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Tutorial 06 Unwedge
Tutorial 06 Unwedge
6-1
Unwedge is generally used to examine the safety of a single tunnel. However it is possible to simulate two or more intersecting tunnels with a simple trick. This tutorial demonstrates how to model a drawpoint and adjacent drift in a hard rock mine. This junction is assumed to be a high traffic area so support is applied to achieve a design factor of safety of 2.0. Topics Covered Intersecting tunnels Importing dxf Scaling wedge size Bolt support
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
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Model
Select Project Settings from the toolbar or the Analysis menu.
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
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Tunnel Orientation
Switch to the 3D Wedge View.
TIP: To look directly down the tunnel in the Persepctive view, click in the Perspective view and then click the button for Reset Tunnel Rotation just to the right of the Wedge Translation slider in the sidebar. The height of the tunnel appears significantly too large. This will be addressed later by scaling wedges. Note that this analysis assumes that the roof and floor of the tunnel are flat. You CANNOT define the intersection of tunnels with a curved roof, because then this becomes a full 3-dimensional problem. For the analysis in this tutorial, the problem is simplified to assume that the roofs of the tunnels are flat.
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
6-4
Input data
Open the input data dialog.
3. Select the Joint Properties tab in the Input Data dialog. For Joint Properties 1, enter Phi = 30 and Cohesion = 0. Note that all three joint sets are assigned these properties by default.
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
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Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
6-6
Scaling Wedges
In order to account for the actual height of the tunnel, you must use the Scale Wedges dialog, and enter the actual tunnel height. This will calculate the actual maximum wedge size for the tunnel height. To scale down the size of wedges, select the Scale Wedges option from the Analysis menu.
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
6-7
Now you can see that the wedges have a maximum height of 5 m. However, the graphical display of the tunnel "height" will still appear too large (i.e. larger than the tunnel height you have defined). This is a display issue only just remember that the wedge size corresponds to your true tunnel height, even though the graphical tunnel height will appear larger.
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
6-8
Click OK. Now you can simply add one or two bolts through each wedge to stabilize them.
Click OK to use the default Bolt properties. Now click on the perimeter such that the bolt goes through one of the wedges. Repeat these steps until wedges 5 and 7 are supported by one bolt and wedges 2 and 4 are supported by 2 bolts. The screen should look like this:
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
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You can see in the sidebar that the factor of safety for all perimeter wedges is now greater than 2, thus achieving the design factor of safety for these wedges.
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
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Roof Wedges
To see the wedges that form at the top and bottom of the tunnel intersection, we need to look at the end wedges.
The maximum wedge found in the roof of the excavation is very large with an apex height of approximately 13 meters and a weight of almost 3000 tonnes. However, the largest trace length actually observed underground was 10 meters in length so we can scale the wedge to reflect this.
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
6-11
Click OK to close the dialog. You will now see that the wedge is now ~ 150 tonnes. This can be supported by shotcrete or cable bolts. Using the default shotcrete, the layer of shotcrete would have to be 40 cm thick to support the wedge with a factor of safety of 2, which is required because the drawpoint and drift are commonly travelled working areas and must be safe. Alternatively, the wedge could be supported with a pattern of 8 meter long, end-plated cable bolts installed at 1.3 meter by 1.3 meter centres. We will choose the cable bolt support option. To do this, first switch to the End Support Designer.
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
6-12
Note that the maximum apex height of end wedges may be greater than 8 m. However, this maximum is for the floor wedge, which we do not care about. Therefore 8 m bolts are fine. Click OK. You will now see an array of cable bolt locations. Click anywhere on the screen to place the array. Your screen should now look like this:
You can see in the sidebar that the factor of safety for the roof wedge is now greater than 2.
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual
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3D Wedge Views
Return to the 3D Wedge View. We dont care about the floor wedge so we can turn it off by going to Wedge Visibility and selecting User Defined. Click on the three dots to the right of the pull-down menu.
Uncheck 10 Floor and click OK. The screen should now look like this:
Check that all wedges are within the desired factor of safety by going to Wedge Visibility and selecting FOS < Design. You should now see no wedges. That concludes this tutorial on how to model intersecting tunnels.
Unwedge v.3.0
Tutorial Manual