speaker. CMI/CIM Speaker Evening. University of Central Lancashire, Preston. 17 November 2007.
These guidelines have been developed from compiling examples of practice in recent issues of the British Journal of Management and, where examples of specific treatments could not be found in BJM, from Neville, C. (2007). The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. McGraw Hill Open University Press, Maidenhead.
J. Hill 31 December 2007
Summary of referencing treatments for different situations One author Two authors Three authors More than three authors Authors quoting other authors In the body of the work Brown (2000, p. 27) Bennis and OToole (2005, p. 3) MacLean, MacIntosh and Grant (2002) suggest Gibbons et al. (1994) Smith and Span (2004), cited in Kotler (2005, p. 37) found that. orKotler (2005, p. 37) gives an extensive commentary on the work of Smith and Span (2004) in which he Tsoukas (1994a) In the References Brown, P. (2000) New directions in leadership development.. Bennis, W.G. and J. OToole (2005). How Business Schools Lost Their Way.. MacLean, D., R. MacIntosh and S. Grant (2002). Mode 2 Management Research. European Journal of.. Gibbons, M.L., C. Limoges, H. Nootney, S. Schwartman, P. Scott and M. Trow (1994). The New Production of Knowledge.. You must provide the appropriate full references for Kotler and should also reference Smith and Span.
More than one work by the same author(s) in the same year. Tsoukas (1994b)
Tsoukas, H. (1994a). From Social Engineering to Reflective Action in Organizational Behaviour. In: H. Tsoukas (ed.), New Thinking in Organizational Behavior, pp. 122. ButterworthHeinemann, London. Tsoukas, H. (1994b). What is Management? An Outline of a Metatheory, British Journal of Management, 5, pp. 289301. The Observer (2007). Red tape strikes fear into small businesses. 18 December, 2007.
When no author is shown
Use the name of the publishing source e.g. Many institutions are struggling with governmental red tape (The Observer, 18 March, 2007, p. 47) and finding it difficult to
In the body of the work In the References When no author is shown (contd) 15% admitting having sent confidential information by mistake (BBC News Online, 2004). Hass (nd) also states that Author(s) as above, year of publication in parentheses, page number of the specific reference. Author(s) as above, year of publication in parentheses, page number of the specific reference. Author(s) as above, year of publication in parentheses, page number of the specific reference. Author(s) as above, year of publication in parentheses, page number of the specific reference. In the body of the work Referencing academic Author(s) as above, year of BBC News Online (2004). Company secrets leak via e-mail, 15 June. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/ 3809025.stm. Hass, J. (nd). Some Results on Bubbles. Available at: http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/_hass/bubbles.html. Accessed 5 July 2004. Ritzer, G. (2004). The Globalization of Nothing. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA. Tsoukas, H. (1994b). What is Management? An Outline of a Metatheory, British Journal of Management, 5, pp. 289301. Shenhav, Y. (2003). The Historical and Epistemological Foundations of Organization Theory. Fusing Sociological Theory with Engineering Discourse. In: H. Tsoukas and C. Knudsen (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Organization Theory, pp. 183209. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Burgoyne, J. (1998). Management Learning: Form, History and Prospects, Proceedings of the Emerging Fields in Management: Connecting Learning and Critique Conference, Leeds, July. In the References
When no date is shown Referencing books Referencing journal articles Referencing chapters in edited books
Referencing conference papers
dissertations
publication in parentheses, page number of the specific reference.
Gautam, T. (2004). Organizational commitment in Nepal, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Kathmandu: Faculty of Management, Tribhuvan University. Christ, O. (2004). Die berprfung der transaktionale Stresstheorie im Lehramstreferendariat [An empirical test of the transactional stress theory among student teachers]. Electronic Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Germany. http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ pub/opus/ volltexte/ 2005/1008/pdf/Christ2004.pdf.
Referencing miscellaneous printbased resources
Use the name of the author/creator, date of publication and page number, if applicable, depending on the source. A patent for this device (LundAnderson, 2001) protected it Lund-Anderson, B. (2001). Device for the destruction of vibration resonance between objects. US Patent 692963874. Appl. 24 June 1999. Acc. 2 Oct. 2001. United Kingdom Parliament. House of Commons (1999) Order of Business, Wed. 11 Nov. 1998. Oral questions to the Secretary of State for International Development. Office of Public Sector Information, Norwich.
The standards for taxation took a new direction (United Kingdom Parliament, House of Commons 1999) when.
In the body of the work Referencing web pages Provide name of author or organisation, date of document if known or nd if no date shown. e.g. We are a successful university with clear evidence of growth, achievement and academic excellence (Uclan, 2007). Identify the writer of the posting cited and the date of the posting. e.g. Nel (2007), reporting on changes at the Trinity Mirror Group. The health of the nations skills is less than desirable (Smith, 2005). Referencing telephone calls, memos, e-mails etc. Defining the market precisely is one of the most difficult problems faced by marketing practitioners (Smith, 2007).
In the References
Uclan (2007). A world-class modern university, 2007 - 2017 Strategic review. Available at http://www.uclan.ac.uk/other/ directorate/local/documents/worldcla.doc. Accessed 31 December 2007
Referencing discussion groups, blogs etc.
Nel, F. (2007). Trinity Mirror's Neil Benson examines local news at 7th Forum. Journalism Leaders Forum, Available at http:// journalismleadersforum.blogspot.com/. Accessed 31 December 2007. Smith, J. (2005). Re. skills audit. Posted 25 Nov. 2005. LDHEN discussion list. LDHEN@Jiscmail.ac.uk. Accessed 4 October 2006. Smith, P. (2007). Personal telephone communication to J. Hill, April 18. or Smith, P. (2007). E-mail to the author, April 18.
In the body of the work Non-print misc. sources Radio or TV: A discussion of trends in employment (BBC, 2006) In an interview with Richard Branson (Branson, 2006). Audio tape, CD etc. Reference the author/writer/performer and the date of publication. Film, audio/visual materials and downloads Show the name of the film and the date of release. Public addresses, lectures, theatre, talks etc. Reference the speaker, performer, performing organisation and year of the performance.
In the References BBC Radio 4 (2006). Analysis: future of work. Broadcast 12 May 2006. Branson, R. (1991). Interview by Jonathan Dimbleby on Panorama. BBC1 television broadcast, 18 Mar. 2006. Fink, S. (2006). Aids in Papua New Guinea. 29 May 2006. BBC world news: health/HIV Aids. Available at http://www.theworld.org/health/ aids.shtml. Accessed 1 August 2006. Loach, K. (Director) and S. Hibbin (Producer). (1993). Raining stones. DVD film. Channel Four Television (FilmFour), London. Twelve angry men. (1957). Motion picture. MGM Studios, USA. Greer, G. (2004). Talk: Shakespeare and sexual difference. University of Western Australia, Perth, 7 September 2004. Neville, C. (2005). Lecture on academic writing. Selfdevelopment module. First year undergraduate course 2005/6. University of Bradford, Bradford. 25 November 2005. Smith, J. (2007). Speaker. CMI/CIM Speaker Evening. University of Central Lancashire, Preston. 17 November 2007.

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A GUIDE TO STANDARD REFERENCING PRACTICE FOR STUDENTS OF LANCASHIRE BUSINESS SCHOOL AND THE SCHOOL OF SPORT, TOURISM AND

Details of how to present these in the BJM style follow.

How to treat several authors expressing the same idea

or Smith, P. (2007) E-mail to the author, April 18.

Referencing non-print miscellaneous sources

Part B How to show references in the References section 1. Books:

27 December 2006. 8. Web pages

Referencing other print-based sources

J. Hill 31 December 2007

When no author is shown

Referencing conference papers

publication in parentheses, page number of the specific reference.

Referencing miscellaneous printbased resources

Referencing discussion groups, blogs etc.

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