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Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
DrRafatAlWaked
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering PMU
Whatisafluid?
Afluidisasubstanceinthegaseousorliquidform Distinctionbetweensolidandfluid? S lid Solid:canresistanappliedshearbydeforming.Stressis it li d h b d f i St i proportionaltostrain Fluid:deformscontinuouslyunderappliedshear.Stressis proportionaltostrainrate
Solid
Fluid
F = A
F V = A h
Whatisafluid?
Stress is defined as the force Stressisdefinedastheforce perunitarea. Normalcomponent:normal stress Inafluidatrest,the normalstressiscalled pressure Tangentialcomponent:shear l h stress
Whatisafluid?
Aliquidtakestheshapeof A liquid takes the shape of thecontaineritisinand formsafreesurfaceinthe forms a free surface in the presenceofgravity A gas expands until it Agasexpandsuntilit encountersthewallsofthe containerandfillstheentire container and fills the entire availablespace.Gasescannot formafreesurface form a free surface Gasandvaporareoftenused assynonymouswords as synonymous words
Wh t i fl id? Whatisafluid?
solid
liquid
gas
Noslipcondition
Noslip condition: A fluid in No slipcondition:Afluidin directcontactwithasolid ``sticks'tothesurfacedueto viscouseffects i ff t Responsibleforgenerationof wall shear stress tw,surfacedrag wallshearstresst surface drag D=tw dA,andthedevelopment oftheboundarylayer Thefluidpropertyresponsible forthenoslipconditionis viscosity Importantboundarycondition g y informulatinginitialboundary valueproblem(IBVP)for analyticalandcomputational fluiddynamicsanalysis fluid dynamics analysis
ClassificationofFlows
Weclassifyflowsasatoolinmakingsimplifyingassumptions We classify flows as a tool in making simplifying assumptions tothegoverningpartialdifferentialequations,whichare knownastheNavierStokesequations known as the NavierStokes equations ConservationofMass
ConservationofMomentum
Viscousvs.InviscidRegionsofFlow
g Regionswherefrictional effectsaresignificantare calledviscousregions.They areusuallyclosetosolid surfaces. Regionswherefrictional forcesaresmallcompared toinertialorpressureforces arecalledinviscid
Internalvs.ExternalFlow
Internalflowsare Internal flows are dominatedbytheinfluence ofviscositythroughoutthe of viscosity throughout the flowfield Forexternalflows,viscous effectsarelimitedtothe ff t li it d t th boundarylayerandwake.
Compressiblevs.IncompressibleFlow
Aflowisclassifiedas A flow is classified as incompressibleifthedensity remainsnearlyconstant. Liquidflowsaretypically Liquid flows are typically incompressible. Gasflowsareoftencompressible, especiallyforhighspeeds. especially for high speeds Machnumber,Ma=V/cisagood indicatorofwhetherornot compressibilityeffectsare compressibility effects are important.
Ma<0.3:Incompressible Ma<1:Subsonic M 1 S b i Ma=1:Sonic Ma>1:Supersonic Ma>>1:Hypersonic
Laminarvs.TurbulentFlow
Laminar:highlyordered Laminar: highly ordered fluidmotionwithsmooth streamlines. Turbulent:highly disorderedfluidmotion characterizedbyvelocity characterized by velocity fluctuationsandeddies. Transitional:aflowthat containsbothlaminarand turbulentregions Reynolds number Re Reynoldsnumber,Re= UL/ isthekeyparameter g indeterminingwhetheror notaflowislaminaror turbulent.
Steadyvs.UnsteadyFlow
Steadyimpliesnochangeata Steady implies no change at a pointwithtime.Transientterms inNSequationsarezero in NS equations are zero U Unsteadyistheoppositeof d i h i f steady.
Transientusuallydescribesa starting,ordevelopingflow. Periodic refers to a flow which Periodicreferstoaflowwhich oscillatesaboutamean.
One,Two,andThreeDimensionalFlows
N Sequationsare3Dvectorequations. NS equations are 3D vector equations. Velocityvector,U(x,y,z,t)=[Ux(x,y,z,t),Uy(x,y,z,t),Uz(x,y,z,t)] Lowerdimensionalflowsreducecomplexityofanalyticaland computationalsolution computational solution Changeincoordinatesystem(cylindrical,spherical,etc.)mayfacilitate reductioninorder. Example:forfullydevelopedpipeflow,velocityV(r) isafunctionofradius r andpressurep(z) isafunctionofdistancez alongthepipe.
SystemandControlVolume
Asystemisdefinedasa A system is defined as a quantityofmatterora g p regioninspacechosenfor study. Aclosedsystemconsistsof afixedamountofmass. Anopensystem,orcontrol volume,isaproperly selectedregioninspace. We'lldiscusscontrol 'll d l volumesinmoredetailin Chapter6. Chapter 6
A P ii d Si ifi t Di it Accuracy,Precision,andSignificantDigits
Engineersmustbeawareofthreeprincipalsthatgoverntheproperuseof numbers. 1. Accuracyerror:Valueofonereadingminusthetruevalue.Closenessof theaveragereadingtothetruevalue.Generallyassociatedwith repeatable,fixederrors. bl fi d 2. Precisionerror : Valueofonereadingminustheaverageofreadings.Isa measureofthefinenessofresolutionandrepeatabilityoftheinstrument. p y Generallyassociatedwithrandomerrors. 3. Significantdigits: Digitsthatarerelevantandmeaningful.When performingcalculations,thefinalresultisonlyaspreciseastheleast performing calc lations the final res lt is onl as precise as the least preciseparameterintheproblem.Whenthenumberofsignificantdigits isunknown,theacceptedstandardis3.