AVIATION FUELS: Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircra ft.

It is generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical application s such as heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to hi gh temperatures, amongst other properties. Chemical Compositon: Aviation fuels consist of blends of over a thousand chemicals, primarily Hydroca rbons (paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics) as well as additives such as antioxidants and metal deactivators, and impurities . Principal components include n-octane and isooctane. Like other fuels, blends of Aviation fuel used in piston engined aircraft are often described by t heir Octane rating. Energy Content: The net energy content for aviation fuels depends on their composition. BP Avgas 80, 44.65 MJ/kg, density at 15 C is 690 kg/m3 Kerosene type BP Jet A-1, 43.15 MJ/kg, density at 15 C is 804 kg/m3 Kerosene type BP Jet TS-1, (for lower temperatures) 43.2 MJ/kg, density at 15 C i s 787 kg/m3. How is it used??? Aviation fuel is transferred to an aircraft via one of two methods: overwing and underwing. Overwing fuelling is used on smaller planes, helicopters, and all piston-engine aircraft. Overwing fuelling is similar to car fuelling one or more fuel ports are opened and fuel is pumped in with a conventional pump. Underwing fuelling, also called single-point, is us ed on larger aircraft and for jet fuel exclusively. For single-point fuelling, a high-pressure hose is attached and fuel is pumped i n at 40 PSI and a max of 45 PSI. Anything higher needs to be stopped for it can cause damage to the wings. Since there is only one attachment point, fuel distribution between tanks is either automated or it is controlled from a control panel at the fuelling poi nt or in the cockpit. Aviation Forum: The IATA Aviation Fuel Forum is the premier industry meeting for the world's avi ation fuel community. The Forum is a unique platform allowing airline representatives, fuel suppliers and Strategic Partners to discuss the industry's priorities and agree on actions that enhance efficiency and produ ctivity. Avgas: Avgas is a high-octane fuel used for aircraft and racing cars. The term Avgas is a portmanteau for aviation gasoline, as distinguished from mog as (motor gasoline), which is the everyday petroleum spirit used in cars. Avgas is typically used in aircraft that use reciprocating or wankel engines. Jet fuel:

Jet fuel is a clear to straw colored fuel, based on either an unleaded paraffin oil (Jet A-1), or a naphtha-kerosene blend (Jet B). It is similar to diesel fuel, and can be used in either compression ignition en gines or turbine engines. Safety Precaution: Any fuelling operation can be very dangerous, and aviation fuelling has a number of unique characteristics which must be accommodated. As an aircraft flies through the air, it can accumulate a charge of static elect ricity. If this is not dissipated before fuelling, an electric arc can occur which may ignite fuel vapours. To prevent this, aircra ft are electrically bonded to the fuelling apparatus before fuelling begins, and are not disconnected until fuelling is complete. Some regions require that the aircraft and/or fuel truck be grounded as well.