Fluid Motion and Deformation

Fluid Surface Stress Tensor

The Stress-Strain Relation of Viscous
Fluid Constitutive Equation
The Eddy Motion and Its Properties of
Viscous Fluid
2.1 Fluid Motion and Deformation

2.1.1 The analysis of fluid particle
motion
Fluid particles
Be composed of a large number of fluid
particles with linear scale effect (such as
expansion and deformation, rotation, etc.)


fluid particles motion
Forms of fluid particles motion






Parallel translation
Fluid particles parallel move to new positions

Forms of fluid particle motion
Linear deformation
The three orthogonal fluid lines passing through
any vertex undergo extension or contractionso
that the volume undergo expansion and compression.
Rotation
Rotates like a rigid body
Angular distortion
There are three orthogonal fluid surfaces through a
vertex Oand if we change the angle between the two
orthogonal fluid line of each fluid surface, the
shape of the micro-body will change.
Discuss
1Linear deformation rate and body deformation
rate
Linear deformation rate of fluid: The relative
change of fluid line length in unit time.
Take side for example. Let us discuss the linear
deformation rate of the three orthogonal fluid lines
through point . After a period of time ,
transform into

OB
O
t A
OB
' '
B O
+ A A
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ A =
+ A A
c
c
+ A =
A A + + A =
A A + A = + =
t x
x
w
x
v
x
u
x
t x
x
x
t z y x z y x x x
t t x OO BB OB B O
O B
) (
)] , , ( ) , , ( [
' ' ' '
k j i i
V
i
V V i
V V i






linear deformation rate of fluid line at X
coordinate direction:



that is:

t x
x x t
x
u
t OB
OB B O
t t
xx
A A
+ A A A
c
c
+
=
A

=
A A
) 1 (
lim lim s
0
' '
0
x
u
xx
c
c
= s
+ A A + A A
c
c
+ =
+ A A
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ =
+ A A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ =
x t x t
x
u
x t
x
w
x
v
x
u
t
x
u
x t
x
w
t
x
v
t
x
u
B O
] ) [( 0 ) 1 (
) ]( ) ( ) ( ) [( 2 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 (
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 ' '
Following this wayYZ coordinate direction:




Body deformation rate of fluid particle

y
v
yy
c
c
= s
z
w
zz
c
c
= s
V V =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
A A A A
+ A A A A A A A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+
=
A A
A A
= O
A
A A A
A
A
z
w
y
v
x
u
t z y x
z y x z y x t
z
w
t
y
v
t
x
u
V t
V
t
z y x
t
V
) )( 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
lim
) (
lim
0
0
0
0
Body deformation rate of fluid is the sum of the
linear deformation rates from the three directions.
It is divergence of fluid velocity .
Obviously, the continuity equation of incompressible
fluid is

2Rotation angular velocity
The component of fluid rotation angular velocity
For arbitrary two orthogonal micro-fluid line
passing through the same point O, the average value
of the rotation angular velocity in their plane is
called the component of fluid rotation angular
velocity at the point O in the vertical direction of
the plane.
0 = V V


t
x
w
z
u
A
c
c

c
c
= ) (
2
1
o
) (
2
1
2 1
o o o + =
Analyze the geometrical relationship shown in the
figure, we can get
For the fluid particle the component of
fluid rotation angular velocity at the
point O in Y coordinate direction is


Following the same wayin XZ coordinate
direction , respectively

) (
2
1
lim
0
x
w
z
u
t
t
y
c
c

c
c
=
A
=
A
o
e
) (
2
1
y
u
x
v
z
c
c

c
c
= e
Rotation angular velocity of the whole
fluid particle



that is


Fluid rotation angular velocity equals to
half of the curl of the fluid velocity
k j i
k j i
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
y
u
x
v
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
z y x
c
c

c
c
+
c
c

c
c
+
c
c

c
c
=
+ + = e e e
V V =
2
1
3 Angular deformation rate
There are three orthogonal fluid surfaces through
the point O of a micro-bodyand there are two
orthogonal edges of each fluid surface.
We can get an included angle between each edge and
the angular bisector of the two orthogonal edges.
The change of the included angle in unit time is
called angular deformation rateor shear rate, or
shear angular velocity.
The Angular deformation rate
s
xz
s
zx
is
t
B O F FOB
t
xz
A
Z Z
=
A
' ' '
0
lim s
t
F O C COF
t
zx
A
Z Z
=
A
' ' '
0
lim s
We can get geometrical relationships from
the figure






Then we can get the angular deformation
rate in the surface XOZ
1
' ' '
o o = Z Z B O F FOB
o o = Z Z
2
' ' '
F O C COF
' ' ' ' ' '
2 1
1 1
( ) ( )
2 2
FOB F O B COF CO F
u w
t
z x
o o
Z Z = Z Z =
c c
~ + A
c c
) (
2
1
s s
x
w
z
u
zx xz y
c
c
+
c
c
= = =
) (
2
1
2 1
o o o + =
Following the same way, in the surface XOY
and YOZ



In conclusionwe can always decompose
fluid particle motion into Parallel
translation, Rotation, Angular deformation,
and Linear deformation.

In general ,we can describe the state of
motion by nine isolated components
) (
2
1
s s
y
u
x
v
yx xy z
c
c
+
c
c
= = =
) (
2
1
s s
y
w
z
v
zy yz x
c
c
+
c
c
= = =
z y x xx
S , , , e e e
z y x zz yy
S S
2.1.2 Velocity decomposition law of
Holmholtz
Discuss velocity relationship of any two
points in the fluid particles



k j i V ) , , , ( ) , , , ( ) , , , ( ) , , , ( t z y x w t z y x v t z y x u t z y x
O O O O
+ + =
k
j
i V
) , , , (
) , , , (
) , , , ( ) , , , (
t z z y y x x w
t z z y y x x v
t z z y y x x u t z z y y x x
A
A
A A
A + A + A + +
A + A + A + +
A + A + A + = A + A + A +

The velocity of point O A at the moment t :
By Taylor Serieswe can get
k
j
i
V
] s s s [
] s s s [
] s s s [
) , , , (
z y x x y w
z y x z x v
z y x y z u
t z z y y x x
zz zy zx y x
yz yy yx x z
xz xy xx z y
A + A + A + A A + +
A + A + A + A A + +
A + A + A + A A + =
A + A + A +
e e
e e
e e
k
j
i
V V V
V
V
] ) ( ) ( ) ( [
] ) ( ) ( ) ( [
] ) ( ) ( ) ( [
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , (
) , , , (
z
z
w
y
y
w
x
x
w
w
z
z
v
y
y
v
x
x
v
v
z
z
u
y
y
u
x
x
u
u
z
z
y
y
x
x
t z y x
t z z y y x x
O O O O
O O O O
O O O O
O O O O
A
A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ +
A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ +
A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ =
A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ =
A + A + A +
From formula of field theory



that is





Consider the last three terms in the right
as the dot product of vector quantity
and a second order tensor Ethat is
Andtherein
k j i
r V r
) ( ) ( ) (
)
2
1
(
x y z x y z
y x x z z y
A A + A A + A A =
A V = A
e e e e e e
k j
i r V V
V
) s s s ( ) s s s (
) s s s ( ) (
2
1
) , , , (
z y x z y x
z y x
t z z y y x x
zz yz xz zy yy xy
zx yx xx
A + A + A + A + A + A +
A + A + A + A V + =
A + A + A +
r A
E r A





so
ij j i zz zy zx
yz yy yx xz xy xx
z y x
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
E
s ) s s s (
) s s s ( ) s s s (
s s s
s s s
s s s
s s s
e e k j i k
k j i j k j i i
k j i
= + + +
+ + + + + =
+ + =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
k
j i
k j i
k j i k j i
k j i k k j i j
k j i i k j i r
) s s s (
) s s s ( ) s s s (
) s s s (
) s s s ( ) s s s (
)] s s s ( ) s s s (
) s s s ( [ ) (
z y x
z y x z y x
z
y x
z y x E
zz yz xz
zy yy xy zx yx xx
zz zy zx
yz yy yx xz xy xx
zz zy zx yz yy yx
xz xy xx
A + A + A +
A + A + A + A + A + A =
+ + A +
+ + A + + + A =
+ + + + + +
+ + A + A + A = A
So

This is the general type of velocity relationship of
any two points in the fluid particlesthat is, the
famous velocity decomposition law of Holmholtz.
Velocity of arbitrary point A can be decomposed into
1Parallel movement velocity of reference point O:
V
O

2Rotation velocity of instantaneous axis that
bypassed the reference point O
3Reformation velocity .
if , then irrotational motion
if , then rotational motion .
The significance of velocity decomposition law of
Holmholtz: Rotation, Reformation
E
O O A
A + A V + = r r V V V ) (
2
1
O
) (
2
1
V V
E Ar
0 = V V
0 = V V
2.2 Fluid surface stress tensor
2.2.1 Surface stress tensor of viscous fluid
We will discuss:
How P
n
change with directions of thrust surface
areas.
Demonstrate that P
n
can be expressed as the product
of outer normal unit vector n of thrust surface area
and some tensorand this tensor is only a univalent
function of location and time of a spatial point.

Mass force and Surface force
Surface force per unit area is called stress, P
n
.




n z
n y
n x
s s z n s
s s y n s
s s x n s
A = A = A
A = A = A
A = A = A

|
o
) , cos(
) , cos(
) , cos(
Take a micro-tetrahedron OABC in a fluid.
The area of OBCOACOABABC is ,
and Respectively.
x
s A
y
s A
z
s A
n
s A
The stress on the micro-area

Surface force



On the basis of Newton's third law

If the total mass of the tetrahedron is
The motion equation of the inertia centre C:
z y x
P P P , ,
n
P
z z y y x x
s s s A A A

P P P , ,
n n
s A P
z y x
P P P , ,
, , i j k
, , i j k x y z
P , P , P
z z y y x x
P P P P P P = = =

, ,
m A
z z y y x x n n
c
s s s s m
Dt
D
m A + A + A + A + A = A

P P P P f
V
or

f is the mass force on unit mass fluid.

when we shrink tetrahedron OABC to point O
leave out the third order infinitesimal in
the formula, we will get
z z y y x x n n
c
s s s s m
Dt
D
m A A A A + A = A P P P P f
V
z z y y x x n n
s s s S A + A + A = A P P P P
By formula 2-34we can get
z y x n
P P P P | o + + =
where,



In the stress componentthe first subscript
expresses the outer normal direction of stress
acting surfaceand the second subscript shows
projective direction of stress .
z y x n
P P P P | o + + =

+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
zz zy zx z
yz yy yx y
xz xy xx x
p p p
p p p
p p p
k j i P
k j i P
k j i P
normal stress
tangential stress
Component form:
nz ny nx n
p p p k j i P + + =
In this formula,

+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
zz yz xz nz
zy yy xy ny
zx yx xx nx
p p p p
p p p p
p p p p
| o
| o
| o
The formula shows:
The projection of on every coordinate axis
can be expressed linearly by every projection
of the stress that act on the surface element
of three coordinate planes (nine quantities.

n
P
These nine quantities constitute a second order
tensor
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
p p p
p p p
p p p
P
z y x
P k P j P i P + + =
or
Then, we can change formula2-38into
P n P P P P = + + =
z y x n
| o
The stress of every point P
n
in the fluid
rely on surface element direction through it
and the tensor P.
Tensor P is a function of spatial point location and
time, and it has nothing to do with surface element
direction.
The second order tensor P is also called surface
stress tensor of fluid. it has nothing to do with
coordinate system.
Stress tensor has symmetrical characteristic:
xz zx zy yz yx xy
p p p p p p = = = , ,
So, only six quantities are independent within the
nine quantities.
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
zz zy xz
yz yy xy
xz xy xx
p p p
p p p
p p p
P
All shear stresses on the surface of any
ideal fluid equal to zeroonly exist
normal stressthat is




By formula (2-44we can get

nn n zz z yy y xx x
xz zx zy yz yx xy
p p p p
p p p p p p
n p k p j p i p = = = =
= = = = = =
, , ,
0
zz nn yy nn xx nn
p p p p p p | | o o = = = , ,
so
nn zz yy xx
p p p p = = =
The formula shows the fundamental characteristics
of surface stress in ideal fluid
At any point in an ideal fluid in motionhowever
the direction of micro-areashear stress always
equals to zeronormal stress equals to each other.
At the fixed pointthe magnitude of stress has
nothing to do with the direction of the area that
stress effect on.
Thereforein an ideal fluidthe magnitude of
stress is only a function of location and time of a
spatial point. That is
) , , , ( t z y x p p =
As a result of fluid cannot bear tension
normal stress always point to the surface
that is

or

Stress tensor of ideal fluid is

unit tensor that is
n p p
n
=
p p p
z y x
k p j p i p = = = , ,
o p P =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
o
2.3 The Stress-Strain Relation of
Viscous Fluid Constitutive Equation

Constitutive relation
Equations that describe mechanical response
of research object under stress.

For viscous fluid in motionthe relationship
between stress and deformation velocity is
called constitutive equation.
2.3 The Stress-Strain Relation of
Viscous Fluid Constitutive Equation

Research Purpose
On the basis of Newton viscous formula(Newton's law of
internal friction) discuss constitutive relation
that is fit for general viscous fluid.
Research Method
Using deductive method and in the particular situation
of several fundamental assumption premise derive
generalized Newton's laws that is fit for general
situationthat is constitutive equation.
Assume 1There is a linear relation between
stress and deformation velocity

Extend Newtons law of internal friction to general
condition of the viscous fluid motionand suppose each
tangential stress is in proportion with corresponding
shear deformation velocity that is




These formula reflect the relationship between
tangential stress and deformation velocity.

Question How can we get the relationship between
normal stress and deformation velocity ?
) ( s 2
) ( s 2
) ( s 2
x
w
z
u
p p
z
v
y
w
p p
y
u
x
v
p p
zx xz zx
yz zy yz
xy yx xy
c
c
+
c
c
= = =
c
c
+
c
c
= = =
c
c
+
c
c
= = =



Assume 2Stokes assume principal axis of
deformation velocity at any point in the fluid
overlap with principal axis of stress.

It is isotropy fluid so that the relationship between
stress and deformation velocity has nothing to do with
the selection of coordinate system.
Regard the three principal axis of deformation velocity
as coordinate axis, to the principal tangential stress
and the principal shear deformation velocity

' 1 ' 3 ' 1 ' 3
' 3 ' 2 ' 3 ' 2
' 2 ' 1 ' 2 ' 1
s 2
s 2
s 2

=
=
=
p
p
p
The subscript 12 3 express the angle bisector direction
of x and yy and zz and x , Respectively.
The principal tangential stress:



p
1
p
2
p
3
normal principal stress





s
1
s
2
s
3
principal relative straight line
deformation velocity

1 3 ' 1 ' 3
3 2 ' 3 ' 2
2 1 ' 2 ' 1
2
2
2
p p p
p p p
p p p
=
=
=
) s (s
2
1
s
) s (s
2
1
s
) s (s
2
1
s
1 3 ' 1 ' 3
3 2 ' 3 ' 2
2 1 ' 2 ' 1
=
=
=
By the above three Formula



That is

For isotropy fluidthe ratios of the difference of
every two principal stress equal to that of the
difference of relevant principal relative
straight line deformation velocity.
) s (s 2
) s (s 2
) s (s 2
1 3 1 3
3 2 3 2
2 1 2 1
=
=
=

p p
p p
p p
2
s s s s s s
1 3
1 3
3 2
3 2
2 1
2 1
=

p p p p p p
Assume 3Average normal stress of every
point is composed of pressure that not
directly rely on deformation velocity and
additional stress that is in proportion to
body-deformation velocity.
If deformation velocity is zero the stress on
the fluid equals to fluid static pressure.
So


second viscosity coefficientexpansion
viscosity coefficient
fluid particle body-deformation velocity
O
'
+ = + + p p p p ) (
3
1
3 2 1

'
O
By formula 2-7






then
V V =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
A A A A
+ A A A A A A A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+
=
A A
A A
= O
A
A A A
A
A
z
w
y
v
x
u
t z y x
z y x z y x t
z
w
t
y
v
t
x
u
V t
V
t
z y x
t
V
) )( 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
lim
) (
lim
0
0
0
0
zz yy xx
div
z
w
y
v
x
u
s s s s s s
3 2 1
+ + = + + =
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= O V




The formula reflect the relationship
between principal stress and principal
relative straight line deformation velocity.
Question If there is three orthogonal
planesthey are arbitrary relative to
principal axis how can we get the normal
stress expression of this three planes
O
'
+ + =
O ' + + =
O ' + + =
)
3
2
( s 2
)
3
2
( s 2
)
3
2
( s 2
3 3
2 2
1 1



p p
p p
p p
From Stokes assume 2the fluid is isotropyand
the properties of the fluid is independent of
direction
Soregardless of selecting the coordinate
system the relationship between stress in the
fluid and deformation velocity is the same
Therefore

That is
nn nn nn
p p div p p ' + = + ' + = s 2 )
3
2
( V
zz zz zz
yy yy yy
xx xx xx
p p div p p
p p div p p
p p div p p
' + = + ' + =
' + = + ' + =
' + = + ' + =
s 2 )
3
2
(
s 2 )
3
2
(
s 2 )
3
2
(



V
V
V


Constitutive equation of viscous fluid reflect the
relationship between internal stress of viscous
fluid in motion and deformation velocity.
Using Einsteins symbolic algorithm, constitutive
equation can be expressed concisely


the mark of Kroneker


j i j i j i j i j i
p p div p p ' + = +
(

' + = o o s 2 )
3
2
( V
j
i
o

=
=
=
j i
j i
j
i
1
0
o
) ( )
3
2
(
s 2 )
3
2
(
i
j
j
i
ij
j
i
j i ij
j
i
x
u
x
u
x
u
div p
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

'
=
+
(

'
=
'
o
o V
According to Constitutive Equation


If negative one third of the sum of three normal
stress is defined as average pressure in the
viscous fluid in motionthen

V div p p p p
zz yy xx
' + = + + ) (
3
1
V div p p
'
+ =
It is clear that is not equal to thermodynamics
pressure in equilibrium condition .

For incompressible fluid = At this
moment do not appear spontaneouslythere appears
only one constant in constitutive equationthat is
dynamics viscosity coefficient
p
p
0 = V div
p
p

'

p
For compressible fluid . Except for extreme
cases such as high temperature and high frequency
sound wavefor gas movement in general situationit
can approximately be considered that there also
appears only one constant dynamics viscosity
coefficient in constitutive equation.
It is clear thatthe component forms of constitutive
equations are as follows:

0 = V div
) (
) (
) (
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
x
w
z
u
p p
z
v
y
w
p p
y
u
x
v
p p
z
w
div p p
y
v
div p p
x
u
div p p
xz zx
zy yz
yx xy
zz
yy
xx
c
c
+
c
c
= =
c
c
+
c
c
= =
c
c
+
c
c
= =
c
c
+ =
c
c
+ =
c
c
+ =

V
V
V
0 = '
2.4 The eddy motion and Its Properties
of Viscous Fluid

2.4.1 the judgement of rotational flow and
irrotational flow
By velocity resolving law of Holmholtz
rotational motion
irrotational motion
On the basis of fluid particle itself whether
rotate or not it has nothing to do with
the track of fluid particle.
0 = V V
0 = V V
viscous fluid always rotational
ideal fluid maybe rotational maybe not
issue of flowing around a bodyexcept for
boundary layer and Wake areawe can regard it
as ideal fluid in most area under much
circumstance we can regard it as Irrotational
Motion.
bubble motion in liquid and fluidized bed------
irrotational motion
fluctuation on the surface of ideal fluid------
- irrotational motion.
2.4.2 The basic property of rotational
flow

1 Vorticity field
Vorticity rotation of fluid
velocity
that is
Vorticity is a vector
field we call it vorticity field.
Significant characteristic of vorticity
field
The divergence of vorticity is zero
that is
also called vorticity continuity
equation
This characteristic is determined by the
definition of .
V V

V V =
) , ( t r
0 = V

2) vorticity flux and velocity circulation

vorticity flux summation of vorticity
through a certain open curved surface
Showed in the picturethe vorticity flux
through curved surface A is


n outer normal unit vector of micro-
area dA
}} }}
= =
A A
dA dA J n n 2
velocity circulation :
Choose an closed curve L at will in the flow field
making line integral of velocity along the closed
curve is called velocity circulation of curve L.

The sign of velocity circulation relate to velocity
reversal of flow fieldand it also relate to round
direction of integration.
The regulation isround direction is counter-
clockwise direction when it is integration that
is the area of closed curve is always in the
left side of travel direction.
when the round direction is clockwise direction
we should Add the sign minus.
} }
+ + = = I
L L
wdz vdy udx dl V
Relation of vorticity flux and velocity
circulation
On the basis of Stokes theorem if A is curved surface
with closed contour L being the circumferenceif L is
compressible curve


the projection formula of rectangular coordinate is




Positive direction of normal unit vector n and positive
direction of L constitute the right-handed helix system.
J dA dA d
A L A
= = V = = I
}} } }}
n n V) ( l V
dA z n
y
u
x
v
y n
x
w
z
u
x n
z
v
y
w
wdz vdy udx
L A
(

(
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+

|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= + +
} }
) , cos(
) , cos( ) , cos(
3) Scroll intensity conservation
theorem
Scrolltube -shaped surface
composed of all vortex line through a
certain closed curve.
Scroll intensity conservation theorem
in the same time
.


Prove the superficial area of this
scroll is
according
to vorticity flux
formula the vortex flux through
this closed surface at some time is
1 2 3
A A A A = + +






nn
1
n
2
n
3
is the unit vector of
relevant curved surface outer normal
respectively.
n
1
point at inner side so we need add sign
minus.
The vortex line is always perpendicular with
normal in curved surface third term
in right hand is zero.
3
A
}} }}
+ =
2 1
A A
dA dA J
2 1
n n
}} }} }} }}
+ + = =
3 2 1
A A A A
dA dA dA dA J
3 2 1
n n n n
By Gauss theorem and significant character
of vorticity field

the volume encircled by
closed surface
therefore


Cross section and is
arbitrarily selected along scroll so the
conclusion is
At the same timethe vortex flux of
every cross section along the same scroll
is constantthat is scroll flux
conservation.

0 = O V = =
}} }}}
A
d dA J
t
t n
A
}} }}
=
2 1
A A
dA dA
2 1
n n
1
A
2
A
For micro-scroll if we
approximatively consider vorticity on
and are constant and
respectively .And
then the formula of scroll flux
conservation is

or

We can get the conclusions from vortex
strength conservation theorem

1For the same micro-scroll in the
place sectional area angular velocity
Fluid rotation .
1
A
2
A
1
O
2
O
1
// n
1

2
// n
2

2 2 1 1
A A O = O
2 2 1 1
A A e e =
2Scroll cross section can never shrink to
zerobecause the angular velocity of
rotation in the scroll zero section
consequentially increase to infinityit is
impossible in physics.
thereforescroll cannot date from or
end at fluidit can only become ring-form
maybe date from boundary end at boundary
perhaps stretch to infinity Showed in the
picture 2-9.
3 According to the relationship of
vorticity flux and velocity circulation
by scroll flux conservation theorem the
velocity circulations of arbitrary closed
curve around the scroll are equal.

4) circulation of acceleration
Prove the change rate for time about
velocity circulation of close flow line
equals to the circulation of acceleration
along close flow line .
Showed in the picture 2-10at time get
micro-fluid line at time this
micro-fluid line
become . According to
the vector quadrangle in the picture


On micro-fluid line the change rate of
for time is
t
d
t t A +
( ) t t d D d A + D ) (
t
Dt
Dd
d t t d d A + + A = A + +

V V V ) (
Dt
Dd
d

= V
d d V
)
2
( ) (
2
V
d d
Dt
D
d
Dt
D
d
Dt
D
+ = + =
V
V V
V
V d
Integrate the formula for close flow
line


On the basis of calculus theory


Integration on the close flow line,

} } }
+ =

)
2
( ) (
2
V
d d
Dt
D
d
Dt
D V
V
I = =
} }
Dt
D
d
Dt
D
d
Dt
D

V V ) (
0 )
2
(
2
=
}

V
d
So, we can get


velocity circulation along the
close flow line.
In the formula
left-hand memberthe change rate for
time about velocity circulation of close
flow line
right-hand memberthe circulation of
acceleration along close flow line .
Kelvin theorem of velocity
circulation
}
=
I

d
Dt
D
Dt
D V
I
If the fluid is frictionless flow of
positive pressure and is then

It means under the circumstance of
frictionless flow of positive pressure and
mass force potentiallythe circulation of
acceleration along arbitrary close flow line
will not change ever if the time change.
From the kinematics perspectivethe
theorem
has nothing to do with physical property of
the fluid and properties of force on the
fluid.
0 Dt D = I