Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Albania, A New Nation in An Old World - Scribner's Magazine (1922) - V. I. Paradise, H. Campbell
Albania, A New Nation in An Old World - Scribner's Magazine (1922) - V. I. Paradise, H. Campbell
Wooden ploughs still turn Albania s soil. Nearby, pelts for opingas are being sold.
Albania
A NEW NATION IN AN OLD WORLD
OUR mind strays from faces and fore legs visible; a lithe youth,
the discussion of Al moved suddenly to dance in the doorway
bania s politics, for of the mosque; veiled or kerchiefed
the weekly bazaar in women according as they are Moham
Tirana Albania s medan Christian gathering their
or
capital is breaking bright-colored stuffs from the ground; a
up, and perforce you few others one with five eggs in her lap
must watch the color- lingering in hope of a tardy customer;
ful life in the square full-trousered,
: a man washing his feet in the swift-gut
broad-sashed men, in white fezes, gay tered little stream that runs through the
socks, and up-curling pointed moccasins; street. As you gaze at these things, sug
two upper-class Moslem women, shrouded gesting the old world of Turkey, you
in black, their faces hidden by heavy might for a moment forget that Albania
black veils; peasants taking home their is in the way of becoming a modern Eu
purchases; a man with a baa-ing sheep ropean state. But there are reminders:
over his shoulders; a woman carrying on the minister of public works crossing the
her head a red-and-green-painted cradle, square with some engineers brought in by
the baby in it; a polka-dotted, trousered the government from Austria; here and
little girl, exquisitely delicate of face, a there foreign business men, in Albania
purchase of freshly-butchered unwrapped after concessions; in the distance the band
meat in her hand; donkeys concealed un practising the Peer Gynt Suite, a Mozart
der burdens many times their size, only sonata, along with new Albanian songs;
566
ALBANIA 567
and everywhere people talking about contacts, did preserve her ancient cus
plans for the new Shqiprija* which is Al toms in an uncommonly pure form.
bania s name for Albania, the latter being It was Shqiprija s experience with the
used by the Shqiptari only when they Young Turks which resulted in the expul
speak a foreign language. A battered sion of the empire from the Balkans.
automobile rattles into the square, and Hopefully casting her lot with them in
once more you turn your attention to 1908 in establishing a Constitution for the
your companions. empire, and then finding that they meant
"You must
find us a land of strange even less independence for the subject na
says one, that man with the
"
countries
as a part of Europe "with roads, and an determine her status and frontiers, be
electrictrolley running through these cause, the Turks gone, Albania s neigh
mountains, and electric light bors began quarrelling for her territory.
"There s electric light in Scutari now," Europe almost flared into \var then, with
interrupted a youth, "and
plumbing. Albania the fuse, instead of a year later
And just wait till you see Korcha. Nearly with a different Balkan excuse. In July,
everybody dresses in European clothes. 1913, the most basic "frontier" date in
We re not civilized yet, but w e re started. r
Albanian history, the ambassadorial con
We have a national parliament." ference of these powers fixed boundaries
"Our trouble said another, "that
is,"
which gave to unfriendly neighbors dis
we have so much history to recover from . trictscontaining over a million Albanians,
It has bunched up on us, you might say. leaving only 900,000 in the remaining
But now that we re free an expressive They made her a sovereign prin
"
area.
gesture indicated that everything was cipality, neutralized under their guar
possible. antee, and elected William of Wied as
History has indeed "bunched up" on prince. When he arrived in March, 1914,
the Shqiptari. Aryans, descendants of Albania, having independence, a conven
the Illyrians or Pelasgians, they are prob tional government, and neutrality, hoped
ably the oldest race in southeastern Eu for a breathing spell.
rope. Their last five centuries and more Within a month her neutrality was vio
is the tale of steadfast maintenance of lated when Greece captured Korcha.
Albanian personality through foreign oc Her guarantors had not yet intervened in
cupations. Much is not far-away his her behalf the European War be
when
tory, but current trespassings, of which gan. Then, while the neutrality of Bel
you may read echoes in your morning gium was engaging the sentimental atten
paper. tion of the world, there began for Albania
The Turkish occupation lasted five hun an avalanche of occupations, kaleido
dred years, and ceased only in 1912. To scopic, overlapping, unprotested. The
the Turks the Albanians never really sub assigned prince left in September, too
mitted, but succeeded in preventing their soon to have been of any service.
penetration into her mountain districts. Though Albania did not enter the war,
This non-submissiveness brought from she was one of its acute sufferers. The
the empire insecurities of life and happi olive orchards formerly covering the hills
ness, but, cutting Albania off from outside around Durazzo, bombarded into treeless
*
Pronounced Shkipreea. barrenness, symbolize the damage done
568 ALBANIA
to this neutral. Her intruders, however, atic port. During 1920 and 1921 the
could not avoid catching something of the Serbs made frequent serious invasions
spirit of the Albanian personality. Italy, into northern Albania, and were met by
intrenched in the south, proclaimed her a resistance characteristically Albanian,
independent under Italian protection; organized unofficially by the moun
Austria announced Albanian freedom taineers. At one time this impromptu
from Scutari; while France, with an army army forced the Serbs to leave the city of
in Korcha, created the Shqiptar Republic Dibra, but, although Dibra is purely Al
of Korcha. banian, the Shqiptari did not occupy it,
At the war s end Albania was like a jug having the forethought to realize that,
gler, keeping three fragile balls afloat the officially ceded to Serbia in 1913, its occu
acquisitive desires of Jugoslavia, Italy, pation would embarrass their govern
and Greece. A
slip in her dexterity ment. In the role of aggressive intruders
meant national mutilation. Italy, ac the Serbs quite ignored that dramatic epi
tually present, determining to prevent sode in the Great War when, defeated,
a representative Albanian government, they were in desperate retreat before the
formed in Durazzo a made-in-Italy sub Austro-Bulgarian forces. Then Albania,
stitute. The Shqiptari, determined to in the face of a Bulgarian demand that she
have a home-made reality, contrived an attack the Serbian vanguard, instead
uninterrupted gathering of the clans in gave the Serbs refuge in her territory.
Lushnja, in January, 1920. This na Deciding to try the League of Nations
tional assembly forced the Durazzo gov on this acute and pertinent problem,
ernment to retire, established a provi Shqiprija applied for membership in
sional government in Tirana, and when October, 1920. The league kept her
the parliament appointed by the confer waiting for admission two crucial months,
ence convened the following March, the and then indecisively referred the boun
Shqiptari had a government of their own dary difficulty to the Conference of Am
choosing. bassadors. While this body pondered,
Italy s claims for Valona, its hinterland, however, Jugoslavic troops advanced so
and a mandate over Albania, meaning for far in the fall of 1921 that the Supreme
her the control of the Adriatic and the Council of the Allies, through Great
shortest route to the Orient, were based Britain, intervened, requesting that the
entirely on the secret Treaty of London, Council of the League be convoked the
in which these concrete territorial rights firsttime that this was done because one
were offered as bait by the Entente fishers member was invading another. Simul
for allies. Albania took her problems to taneously the Conference of Ambassadors
the Peace Conference, and after a ten announced its decision on the frontiers,
months wait received an illuminating de practically the same as their 1913 delimi
cision giving Italy exactly what she tation. On November 8 the two nations
wanted. Fortunately this decision was not accepted these boundaries, and three
allowed to stand. But the actual forcing members of the league, for surety, super
of Italy from Valona was done by popular vised the evacuation of the Serbs.
action, without help even from the govern Shqiprija s Greek ball to juggle has not
ment. It took two months of fighting, been difficult since Greece became pre
but in August, 1920, Italy withdrew, occupied fighting Turkey. Greece had
acknowledging Albanian independence. pushed her claims violently in 1914 by
Another ball to juggle holding her capturing Korcha, and at the Peace Con
northeastern boundaries against the new ference by trading votes in secret with
Jugoslavia, who, ignoring even the deci Italy. The conference did cede in its
sion of 1913 so favorable to Serbia, had firstdecision both disputed districts, Kor
had troops on the Albanian side since the cha and Argyrocastro, to Greece, but the
armistice. In spite of Albania s protests November, 1921, frontier settlement
to the Peace Conference in 1919 against acknowledged them as permanently Al
this invasion, its first decision added to banian. The allegiance of these two dis
Jugoslavia Albania s choicest city, Scu tricts while their possession was in ques
tari, with its environs and nearest Adri tion was frequently demonstrated. When
ALBANIA 569
the new government, raising an interior and fortunately the advantage of this is
loan because Italy had seized the cus realized. We do not want the govern
"
we want one
that will really fit the coun
in the United States. try by growing up with At present
it."
These international complications are the eighty deputies elect a high council of
reflected in e very-day events, especially four and a prime minister, who appoints
those involving the lack of intercommuni his cabinet of nine ministers.
cation between close neighbors. Serbia, This flexibility of form does not neces
for instance, lies so intimately near, yet sarily imply instability, as the govern-
Volunteers who came to Tirana from the mountains to help the government during the uprising of March, 1922.
she cannot be reached by telegraph nor ment has met tests. The most significant
telephone, even though Albania has both,* was the rebellion of March, 1922, not be
remnants of military operations, repaired cause of its size, for it involved less than
and extended. And crossing Serbia s five hundred armed rebels, but because it
stern frontier is full of complications. thwarted the attempt of a designing neigh
When we did this on foot, the Shqiptar bor to prove Albania s inability to main
horseman who was leading the pack-horse tain her government. Subtlety was shown
with our luggage, having obtained what in discriminating between the leaders who
he thought was the proper document to al plotted with the outsiders, mostly men of
low him to take us over the border and re position or wealth, and those who were
turn home, was stopped by the Serbian used indirectly and recanted when they
border police, instructed to wait on the discovered the source and significance of
Albanian side while a Serbian soldier led the attack. Though the disloyal were
the pack-horse, more privileged than its executed and their lands confiscated, a
master, across the invisible line of un mountaineer leader of the rebels, who in
friendliness to our near-by destination. the parleys through the British minister
Many details of government in the Al to Albania showed that he had been de
banian republic are still uncrystallized, ceived and regretted his action, was al
*
At present the telephone is limited to government use, lowed to go back to the mountains with
connecting only the offices of the prefects, but the telegraph
is for commercial use as well. Both are for interior use only. his men and arms.
570 ALBANIA
The real show of government strength "Move!" broke in another of the
was not the dramatic parade of soldiers group,
"
the trails to Tirana to help the govern But many improvements which the
ment, peasant and townsman alike; and government would like to make must wait
the other with consideration, when parlia for money, for the nation s natural re
ment, scheduled to meet about six weeks sources to create her financial and eco
after the rebellion, postponed its meeting nomic life. Resources there are, quite
for four months to give the ministers a aside from agricultural possibilities, but
free hand. in what degree of richness no one knows,
A more permanent proof of the govern as the Turks left no statistics and the Aus-
ment s acceptability and of national unity- trians kept the reports of their geologic
is given by the mountain tribes of Matti, surveys made during the war. It is
who, having defied successfully Roman, known in general that there are oil, coal,
Venetian, Turk, serve this government copper, and valuable forests, which the
voluntarily. One of their chief men, government owns along with the entire
Ahmet Zogoli, is minister of the interior, subsoil, one good Turkish inheritance.
the backbone of the present government. In addition there are the buried treasures
"And
parliament can make things of Durazzo, the remains of the Roman
move, too," said a young Albanian and Venetian periods, rich storehouses of
proudly; "one of their first acts was to art and history.
legislateaway all titles. No more beys The nation s financial inability to de
nor pashas in Albania, just plain Mr. velop resources means the giving out
its
Peasants in town to market their grains, exchanging news of their districts, and discussing Albania s future,
while waiting for customers.
Contrasts in transportation.
There were no autos in Albania before the war. Peasant carts arc confined to the small area of good roads.
But these concessions present difficulties. treating the forests which, though still
Some eager applicants represent countries safefrom the sawmill, have been seriously
too selfishly interested in Shqiprija s po damaged by foreign armies, both of men
litical future; other nationalities, without and insects. Legal experts are planning
territorial ambitions and therefore desir the formation of a new code, supplanting
able as concessionaires, are still pondering the old combination of Turkish and Na
on her stability; while the third group, in poleonic law. Financial experts will have
terested in a legitimate way, demand sta everything to plan as the country has
tistics which the new country cannot no banking system, no currency of its
yet
produce. The young state has not been own, using the moneys of other nations
overlooked by "gold brick" concession with patchwork exclusiveness. The gold
aires. An American firm, we heard, French napoleon is the standard coin, and
asked for a monopoly in film-showing, the only one with a nation-wide circula
putting its offer on a philanthropic- tion. According to the district you are
educational basis, and expecting to get in you may use Italian lire; stagger
the concession for nothing. Interest in around under the weight of old silver Aus
the concessions and a shrewdness, too, is trian crowns; find a town where only
not confined to officials but is expressively French money is used; pay in Greek
general. One young man who had been drachmas; or, in Korcha, for small pur
in the United States said of their financial chases, pay in its own currency, issued re
beginnings: "Though foreign capital is cently when Greece closed her border and
necessary for our big undertakings, there no money could be brought in. In con
is some money here to invest trast to this lack of coinage are modern
nationally if
we Albanians could just be shown how. postage-stamps, which carry Albania s
You know, the w ay American children
r
lettersabroad and by arduous mounted
say, One for the money, two for the relays between her inland cities.
show!" The lack of transportation facilities
Up to the limit of their money the thwarts the development of the country s
Shqiptari are bringing in experts from resources. Transportation is in a primi
several countries to advise in organizing tive plight no railroads and very few
the state. Engineers, for example, are stretches of good road. Instead, bridle-
572 ALBANIA
trails twistand plunge about in the moun once more you set out. Now your chauf
tains, hold a precarious footing along feur is concerned. Martial law is still in
edges of breath-taking precipices, track force, no one must be abroad in Tirana
along rushing rivers seeking shallow after eight o clock it will be midnight be
;
places to ford, for bridges are as wanting fore arrive; besides, this is the night
you
as roads. All travellers, all goods and set for the hanging of two leaders of the
merchandise sent from city to city must rebellion. The feeling of tenseness is en
go on sure-footed donkeys or horses along hanced by white moonlight on floating
wisps of mist, dark shadows of trees, and
apprehension lest presently you shall
come upon the actual hangings. But
your challenge at the gate is the official
information that a room has been engaged
for you.
Distances are measured by time, not
miles. Korcha, you are told, is four days
from Tirana. It took us five to make the
trip, most of it in heavy rain. We went
with a train of ten horses, all but three
used to transport a cargo of salt and sugar.
The third passenger was a young Moham
medan volunteer against the rebellion,
now returning home to Korcha. The
leader of the train and his two helpers
walked. The horses trappings were
primitive: characteristic peasant saddles
made of broad strips ofwood, mounted
on leather, for the horses not the riders
comfort, were softened by gay hand-
woven blankets. Loops of rope served as
stirrups. The rope bridles, trimmed with
Shepherds with crooks are not only sung about, but
seen on city streets. blue beads a protection against the
harm that praise might invite upon a
Shqiptar horse were chiefly ornamental,
these trails. Peasant-carts, so character for the horses were not bitted. When one
istica feature of most agricultural regions, of us asked how to guide our animal, the
are, except in the small areas of good horseman handed her a lock of the mane !
Christians and Mohammedans lived to- issue of the newspaper out three times a
gether like brothers." week. The city has many new, well-
The mental adaptability of the Al- built houses, equipped with plumbing,
banians is constantly demonstrated. The Engineers are working on a plan to supply
peasants we met served by no news- Korcha with electric light; and many
papers, often illiterate, with no experience modern improvements are under way.
outside their own remote mountains and Everywhere one hears English, for nearly
villages, most of them Mohammedan, the whole adult male population of Kor-
with strict views about their own women cha has been in the United States. To
found the word "Amerikes" sufficient be sure, there are still many reminders of
explanation and accepted us, two foreign, the city s agricultural setting moun-
strangely garbed, unveiled women, readily laineers come to town to buy and sell, a
and graciously, and as unself-consciously quaintly dressed shepherd, with his crook,
as if we had been men a refreshing ex- guiding a flock of sheep through the busy
perience after remote regions of certain main street; ox-carts, with high sides of
Latin countries, where wonder never braided twigs; yet on the whole the city
ceased at our travelling without male ac- gives a .modern atmosphere,
companiment. One does not, however, feel conscious of
Their conversation was not a mere ex- a great gap between the Albanian peasant
change of pleasant words. They asked -and his city brother; for the peasant is
the latest news in the cities from which we intelligent, self-reliant, quite without ser-
had come. On one trip our Albanian vility. Perhaps this is because every
friend showed photographs of the hanged peasant owns a bit of land; or perhaps his
rebels to our hosts or to peasants met by land-ownership is the result of his
quali-
chance who wanted news. Conversation ties. ("All but five per cent of us Alba-
often concerned Albania, always we were nians are landowners," said an official.)
asked what we thought of it, often the cus- Even when he is illiterate, he is clear-
toms of our own country were inquired headed and penetrating, and alert to what
about. A man who asked how long isgoing on in the land. In the strange, al-
America had been free, commented that most weird mountain song-dances, where
by now everybody must be happy and the leaders improvise poetry which they
nobody poor, and was disappointed at our chant as they dance, the songs have often
regretful negative. One peasant asked to do with the happenings of the day.
with a twinkle why we had come to Al- Thus, while we were in Tirana, several
bania, "where there are only rocks and evenings at sunset a group of the moun-
mountains and rivers and opingas to see" tain volunteers danced and sang current
opingas being the simplest of possible events. Now it was the story of how
foot-gear, mere rectangles of pelt, slightly Ahmet Zogoli and Spiro Kolleka had saved
the country in its most recent distress;
Albania has carried her patriotism to the point of declnr-
ing her Orthodox church independent of the Greek. HOW I1OW tilC Ti
i ,1 i- 111 r
Italians had been forced OUt
ALBANIA 575
of Valona; again it was an appeal that his holding is usually so small that he
America recognize Albania, in which case, cannot dig a living from it on an aver
the song proclaimed, Albania would be age four "ettoro," or about two hundred
invincible. Possibly this last song was square meters, excluding forest land,
improvised because some Americans were which all belongs to the government; he
observed among the listeners. At any must work for the rich beys, who
therefore
rate,even the untaught peasant knows own about 35 per cent of the land, or on
Albania s need of recognition by the great the government farms, which comprise
Powers outside. about 40 per cent. The harvest is di
The minister of the interior, speaking of vided one- third for the worker, one-third
:
the peasants attitude to the government, for the owner, and the last third for which -
Many mountain villages are mere handfuls of scattered houses, now of mud or clay brick, often of stone,
sometimes with tiled, often with thatched roofs. The outbuildings and pens and
fences are often of braided twigs.
said that they followed every government ever of the two supplies the animals and
action with interest, that it was not unu tools.
sual for peasants to walk three days over Among its many new undertakings the
the mountains to discuss some recent de government is attempting to improve and
cree. always ask them," he said,
"I stimulate agriculture. The lack of roads,
"what they think of it.
They inquire markets, machinery, and organization
carefully about its purpose and how it will in a country four-fifths of which is moun
work, and then give a considered opinion. tain land makes this a tremendous task;
Sometimes it is that the law is good but but the Department of Public Works has
that the time is not ripe for it. Fre brought experts in from Turkey, Austria,
quently they have suggestions to make." and Italy, has started a farm journal, of
All this in a land where farming is in the which a thousand copies are distributed
most primitive stage, where not only is monthly to the peasants, has opened one
there no farm machinery, but wooden agricultural school, and is hoping and
ploughs are used except in certain small planning for another.
areas where iron ones have been intro
duced. The social structure in the remote
patriarchal tribal system prevails, all the The Albanian has a gift for languages,
branches of a family, sometimes number- The equipment of Turkish, Greek, and
ing over a hundred, living in a single for- Serbian, Bulgarian, or Roumanian in addi-
tressed house. The people in the south tion to Albanian, is common. Among
the Ghegs have a different dialect from those who have had a foreign education,
the Toscs, in the south; the southerners French and German or Italian often all
have travelled back and forth to other three are added channels of intercourse,
lands, and have, perhaps, qualities of Albania has not mixed up hates with Ian-
easier contacts with strangers. In times guages, as other nations often do. She
past there existed an antagonism between educates her young people in Italy,
north and south, and, though Albania is France, Austria all countries which have
united in a strong national feeling and in been her occupiers. One finds oneself in-
its aspirations, little survivals of the old terviewing the man who was largely re-
antagonism crop up even now. Thus, sponsible for getting the Italians out of
during Easter week in Tirana, it often Valona in the language of his ex-enemy,
happened that groups from both north Many Albanians read Persian as one of
and south found themselves together in their classics. A practical government
the coffee-houses. Yet, though one whose conversation skipped easily
official,
group or the other was always singing, from the recent Albanian rebellion to Eu-
they seldom sang together. We once ropean politics, to hunting and dogs, to
asked a man why he and his friends were regrets that we should be leaving Shqip-
silent. "We don t know their he rija before the nightingales should begin
songs,"
of peculiar interest and of peculiar diffi schools represent the highest education
culty to philologists. The alphabet itself available for women. Of 563 schools the
presents knotty problems, for, as in Eng girls have 28, the boys 535. Over three
lish, there are different letters and com times as many boys attend as girls.
binations of letters for the same sound, Only 95 of the 854 teachers are women.
but even far less than English has the The withdrawal at adolescence of the Mo
spelling been standardized. Thus "Kor- hammedan girl from school or any ac
cha,"
the name of Albania s second largest tivity outside of the four walls of her
city, is spelled "Korce," "Kortche," home, her retirement behind her latticed
"Korc," "Koritza," "Korche," and window, to await the husband her parents
Korcha spellings used by Alba will provide, is a great impediment to the
"
"-
all
nians. Even people s names are spelled education of women. Indeed it is a sign
variously. of progress when Mohammedan parents
Among the new government s chief con send their girls to school at all. Christian
cerns is education. New schools are daughters also, though they do not veil,
being established," old ones improved. are available for matrimony at fourteen
One of its first acts was a compulsory or fifteen, and live a retired life. In a
education law. The peasants are for the land, however, where many things are
most part eager to send their children to changing, even these fundamental cus
school. "Scarcely a week passes," said
toms are beginning to relax. We saw in
the minister of education, that does not
"
boys than for girls. Two girls grammar years you won t find many young men
*
and two
marrying girls they ve never seen," said a
Excluding an orphanage for boys and
youth who had been in America.
girls
kindergartens for girls.
ve "I
was all right." Yet even this is some ad Christian and Mohammedan, with a
vance over older points of view. The building of its own. It carries on most
changes are not great, but that they have of the activities characteristic of women s
by the Mohammedan Church, they are spring from the frequency of vendettas,
uncommon, and there is a strong feeling still unfortunately prevalent in certain
against them. Occasionally a man who regions. The new government, however,
has no children by his first wife will take is dealing rigorously with vendetta par
a second; but more often, in such cases, he ticipants, all the killing now being con
divorces the first. Divorce is easy, if sidered murder, even when the survivor is
there are no children, and if a man can af not the aggressor. Self-defense can sel
ford to pay the high cost. For he must dom be claimed, for even within the law
provide for his first wife, and return her lessness of these death feuds is a scrupu
dowry. A wife always brings a dowry. lously respected law: the enemy must be
Indeed sewed, in many gold napo
it is
warned, he must be armed. Any one,
leons she is rich, in lesser coins other
if
then, can protect himself by leaving his
wise, to her wedding-gown. Among the arms at home. The government is now
philanthropic bequests of a rich man in planning to forbid
carrying ofthe
Korcha, was a fund to provide dowries for weapons. The strong feeling that ven
poor girls. (A church and a city drug dettas are matters of sacred privacy, not
store were his other chief benefactions.) to be interfered with by the government,
The evidences of progress in the status is beginning to give way to the belief that
ALBANIA 579
the stamping out of these feuds is a right view of Albania s total lack of banks. A
ful public duty. Of 794 persons accused lawyer in Elbasson, who handled 1000
of crimes ending in death in 1921, 692 cases last year, had only 2 of theft. One
were convicted. Although these figures of these was committed
by a man who got
do not distinguish between deaths in drunk at a wedding and on the way home
curred in vendettas and others, it is safe stole some sugar and coffee but left un
to assume that the great majority were touched the gold he might easily have
the former. stolen. The next morning, sober, he
The punishment for murder is hanging, came to his senses, and took the property
The two Mohammedan women have put back their veils for the picture.
BY HENRY H. CURRAN
Author of "Hey,
Toolan s Marchin !" etc.
him since the day he For the Honorable James Van Tassel,
was born, all of who had become alderman of the seventy-
twenty-five years ago, August, to fill an unexpired
fifth district in
and it was plain
to be seen that he term, was now before the people for elec
hesitated. He looked to the north and tion, by the votes of the people, for the
south and drew a deep breath. What a new term of two years and he was very
morning for a walk ! The mid-October busy canvassing the people Every min !
air fairly crackled in its crispness, the ute counted in this business of vote-get-
SCRIBNER 5
MAGAZINE
PUBLISHED MONTH1Y
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME LXXII
JULY-DECEMBER
PACK
PUBLIC, ARTIST, AND CRITIC. Field of Art, . . . HOMER SAINT-GAUDENS, . 507
PUPIN, MICHAEL. From Immigrant to Inventor.
I. What I Brought to America, 25 .)
II. The Hardships of a Greenhorn 409
III. The End of the Apprenticeship as Greenhorn 515
IV. From Greenhorn to Citizenship and College Degree 073
(See also Vol. LXXIII.)
QUINN, ARTHUR HOBSON. The Significance of Recent
American Drama 97
RADIO. See Eavesdropping on the World.
RANCHWOMAN S GUESTS, A L. M. WESTON 478
REAL PEOPLE WHO ARE REAL SUCCESSES.
I. The Success of Judge Jewett, VICTOR MURDOCK, . . . 433
II. "Father," ZONA GALE 550
An American Citizen. (Lucius B. SWIFT.)
III. . . MEREDITH NICHOLSON, . . <>!)!
POETRY
THE CALLING ROAD MARY R. S. ANDREWS, . . 667
Decoration by Henry Pitz.
THE SPIRIT OF THE DAWN BERTHA BOLUNG, ... 669
PREMONITION ALICE L. BUNNER, . . . 670
"BEAUTY PERSISTS," STRUTHERS BURT, ... 96
MOUNTAIN PRAYER STHUTHERS BURT, . . . 668
CHILD S CHRISTMAS MARTHA HASKELL CLARK,. 665
Decoration by Beatrice Stevens.
DERELICT
SWAN OF
Louis DODGE, .... 737
"THE TUONELA," JOHN FINLEY 672
With a photograph.
MY PRINCESS ARTHUR DAVISON FICKE, . 666
THE BARRED WAY THEODOSIA GARRISON, . . 669
THE MINOR POET, ETHELEAN TYSON GAW, . 668
TAKEN SHIP CHARLES BUXTON GOING, . 666
TO DAPHNE, KNITTING ARTHUR S. HARDY, ... 669
THE LITTLE THEATRE GWENDOLEN HASTE, . . 595
INTERPRETER HILDEGARDE HAWTHORNE, 669
TRAIL END S HILDEGARDE H. JOHN, . . 668
THE GREAT ADVENTURE ROBERT UNDERWOOD
JOHNSON, 531
CITY RAIN BERNICE LESBIA KENYON, 672
LANIER IN THE VALLEY
A CANTICLE
ELIA W. PEATTIE, ... 625
WILLIAM ALEXANDER PERCY, 131
THE CAPTAIN AND THE CREW, . MILTON RAISON, 196
Illustrations by W. Fletcher White.
ElADIO, ARCHIBALD RUTLEDGE, . 108
HOME MARGARET E. SANGSTER, . 670
A SIGN, .
MARGARET SHERWOOD, . 224
DEATH, THE SCULPTOR NORA ARCHIBALD SMITH, . 115
ODE TO SHELLEY
"BUY MY SWEET LAVENDER,"
GEORGE STERLING, ... 69
CHARLES HANSON TOWNE, . 671
Decoration by Henry Pitz.
THE FISH-HAWK JOHN HALL WHEELOCK, . 246
THE SINGING SHADOWS
SERENITY
CLEMENT WOOD, ... 543
WILLIAM HERVEY WOODS, . 370
TO A ROSE AT A WINDOW OF HEAVEN STARK YOUNG, . 342-