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Apology For Septuagint - E W Grinfield
Apology For Septuagint - E W Grinfield
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SEPTUAGINT.
WHICH
BY
E.
W.
GRINFIELD,
TESTAMENT.
M. A.
LONDON:
WILLIAM PICKERING.
1850.
,^
RIMA
et
omnium
ilia
LXX
Seniorum (Versio),exHebra3o
Grsecum
sermonem
ciali
linguam om-
nium
titice,
latissime per
orbem propagatam
ut,
immersum
modo
illustraret
et
Waltori. Proleg. v. 4.
Apostolorum successores.
Apos-
Successores Apostolorum
Hujus auc-
ad Christianam fidem
Paulus, et Hebrseo
convertebant.
et Grseco
S.
Barnabas, opinor, ut
et S.
ii.
19.
INTRODUCTION.
;H1S " Apology
''
may be regarded
as
a natural sequel to
my
Hellenistic
Edition of
the
Greek
Testament.
I felt it
my
all
general and
solely to
argumentative
the value and
reasoning.
Trusting
amount of
LXX.
never presumed to
comments or observations of
my
may
own.
But
to
when
may
to
venture
break
thoughts,
After such a
it
was
clear
natural, that I
should have
conclusion,
come
It
to
some
its
and
definite
concerning
was not
it
result
viii
INTRODUCTION.
its
universal
It crept
on
from chapter
It
to chapter,
to year.
gradually
New
tially,
literally,
or substan-
had
least
expected to find
constituted the
it
and expression.
The
New
Testament
is
authenticity of this
it
Greek
ver-
Old
that
for
was not
to
be
As
Spirit,
the
it
immediate
of
the
Divine
its
or error.
By
its
its
Greek
version of the
version, to
LXX.
own
standard.
To
cite
from an
INTRODUCTION.
would be to
forfeit
ix
and annul
its
own claim
to
plenary Inspiration.
This conviction was so impressed on
that,
my
mind,
I should
have
felt
it
my
was led
to
LXX. The
result
now most
respectfully submit to
As
Apology
''
are too
a Table of Contents,
let
me
ment
1st.
That,
this
tures
2nd. That,
it
was made
at a period,
when
the
suffered
in Palestine,
b}^
ceased to be understood,
Dispersion."
Jews of "the
INTRODUCTION.
3rd. That, this Version was
made by Jews
Greek,
in
of
j
comwhich
I
posed
the
New
written.
4th. That,
Hellenists, or
tative
Jews of
Hebrew text
beino- altooether
unknown
in Galilee.
Hellenists, possessing
no knowledge of Biblical
gift
of tongues.
Christ and
make
their prin-
LXX.
and
occasionally, where
text.
it
differs
earliest
members of the
this
Christian Church.
to use
version,
till,
pressed
by
authorities
200
300)
INTRODUCTION.
10th. That, the whole Christian
xi
Church, during
the
first
in public worship.
Old
made
LXX.
ver(a. d.
12th. That,
Hebrew
text
400), which
the
LXX.
Canon.
Fathers,
save
the
suffered
ahke
in transcription,
ment can be
raised
on that account,
debase
Canon
of the
Old Testament; and that the BibHcal authority of the LXX. has not been abrogated amongst
Protestants,
by any
authoritative decision.
xii
INTRODUCTION.
CoroU.
I.
Septuagint
attested
b}^
by
the
ancient
Jewish
Testa-
Church, and
ment.
Coroll. II.
New
is
to
centuries.
is
to
endanger the
and
New.
mands no such
Psalms
in her
LXX.
version of the
At
on which
this
"Apology"
is
is
seem
husband,
it
will
LXX.
(prjg Trig
aStX-
But the
entire passage
is
Romish Canonists,
See Postscript,
Page 52.
Peter,
read Phihp.
Page 177. Wardworth, read Wordsworth. Page 191. The statement respecting Dr. Holmes's
the following modification.
collated for the Pentateuch.
It
collations requires
MSS.
is
which were
Of
\^^^I.Xl.J CLl
those,
all
till
the
days of Jerome.
In
all
Church
of the
first
mode
of enquiry.
The
chiefly to
be estimated by such
xii
INTRODUCTION.
Coroll.
I.
Septuagint
attested
by
the
ancient
Jewish
Testa-
New
is
to
Canon of
first
and thereby,
to
is
seem
husband,
it
will
LXX.
^rig Trig
is
by Romish Canonists,
See Postscript,
^-HE
^^rf^j
i-S^
To^^i,
real
into
its
As
of the
the
New Testament is formed on the peculiar style of LXX, as all our doctrinal terms are taken from its voby
far the greater
its
cabulary, whilst
number of
its
quotations
text;
it
moment
right, or
it,
and w^he-
ther
we
those,
till
the
days of Jerome.
In
all
Church of the
fair
first
regarded, as a
The
chiefly to
be estimated by such
2
a standard.
fact, like that
AN APOLOGY FOR
But on a matter of Scriptural and
historical
Church
As a member
called nion.
of the
at-
do not
feel
myself
upon
I
to
for this
avowal of opi-
have yet
am
decision,
quiry.
Individuals in her
different
affect
her
article,
tween the Hebrew and the Septuagint, " our Church has
made no
decision,
left to
a just freedom
in theirs."
This indeed
centuries,
may be
those
drawn
in favour of
my
general conclusion.
Even
who may
discipline,
it
on a question relating
to
belief in
Divine superintendance,
we cannot admit
It follows as
and
this
THE septuagint:
the entire Christian
Church
till
Old Testa-
ment.
To
it is
we
at
reject,
Old Testament,
and
ca-
as inspired
four centuries.
sion
tles,
was received by the immediate successors of the Aposon authority, which they could not hesitate
to
acknow-
ledge.
it
Apostles
the
they found
Testament.
it
more
New
They knew
scaffold of building
Hellenists, for
When 400
as
inspired
plead,
its
and authority
to
Italic^ or
version,
trans-
LXX.
made ?
hold a prophetic
He
him.
He was
in
Au-
He
4
meritoriously,
AN APOLOGY FOR
in
Hebrew.
He
demanding
its
attention
and
re-
was
translated.
But
this
as the profor
in-
medium
of preparing both
;
that
it
New
Testament,
by the
cita-
indelible
stamp of
years.*
Yet
it
Greek
version, implied
Hebrew
archetype.
Hebrew
But
They
many
not
had ceased
to
be vernacular.
this reverence of
if
meo modulo,
They
this
to the
first
and
* Grabe's Prolegom.
torn.
ii.
prop. 3.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
into the
same
fold,
Canon of
Now,
on which we propose
to erect
to introduce
any
we
To
expel
held so lonof
pri-
is
virtually to
change the
mitive Canon.
we
Canon
of the
on the Hebrew
text, whilst
we
theirs.
We
to
hold a false
strictly to the
Canon.
adheres
The
Greek Church
asserts
We are
;
at full
Hebrew original,
but
we have
The
no right
Knowledge has
lately dis-
LXX
Clergy
in the
Levant.
It
gave a sanction
to the principle
The
later
* Appendix, No.
5.
6
this wise
AN APOLOGY FOR
and comprehensive accordance with primitive and have thereby thrown insurmountable ob-
Christianity,
stacles, in the
way
the
would be
indirectly
distin-
countenance
this schism.
We
guished
for moderation,
centuries
trust,
that
we
shall not be
thought
to
differ
from them on
this
fundamental question.
But
it is
many
zealous
that
Old Tes-
that
it is
Whilst
popular,
I
this essential
discrepance on the
Canon continues
ground
will na-
They
we do
we cannot
fairly
appeal
Old Testament.
think,
New
Testament,
we admit
that
it
As most
of
its
quotations
LXX,
by our own
and
his Apostles
and Prophets on
we
assert to
be merely human.
Nor
are
we
less assailable,
to the
af-
attacks of the
Romish Church.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
\
firm, that
we abjure
Greek version
simply human.
We
Hebrew
to the
LXX,
in our public
worship
but
we
are not at
liberty to renounce
latter, as unscriptural
or uncanonical.
I
subject of the
Apocrypha
but
we
demning
agint.
She may
justly reply.
You
New
Testament.
If
you object
me, that
Apocryphal matter,
lidated the
Canon, by cutting
one of
co-ordinate
members.
It is
solicit
whether we are
at liberty to
knowledged
whether, as
Above
all, let
us reflect as Chrisinspi-
ration of the
New
Testament, by blending
it
with a version
of secular
we proclaim
which
this
version has
and
station,
held in the
first
Christian antiquity.
The
as
8
the basis of
luted
it
AN APOLOGY FOR
all their
scriptural interpretation.
St.
They
sa-
Chrysostom
speaks of
Gen.).
St.
Austin views
it,
tion of that
be
lib.
(De T)oct.
Christ,
15J.
Stuart, in an express
treatise
deigns even
the
fact,
He
never alludes to
other
when no
Old
Even Doctor
for
draw
of
.Jewish Scriptures,
by the
belief of
"No
M. Gaussen
terpreters
now
con-
tend (as was done in times past), that the Alexandrian in-
were inspired.
Would any one still venture to human even in the time of Jesus
fact of Apostolical quotations ac-
Christ, has
by the mere
"
He then
par with
"
Would
it
infallibility of Sixtus
V.
who
declared
1590
to
be authentic?
Or
that of
Clement
* Wordsworth
On
THE SEPTUAGINT.
intolerably incorrect, suppressed
it
and substituted
a very different,
still
Now,
with
all
due respect
and orthodox
this
divines, I
beg
to
modern mutilation
tament.
It
Canon
to
of the
Old Tes-
three
repeat, that
it
appears subversive of
all
ap-
we admit
that the
text of the
Old Tes''
If the
Church be
the
Sacred
records,
is
What
now
?
is
the value of
on a reve-
LXX,
are
discovered to have
The
Scriptural in-
of Theodoret, of Chrysosif
useless,
based on a merely
Wordsworth
has afiixed
rities
to his
Canon,
as distinguished
LXX is always
version,
either
expressed, or implied.
It is not to
Greek
e
which they
10
AN APOLOGY FOR
The
all
united testimonies of
the Fathers
till
In citing the
original.
This
is
appaci-
tations,
but
also,
supernatural origin
and formation.*
The same
lar
inference
may
also
Appendix of Professor
Stuart.
The
list
Christian writers,
who
has given a
d.
ment books,
is
Melito (a.
170).
It will
He
names
lists
we
Canonists on
may
be reasonably
questioned, whether
we do
scriptural authority
jurisdiction,
how can we
ical?
rely on their
judgment or
when
this
I
important enquiry,
feel
my
have no desire
relative
to
awaken
importance of the
All such
It
Hebrew
original,
comparisons appear to
me
fundamentally Unscriptural.
Appendix No.
.5.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
is
U
;
my
combine
The
may
be reasonably
value
The whole
To
raise
up any dispute
to
stir
falsely so
it
will
be urged,
The
Such
Septuagint
is
is
tion at issue
Whenever
a version
it
made by
the
same
it is
with our
own
Articles
the Latin
If the
had been
now
the
it
it
been superior
Greek
version.
Or
if
we had
Hebrew archetype
of the "Jewish
Wars"
of Josephus,
translation.
Indeed
it
deemed
valid
it
may
not also
New
Testa-
ment.
It
is
now
we have
]2
in the
AN APOLOGY FOR
language in vvhich they were spoken.
It is
^
scarcely
the coasts
la-
mentations in Greek.
her country.
It
"our Sa-
common
when
But,
was subsequently
in
New
power
and
which we term
Now
this
The
first
were enabled
to translate,
Greek form.
native
The
other
were enabled
to translate their
Hebrew
into expressions,
received
and accommodated
to the
New
Testament.
We
much
reserve
and humility on
But, as far as
may be brought
to illustrate
other.
Much
THE SEPTUAGINT.
rceij
13
simply on account of
its
have brought
:eoi
it
was ordained.
be able
to
The
'K
to
read their
other manner.
It
their ancient
mises
made
to their ancestors.
And why
sion be
deemed
of inferior authority,
if it
was designed
not only for their personal benefit, but to carry forward the
ulterior
Why
when
utterly unintelligible;
to
bring about
economy ?
The
if
we suppose
existed.
to
tian era
but no Greek version could have aided to supIn that case, the Jews would have wandered
east
ply
far
its
place.
and west
had no Scriptures
prophets.
ditions,
It
must have
depended on unwritten
tra-
and on dubious
historical reminiscences.
In the
ad-
and prepared
is
to
welcome
its
tidings?
The Gospel
14
AN APOLOGY FOR
made
to
to
the
Hebrew
text
The
But who
The
Jews?
intelligible
in their hands.
this
to
hy-
pothesis,
unintelligible
its
Old Testais
to the
it ?
Hebrew.
Who
there
passes away, or
is
how
to the
heathen world?
made
of the
would they
coming of
Christ, they
Jews understood,
must have
entirely
depended
it is
But
It is evident, that
by
arrested,
and
Nor
is
THE SEPTUAGINT.
tested
15
by that of any
other,
LXX
has influenced
century,
all
first
down
to
some barbarous
tribe.
By
its
Psalter,
it
has furnished
Even the
versions
which profess
to diflfer
from
to
it,
when
value.
;
its
The Vulgate
is
perpetually illuminated by
its
lustre
its
and
com-
if
it
interpretations.
The
LXX
version
to the
was
anterior to
and previous
it
New
it,
Testament, places
as
it
in a distinct
makes
a version.
To borrow an
illustration
LXX
version holds
fief
in
all
other
and
servile tenures.
if
But
t/iat
it is
a version, be pushed
will also
apply
to
which forms
pillars
The
same all-pervading
knowledge comes
to
The
16
for one,
AN APOLOGY FOR
who
studies an original, multitudes are indebted
to a version.
The
ac-
Hebrew with
and
LXX,
is
so monstrous, that
it
scarcely deserves an
difficulties
answer.
Who
that
obscurities of the
Hebrew
To
insist
text, is to insist
conception, as
it
Is doubt, or difficulty,
or uncertainty, Inspiration
This version of the Hebrew Scriptures has been providentially held out for our assistance
It
comes
to us reits
commended by
its
own
by
use
its
amongst the Jews 250 years before the Christian era by and 400 years the Church, adoption
in
for
after it,
by
It
its
New
Testament.
to its
You
say,
is
but a version.
any objection
?
being of
Prophets?
10),
an exto
To attempt
its
being a version,
and
ation.
least,
employ such
objections, Christians, at
But
fact,
that
THE SEPTUAGINT.
it
17
was by means of
were prepared
for the
pel,
nations?
(Toqiia,
God
(n TroXvrroUiXoq
tou
know-
cannot be objected
as the prototype
LXX,
and pattern of
all
end
Above
all,
membered
He humbled
in stature
its
Greek
version,
and
"he grew
and
in
grace," he
became daily
sacred phraseology.*
all
How
con-
may
the poor, in
to read
from the
LXX,
most of his
Or, to touch on an
most
firm,
and
may
embodied
in the
theme of
Apology
18
AN APOLOGY FOR
The
question at issue, therefore, cannot be determined
fact, that the
It
by the bare
the version.
one
is
must be decided by
the historical
cir-
Hebrew Canon
its
ment
We
are willing
to admit, that
its
which we claim
But, whilst
we
willingly
make
this admission,
all
it is
only
prejudice,
and enter on
ality,
this
its
which
importance demands.
We
therefore refacts.
tribes of Israel
dia,
into Assyria
and Me-
"
Then
and removed
them out of
sisi-ht
there
was none
18.
Judah only."
2 Kings
xvii.
The King
and acquired
their language.
we may
date the
commencement of
I
the Babylonish
Captivity.
"And
sight, as
will
remove Judah
2 Kings
out of
my
xxiii. 27.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
in
19
their land
They found
had
lain desolate.
They had
lost the
some time
correct the
canon of the
Scriptures.
During
this
much
He
original purity.
But
this
Hebrew was no
Hence
longer vernacular,
intelli-
Targums.
The
Scrip-
history,
He
whom
It
he granted
this
i.
was about
to kellenize,
e.
become conversant
From
it
Hebrew
had ceased
to
20
It
AN APOLOGY FOR
was during
this critical period of the
it
Jewish
polity,
seemed good
to
Almighty Wisdom,
Hebrew
Scriptures
into
besought Ptolemy
MSS.
from Jeru-
renown conspired
to render
him favourable
to their
request.
The language
of our
own Bible
translators
on
I shall
need no apology
face
:
"
in Jacob,
and have
;
His
the
Name
dew
while
the earth
besides
was dry
of
spake
all
them
Hebrew,
sufficient.
when
come
into the
world,
whom God
all
faith in
Greek, yea of
lo, it
them
that
then
stir
up the
spirit
of a Greek
Philadelphus,
of the
is
King of Egypt,
of
Book
God
out of
Hebrew
into Greek.
This
commonly
so called,
among
* Appendix, No.
1.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
the Gentiles, by written preaching
tist
;
21
as St.
did
among
books
moulding in kings'
libraries,
but had
many
the Greek
tongue was well known and made familiar to most inhabitants in Asia,
Grecians had
made
as also
many
Therefore, the
Word
all
cometh hereby
giveth light to
upon a
candlestick,
;
which
or, like
a procla-
men
guage was
make
search and
by."
are the wise and deliberate opinions of our ex-
Such
cellent translators,
to qualify them,
yet
much
as
could be expected
from
Hebrew
It is
text.
As
to
is
now
generally supposed
who were
desirous
22
AN APOLOGY FOR
But,
of magnifying the reputation of this version in the eyes of their Palestine brethren.
has been
made
for
what
is
fabulous,
marks and
attestations of
its
whose
much
suspicion,
we
infer, that
even as a counterfeit,
it
it
evinces the
conviction of the
this version
Nor
is it
main
They
up the
spirit
the
language of our
" he
had
stirred
up
the'spirit
Hebrew
enable
in-
Believing
this,
This Providential
was
fully justified
by the urgency
of the
to
crisis.
be vernacular.
was becoming
;
less
and
it
less
undertotally
stood, even
whilst
was
THE SEPTUAGINT.
obsolete
23
It
was of
embalmed
of the world
especially as
it
the literary
New
Testament.
The
situation of Alexandria
was
also admirably
It
adapted
was the
port of
all
the shores of
those nations,
who
up
What
to
become the
translators of
What more
to
conducive
to
make Jewish
was
to
the
The
court of Ptolemy
was distinguished
literature.
for
its
patron-
Alexandria could
24
AN APOLOGY FOR
The names
of
Deme-
The
style
translation
corresponded to
which
is
now understood by
the
term Hellenistic*
what
is
fail
made by Jews
first
was
not
till
We
may
therefore
was finished
a. c. 250.
adopted by the Evangelists and Apostles. JThe terms Repentance, Faith, Righteousness, Justification, Redemption,
Sanctification, &c. together with the titles of Lord, Christ,
Saviour,
Holy
same
in the
Alex-
New
used precisely
i?i
the
same meaning.
* Appendix,
No.
16.
f See the two learned Sermons of Bp. Maltby preached before the University of Durham. London, 1843.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
unity,
25
faith
and doc-
trine, in the
New
Testament. *
Now, without
it
is
suggests
to
pe-
New
Testament.
It is
Hebrew
and therefore
Greek.
We
are not
now
phraseology. J
Merely human
always more
in
same words
the original.
others, a
They
will
forcible, at
more
same thought.
doctrinal
et
But
in
and
prophetic department,
locjuendi
we have
the
same usus
in
norma
which we
find
everywhere adopted
the
New
God
sig-
man, could
retain the
nification,
To
* Appendix
:|:
No.
1.3.
f Appendix, No.
p.
15.
315.
26
AN APOLOGY FOR
the Latin version of Castellio, or the English
up
New
Tes-
When
Patri-
But
this,
it
may be
sensibility.
more
truths
Would
same
which
the doctrines of Redemption, Faith, Repentance, Righteousness, Sanctification, or Justification continue of the
if
lowered
down
to expressions,
?
distinct
meaning
Can
the doc-
be preached or explained
Is not the unity
and per-
manence of our
manence of our
faith, associated
doctrinal phraseology
Hence
it
that the
writings,
correspond to
it.
be
is
archetype version.
The ground
fied.
of this assertion
may
Hebrew, there
LXX,
THE SEPTUAGINT.
Church.
This version as a
27
but there
remains with
Now,
we
we
New
Testament, as
we may
learn
from our
translation.
still
But
this
argument may be
New
Testament.
He
left
Now,
Old
they constituted one version. The inference plain and undeniable that Jerome, in his Latin version
This reasoning
is
LXX.
verified also,
by the remains
which we
and quota-
In
this
statement
am
authority,
LXX
to
exalt the
Hebrew
text.
Spearman was a
professed, un-
composed
his
He makes
there not
"
Had
do not see
how
28
AN APOLOGY FOR
Testament, in Greek
;
New
for as they
Greek words,
in a different sense
by which
to
have
I
tried them,
I
LXX
version
if
been made.
there
think
am
justified
saying, that,
translation in
Testament,
made and
penmen
is
do not
how
;
the
of the
New
Greek
which
Hebrew."
saying as
much
mirers of the
LXX
p.
without the
430.
As we have no wish
such
we
Let us
now
The
It
in
their
Old Testament,
that
some remark-
of Jesus.
rians,
This
is
is
still
See Hody,
p.
224, &c.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
Christianity amongst the Hellenistic
29
their nu-
Jews and
was
first
merous
It is
proselytes,
when
the Gospel
published.
century,
not too
much
to assert, that,
during the
first
Whilst
who adhered
Hebrew
ritual
pub-
Matt. xvi.
1-3.
Mark
Hi.
22.
vii. 1, 7.],
these
Mai'k xii.^1
.']
They
gladly
embraced
those
promises
and doctrines,
their
its
original
far
may be
questioned,
how
fellow-
been
carried
into
effect.
The
ancient
Hebrew was
of a sepa-
rate
set apart
from
all
other nations
of the earth.
over
all countries,
does
not appear,
how
faith
Hebrew
Scriptures could
The
decline and
fall
Hebrew tongue
assumed
in the
tacitly
in the
The
30
AN APOLOGY FOR
Abraham, could never have been
if
broken down,
of Abraham.
The hope
if
been
realised,
read
the
Old Testament
to brins:
It
was needful
focus.
for a
common
was necessary
end.
It
common
to
Hebrew and
But
mation in the
New
Testament.
object,
to effect this
and
for ever
it
to
place this
to
seemed good
in
many hundred
and where the Hellenistic Greek had been prevaIn the Synagogues
of Galilee,
Scriptures,
is
Hebrew
when even
by Syriac Targums.
either
It is
probability, that
text.
When
as
we now
find in the
LXX
had he read
it
in the
He-
meaning
and
it
their ears."
Out of the
made by
THE SEPTUAGINT.
almost verbatim with the
31
LXX, two
brew, and
differ
from the
LXX,
From
one
from both,
Only
Hebrew.
this
enumeration,
is
sion.*
Galilee, according to
of Palestine,
common
repute,
ariseth
no prophet."
The
from
provincial dialect
Jews and
During the
thirty years
come most
and
his
this
knowledge he evinced
in Judaea.
From
to
Hebrew and
degrade the
LXX,
I
over in silence.
am
loss to
mention a single
fact,
writer,
who
that the
Hebrew
Ga-
and that
if
the
structed
version.
His
were
all
Galileans,
" they
13),
were
till
unthe
men"
(Acts
iv.
and
32
text.
AN APOLOGY FOR
But they were
it
well read
in the
Septuagint, and
they quote
less
on every occasion.
than twenty-eight distinct quotations from that verspeech before the Jewish Council.*
sion, in Stephen's
Of all
who had
received a regular
Born and
when he went
to Jeru-
Hebrew
text,
of the Hebrews,"
he seldom
Hebrew
and he delights
to
Charmed by
Pharisee,
The
quite
dis-
He
claims
all
is
His vocathose
bulary
LXX, and
who
his ex-
must give
their days
and nights
to the
study of
the Septuagint.
during the
first
century,
effect
sufficient justice
Old Testament.
wisdom of God,
* Appendix, No.
2.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
directingf
33
translators,
when we behold
The
it
itself
and recorded
in Septu-
came home
to their business
and
own
Patriarchs
and Prophets
in the very
words and
syllables, in
which
them
in
their
Synagogues.
We
and of
it
being
''
sufficiently
good
But
We
and
authorize
its
authority,
quoting
it.
New
Testament
and
all lands,
and
is
its
There
tion.
It will
of our Saviour and his Apostles, in their citations from the Old Testament, which depend on the force and mean-
M. Gaussen
Testament.
to
New
taken
But they
34
AN APOLOGY FOR
I
shall exhibit
them
seriatim, in the
words of M. Gaussen.*
" In the
first
place,
turn to Heb.
'
ii.
8,
and observe
things un-
how,
after
having quoted
Thou
hast put
all
der his
{tto^vtoc,
feet,'
word
all
LXX).
4-6."
my
brethren,' (tok
a,^X<po7g y.ov.
Ps. xxi.
22.
LXX,)
to exhibit
from
it
the
human
27,
in
Yet
how
iii.
aVa^,
ii.
7,
LXX.)
'
My
{yli
[/.n
oXiyupn
Kvpiov, x.t.A.
X. 5-7.
quoting Psalm
'
xl,
he dwells on the
not.'
Lo
come,' as meeting
Thou wouldest
ouH TiOiA^ura?,
viii.
LXX
" In chap.
from ver. 8
?ieiv.
(LXX,
^ioc^r\KY\v y.ccn/7)ii.)
" In chap.
ver.
1
iii.
from
v.
iv,
from
to 11,
he
rest
on the word
'
have
'my
rest,'
introducing as a com-
Theopneustia, chap.
vi. sect. v.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
mentary the words from Genesis,
his labours.'"
'
35
did rest from
is
And God
taken
LXX,
ii.
3.
From
verse 2 to 6 of chap,
observe
how he
dwells
Numbers (chap.
faithful in all
c/.
xii.
7),
'My (LXX
servant Moses,
o
who
is
iv
OAW
~
TO)
>/
iCTTi).
v. 6, vi. 13,
all
14,
and
makes of
the words
'
(LXX,
cix. 4.)
'The Lord
priest,'
sware,'
He
sware by himself,'
ever,'
'
'Thou
art
'A
priest for
'
Melchi-
sidec,
king of Salem.'"
is
LXX.
M. Gaussen,
But
to
have
stated
them
as Septuagintal quotations.
if so,
how
Church
See pp.
8, 9.
Should
to
the reader
may
find
them arranged
in the Citata,
appended
my
Hellenistic
Greek Testament.
Perhaps the most important doctrinal term in the
Testament, illustrated by the
as
New
LXX,
is
Kupjo?,
translators
to the version
of Kupo?, for
But
this solution
that
we
36
and
that,
AN APOLOGY FOR
without their authority,
full
we should
scarcely have
pervades our
rived from the
translation,
which professes
found
in the
to
be de-
but
it is
Vulgate of
all
Old and
New
Testament.
It rests
however exclusively
LXX,
is
corroborated by the
New
It
The
inference
may be
stated in the
words of
St.
Austin,
when
replying
to
Prophets
in Prophetis
quando
ilia iVuvcrunt ;
LXX
viris,
quando
cap. 43.*
The
may be
still
fur-
ther elucidated,
by the following
criterion.
It
was by the
the ante-
all
at the
consub-
Divinity in the
Qeoi of the
LXX,
much
was the
and
Apostles.
now
obscured.
Appendix, No.
5.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
Jehovah of
tlie
37
Old Testament,
New.
We
In-
LXX
The
be tested
early
by
this
Fa-
when Jesus
was,
AM,"
he appealed
to this divine
that
when he
saw
it,
affirmed
"Abraham
rejoiced to see
my
day, he
truth.
We
have now
LXX
version, the
method of arriving
at the
same con-
We
found
Church received
it
when they
thus acknowledged
The number
may be
from the
LXX.f
But the
to a far
greater amount.
Though
refer-
The memories
of the writers of
New
vine Spirit
seem
till
to
have brooded
over
all their
LXX.
For the
strict
and
literal
must
refer to the
f Appendix, No.
2.
3S
inent
:
? ; !
AN APOLOGY FOR
but for the force of the
g:eiieral
arsrument. I
A^ e
may
behold the
to the !Messiaship,
this
Greek
trans-
We hear his
from
tibe
seitioa
same
We listen
to his Apostles
prplamfiw and
ChristianitT
this i^askML,
ilfaistrating
by DumenMis passages
and yet we
from
lie^tate to admit
it
inspiration
it
By
by
some,
we are
as they found
is
mnch
tibis
as they cited
inspired,
Is not
What
tihe
we
think of
sjij c-2'Tnant to
an
on one part of an
ralne of the rest
an: fz:
If JesGi
1
dbim
:
.
to Divinity
on the term
*!.:.:-:.
d^ar to the
IS
L.W.
as equivalent to
canoniziii^
<c '^
and consecratins'
Kfm,"* a^LS Bp.
:X
T.i*,#^i--
QmU Tw
'^0
;""
Vrasi.
Pa-
T
cc
_
_
di^
1 -
are styled
tiie
Apostolic Fathers.
7
;
z^
_tl
rat
:
of the cail^
Cln
^nKjtst
tatioB^ addooei
i
LXXi
Hd
:'.i
of
Ae
53d
::
of
i^.
.-
zi
L, ;: i^r
33d 1 22, an
THE SEPTUAGIXT.
39
-:
I'txiral
references
:'t-
:.
irethanthrtr
Indeed,
-
~i
;^
a is
of
he
c::':: z::
-::! a word
-
T^r
v;
7-1^
T.
:.l
also apply lo J
Marnrr, finum
his c:os:
z_;^:_;
of Israel, Aomc
isra c7:r
^ '-^f,sigm~
il
5
ficat
auiem
:?tm
rirtus!
T
_
:
t
r
::
7
J
t
. :
^
.
:i:
e
::
LXX
T
-
may be
accounted
:,
zi
his
oiioii^T
Samaritan.
to his
He
much
::-
memory, and
Tersio:: :f
have
in.liiii^i
wards the
A:
M:!a.
pho, he charges
their Scriptures.
was
solely
LXX:
:.i
:
:ie
Hebrew
i
By as-
secr
_
:
::
:
^
J.
oaiyac:
::
Aristi^is, respectit is
:
-he
:.r
G
"^
:
versioD.
plain, that
:i5?r :r
its
joint inspl:
(Ntiginal.
its
He
:ned
t
authority.
-ra
Alyvwuv
^mtiket
ii. csi?-
i.
<i
ii.
40
temporis
tiotat,
AN APOLOGY FOR
qui putarunt earn versionem in aliqidbus
Grabii Prolog,
torn. 2,
cap. 1,
20.
Irenaeus
may be
tlie
Fathers,
who
the Septuagint.
He
account of Aristeas,
and expressly
and Apostles
" Etet reli-
chiefly confided
on the authority of
Joannes,
et
this version.
enim Petrus,
qui deinceps,
et
et
AlatthcEus, et Paulas,
horum
sectatores, prophetica
omnia
ita
annuntiaverunt,
continet.
quemadmoclum Seniorum
est
Interpretatio
Unas
adventus Domini,
bene,''
autem interpretatus
est
S^c.
Adv.
Clement of Alexandria
in the
in his
Stromata,
lib. 1,
speaks
the
LXX.
He
terms
it
" the
Spirit,"
and gives
commemorates
it,
this
in
a way,
its
See
cap. 6, cont.
LXX.
Psal. cxviii. 13, ex-
Ambrose
Commentary on
pressly asserts,
LXX vi7vrum
Ecclesia.
^Q.
LXX
were enabled
THE SEPTUAGINT.
to transfer into their version all
41
lib. v. c.
8) gives a compendious
his
own
as-
Even Jerome
Jure
est, ct
vel,
quia prima
vel,
Pammach.
p.
The
limitation,
known
in
to
be
altogether erroneous.
which
LXX,
even
when
distinctly varies
From
infer,
we may
till
clearly
the days of
Greek
version.
They
considered
ing:
it,
Old Testament.
in his elaborate
It
and ex-
and labours
Oh
to
show
a^OpwTrtVwj'
)r
to
yiyofiEvoy, dAX'
Ylrivi^iaroc 'Ayiov
cap. 34.
t Appendix, No. 5.
42
AN APOLOGY FOR
Hebrew
original.
preference of the
But
as far as I can
after the
time of Jerome.
He was
naturally led to
He was
It
extreme of Morinus.
But
I
Hody was
have
little
He would
Hebrew
not
viz.
that the
original
to
be received as constituting
Indeed,
nearly
all
comprehensive conclu-
The work
pressly
of Hody,
it
composed
some
distin-
guished Romanists,
who
in opposition to
the Protestant
to the dis-
LXX,
text.
He
went
forth as a pro-
and success-
He
Hebrew
But
in
text
the
LXX.
Hody
To
THE SEPTUAGINT.
tvveen extreme Romanists
to
43
neitlier
is
debase the
LXX,
to
Before
we
proceed,
it
may be
important writers,
who
amongst
ecclesiastical
Hebrew
text, or to that
of the
LXX.
As
to
far as I
He
relates the
history of the
cells.*
is
LXX,
who
(sav-
ing that of the N. T.), in attesting the value and authenticity of the
LXX.
Surprising as
it
may
tions, inclusive
about 1500
passages.
may be reckoned
and independent
of the
There
is
probably no
The New
Testa-
relative size,
in the
may be
esteemed how-
its
rival,
number of Septuagintal
* See Stuart
On
the Canon,
p.
44
citations
AN APOLOGY FOR
and
allusions.
They amount,
but
as
we have
before
to
the
LXX
my
its
incidental coincidences of
indefinite.
Since the
Scholia (1848),
We
400),
at that
many
but
by the church.
It
in the Apostolic
strict
and was a
and
is
literal
LXX.
now un-
The Book
Such
to set
their
own
favourite
any new
translation.
version
some occasional
Whoever compares
In the
literally
New
Testament
adopts the
LXX
and occa-
sionally even
when they
See Brett
On
Appendix, No.
ix.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
There
able to
is
45
is
one example of
this kind,
which
too remarkJ
be overlooked.
It
7,
They
pierced
Jerome
text,
or our
own
translators
they would
in
the
New
Testament {John
may be
it
safely
version, that
LXX.
The
Jews, from
whom
phraseology of the
terms of the
LXX,
illustrated
by the corresponding
this illustrious
New Testament,
Vulgate
which enabled
man
to exhibit the
This
is
may be
rect
knowledge
Hebrew
or Greek,
was more
The numerous
errors of
which
He
deserves
for
under-
The Vulmonument
Had he been
* Praefat. Parsenetic.
Appendix
viii.
46
AN APOLOGY FOR
it is
would have
up
to
oppose
him.
But, with
many
virtues,
he was a
man
of strong
He had
But what
Some;
defensible, he often
changes
his
ground.
LXX
at
now, he proit
fesses only to
amend
their version,
as utterly corrupt
and depraved.
labours, not so
it
He
endeavours
to re-
commend
utility,
his
own
much on account
of their
as because
Hebrew
*
!
But these
to
Greek
would
less
have been
far
more happy
and not
his
creditable to himself, if
object,
if
own
imperishable claims
* Appendix No.
of the Septuagint.
v.
Du
Lond. 1664.
pp. 82-85,
THE SEPTUAGINT.
to canonical authority,
47
to
harmonize
the version
v^^ith
the original,
instead of deliofhting- to
Jerome.
He
undertaking
but he
felt
alarmed
harmony,
He
was a gratuitous
Should
it
him, and
iing the
sole
I
first
by the
plead
would be
in vain to
We
then set at
to,
In that
would be shorn of
I
influence,
much
and deserved
celebrity,
value, if the
impeached.
48
It
AN APOLOGY FOR
would appear, that
for
some
time,
Gregory the
who
By
degrees howevei-,
much
to
sion,
the
With
no evidence,
Old Testament.
fact,
This
is
an important
and
it
demands the
atten-
Had
the knowledge of
of that suto
Hebrew
in the primitive
value,
surely
many
The He.vapla
Such men,
easily
as
Cyprian would
difficulties.
have mastered
grammatical
The
fact
amidst
all
is
now
repre-
sented amongst Protestants, as the sole Inspired and canonical standard of the Ancient Scriptures.
relied entirely
still
on Jerome's Latin
its
maintained
rank
THE SEPTUAGINT.
Church.
49
The adoption
of Jerome's version
in
public
LXX.
Accordingly we
it
find, that
even
the
Western Church,
till
Rome and
literature.
Amono;st
is
one,
LXX
amongst
those
who were
Hebrew
text.
Hebrew
archetype.
the authority of this version ever called in
Nor was
question, even
till
they
were so pressed by
were compelled
to take refuge in
new Greek
versions,
by
Son of God.
versions of Aquila,
Sym-
Commodus and
is
Severus.
the Septuagint, as
still
remained superior
in their
Synagogues, even
Roman Empire.f
if
we deny
the
* Novell. 146.
Walton. Proleg.
Prolegora. torn.
ii.
ix. sect.
15.
f See Grabe's
cap.
I.
prop, v, vi.
Hody,
lib.
iii.
part.
i.
pp. 232-237.
II
50
AN APOLOGY FOR
tlie
Scriptural authority of
LXX, we
which are
read in the
Even
from the
LXX.
they
LXX.
If
we
conjoin
to the
Greek Church, we
be shocked
to find, that
we have
Christendom.
Durinof the lono- nio^ht of the middle
ao-es,
the Latin
Vulgate remained
the
sole
directory
of the
Western
little
Scriptures.
and
was not
long- ere
some of the
like
!
by the
aid of Jews.
Then, alas
Hebrew and
the Septuagint.
Strange as
it
may
whilst
The
opposition amongst
obelistic
marks
to intimate
their inferiority.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
It is probable, that
51
Jerome made
rangement
to
consistently,
in the
Hebrew
tiiat
Canon.
Had
this
been the
case,
it
is
possible
we
The circumstance
tlie
of
its
being
Septuagint,
to
Was altogether
plead in
its
accidental,
favour.
The same
lists
assertion
may
be
made of
by
The
LXX.
was recognised,
if
much on
on the Vulo^ate.
ani-
In this contest,
authority
Church were
Jewish
birth of Christ,
and 400
of preparing the
to
world
by Christ
now
52
banished from
AN APOLOGY FOR
its
Hebrew
archetype,
and reproached
authority.
It is in this
as a version, based
entirely on
human
If age, if services,
if
authorities
We
acknowledgment of
The
early
this
Greek
on
as
Apostolic authority.
Scripture, unless she
it,
New
Testament.
The grounds
She found
it
and sublime.
supreme authority.
Let us only consider,
how
when
that version
was
in far
more general
Hebrew
when
version,
LXX?
that
When
THE SEPTUAGINT.
at Nazareth,
53
the
LXX,
as
Walton supposes;*
or, it
was subsequently
Conf. Luke
iv.
18, 19.
Esa.
Lvi. 1, 2.
LXX.
Again
mothy,
tion
;
St.
Paul asserts
in his
Second Epistle
to Ti-
iii.
of God.
Now
it
is
clear, that
who
in those
make him
verts.
Timothy was
woman, which
believed
was a Greek,
Derbe
They
Lystra,
spoken.
read the
origin,
It is utterly
Hebrew
text.
Both
their
Greek (Greek
We
LXX.
It is
Tim.
v.
18. 2 Tim.
ii.
19.
lenistica, p.
929.
ception,
version,
* Prolog. IX.
sect. 15.
54
had received
AN APOLOGY FOR
it,
The
earliest dispute
amongst the
first
law.
The
to read that
300
years.
The
naturally led to
its
adoption, from
congeniality with
the
New Testament.
But
it
to their prejudices.
It
not only
dealing and of
common
honesty.
on the authority of a
merely
human
version,
if
human
trust
own
inspired writings;
where
New
It
Testament
The
belief
all
or
double dealing.
may
partizans
and
confide in
to
make
But
all
such
in a
For
my part,
am
free to con-
that
THE SEPTUAGINT.
the
55
New
its
Testament,
num-
ber of
The advantages
By
declaring that
we
lay a sure
and
now holding
as Canonical
and
hesitate
But
it
is
still
it
more
were,
is
morally, nay as
in
any other
of the Septuagint.
in
The
autho-
aftect
siastical traditions.
We
of itself
To
condemn the
use of false
is
to
suppose what
in-
what
is
from the
far
Appendix No.
11.
56
AN APOLOGY FOR
New
Testament amongst ourselves.
is
never can
be viewed, as the
elect
companion and
interpreter of
There
will
New
Testament
into
one
focus,
till
the same
medium
Greek
New Testament
were
The
reflect
be duly
felt
who have
Testament,
is
habitually brought
them
To
rious
New
a labo-
Unless the
it
Hebrew be
The
rea-
obvious.
is
so different from
that of pure
violence,
it
and
without considerable
The grammatical
Greek has
so
little
Hebrew
LXX
New
Testament.
1699.
this obstacle
is
Now,
entirely removed,
by collating the
phraseology of the
New
THE SEPTUAGJNT.
the
it
57
medium
of the
LXX.
To
term.
We
who
thorised
and Sacred
of both.
interpreter,
difficulties
This
is
which
common
to the
LXX
and
the
is
New
in
derived.
sists
ascertaining on
the exact
New
Nor would
text.
,
Hebrew
The time
was,
as
LXX,
They
felt
to
years.
such
subsidiary aids.
comprehend
of the
this difference.
Now, we have
the
Hebrew
peals to comparatively
j
!
That
we
really possess,
is stifled
i>
I;
Appendix No.
I
15.
i'
58
and
still
AN APOLOGY FOR
fewer understand.
But,
we can
all
understand
erudition.
mazy
their
when deprived
of
There can be
little
of
grapple with
difficulties,
and
dark,
But
and
though
this taste,
it
within certain
useful
praiseworthy,
is
extremely dangerous,
when indulged
in excess, especially
There
is
criticism,
and the
closer
we adhere
to
Divine authority,
paradox.
we
to fall into
human
Such an autho-
invention.
We
and the
version.
it
This
is
painful
and humbling
to
human
genius, but
the
and divine.
It
should
pride of dogmatists.
the
When
poor mortals
sit
down
to
study
is
Word
of God, their
first
to
business to trans-
THE SEPTUAGINT.
late,
59
to copy, not to
not to invent
orio'inate.
The Greek
version of the
is
admirably adapted
It
cherish
and nurture
should be used,
He
from
will acquire
all
from
far
more valuable
discipline, than
the technical
canons of Biblical
critics.
arise,
it
and he resided
in
which
was wonderingly
Nazareth
?
ex-
claimed,
out of
He
" as-
sumed
Ac-
have resided
of Gamaliel.
at Jerusalem,
at the feet
But he came
was
fit
no dishonour
scorn of
it
human
is
learning.
Such
LXX,
that Professor
New
Testament
:
his conclusion
60
AN APOLOGY FOR
" Large as this
list is
Old Testait
New,
is
far
from comprehending
all
New
not a
Testament contains.
The
that there
is
belonging to the
New
It is
indeed true,
some few
and grammatical
part to
structure of the
Hebrew-Greek, led
in
the be-
stowment of
this appellation
upon
it.
But
common
Greek, are
;
now
to
be but few
while the
(new things demanding either new names, or new meanings of old words, to designate them)
;
manner,
in
employed
in the
Old Testament.
New
throughout.
No
one
who
New.
It is
It
a thing to be
felt,
and not
to
be adequately described.
and
in
respect to
every
to begin, or
where
No
the
THE SEPTUAGINT.
to
i
61
him any
that
really
The
truth
is,
it is
view.
But
or unlearned,
what
is
must serve
to convince a
New
Tes-
How
excellent
is
this general
argument
LXX.
Refer-
d\ 35, "
The
as if
it
Yet shortly
.vlv.
before,
24,
Marc.
10, &c,
LXX.
21, in
Nay, he
cites that
iv.
with the
still
LXX,
Hebrew
text (p.
if it
200)
yet he
tament as
all
With
divine,
in
and laborious
LXX,
matters of citation,
in
altogether unfair.
In
all
passages,
New
LXX
is
are identical,
go back
to the
Hebrew.
It is to "
written."
It is to cast a slur
for the
Hebrew
text
is,
62
AN APOLOGY FOR
partialities of Biblical critics.*
It creates
and indefensible
no
talents,
The Judaic
ele-
austere severity
imposed,
It
Look
Hebrew
had imparted no
The study
of the Septuagint
is
New
By
Testament, with
diminishing the
Testament lucubrations.
it
distance of language,
is
Hebrew
predilection in Ps.
is
not an omission
letter
Hebrew
This
to the
text.
is
The Psalm
is
alphabetic,
and the
Nun
is
omitted.
supplied in the
fOi^J.
I
LXX,
k.t.X.
which
answers
fusion
Hebrew
What
a curious con-
translations, but
This
confusion has probably arisen from the repetition of the same sentiment
in V. 17.
letter y
is
acrostic.
Hammond,
in his larger
Hebrew and
it
the
LXX.
But
is
plainly defective
in the present
Hebrew
I
text.
It is
found
in the Syriac,
opic versions.
prejudice.
have alluded
to
it,
THE SEPTUAGINT.
To
represent the
63
Hebrew
as a
more
holy,
more sacred
is
language than
corded,
is
that, in
which the
New
Testament
re-
to introduce a superior
perpetuate that
Jewish
feeling,
which
it
is
Septuagint to obliterate.
logy of the
of the
As regards
New
LXX
inflicts
deeper wound.
The
Hellenistic
comes before us
If
in a strange, grotesque,
and foreign
aspect.
we
we
and Apostles.
The Hebrew
correct
and
original
the
Greek Testament
barba-
rous,
because
it is
Hebraic.
liness,"
we
are
bound
to prize
and love
this version, if
we
to
New
Testament.
it
We
are
bound
study
it,
if
in his childhood,
and
quoted
tian,
it
in his
manhood.
Who
who would
in
Hebrew
am
far
but
think
it
is
im-
On
the
In what estimation
ivere the
Hebrew
64
the Jews,
at,
AN APOLOGY FOR
and
before,
?
the
title
He
all
from Philo,
LXX
He
whom, he had
he adds, "two
"And
;
for this,"
shown
by
for
Romans,
but
whom
LXX,
not the
Hebrew
some
distinct notice of
the
LXX,
in this
It is in direct
that
New
Testament, there
cita-
thousand examples of
and
parallels of
LXX
version,
To
at least thirty
numerous references
Fathers.
My
New
to
LXX, and
to
show, that
asserts to
belong exclusively
Hebrew
text,
must be attributed
THE SEPTUAGINT.
to the
65
Greek
version.
It
is
to
Had
in this
then
felt
have
avowed
child,
was instructed
it
my humble
Yet
it
evidence to
quiry.
my
star
mind, that
The
was
has
now
conit
ducted
to the stable at
Bethlehem.
And how
should
is
be
otherwise,
when
the
first
couched
'iJ'oO
ycxXidnq to
ovo^xcc
avTOu
Stuart,
'EjCc^ai/arjA.
it
But
to return to the
argument.
Mr.
is
only
He
from
He shows that Philo, though he invariably quotes the LXX, has not cited a single passage from the
It is
doubtful
when
these Apocryphal
in the
LXX
MSS.
but, I think,
it
The
New
Testament
can
it
recollect,
is
Had
it
been
so,
probable
it
noticed by Justin,
who charges
oc-
GG
AN APOLOGY FOR
These Apocryphal books were composed,
it is
generally
believed,
earliest not
more
evi-
There
is
no
dence
to
same
with
much
respect.
MSS.
It
mote period.
were inserted
at a sub-
sequent era.
to the
This remark,
think,
may
The
also be extended
to
references in the
New
I
Testament
with the
LXX
version.
See also
Mace.
There
i.
8, 4.
is
some
difficulty in
by the Fathers of
(Epist.
I
i.
Clemens Romanus
34)
LXX
do not enter
book
itself,
affect the
Hebrew
text.
forming
ancient
Jewish Canon,
that
it
sect.
xv.
and Dr.
Wordsworth shows,
lists
is
included in
all
the ancient
THE SEPTUAGINT.
The Apocryphal
merely
67
LXX
it
apthe
to
subsequent interpolations.
Though
bear an
early Fathers,
to
iin-
Canon
Hence a
plain, undeni-
may be drawn,
as the Hebraic.
Canon
names both
in
Hebrew and
in Greek.
this point,
it
But
if
would
the
LXX
as
It receives
them
Church of Eng-
It rejects
On
this subject
it is
it is
of great importance.
Septuagint
to
Scriptural
implies no change
Apofirst
cryphal books.
The
any other
Greek of the
LXX.
It is,
therefore, self-evident,
that
if
we adhere
to the primitive
Canon, by bringing
the
Hebrew and
the
we shall
continue
68
AN APOLOGY FOR
that, in
them
ners.
forth
-foi''
e.vample of
and
instructio7i
of man-
The members
Hebrew
Greek version
to the
in their
Canon
of the
Old Testament, by
Several of
whom
Burnet,
its
Pearson,
divine autho-
the
Hebrew
re-
vised" their
own
LXX.
it
may
it
be said,
but
should be
Greek
version.
If
you compare
LXX,
you
LXX
Hebrew
text.
Whoever
desires
Pagninus or Montanus.
fact, that
The
Psalms
that
we
in
intimate,
we
are
to
as
Church,
version,
and
with the
Hebrew Canon
of
the
Old Testament.
Nay,
if this
argument be pressed,
THE SEPTUAGINT.
it
69
it
to receive
as such,
for,
is
we
To say the
who does
least of
it,
It is
an
There
is,
believe,
compare
readings.
it
with the
LXX, and
to prefer
its
endeavoured
collating
it
to elucidate
is
what
is
with what
its
But
this is
virtually admitting
It
scriptural
would be
what
is
in-
spired,
by that which
is
There
freedom, beyond
reasonable doubt.
On
the question
who do
not
Now, when
it
is
considered,
one
is
now blamed
for
it
LXX
is,
on some
it
On
26-39.
70
AN APOLOGY FOR
letter
come down
to us, without
Nor
am
if
we could
which has
since
it
to associate
with
it
another,
But
is
plainly ascertained,
that the
effects of
is
And
yet,
Hebrew
text, still
many
them deaf
to
any terms
sympathise in
that the
The knowledge,
New
Testament
MSS. have
to
now
beyond
the
all
the
The
De
on the
LXX.
They show
readings, occasioned
by the mistakes of
But
THE SEPTUAGINT.
they evince the far more important
fact,
71
the worst
that
MS.
in existence,
to
adequate
convey to us
that
is
exist
some
text
Hebrew
by the
errors of
for,
accounted
LXX
it
translated
from unpointed
MSS.
The
Masorites,
should always
interpretations,
own
by
difference of interpretation.
Thus
in
Ps.
cv.
28,
the
LXX
translate, "
his word,"
in
our Bible
version,
"They
Here
is
it
to the
Egyptians.
In such
I
instances,
free to
we
am
confess, I
original, in prefer-
But when
it is
'plainly differs
from
the
In
all
such passages,
inspiration
is
fully
warranted by the
New
Testament.
Nay,
it
is
Appendix, No.
7.
f Appendix, No. 6.
72
AX APOLOGY FOR
in its
It
is
the
force of contrast.
To
31.
In our Bible,
it
is
much more
the wicked
and
text.
the sinner.
This
is
in
it
accordance
stands thus
%vith the
:
Hebrew
But, in the
LXX,
If the righteous
and
the sinner
is
appear^
ranted and
his
LXX
warit
by
St.
Peter
iv.
18,
who
adopts
as
for
own.
LXX
brew
text
the one,
to
supersede the
Had
the
version of the
study
Jesus
of the original
Had
and
his Apostles
would have
almost superseded
tian
Church.
Had
LXX,
that ver-
Or,
it
if
the
LXX
have distinguished
with
Hebrew and
the
I find
them both
THE SEPTUAGIXT.
quoted in the Xeic Testament."
[ ,
73
Can
any
man adduce
was
it
plainer, or
more
scriptural
argument?*
it
to
is
is,
mark
not a there
mere
servile
text.
Certain
it
New
it,
which
6,
Hebrew.
Thus Heb.
i,
Let
of
God
tuagintal authority.
was
to
wean
us,
perhaps, from an
exclusive reverence, or
undue
If so,
may
to
uphold
it
There
to
is
Greek
New
6,
Testament.
reference
consists,
in
the absence
of
all
citation or
i.v.
to that
Unto us a
child
is
Such omission,
if
apprehend, would
be almost unaccountable,
passage
is
we
MSS.
of the
LXX.
but
its
In the Hebrew
undoubtedly genuine
its
citation
The
designed for their use, and which had led them to the
belief of the Gospel.
Appendix. Xo.
5.
74
If
AN
we may hazard
APOi.O(;v vnn
a conjecture,
this
omission
in
tlic
alike exphiined,
much
suspicion.
it
Had
might
have led
it
Might
real meaniiiii' of
which miuht
ilrfcat tin'
1
iiiiL;ht
I'lii-
same conjecture
r
think
may
[Compare Marc.
John.ivi. 12.
It is
Cor.
lii.
'l.'\
an old and true n-niark, that Isaiah, the most disof the
tinguished
translated
XX.
Large portions
are omitted,
his
may account
for this, 1
designed
that light
to
"be
to
was
or, as
is
expressed elsewhere,
No^v,
a light shining
in
a dark [)lace."
many
to his
;
kingdom
all
into
much
con-
Enough was
left to
awaken
and
to
animate
THE SEPTUAGINT.
their desires.
is, it is
75
quoted
much
at large in
the
New
Testament, and
ing
text.
We
Perhaps
this version
to
our
It
our
own
desert.''
who proclaimed
not, that
it
Wonder
was had
owned and
cited
It
approach, nay,
it
Wonder
not,
had already
origin,
it
Wonder
not, that
New
if
Testament.
Its
its
How
any other
style,
76
It
AN APOLOGY FOR
should
never be
forgotten,
that Jesus
conversed
or,
as
it
his last
solemn words
dialect.
Wherever the
word Hebrew
spoken dialect
is is
New
Testament, this
of Greek was
The knowledge
Roman
This
is
But, the
New
for
an abiding
it
was
we now
receive
it.
That form
is
the Helas
language of the
LXX.
It
was transmuted,
we
Holy
into
Spirit.
Holy
Spirit.
To
the
this
may
and
afford matter of
it is
To
the believer,
his power,
because
It
it
and supernatural.
is
wisdom,
because,
if
that
New
intelli-
gible.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
During the stay of our Lord on
history
earth,
i.
77
e.
during the
it
is
pro-
was usu-
though not always, used by Christ and the AposTheir teaching and intercourse were generally con-
fined to those,
to
conversant with
it
dialect.
Even
for
some
time, they
limited
their preaching
It
chiefly to Judtea,
was not
till
fully
Jews.
years
Still,
afterwards,
when they
" were
scattered
abroad,
upon
had
travelled
as Phenice,
to none,
But
to
addressed them
Greek.
ment.
In
all
the
But,
78
AN APOLOGY FOR
still
more evident.
''The
man
lis,
of Macedonia,"
who
cried.
Come
LXX. It
is
at
once
illus-
or
in
change of Syro-Chaldaic
to the
into Greek,
must primarily
It
redound
is
signed
It
is
New
Testament.
There
is,
indeed,
<
and ex-
some usus
norma loquemU,
as the
permanent
addresses
medium
of a written Revelation.
When God
it
some sacred
is
It
was
and
will
continue unchanged,
version,
The
THE SEPTUAGINT.
great conductor has been the Greek Septuagint.
the trunk which has conveyed
versions of the
servoir in the
as
it it
79
This
is
to all nations,
through
reit,
Old Testament.
But
it
has found a
New
which prodiction of
The
New
raises
it
to
the
full level
of
its
ori-
The
tidings
and pronounced
cottager,
it,
in Septuagintal
who can
as
much
indebted to
as the
Old
Testament
you
it,
will find
all
considering
as
A still further
may be
dibility,
which
it
Had
to
Old
Hebrew,
would, as
too
much
like a cipher,
And
though
when he
telligible,
declares, that
it
utterly unin-
text
it
aspect, that
it is
* " Letters to
Hurd."
Lett. 25th.
so
difficult
felt
AN APOLOGY FOR
to estimate the recoil,
on the
New
Hellenistic version.
also
have looked
like a
a particular people.
The
as
God
the
of the
God
of the Gentiles
and
all
the objections of
force
infi-
delity
and
plausibility,
realize.
The union
it
of the
religion, took
out of this
scaflTolding
Such a majestic
has expanded
the
artificial
is
theology.
And
of the
LXX,
not to be regarded
all
merely as the
versions
;
modern
but
fact or epoch,
It
in the
diffi-
would be
any
fact,
cease to opeto
Jew
shall
be converted
the Cross.
When
that
It
Malachi, the
last
Hebrew Canon,
canon, the
Hebrew being no
longer understood.
* See Graves
On
ii.
Lect. 5. Part. 3.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
til]
81
tliat
lustre
rising of the
its
Sun
of
Righteousness.
JSfeve?^
Then
it
arrived at
meridian glory.
man
honoured
like that,
which
is
so often
quoted in the
or
New
Testament.
scholars,
this
Repelled by canonists,
version
renounced by
may
If ye
be-
me, believe
its
me for my works'
sake."
Great was
it is
in the primitive
Church, yet
text,
Hebrew
It
to the
LXX.
was
be vernacular, for so
many hundred
Christian era.
Jews of
the
Hebrew
text.
LXX.
It
Hebrew
Scriptures,
the
converts of Christianity.
link, in that
was
To
it
82
AN APOLOGY FOR
and
be adopted in
its
stead.
actual state of
The
we may presume
Providence,
text
this
oblivion
of
the
Hebrew
First, in fixing
and Secondly,
chiefly to the
confining the
attention of Christians
study of the
New
which
it is
recorded.
Had
in the early
It
therefore, that
face to face"
It
first
New
Testament,
chiefly,
and introductory.
means of
so continually quoted
Greek
text of the
Old Testament.
Hence none of
the
THE SEPTUAGINT.
early adversaries of Christianity could distract the
83
minds
first
centuries,
by proposing
It is
with
They
may
lead
others
of deeper and
more comprehensive
But,
when
four
down between
tian
the
Jew and
cast
its
the Gentile,
roots far
when
the Chris-
Church had
then,
we may
and wisdom,
the
love
in raising
up Jerome,
Hebrew
text of
Still, this
revival
was
was confined
to the obcall
medium
we now
died
the Vulgate.
The study
of
It
Hebrew again
away
of departed
it
was
so
it
seemed scarcely
to retain
its
original
reigns
84
AN APOLOGY FOR
to a great extent,
amongst them
though,
it
is
said, to
be
Ancient Scriptures.
Hence
it
is,
that an unconverted
little
Hebrew, because
his
study
and
we may
literature.
slept,
The know-
ledge of the
tians, for
amongst Chris-
comprehended
The com-
mon
The
the laity.
It
gius, Pellicanus,
and
Hebrew
Scrip-
but
it
in their zeal
as part of their
which
had
so long supplied
its
The
sue,
wise,
had been
But
human
nature
is
ever
No
and
THE SEPTUAGINT.
Reformed
divines,
85
was
It
revived.*
may be
Hebrew
amongst
its
it
revival
By
its
earliest students,
was
necessarily
By
was conceived
its
Kabbalah, in
words and
letters.
To doubt
of the anti-
was
to
Ca-
came
The
it
Hebrew was
became exposed
It
was ima-
might be detected
in its elements.
The Lexicon
its
absurd
in
The study
of
There was
this difference,
however, between
them, as
may be
LXX
this
much higher
* Appendix, No. 7.
esteem,
than
the
latter.f
And
f See " The Considerator Considered," by Walton, TWells's Life of Pocock, pp. 318-333. Lond. 1816.
sect,
xv,
and
86
difference
AN APOLOGY FOR
would probably have continued, had not the
They found
the
He-
brew
text,
in the Version,
connect
it
its
study
has become
Hebrew without
points,
which
is
delast
Its
that of the
its
German
Neologists,
who
it
entire study.
By
blending
its re-
it
daring,
ism.
Let
Nortonism or Hegelliterature of
Gesenius
esti-
LXX.
generally useis
The study
ful
of
amongst
us,
men
At
knowledge
is
few, even
to
prosecute
its
The
is
truth
is,
that the
Hebrew,
LXX,
at once
an intelligible
it
Greek Testament
But,
when
THE SEPTUAGINT.
divided from the
87
it
LXX,
it is
be-
comes so
difficult
ental dialects,
as to render
knowledge unattainable
by any considerable
clergy.
more studious
We
how
many and
Hebrew
It is thus,
Church
advantages
Hi
hos transferentes,
Spiritalem secun-
dum
e.v
qucedam
propriis
secundum
vii^tutes
rerum
cert'is et
verborum
Tract, in Psal.
It is
num.
2, Edit.
i.
p. 31.
brew, unless
dard.
It is
it
be raised
to its
not by extolling
it it
as venerable
and
useful,
but receiving
we
shall brino-
original.
The
New
Testa-
ment
is
venerable for
age,
and
it is
But
it
or canonical au-
The
reason
is
obvious.
The
New
the era of
It
Christianity
probably
in the
second century.
could
88
AN APOLOGY FOR
It
could not
the
seal
of
Inspiration,
by being incorporated
is
it,
with the
New
Testament.
all
Nor
like the
LXX,
the
other versions.
New
Tes-
tament, that
is
like
grammars or
it
lexi-
but this
is
indispensable,
because
forms part
as well
New
Testament.
You might
merely
is
human and
uninspired,
which
It
LXX
and
New
mutual truth and authenticity. None but Jews of the Dispersion could have written any considerable portion of
either.
The
is
so identified with
we may
New
Testament must
first
of Jerusalem.
No
such Greek
The numberless
from the
LXX,
THE SEPTUAGINT.
was then received
in the Christian
89
these,
Church. But
facts, illustrative
of the truth
They
tend to show
how
extensively
its
it
was em-
gracious and
Nor
appear extravagant,
if
we
look
which
Not only
influence pervades
Its psaltery
to all naIt
is
heard or sung.
has
transferred
Above
all,
by
its
diction
and
citation,
it
enters so
New
Testa-
we
and Epis-
we
and language
of the
LXX.
How
little
New
Prejudice or ingratitude
may
affect to
;
down on
a version
but,
name
of Christ
is
adored
expositor of the
New.
to review with calmness
It is full time,
and delibera-
90
tion,
AN APOLOGY FOR
our popular Canon of the Old Testament, both in
unbelievers.
for the first
If
we
Church
400
of the Septuagint,
sanction,
will
be very
But, should
I
we
Inspiration,
do not com-
prehend,
how we can
There
is
New
Testament.
in
LXX
I
the
New
can
Are
these
tnmierous passages
to
authority?*
If
LXX,
then,
you
make such
on the
other hand, you assert, that the mass of citation from the
LXX
tanto, solely
to the
on account of
its
citation
then,
you suggest
mind such a
miracle, as
It
faith.
were
* Appendix, No. 5.
f " It may be considered, that the Apostles generally cited from the Greek of the LXX version, and took it as they found it, making no alteration,
as
it
main
the
point,
to
Psalms.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
more, of that version
is
91
is
inspired.
Yet, this
what
all
New
Testa-
to admit,
when
LXX.*
who deny
deny
professedly the plenary Inspirait
As
to those,
tion of the
New
Testament,
all
will
be generally found,
Greek
version.
for the
The Arian
Septuagint,
disliked
it,
when he found,
Alexandrian
text.
No man
can
Greek
New
and
Divine
titles
LXX
may
in
be ascribed to Jesus
Christ,
are
com
Hebrew
obscurity.
The
darkness
If
of
to favour
any opinion.
But, by casting
dis-
to
Romans, cap.
iii.
v. 4,
* Appendix, No.
7.
92
AN APOLOGY FOR
art judged.''
"This,"
"may
be a true transla-
it is
Hebrew, nor
and design."
He
then
Hebrew
"
part,''
he concludes, "
I pay
no regard
Testa-
to the
words of the
LXX,
is
as quoted in the
New
I
mejit.
The Hebrew
it
my
standard, because
I
am
per-
suaded,
that
all
was
so, to the
Apostle."
arguments
for the
LXX
would be
on such a
if
partisan.
Yet
it is
we deny
"
Greek
version.
We
good a
who was
would
rest their
arguments on a translation^ or
their reputation,
might be
in
it.
They quoted
had they wrote
it,
in-
deed, but,
their
;
not so
much
to
to
refer to
When
the
Hebrew
and Greek
This
fair
specimen of Socinian
effect of
cri-
and
it
indulging
contempt
braist,
THE SEPTUAGINT.
to the
93
knowledge of
Christ.
He
jnst as if they
were Greek
fame
He
The
Galilean,"
version.
Greek
His assertion
generally false, as
their argu6.
LXX.
Greek
who
See Appendiv,
No.
17.
citations of the
The
New
Testament,
it
should be
re-
like rhetorical
;
illustrations,
adduced
pillars of
the
Old Testament
references
Had
they drawn
But we
find
to,
either in the
New
cited,
The
that
reservation of
appeal to the
Hebrew
text, is so incredible,
and involves
to render
it
unworthy of serious
fully with
Word
94
and Nay, nay."
tural,
it
AN APOLOGY FOR
is
is
It
to
suppose the
all
might
cen-
many
had been
Rabbins.
There
is,
indeed, no
little
danger
to
be apprehended,
comments and
discourses, unless
It is
we
heartily admit
no
trivial
blunder, to comis
pare what
is
look on,
and
we can
hardly
be
in earnest, whilst
heterogeneous materials.
we
we have
its 7io
Hebrew
text.
But
man can
we bring
We
if
down
to the level
we unduly
we
collate
it
As
relates to the
New Testament,
nothing more
of citations,
text,
lists
Hebrew
and then to
majority set
down
!
to the
account
It is full time,
we should
arrive at
some
clear
and
definite decision,
on
this
momentous
question.
If
we
we may
collate
either with
Hebrew
New
THE SEPTUAGINT.
Testament
;
95
and unca-
but, if
we regard
it,
as uninspired
nonical, then
we should
collate
it,
with neither.
learn-
all
to try
There are
difficulties
human
sagacity or
industry
Whilst we
see in part,
To
obscurity,
is
to expect that,
which
is
not compatible
trial.
Amongst
these
some belong
Canon, and
Old Testament.
No
ingenuity, no extent of
much
of
Hebrew
critics,
alterations, to
Nor have
LXX
favourable results.
complished
but the
when every
col-
The
is
patient
method of
attempts,
illustrating
the Sacred
and
fruitless.
still
LXX, by
Hebrew
text,
and of the
96
AN APOLOGY FOR
Testament.
New
Yet
this
full
To
treat
it
as a
human
is
and then
to collate
to build
it is
to expose ourselves
merited scorn
of unbelievers.
years, to
the continuous
and
New
make
Old
may
to
my
labours,
and
to manifest
built
It
lost,
have passed
my
join the
Word
it
of
God
to
the
word of man,
if I
have
human
error, then,
still
sadder prospect.
I
But,
of
its
am
cannot forego
LXX,
nor to
my
They
in-
and
their truth
impressed
Vos exemplaria Grseca,
Nocturna versate manu, versate diurna.
have never
general superiority.
My
senti-
THE SEPTUAGINT.
ments are those of Capellus,*
that,
21
Hebrew
Scriptures,
and meaning,
as regards
the
LXX
New
but, that
viewed in relation
if
to the
Testament,
becomes of equal,
He-
so plain
and
significant, that
it
required
no supplementary aid
of the
LXX
to the
exposition of the
New
It
Testament,
would remain
entire
and undiminished.
would
still
New
Testa-
ment was
LXX, and
that,
by
number of
citations
from
its
pages.
No
value,
in reference to the
Hebrew
text,
could affect
its
supreme
New
still
Testament.
The
to
disciple of Christianity
would
be compelled
the
own
to
faith, in
be obliged
Dispute and
differ, as
we may, concerning
there can be
its
no dispute, respecting
positive value, in
own
relioion.
* Clitic. Sacr.
lib. iv.
98
the
AN APOLOGY FOR
Old Testament, we may
safely affirm, that the study
of the
New,
is
Christians.
LXX
be eslet
sential to a critical
knowledge of the
New
Testament,
no
of
man
it
as a version, to question
dignity, or to
deny
its
Biblical rank.*
Nor should
its
acknowledged
inferiority of style
and
New
it
Testament.
On
examination,
it
will
be found, that
inferiority, in
possesses this
appearance of comparative
common
It is
with the
impossible
is
displayed, only
New.
This
still
is
arises, partly
from the
and imagery.
The
one,
awful, the
amiable.
The
"
one,
is
In the Old
in the
Testament,
we hear
New,
and compassion.
Now,
if
LXX
had retained
it
all
the
approached
the
to
New
Testament.
because
it
exchanges the
it
comes
into unison
The
THE SEPTUAGINT.
translated out of
99
Hebrew
do not
force,
often
exemplified in the
version of the
it.
LXX, and
But,
if it
be an imperfection,
is
one which no
we
it,
to its
It
New
Testament, that
called on to read
Septuagint.
Its
being a
to the
vei^sion of the
New.
Greek.
It
is
Hebrew converted
its
same idiomatic
inferiority,
Whatever be
comparative
is
as
history of the
its
Old Testament,
amply compensated by
practical
Whoever
studies the
Greek
New Testament
LXX,
will obtain
M. Gaussen
But, with
all
due respect
from
St.
we may
gifts in
infer,
more
excellent
was imparted
to each.
in
The
this respect,
above
all their
subsequent Prophets.
They
100
ture,
in
AN APOLOGY FOR
which
&c.
it
is
said,
that
God
to
face
to face J
whom,
There
is
Inspiration,
of prophetic predictions.
to the
In the other,
was confined,
power of recording
New
Testament.
gift,
Perhaps
it
"in the
to
interpretation of tongues"
We
have no desire
into prophets.
The wisdom
work.- 'H?
al
(Tov,
l(TX'^i;
(Tov.
It is
always dangerous, to
call
in supernatural influence,
to the
Alexandrian
;
translators,
we
that
it
was
sufficient to enable
quote
phraseology of the
New
Testament.
Their inspi-
ration
was
verbal,
not prophets.
to accord
But
was designed,
with the
writers,
New
their
Testament
who were
confined
to
THE SEPTUAGINT.
words, thoughts and expressions.
It
is
101
on
this theory-
Evanintel-
ligible.*
There
is
Hebrew
text, in the
Version
of the
LXX, and
in
the
New
Testament.
The Hebrew
it is
and suggestive.
the
"They
moved by
trans-
Holy
was
Spirit."
The
It
Greek
lators
verbal.
and
expressions, as
lary of the
New Testament.The
New
alike to thoughts
LXX. On
humility.
Church
it
but
it
is
submitted,
will
" To the
Jeics,""
Romans, "
is,
wei^e
The
question
whether
the
many, who
who
read
1.5.
t Ibid.
102
AN APOLOGY FOR
Hebrew
which
is
exclusively the
Koyix, Oracida,
to denote the
Scriptures.
He
LXX,
Sacred Scriptures.
He was
addressing the
in the
Greek of the
Italic.
LXX,
tians
or in the Latin of
all
Nearly
who
Whether
same predicament,
in regard to
language.
When
LXX, or in some Latin version, " What saith the Scripture ?" translated from the LXX. " What says says St. Paul to the Romans, cap. iv. 5.
read them, either in the
the Scriptures^'" says St. Paul to the Galatians
in both passages, quoting the very
Is
it
?
iii.
6,
words of the
LXX.
the
Hebrew
when they
by the Apostle
Gentiles
St.
tribes,
e. to all
Jewish con-
riously using
There
is
LXX.
Could they
of,
believe, that,
when
them
St.
to Christianity,
THE SEPTUAGINT.
(Minor) and Bithynia.
103
The
own.
It is
an acknowledged
fact,
that,
the
all
these Asiatic
Hebrew
Scriptures.
passages in the
LXX.
Could
The
or
Epistle to the
Hebrews (whether
is
written
full
by Paul,
perhaps more
of quotation
and reference
of the
to the Septuagint,
It is
New
Testament.
LXX.
It is
only equalled,
respect,
Now,
do not warrant us
receiving
it,
as of Scriptural
and
Canonical authority?
LXX.
They amount
to
more than
fifty.
There
is
New
Testament
its
still
re-
mainins' to be mentioned
On account of
ii.
obscure and
* Introduction, vol.
p. G4.
104
AN APOLOGY FOR
last
admitted
to
be extremely
its
unlike
all
New
Testament, even in
phraseology.
racter.
But
is
There
no part of the
New
Testament, which
is
so completely
of St. John.
Though
no direct
it
The Scripture
saith,
Thus
is
is
to
which
i?i
would
of the reader.
I ivas
the Spirit,
mos.
Hebrew
read, or
As a proof
of this assertion,
is
we
may
interpreted
Now,
and
St.
acting under the immediate influence of Divine Inspiration, selects the first
final letter
as
He
also
ad-
LXX
A
We
11,
letters
for the
sacred and
THE SEPTUAGINT.
Greek language was now raised
*
to
105
level
with
the
we
are bound,
if
tians, in their
gint.
We
are
bound
to support
them, on a question,
our own.
i
It is
history
j
a discussion,
If Christians
infidels
will
j
not
satisfactorily
adjust
these
difl:erences,
Hoc Ithacus
The
tament,
safety
velit.
and
stability of the
its
Canon
of the
Old Testo
us,
depends on
in
the Christian
in
public worship.
reject this
Now, during
version, the
It
the
first
400
years, if
we
Greek
a false Canon.
Hebrew
to
but
it
held also to
so to do,
felt
that
it
was authorised
his Apostles.
Should we
Canon, we
we must abide
claration.
It is
on
this
ground, that
rest
my Apology
106
for the
AN APOLOGY FOR
Canonical claims of the
LXX. I
*
appeal to the
Church
With
Scriptural authority,
its cita-
New
on
Testament.
We
are quite
content to
If
it
can
LXX
concerned.
Still, it will
never
It will
New
remain
who are
without."
Nor can
it
The
authenticity of the
Old and
New
Testament
is
so blended
in the latter,
must stand
most
or fall together.
part,
made
LXX,
They pledge
meaning.
spired,
If
as authoritative
and
in-
stability of the
if
Old Testament,
as
well as of the
New
but
a merely
human
it
version,
Hence
best
is
the
and
shortest
* i\ppendix, N.ll.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
Old Testament,
to
rest
it
107
to
it,
We
New
Testament, and on
that assumption,
we
But
In-
and appeals
to the
Now
these,
we
LXX.
And
Un-
therefore,
LXX, you
mode of proving
lost.
the authority of
necessarily
But
if,
prejudice,
we endeavour
Greek
Hebrew
if,
we seek
we should
Canon
then,
all
differences,
bulwarks.
prerogative
still
retain
its
essential
it
would be venerated
as the parent-stock,
LXX,
sa-
cred offspring.
We
its
proper station,
New
Testament
Gentile.
the
108
AN APOLOGY FOR
at
once be
re-
The Canon
of the pridis-
mitive
Church would be
justified,
mutual harmony.
Perhaps,
it
may be thought
medium
as this
But
were
their forefathers
brought
knowledge of Christianity,
so
it is,
by no
means improbable,
of Israel
may
New
much esteemed
would
find
The idiom
of the
LXX
feelings,
New
Tes-
its
doctrinal interpretation
in early
and
Reformation,
to
circulate
modern
Hebrew
versions of the
New
The cause
for.
of this failure
may be
easily ac-
counted
reading such
is
Hebrew by
Christians,
far too
faulty
See AlHx
On
THE SEPTUAGINT.
chiefly taken from
109
to a
in-
the
LXX,
will
always appear
translated on
purpose to
is
so highly
commended
pre-
by some of
It is this
LXX, which
is
this ob-
stacle be
surmounted, there
hope of
their conis
version to Christianity.
When
that difficulty
over-
veil
taken
"
and
Jewish mind.
This blessed Milennium,
land of promise,
firm belief,
I I
But
it
is
my
when
Christian
Canon
be arranged,
in perfect
harmony, with
there will
Church
when
will
be brought into
New
Testament.
When Ephraim
Ephraim,
shall set up an
and Jiidah
He
ensign
Israel,
nations,
and
of Judah, from
The
ensign
may
probably
at the
be the same as
that,
approach of Christianity.
Jesus
will
be owned to be
110
AN APOLOGY FOR
when he
is
perceived to have
God
of the Hellenists
Him
Omega
Last of
But,
Isaiah,
it is
the
not indis-
pensable to the general conclusion, to pledge ourselves individually to any specific opinions, on several disputable and
in
Aramean,
Greek
prevalent in Judea
St.
Matthew
these
and important
questions.
essential
you
and many
it
Greek language,
LXX,
to
nor
in-
its
If,
our
re-
and
into Greek,
The
selection of
LXX,
that
Inspiration
is
the text,
to
from which
all
it
emanates.
of differ-
It
impossible
hint at
the
shades
THE SEPTUAGINT.
ence, in the opinions of
Ill
men
but
it is
satisfactory
know, such
is
it
argument, that
Nor
is it
its
great antiquity
its
anity
its
New
Testament
its
numerous
its
Though
also, in
mulative, yet
it
is
nected
other,
links.
its
weight, in the
Make
But
your choice.
Much
will
tural complection of
result will be
much
the same.
He
he
the
will
be
led,
to the
same haven,
will
Hebrew and
Old
Testament Canon.
As
it
LXX,
Holmes and
Parsons, to be
much on
Hebrew
After
New.*
Appendix No.
7.
112
AN APOLOGY FOR
many thousand
all.
the collation of
ral
result
is
the same in
viations,
As
LXX, though
is it,
it
to corrupt this
fire
his hypothesis
favour.
See
Prop.
1.
That our
which
is
present text
LXX
is
the
same
as that,
so repeatedly
that,
quoted in the
New
which
Testament,
fore us.
It
is
as plain as
any
fact,
which can be
set be-
many and
Hebrew
text
The attempt
Sacra
result.
That the
certain,
LXX
MSS.
is
almost
on that supposition.
tions,
omissions, and
for.
some additions
remain unac-
counted
of Christianity,
plain,
New
Tes-
THE SEPTUAGINT.
tament, which occasionally verify them.
fairly
113
They cannot be
LXX,
many
this
passages, in w^hich,
it is
LXX
is
text,
whilst a
larger
number of Septuagintal
Hebrew.*
difficulties
may be
The
result
to every impartial
mind
is
this
and
form-
by
combine
in
Canon
of the
Old
Testament.
somewhat
analogous to the
difficulties,
which we
find
it
on many other
Suppose
as
not
to
the
Hebrew would
There
sunk
into
entire neglect.
its
study.
But the
literal
unnatural.
However
plain
and
the
are
human minds
in
respects, alike,
one of them
ii.
26-33.
114
in
all
AN APOLOGY FOR
probability
Witness the
Hebrew Our
original of
Canon,
am
But,
is
as
much
essential
the
Canon,
to
show
early
The
LXX
400
de facto, as canonical.
secular and uninspired,
If
we
we no
Canon.
When we
;
if
we
we
we
also sup-
our own.*
Though
the
it
be not
essential,
to
read
LXX
in
we
its
bound
to
Scriptural and
THE SEPTUAGINT.
text, w^ith
115
treating
it,
and cast
off
Old Testament.
v\^ent
To
this
Buxtorf
replies,
that he,
by no means,
it
to this
extreme
was a
Church, that
it
was indulged
Hebrew
text
and language.
Now, thus
further.
spiritual
w^ith
I
far
am most
LXX
ceases to be of
Hebrew.
it
Even
as
question of
mere human
criticism,
may be
doubtful,
to
it,
in critical value.
But,
when
and
ratified,
is
by
its
adoption in the
I
New
removed.
ith
It
Moses and
Apostles.
It
and
version of the
Hebrew
in
Bible,
In some respects,
was a paraphrase,
the
to
peculiar circumstances
;
Gentiles proselytes
extent and
116
AN APOLOGY FOR
Testament.
is,
New
sor,* qiiin
suum
nito-
rem restitutum
esse debuerit.
state of the
viribus
Hebrew
text, I believe, to
it
be altogether imaginary.
it
That
we have
age,
is
much
in the state, as
was
in the Apostolic
evident alike
It is also
New
Testa-
ment.
MSS.
appro-
which
exliibit little
is
The Septuagint
priate objects,
the
Hebrew
are, in
Bible, modified to
its
which
many
respects, characteristic
and peculiar.
not always to
am
credulous
enough
to
Spirit.'^
found
to
be quite as important, as
It affects at
that,
concerning the
Apocryphal writings.
New
Testament.
LXX
to
no right
passages in the
Hebrew
Bible.
But
its
importance, with
New
Testa-
ment,
is
of
still
greater moment.
need not
reiterate the
f Appendix, No.
1.5.
7.
X Appendix, No.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
various arguments already adduced.
117
to this
They tend
if
LXX
be not
to
assumed
as sacred
and
divine,
will
be very hazardous
Testament.
New
short
to test this
conclusion.
New
Testament be printed,
from the
LXX
shall
be given
to estimate the
quantum of Septuagintal
;
in the
New
Testament
is
only
fair,
of the
the
New
LXX, (however
may
There has
am
sorry to observe, in
comto
Old Testament.
It
to strike
them
off
from
down
to the opposite
column.
But
it
is
clear,
that,
when
the
Greek words
buted
to the
is
Greek
version.
The Hebrew,
in
such
in-
stances,
clearly
verba*
* Appendix, No. 2.
118
AN APOLOGY FOR
collate
When we
shades of meaning
but
when we
collate
Greek with
then collate
It is
Hebrew,
it
becomes a very
different task.
We
import of any
Hebrew word,
as to assert, that
in
corresponding word
of determining,
Greek.
Hence
how
far
Whereas,
it
is
and
It
vision,
whether
LXX.
if
would be needless
the ex-
me
and apology.
"
There
is
not a
^There
I
are thousands of
New Testament,
it
modelled
re-
Old Testament,
I
to
whicli
have made no
be
fair
ference."'^Now,
or
make an
to pass
exclusive refer-
ence
to
the
Hebrew
text,
and
by that Greek
and expressions,
the exact
if
are found
How
could
we have determined
Hebrew
Greek,
On
THE SEPTUAGINT.
and then verbally appropriated and
rity of the
ratified,
119
by the autho-
The
LXX, and
endeavour-
modern cognate
dialects, is
now
sufficiently manifest, in
American Neologists.
Such
interpretations
records.
of
Walton
or
Montfaucon,
with the
But,
when
infidelity
it
is
full
time to pause,
How
is
that the
and
infidel
con-
But, even
when
disastrous extremes,
may be
The
its
knowledge of
must consist
chiefly, in
certainty
and precision
but
8.
120
AN APOLOGY FOR
when
the study of
is
language
on mat-
be at no
loss to
In the one,
dreamy
The theology
;
that
Now,
I
this difference
may,
in a great
measure, be traced,
Old and
to
New
that
study, that
The
its
so constituted, as to form
text
is
own
best interpreter.
The Hebrew
best explained
LXX
New
Tes-
tament.
If
If one
member
members
suff'er ivith
it*
The
position of the
LXX,
as a version
made by men,
torn,
ii
prop. \ii.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
inferior to the
121
rank of prophets,
is
posed
to attack.
Though
it
may
it
seem, at
first
sight, the
camp.
it
It is
New
as
Testament, raise
to its full
an Archetype. Whatever be
apparent imperfections or
its
being owned
If even
the
which
is
the
LXX,
New
Testament,
Christian commentator.
But,
if
the suggestion
which
have ventured
to
bring
was taught as a
child,
from
LXX
it
murmur
its
against
it,
discontented emotion to
pared
to the
to sanction
and commend
ers.
of his followaffecting,
it
Whilst
this suggestion is
incomparably
its train.
It
It
harmonises every
As
a mere hypothesis,
attention.
it
is
It is so credible,
commends
itself,
with-
122
AN APOLOGY FOR
when once
it
To
LXX
it
was designed.
Jew and
Gentile.
was intended,
as the herald of
*'
in its ulterior
and
in
more
closely,
ginal text.
state,
As
it
was adapted
to that transition-
in
it
which
was composed.
John,
It
was
was
light.
Had
perhaps
it it
composi-
tion,
of
its
mission.
text will ever retain
its
The Hebrew
own
essential
and
indestructible value.
Imagine
it
to
command
our consent.
As
is
the original
Magna
Charta
sublimely unique.
But
as
to
was destined
away
so
was ordained
to suffer
an
eclipse,
when
the
beams of the
the darkened
Sun
of Righteousness began to
dawn upon
Gentile.
Appendix No.
17.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
It
123
DeIt is
spise
not, for
its
Above
is
all,
not,
it
because
it
is
a version.
It
only as a
of the
version, that
Hebrew
The importance
revelation,
it
should be remembered,
of a very different
merely
human
composition.
Whether we
is
correctly under-
comparatively of
Thus,
for
when
it is
asserted
by the
latter,
that
Tragedy pu-
the
mind by
we may acquiesce
all
in
distinct opinion.
So
the disputes of
ivnxixiiocf
may be viewed
of philosophic speculation.
But
it is
not
so,
come immein
Heaven.
such a
able value.
We
require a key,
its
hidden
force,
meaning, which
transfer
it
may convey
us
its
original
and
is
The "Holy
Spirit"
v.
124
Spirit operates
fore
it is
AN APOLOGY FOR
through the Holy Scriptures, and thereof inestimable importance, that
we
should attain
to the
Admit
medium
It
is
New
Testa-
ment.
in
an especial manner,
to
many
New Testament,
literal
is
which do
Hebrew
le-
import of the
less
definite
word
is
often
substituted.
jection to the
LXX,
many
He-
brew
text.
But the Septuagint was designed, not merely Old Testament, but
It
as a version of the
troduction to the
New.
was desio^ned
Hebrew
into tlie
Hellenist,
by gradually enlarging
letter,
his
conceptions.
When
as
opposed
to the spirit,
when he speaks
marked
between
he passed by.
literal
Certain
at least
it
is,
would not
Testa-
to the
New
now
constitutes
its
hio^hest value.
THE SEPTUAGINT.
This sentiment was
fathers,
felt
125
fore-
by such men,
as
to the
LXX,
:
admitted
test^
illo
Negari non
'po-
turn
ex Hellenistarum
e.v
primitivorum Christianorwn
consensu, turn
ad GrcB-
3, p.
it is
29.
Yet, so
its
version
now
To
hint at
its
awaken a smile of
Nay,
citation in the
New
!
Tes-
tament
is
ranked by
M.
to
when such
Canon
of the sacred
its
To
Scriptural
on the
It
is
our Canon of
its
syllogistic force.
In the Old,
era.
In the
New,
heard
of,
Neg-
lect or
undervalue the
Hebrew
word
to illustrate a doctrinal
term
in the
New
Testament,
126
AN APOLOGY FOR
affix to
it
you may
Jication, Redeemer,
Holy
Spirit,
may be heightened
sacred
titles
The most
may
become
all
secular.
studies.
your
Hence we
infer, that,
much
confusion, which
ists,
now
may be
LXX version.
That immense
gulf,
now
safely
from Egypt
to
Jerusalem, and
it
securely enabled
him
hazard
all
and Adriatic*
consti-
To drop
the
the figure
it
It
is
the
conduct us
to that distant
we attempt
to substitute
ingenious specula-
we
shall only
be deceived by
inventions,"
our
own
own
The moral
on a version, made
to
decipher the
On
the
LXX
Inter-
preters, in his
THE SEPTUAGINT.
127
we
feel
little
elated
by our
discoveries,
whether
real or imaginary.
Knowledge
and ready
to
puffeth up.
In the other,
mean
is
we
are humble,
We do not
ties,
to
human
facul-
but theie
Holy
Scriptures,
without
We
and
cannot urge
this, as
it
assumes
viz.
But,
it
echo
in every serious
mind.
inspired instrument.
left
we
are not
to
understand the
Word
of God.
The Holy
own
axis.
They
own
inexhaustible
treasures
and resources.
To
connect the
Hebrew of the
LXX
is
indispensable
this aid,
what
it
may, without
is
we have
amalgam which
The study
of the
Word
of
God can
in itself.
never be safely or
the
successfully prosecuted,
It
it
by the study of
word of man.
In other words,
this
own
interpreter.
Now,
is
interpreter,
New
Testament,
personified in the
128
AN APOLOGY FOR
it it
Septuagint, because
Its citations
connect
whilst
it
separable companion.
Hence
it
is,
that the
writers of the
New
Testament
;
LXX,
in their quotations
not,
that they designed to undervalue the Original, but to bring that Original into contact with the Gospel. that their whole vocabulary
is
it
Hence
it
is,
composed of Septuagintal
was destined
to
because
bring the
Jew and
Israelites
same
fold.*
Whilst the
dis-
the
badge and
tinction.
for
keeping them
when
that purpose
into
was
the
accomplished, the
Greek of the
LXX still
own
characteristics,
These symbolic
characteristics are
Throughout
finger of
It
we may
discern the
God, and
the
brings
down
to us the
to
It is the
Hebrew, softened
is
The
interpreter
the Septuagint.
If we
desert
and forego
that interpreter,
we
129
THE SEPTUAGINT.
It is
the
ing-
Hebrew
tent to study
to
LXX.
It is
of
little
use
magnify
its
we
we have
understand Greek, by
its
own
transparent light,
a fact
The number
and
of the authors,
all
amount of
its
glossaries
lexicons,
vouch
it
for
But
is
not
so with a language,
which
is
volume, which
is
It is
grammar.
But these
are very
poor substitutes
for interpretations,
ancient of versions.
They
lead the
and patient
ticism,
which
Divine revelation.
Hence
it is,
that
we hear of
Ger-
commentators,
who
Hebrew
text,
would serve
to restrain
and
to act as a barrier
overwhelming speculations.
Such Learning, hoodwinked
first,
and then
beguil'd,
130
AN APOLOGY FOR
is it
Nor
probable, that
we
and
we
return to their
Look
into
P rival ce
how
intimately he
Turn
to
its
student and
Nay,
am bound
to
Scott in his
my
nal
Septuagintal labours,
references to the
have examined
margi-
chiefly illustrated
by the
LXX.
The
in exemplifying this
to the primitive
Canon
Old Testament, by
setting
reit
forth
the
Hebrew Bible
of Kennicott,
and more
But
raised to
demical study.
not too
much
to expect, that
and that
of tutorial instruction.
still
less, in
Orders.
It is
much
LXX,
in the
THE SEPTUAGINT.
I
131
have reason
to know^, that
it
tion of attention,
in
many
academies.
It
would be no disgrace
Oxford or Cam-
same course,
rangements.
The
of the
late
LXX
at
Rugby, and
it is
ear-
example should be
follow^ed
every variety
LXX
and the
New
Tes-
is
Lycophron and
ele-
New
Testament.
The
advantage
to the
to
differ-
would
* Appendix, No. 8.
132
AN APOLOGY FOR
historians of
is
and
pagan
due
esteem, which
to the
classical taste,
would
They would
involuntarily im-
artless
and simple
style of
and Apostles.
To
may
let
know how
blend with
them follow
His
critical taste
and
classic
He
devoted
:
to the
study of the
LXX
me
;
" In
Grac'is
istis Bibliis,
diligenter
sed qiiam
paiici hoc
tempore talia
sibi
monstrarl
desiderarent.'"'
Alas
that
I
we must
still
mourn over
the
same
indifference
but
if I
how much
am
The
patristic
during the
last century.
deep atten-
tion to the
Greek Fathers
all their
interpre-
Much
No.
10.
as
we may lament
* Appendix,
THE SEPTUAGINT.
to see
133
I re-
this
joice to think,
must be overruled,
to the great
and paraproper
sin-
to its
The
me
The
learning of
all
the
Greek Fathers
Latin Fathers,
is
till
founded on the
LXX
it
mation.
The
LXX.
version,
We
Scriptural theology, if
we
and
and im-
portance of the
Hebrew
text,
and the
LXX.
troversies of other
bered only,
other,
to teach us
We
have
and
far
more important
of the
engage our
attention.
"
The Books
New
Testament," as Dr.
Davidson remarks,
134
ordeal.
AN APOLOGY FOR
Every thing,
in the moral
and
literary elements,
As
far as I
can
in all
its
We
in-
and
neologists,
Old and
New
Testament, not by
it
with the
Hebrew Canon.
We
New
which
it
body of
its
and
all its
doctrinal phraseology.
This cannot be
Greek
identi-
Canon, by
fying
its
Hebrew
archetype.
have
strife
and discord
in the Christian
camp.
One
will
for
our enemies.
House of God,
as friends," let
in their diflSculties,
all their
of
The concentrated
which may be
Even
which become
fallible mortals,
engaged
in in-
THE SEPTUAGINT.
In the study of the
135
is
confessedly
much
obscurity,
for the
indulgence
apart
from some
track our
we can hardly
path
True
that
we have
the
and by
steadily
comparing
New Testament in our hands, the New with the Old Disout of darkness, and emerge
pensation,
and
realities
of the Gospel.
is
to Patriarchs
in Septuagintal lan-
guage
if
we
LXX,
we
Hebrew
taxed to
the
elated
or depressed
by surrounding
difficulties, or unsettled
It
is
by unceasing contradictions.
and dubious twilight, that the
in this perilous
Greek Version
too
who
are not
It
to
welcome
its
succours.
offers to unveil
guage
It
New Testament.
by presenting us with a
version
it
2000
loss or safety,
is,
defeat or
victory.
136
AN APOLOGY FOR
is
Such
tuagint."
I
"Apology
for the
Sep-
Whilst
fearlessly declaring
to give offence to
my own
sentiments,
to pro-
have endeavoured
no one, and
Old Testament
last confession
of
many
excellent men,
Western Churches.
confession,
Nor am
It
my
own.
to
Apology
to
is
based, and
vindicate
am
thankful, that
It
have survived,
avow and
its
principles.
this
gives
me
that, in
my
it
the evidence of
object, to esta-
Christianity,
blish the
has been
of the
my
sole
aim and
Canon
text,
Hebrew
The most
learned Divines
Nothing
LXX
to Scrip-
tural authority,
New
No-
who
sanction.
No-
Canonical rank,
we
THE SEPTUAGINT.
in
its
137
its
study.
On
may be
which
it
reis
in
proposed.
We
ask
for
no compromise of established
;
we
LXX,
or to depreciate the
He-
brew
we
is
and integrity of
alliance,
which
Church, and
Canon.
paribus
se legibus
amb(s
DE
veyidico
hisce,
Accurutius hariim
Hebraica dereluiquo.
Quod euim
:
modo degusnoii
tarimj, quiim
lihet cvjuslibet
quam-
doctorum, sed
Ilorliiis
summam eorum
De
cap. 2. 82.
x^1
APPENDIX.
No.
1.
[OR
LXX,
I
ton's
Ninth Prolegomeno7i.
down and
established, with
some
It
slight
is
is
valuable,
on
this inter-
Whoever
desires to
thoroughly digest
admirable Dissertation.
his favourable sentiments
For
towards the
LXX,
Bp. Walton
by the celebrated Dr. John Owen, whom he thus answers, in his " Considerator Considered," c. ix. 15.
was
"
violently attacked
Of
this translation,
we have
and hoary
hairs, is
most opposed by
it
all
NoveHsts,
though
it
was publicly
;
that
it,
and cited
it
more frequently
it
to posterity;
left
by
to the
tiles,
Church of
first
Christ), the
was
gathered, and by
;
that, for
many
centuries no other
and such as were made out of it (exceptwas used in the Church, nor is any other used
to this day;
that, this
Greek Church
was
that,
which
]40
tained the truth
;
APPENDIX.
that this, which
we now have,
is
the
same
by the injury of
&c.
time,
The whole
is
relating to the
LXX, may
2.
:
Todd's Memoirs of
Bp. Walton,
vol.
See particularly
p. 325,
from which,
make the following extract " That there was a translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek, made in the time that the for we still Ptolemies reigned in Egypt, is not to be doubted
;
it
is
for
men
Testament do, in the Greek original of it, quote out of the Old Testament are now found verbatim, in this version."
of the
New
ii.
B.
1,
xiii.
quam
tato
:
vacant, sed
et
LXX Interpp.
ci-
quidem
iis
Hebraa, non
modo
Oxon. 1719,
in which,
relating to the
LXX,
To those, who seek for further and more minute information, would recommend the following sources Gregory's History
:
of the
LXX.
London, 1664.
Book
till Jerome's time, beheved the Greek Septuagint was made by Prophets, and not by common trans-
From Du Pin's Ecclesiastical History of the Fifth Century, much valuable information may be gained. He gives a
fair
Austin.
and impartial account of the dispute between Jerome and In the Work of Isaac Vossius, -De LA"A^ Interpp.
Appendix, 1663), you will find, everything, which a violent and imprudent partizan can urge, in favour of the
(Hagse-com. 1661.
1662), you will meet his match for bigotry, though not for wit,
text.
"The
Vindication of the
APPENDIX.
History of the Septuagint, (London, 1736),
is
141
a learned and
defence of Aristeas.
''
H.
"A Letter
Enghsh
is
be read by
In "
who
much
An Enquiry
sion,"
(London, 1769.)
LXX
Version, of considerable
Patrum De LXX
Versione,
appended
to the
It
LXX. Roma,
find,
1772.
argument.
aliorumque
It is
At the
you
will
Testimonia
Patrum
Christianorum
De
to
any name.
LXX.
the
cannot conclude
this note,
Two
Durham by
New
They
Consult the
Dean Graves on
the Pentateuch.
in
Part
3,
;
Sect. 2.
Montfaucon's Praliminaria
Hexap. Grig.
cap. 3, 4
Dr. Lee's
Prolegomena
and the
my
Scholia
Hellenistica.
London, 1848.
142
APPENDIX.
No.
2.
AS
ment,
first
this
"Apology" depends on
in the
LXX
New
Testa-
it is
we should
much
litigated subject.
The
of two
It consists
literal,
LXX.
later
folio
columns, and
250 passages.
The next were the Parallela Sacra of Drusius, Franck. 1588. They are printed, both in Hebrew and Greek, with two Latin
translations, the one,
He
cious notes. It
The
earliest,
was made
is
by the celebrated
London, 1588.
with the Acts.
is
crorum Parallelorum
The second
edition
dated
The
book contains 98
parallels,
and ends
The
third
exclusively
Hebrews,
New Testament.
is
It closes
Junius pursues,
it is
less strict
well adapted, to
Old and
New
Testament.
in Latin,
and
English divine,
believe,
who
In a work, entitled
deavours to show, from a selection of 40 texts, taking 10 from each of the Gospels, that the citations, on the whole, agree with
APPENDIX.
the
143
LXX; a conclusion now univerknown to be erroneous. But he was arguing against Papists, who unjustly exalted the Greek version over the Original,
Hebrew, rather than the
sally
for
(p.
Yet, ac-
we pursue
his
from the
a greater
is
majority, by 8, than by
my
But
book
his reasoning
so
recommend
his
like
most of
their
most whimsical interpretations of Greek and Hebrew words. In his Third Letter, he has drawn up an elaborate collection of the
citations in the
the
Hebrew and
the
LXX,
fol-
in favour of the
LXX.
In the
lowing Letter, he endeavours to show, that the sacred penmen only made use of the Septuagint " as an index to send us to the
Hebrew,"
p.
it
can afford no
light,
!
but as a con-
With
he
book
the
is
well deserving of an
attentive perusal.
asserts,
*'
that,
New
Testament, by
way
LXX,
p.
when put
395.
is
little
Psalm."
as
According to
my
calculation,
at least,
much
fairly
again.
be
LXX.
New
Mark's Gospel, or
Hebrews.
"The
Prophecies
and
New
Hebrew
columns, and has added some useful notes. The quotations com-
144
APPENDIX.
It is
According
from the
the
72 verbatim quotations
Differing from
LXX
47
vs^ill
total 149,
LXX,
fair
account
is
given
On
many
4to., 1827).
Mr. Hartwell Home, in his excellent " Introduction to the Critical knowledge and Study of the Holy Scriptures," has furnished
the Biblical student with a most valuable and elaborate account
New Testament.
See
vol.
ii.
part
i.
chap.
It
is
first list
of
2, all
agree
LXX, except
and
all
and
that, in his
second Table
many
exactly
LXX,
but not in
rest very
is
words,"
nearly.
many
LXX,
and the
In
his seventh
of
''
and
lars,
all
LXX.
of
Work
my
and,
if
LXX,
or the
Hebrew.
from the
LXX,
number of citations, as relative to the Even in the list, "Quotations differing but agreeing exactly, or nearly, with the He5,
LXX.
In
list
5,
LXX
LXX.
I
necessary to
may
APPENDIX.
justify the general
145
argument of
this
to deal
is
The reason
obvious.
and
Allow the
LXX to be
Testament,
far to
I
the consequence
the
New
much exceed
more
differ
we go
Out
of 350 quotations,
fairly
once
reckoned, to
from the
Dr.
LXX.
In
Owen's Modes of Quotation, (Lond. 1789), the much useful information. " The texts, cited in
amount
in
number
to
76
This
alone containing 50
LXX
citations)
but
it
Hebrew, or the
LXX.
The
Heto
brew
text.
read the
LXX,
this important
distinction.
No.
3.
AS
the
made
in this
Apology,
to the opi-
name
146
APPENDIX.
may still
be supposed to exercise some
it
may
be
useful to
make a few
respecting the
concerning the Hebrew text, they were led to take a very low
estimate of the Greek Version.
They conceived,
that
Greek
terms were totally inadequate to represent the mysteries, contained under the corresponding words in
Hebrew
and that
it
New
Tes-
Greek.
man,
p.
LXX.
New
Testament, as borrowed entirely from the Septuagint, and containing none of the mysteries, concealed under the
Hebrew
terms,
New Testament"
says Spearman,
"make
it
of the
to im-
LXX,
version, or entitle
pose the sense of the Greek words and phrases, on the Hebrew."
(p. 377).
Religion.
Edinb. 1750.
Such were
tice,
their abstract
but, in prac-
they were, in every respect, much superior to their theories. The Hebrew and Greek Lexicons of Parkhurst, with all their amusing eccentricities, contain much sound and valuable information, and are mainly indebted to the collation of the
for their utility.
LXX,
The
extracts,
which
Spearman,
is
manual
Greek Testament.
this
forgotten
School,
may
still
exercise an indirect
influence
on the pre-
APPENDIX.
spect of
147
philosophical sentiments.
still
The works of
Home
among men
ing
Romaine and
large
body of admirers, in the Christian closet. Far be it from me, or mine, to wish to lessen their religious influence, or to
I
am
merely record-
logy."
Apo-
subordinate
generally held
among
Greek Version of the Old Testament is us, and the paramount and exclusive
is
not, in
some measure,
It is
owing
They often
it,
down
These
I
popular, that
may
the cause of that Version, which so long engaged the love and
But, whatever
of
The former
held
They and never questioned the plenary inspiration of Moses and the Prophets and their low estimation of the Greek version, was founded, on their unlimited veneration of the Hebrew original.
the
Hebrew
mysterious reverence.
But,
we have
lived
Scriptures, both
of
New
:
human
unnatural result,
LXX
now
who
one of the strange conjectures of the modern German divines, that the Alexandrian Version was made, not from the
It is
Hebrew
text,
If so, the
148
APPENDIX.
Testament
is
New
tract
See
2,
the
on
by
De
No.
Edin-
burgh, 1833.
refer to
For a general refutation of such chimeras, we the masterly work of Professor Stuart On the Canon,
Lond. 1849.
edited
by Dr. Davidson.
No.
4.
ON
may be urged
in its
defence,
LXX
to
edition of
Rome, 1772.
He
will discover
much
amuse and
1664.
of
the
LXX.
l^ond.
In
will find
a well-digested con-
arguments
in its favor;
but drawn up
too
much
who may
between extremes.
was not
till
tive
was
called in question.
The
LXX, was
associated
tended also to
as
is
many
shown by Gregory in his learned History of Without giving assent to the story of the Cells,
had some substantial reason,
for believing there
LXX.
cannot
Church
was some-
But
it
the
LXX.
The
open,
principles of this
Apology.
fiction,
Whoever
desires to
from the
De
He
justifies the
APPENDIX.
historical origin of the
149
LXX,
his
culous accounts
of Aristeas.
in
is
also
taken
by Dr. Davidson,
cism."
siaiiis,
" Third
De
De
Vita et
There
is
viz.
its
LXX,
history
is
at a
No.
5.
A
this
BRIEF
and Je-
LXX, may
be reasonably expected, in
Apology.
some sharp
may be found
The
Italic
was Jerome's
first in-
Italic.
He communicated
But Jerome,
this intention to
met with
this
and strongly dissuaded Jerome, from venturing on a by unsettling the minds of behevers,
tures.
Holy
Scrip-
Jerome and
was steady
ingly of the
Greek
version.
150
APPENDIX.
Ruffinus
virulence,
laid
that,
exclu-
any
difficulty,
must be solved by an
Hebrew.
St.
the Original and the Version should be consulted, and that the
best interpretation should be chosen, between them.
Pin's account of the whole matter, cent. v. in his
See
Du
Lives of
same sentiments
LXXIT.
On
Interpp. transtulerunt.
Hos
solos meditare,
4.
quos
et in
Catech.
The following
rome,
is
will
how
correct.
LXX auctoritatem,
est.
jjroferentcs,
aures
et
sect. 35,
tom.
p.
In Retract,
44, 22,
tom.
i.
p. 9,
(Rom.
viii.
LXX,
Hoc
esse terius
Grace
qua lingua
(Versio
in
secund.
LXX
interpp. vett.
divinarum Scriptiirarum
habet
ilia
facta
sic
iranslatio.
LXX)
qua
meruit defamari,
Epist. ad Hieron.
ix.
Nee
dendi sunt,Sfc.
ioritate.
non
pro
aliis
cum
illi
qui ex
Hebrao
inter-
APPENDIX.
LXX Interpp. auctoritas, qua
culo
151
commendatur, tanta
lib.
ii.
Quasst.
167, in Exod.
Et Latinis
adhibeantur, in quibus,
excellit auctoritas
;
qui
unum
tot
homi-
ninumfuerit
Codd. non
Sfc.
Quidquid vero
istos ea
apud
LXX in Hebr.
illos,
autem
est,
per
maluit,
qudm per
Quidquid porrd
idem Spiritus
apud utrosque
idem Spiritus
;
sed itd, ut
illos
illi
pracederent prophetando,
:
isti
sequerentur prophetice
interpretando
quia
sicut in ilJis
;
pads
Spiritus Juit
sic et
et
De
Civitat.
Dei,
lib.
cap. 43.
Of this
De
auctoritate
sit
LXX
Hebrai
styli,
omnibus
In-
terpp. praferenda.
Conf.
De
Doct. Christ,
lib. ii.
cap. 15.
De
:
Consens Evang.
lib. ii.
LXX
it
qudm
illos
LXX eo Spiritu
,
spired.
He
Mulld
interpretati,
quo Spi-
Hebrais
litteris sunt.
Eodem namest.
Hieronymus
TU)v o, ut in
1.
Ex Gracd
2.
Versione
ad Suniam
et Fretellam.
Ex
Hebrcso.
Gracum textum
correxit, hortatu
confecit, ut ex prafat.
ad Evang.
Hac
;
verb postrema
sed ut nova,
minis
Ecclesid contradicentes.
152
sua
diiccesi publice
APPENDIX.
legi
;
ex
vetus
quam nova
;
ad Leandrum
est.
constat
Walton. Proleg.
The contradictory opinions of Jerome concerning the LXX, may be collected from Epist. 49 ad Pammach, in which he comments
on the chief discrepancies between the
the
LXX,
New
Testament.
But
T. posita de vett.
Ubb.
;
qua
in
LXX non
scripta in
Hehr. doceo
sic
LXX.
LXX.
hi-
et Jinita
est contentio.
Epist. ad Domnionem,
in Lib. Paralip.
JXec hoc.
Iii-
terpp. qui, Spirit u Sancto pleni, ea, quce vera fuerunt, transtule-
ad Pammach.
Latinum,
et vet.
et liquidb pervidebis,
quantum
mendacium.
Comment,
sit ilia
in
Abac.
Non
medius incedat
vera Interpretatio,
quam Apostoli prohaverunt. Cf. Grabe. Proleg. tom ii. 21. Neque verb LXX. Interpp. ut invidi latrant, errores arguimus
nee nostrum laborum, illorum reprehensionem putamus.
Editio
Edit.
LXX.
Comment,
in Esa. p. 791.
Vallars.
scrihit
Hieron.
Pref. 2 in
dicat, eos
Paralip.
Ea qua
attribuat.
Walton. Proleg.
Llieronymus, qui
ix.
cap. 8.
Lpse denique
elevat,
LXX
Interpp. auctoritatem
nonnunquam
iis,
velut de Lnterpp.
Paralip.
et
qudd
LXX.
calumnia
se tuetur, Sfc.
APPENDIX.
Much
by
allowance, however,
is
ir>3
due
for these
apparent contradicharassed
radiare in
tions of Jerome,
when we
consider
his opponents.
Ubicumque
asteriscos,
e. Stellas,
soil,
virga pra-
LXX.
gives
in
me
and summary
manner,
Proleg. iv. 3,
c. 7.
He cites
in
The
representations
by
ill-placed irony.
in this
Apology,
I
which AugULstine,
They
The following
no unfit
'*
justification of these
remarks:
LXX.
with
all
its
faults,
it
was already
in the
lenistic
far
Matthew,
makes
all
Greek
translation of his
own, and
if
so, doubtless,
would
the other
the
Greek of the
easy had
it
LXX.
How
been,
when
common
in the
Church,
for one, or
up a new version
understand the
Old Testament, which was the case of in the Apostolical and suc-
154
APPENDIX.
left
Canon to them, in so bad a condition, as the Greek of They had Httle to the LXX. is by some represented to be. fear, from the fondness of the Hellenist Jews for their accustomed version; it being absurd to suppose, that the same authority, which reconciled them to the abrogation of the law, would be In a word, the insufficient to recommend a new version of it. seeming differences between the Hebrew text and the transla-
tion
we
some passages
riations,
New Testament;
which should
sound
and
to think the
LXX.
at least in general, a
is
The whole
6.
worthy of the
No.
THE
the
New
in
which the
LXX.
is
where they
differ
sub-
It
may
Tayis
from
the
Greek
version.
iii.
37),
i.
LXX. 1 Par. 2. May zee not hence infer, that the general chronology of the LXX. is sanctioned, by the authority of the New Testament? Matt. XV. 8, 9, Esa. xxix. 13, agree with the LXX. and differ
dependent on the authority of the
Query,
So likewise. Act,
ii.
Amos. ix. 12, Rom. x. 18, Ps. xix. 5, Heb. x. 5, Ps. xl. 6, Heb. i. 6, Deut. xxxii. 43, not found in the Hebrew. Rom. iii.
10-18, follow, in succession, in the
LXX,
Ps.
xiii.
3,
but not in
the Hebrew.
xlvi.
Gen.
the
27.
easily enlarged.
Consult
ista
i.
ex
P salmis
Tiixraq
'O
iroiiov
irvi.vfxaTa,
ii.
cap.
7.
'HXar-
avTov (ipa^y
ayyiXovQ, cap.
^opav
fioi,
APPENDIX.
si
155
Quod autem
Jerem.
et
ex voce
dia9{]Kr}
Exod. ah
illo
citatis
utuntur LiXX. Interpp.prohet Apostolus mortem Testatoris intercedere debuisse, quod aliter
Hebra'icis ap. Jerem. et
locus.
ratum non
sit
Testa^nentum
cert^ in
isti
Pactum.
learned Dr. Mill, to show, that the Epistle to the Hebrews was
originally written in Greek,
to his purpose.
you
passages in
lenistic
The LXX. ti-anslated berith by diaOijKi], must be construed a Covenant, foedus, in various But the word ^La9i]Ki], in Helthe Old Testament.
Jos. Ant. 17. 9. 7.),
Greek (see
means
it
also,
a Will, testasignifi-
in
a double
and a covenant,
Yet,
fortified
it is
not
Spearman argues, p. 371, that a mere knowledge of the word berith would have led to this explanation. It results though, it is from the double meaning of the word SiadnKt]
;
likely, the
Hebrew meaning of
to the Epistle to the It should
Consult
2.
also,
Macknighfs Preface
Hebrews. Sect.
Hebrews was
-n-trpa.
liiTpog,
and
Matt.
Very
few of
St.
on
Their hap3, is
example
is
original
James
In
Sam. xxv.
an
is
LXX.
in
in
156
APPENDIX.
No.
7.
BY
of the
those
who know,
it
Hebrew
LXX. was
it
was
called,
hand, that the Greek Version had come down, so utterly depraved and corrupted, that
it
was of no
their
Such arguments
Instit.
may
sit
be found stated in
all
extent,
by Turretin,
XIV. An
7.
Versio
LXX.
Vet. Test,
authentica
Negatur.
1,
Nay,
Christiana,
lib.
cap. 3,
Also by Episcopius,
Instit.
it
Theolog.
lib.
4, cap.
21, p. 276,
who
had come
whenever
He
the
Greek
New Testament
Concerning these
own words:
in
non per
;
se, sive
quateniis a
LXX.
ex
Hehrao
Gracum
sunt traducta
sed,
et sancti-
tnm sacrum
relata.
It is
much
to the
It
was the imprudent conduct of Isaac Vossius, which so much prejudiced our
Protestant forefathers, against the
LXX.
This
up the Septuagint
canon of
and
all
many
of denying the
LXX.
all
Lond. 1816.
APPENDIX.
took a middle course.
157
Though he held
No-
and
in his
Hebrew
**
text
" He well
knew," says
many
version
its
authors to
all,
the times,
language
above
the
use
first
made of
New
Testament, in the
"Happy had
;
it
if
others,
who opposed
the
The
at present," &c.
at, if
is
the less to be
wondered
he was prejudiced
favour of
it,
especially, con-
Hebrew
verity
most Protestants,
pp.
330335.*
New
Testament
MSS.
this
raised against
Sep-
tuagintal
MSS.
still
but
may be accounted
fallen.
from the
probable,
It is
many
ration of
way, of any
* Appendix No.
7.
158
treated, as rivals.
APPENDIX.
Yet,
it is hopeful and satisfactory to know, that nor Western Church, nor the Church of neither the Eastern, England, have made any pubhc declaration against the Scrip-
tural
LXX.
It is to
be lamented,
whom
and Morinus, have evinced a contrary But the Church of Rome is not committed, by their tendency. individual opinions. Though she has erred, and greatly erred, on
the subject of the Apocrypha, she cannot be justly charged with
any
error,
LXX.
As
to the
Homilies, or Liturgy which should prevent us, from the free and
the Hebrew,
is,
LXX.
It
its
lation of the
xxii. 16).
it
In the Prayer-Book
takes the
LXX. as
the
is
Hebrew
text.
(See Ps.
ii.
12.)
The
sole
LXX.
as uncanonical,
respect,
is
the Church
of Geneva.
plained.
Her conduct,
in this
may
be easily exall
At
He
subjec-
quity.
consequently
felt
no reverence
Canon, no
title
LXX.
But,
it
They
still
As
his Latin
Ver-
may
suffice.
Quis enini
tot ineptias in
tantorwn
{si
credimus)
huminum animos
tanto consensu incidisse credat,qtiales singulis paginis offenduntur? tot corruptos locos? tot additosl totomissos? Quis denigue eosdeni esse
cum
antiquis exemplaribus
alii
cum
libb. nostris
APPENDIX.
thers,
159
position to the
pha
into the
Canon.
at issue, therefore, as relating to the
The point
LXX.
is
it
The
drawn
rate,
At any
And now let us contrast with this abuse, the opinion of one, who was by no means over favourable to the LXX. Rarum et incompurubilem thesaurum esse, neminem ignorare posse, nisi qui ab omni erudilione alienus sit. Ileinsii Ariscojiveniat?
tarch. Sacr. cap. xv. p. 901.
It
is
Helvetic, the
Augsburgh, or any other of the Reformed Confessions, nor the Synod of Dort, make any canonical distinction between the Hebrew and the LXX. in the Article De Scripturis, and therefore, even amongst Calvinists, it seems to rest, rather on the opinions of eminent individuals, than on any official document. Both Zuinglius and Melancthon speak, in tlie highest terms, of the Greek Version.
Grabii Edit.
LXX.
to
Postscript. Editoris.
With regard
Nearly
all,
remarked,
little
may be found
in Bos, or Breitinger.
The
light
on the
little
text.
They
are,
how
the text has materially suffered, whilst they form an excellent barometer, for
testing the
I
cannot conclude
how much
LXX.
is still
As
New
Testament,
to
supply the
in reference to the
LXX. But
Such an
Greek, by referring
the
Hebrew
text,
and
and doctrinal
illustrations,
by corresponding references
New
Testament.
and citations, sliould be amply provided. Josephus and Philo would offer a rich mine for research. Such an Edition would necessarily be the labour of many years, and none but a theoloEverything relating
to the illustration of parallels
But,
if
would be invaluable. Some useful hints might be gained, from the method which Pricaeus has adopted, in his Annotations on the LXX. Psalms. In regard to the text, it should be based on an impartial collation of the Vatican, Complutensian, Alexandrine, and Aldine Editions, and not confined,
well accomplished,
it
MS.
* Prrcf. Lexicon.
LXX.
IGO
APPENDIX.
No.
8.
THE
ment of
LXX.
give in the
words
who
thinks
them
full to his
purpose."
But the
reader will judge, whether they do not rather confirm the statethis
Apology.
we reap from
and necessary,
this
Ver-
" Nor
is
the
LXX. version
less useful
to a tho-
New
Testatesti-
ment
and hence
it
Hebrew idiom,
its
in
is
written
upon
little
Jews spake,
modated
their discourses.
all
transplanted, as well as
with
whom
tomed.
And
made
to be the instrument
and
had
means of preparing the minds of the nations, who every where it among them, for the better and more kindly reception of
the doctrines of Christ and his Apostles.
APPENDIX.
"There
are, therefore,
IGl
many words
in the
LXX,
what
all
become
easily intelligible.
No
TTvtvfxa signify,
among
and
if
you
collect
the senses in which the Greeks use these words, you will find
will
none that
For as
~)\i;s
pro-
perly signifies
and yet
is
man
variety of senses
rendered,
by the
LXX,
by
this
unknown
As
be-
comes necessary
sage,
to explain
it
LXX.
in that
John
i.
14,
crapu,
rightly
And
'E^
fp-ywi' vofxov
ov SiKaiwOijaiTai
aap^, that
is,
cxliv. 22,
every man]
TO ovofia TO ayiov.
^fjovrjjua Trig
the flesh,
the
aapKog
will
of
to
be
in,
flesh,
among
the Greeks.
nn Ruah,
among
the ancient
But then,
as
nn
a sense foreign to
so used,
must be ex:
plained by the
iii.
as
John
6,
To yeytwrjiiivov
(c
kol to yeyevvr]is
fiivov
flesh,
That which
horn of the
is
is
flesh
is
Spirit.
i.
"
means, Luke
37,
OuK
is
Gew
14,
ttciv
pnpa, unless
J^^D'H,
we
recollect
what
written.
Gen.
M>)
xviii.
"in mn'Q
which the
;
LXX
translate,
cidvvaTiiaei
Trapa t(o
Qsm
pripci
and consider
162
APPENDIX.
;
that *irn not only signifies a icord, but any matter, business, or
transaction
ticular
or
diKaioixrOai have,
Hebrew pTH
in the same sense, and the LXX had rendered by these Greek words ? In vain, among the ancient Greeks, will you inquire after the meaning of TnaTeveiv tm 6tw, tig tov
slg
Qtov
IT laTig,
New
LXX
version.
How
vii.
should we
;
t(^ <{>>
Acts
20
unless
Hebrew
3"ilD"'D
iriN J^^ni,
by
Who
was
with
Lord God, unless the Septuawhom, Kvpiog is, 6 "12v ? pp. 422-429.
it is
clearly
not collating the original with the version, and that he has
quently blamed the translator for no other cause, than his
own
He
Jerome,
i.
e.
the Vulgate, of
many
had
his prejudice
been
it
Alexandrian
version.
Nor, could
one!
lical Literature.
No.
9.
ON
of the
LXX,
the student
will find
much
London, 1800.
also of a
His work abounds with valuable adjustments Hebrew and Greek texts. The same may be affirmed
APPENDIX.
by the learned Dr. Hammond. London, 1659.
tively little
163
mutual
fair,
illustrations of the
LXX.
It is
only
Hammond
to the
Hebrew
text.
The
New Testament
are
LXX.
may
be found, in
Bona De Reh,
It contains
Rom.
1671.
much
LXX
version,
and took
it
us they found
it, Sec.
appears but a lame apology for inspired writers, if they cited from an incorrect version. He was endeavouring to account,
for
what
is
LXX
Hebrew.
guage
is
Our
let his
translators
20,
Rom.
xi. 9,
word "
let his
Augustine,
who
language in a
Hs^c nan
specie,
prophetando, pradicta.
De
And
here
it
may be
observed once
many
New
Testament.
Kuster, Dre-
and
WoU
many
xiii.
No. 10.
AS
it is
somewhat hazardous,
in this country,
even to allude
let
me
at once
declare
my
Augustine,
///
Apocryphis,
etsi
_.
1G4
APPENDIX.
est
canordca auctoritas.
It is
much
books; and especially, that Jerome should have given his high
authority, to this Biblical confusion.
As a
I hope,
made
this
acknowledgment,
will give
no offence,
if I
briefly advert to
some of the
may
LXX,
and the
New
Testament.
LXX,
Though their style is essentially the it is somewhat more free, and ap-
New
Testament.
This difference
tions,
their
till
So nearly
for the
were not
between them.
Sirach,
much incidental light on various passages of the New Testament. There are several hundred words and phrases, not occurring in
the
LXX,
cryphal writings.
It
may be
1st.
Hellenistic authorities.
3rd.
The
LXX.
2ndi.
The Apocrypha.
JosepJius.
The
Nets) Testament.
4th. Philo.
7th.
5th.
6th.
The Pseudepigraphal Writers, comprehending those published by Fabricius and Thilo, especially, Evangelium Nicodemi. To these may be added, some of
the earher Reliquice Sacra, as edited by Grabe, and Routh.
The
APPENDIX.
No. 11.
1G5
T"^HERE
an ambiguity, as Professor Stuart has rightly observed,* in the use of the words Canon, and Canonical,
is
which has frequently led theological stuSometimes, they are used as equi-
word authoritative, i. e. readable, in the public worship of the In this Apology, I have ventured to take them occaChurch.
sionally in both these significations,
and
to
may be
objected, that
Canonical, in a
by applying
it,
(which
is
Hebrew and
LXX);
it
but also to
this point,
must be found,
in
That
is it
possible to forget
when advocating
I
have used
therefore,
in reference to the
LXX
ration
To
We
And why?
1st.
but, because
it
for
Church.
2nd. Because
it
any
Jewish synagogue.
I
3rd. Because
was not
ratified, or
it
recog-
nized
by
4th.
Because
had never
ii.
16G
APPENDIX.
Now,
we prove
to
the Scrip-
and Canonical authority of the LXX. is now, indeed, of the utmost importance
be explicit on
the subject of the Canon, since a party has arisen, even within
our Church, which joins the continental neologists, in their " dissolving views," respecting any positive, or objective,
Scripture.
It is the characteristic
Canon of
human
reason.
Under
tianity,
is
material,
and
silently
undermines
and leaves us
poor indeed,
to toy
and
trifle
with our
own
imaginations.
Satan assumes the appearance of an angel of light, he approaches in his most dangerous and fascinating aspect, and
When
when
it is
Word
all
of God,
if
the world,
such a
crisis
for the
LXX
may
prudent
and
reflecting Christians.
own
the
Hebrew Canon of
It
Hellenistic Greek, in
New Testament.
Word
Christ,
the Spirit.
is
Next
ashamed of
he probably learned to read the ancient Scriptures, and which he delights to quote and
ratify, in his
own
discourses.
The
safety
satisfactorily be
is
recognised, as
Hebrew
text.
APPENDIX.
The truth of this observation cannot be than by considering the strong and unnatural
the Septuagint
position, in
107
better illustrated,
which
now
and unbeliever of
an able writer
Christianity.
made an ob-
New
Testament," says
Version, and that
LXX
Our
reply
made
in the usual
manner, according
in
to the dictates of
common
sense,
and always
such a way, as
is
without foundation.
never quote
it,
As
Hebrew
Scriptures.
It is in
consonance with
M. Gaussen has
entitled
his Theopneustia,
it
amination of Objections
Is
it
tations, classed
amongst
Infidel objections,
first
when
it
is
remem-
by the
centuries, have
deemed
it
necessary
LXX,
in the
New
Tes-
tament
The
reply which
is
here given,
is
totally unsatisfactory, in
Common
and
Sense.
Inspiration of the
New Testament,
you place
tions.
in a category, distinct
is
from
all
ordinary composi-
Nor
never follow
it,
It is sur-
168
tion,
APPENDIX.
when
it is
well
known, there
differ
are
numerous
citations in the
New
Testament, which
materially,
from
the
original
Text.*
dom of
version.
their
quotations
belongs
text,
quite
to
as
much
to
those,
Hebrew
as
others,
It
never
Hebrew.
Nor can
New
its
Testament ever
numerous quo-
LXX.
But
to
this
by putting them on a
be
made
in
the usual
manner.
the
Common
sense
applies
to
under-
The
result
is
plain
and obvious.
We must
and what
far
more
own
con-
sciences.
and
New
Testament
is
to be dis-
be admitted,
LXX,
because
it
will
But,
intended, as
* Appendix, No. 6.
j-
Unum me
Crisin
sc.
getica didactica, alienam prorsiis esse, atque jure ita esse debere.
c.
18.
APPENDIX.
and
original meaning,
it
109
This hypothesis
;
may
will
be tenable,
if
limited to passages
of mere adaptation
but
it
If
New.
No.
12.
felt
not been
necessary to introduce
its
now
generally
attached to
its text,
could possess,
this
Version was
to trace its
and when
relation to the
Greek Version
but
it
has
now
fallen so
much
in
may
suffice, for
As
the Christian
Church was
Acts
viii.);
now
not, for a
moment,
to be
its
text, in
critical value,
and that
readings,
chrono-
logy,
it
approaches to the
LXX.
It is also
LXX,
and
when
it
differs
A
oi
slight
example
LXX,
see also
Gen.
diiX9u)iuiev elg
to ireSiov in the
LXX,
are supported by the Samaritan version. The principal value of the Samaritan Pentateuch,
z
in reference
170
to the
APPENDIX.
LXX, consists, first, in
Hebrew
it fortifies
accents in
therefore,
and
LXX
translated
Hebrew
in the
text,
LXX,
But the
proves
latest date,
is
which can be
as-
This
how
unjustly the
LXX
have
Samaritan
LXX, should
consult Whis-
Appendix No.
1, in his
It
How
How
it
their
sanction?
carap, to
throw discredit
and obloquy on the Greek Version. Dr. H. Owen, at the end of his Account of the LXX, has a Dissertation on the comparative excellence of the Hebrew
and Samaritan Pentateuch (London, 1787),
in which,
he appears
somewhat
it is
well deserving of
Owen had
and
is
There
also
much
infor-
mation respecting
it,
From
Hebrew
version, I think
important conclusions:
1st.
That, the
at Jerusalem
APPENDIX.
importance
:
]71
2nd. That,
this
we may term
and
in Samaria, a defective
heretical
fined to the
Samaritan Pentateuch.
we
Canon.
It
was
this,
As
Greek
version,
(To
Sa^uajoeiTtKOv) of
them of any
critical
Had
have been of the highest importance, in augmenting our knowledge of Hellenistic phraseology.
1,
15.
No.
13.
THE
titles,
philological argument,
prin-
alike in the
LXX.
and the
New
Testament.
But
it
may be
LXX.
fi
and
is
to
Jesus in the
New
14,
re-
Testament.
that in Exod.
iii.
'Ey w
tl/xi
''Qv ttTrlffraXicI
irpog vfiag.
Now,
it is
same Divine
New TesApoc.
i.
tament.
4, 8.
See John
i.
18;
6
iii.
13;
vi.
46
Rom.
It
ix.
5;
The same
title,
''12v, is
See
particularly
De Mund.
may
be questioned,
New
by
the
LXX.
is
There
another, and
somewhat
which
172
the Septuagint;
it
APPENDIX.
occurs frequently both in the
New Testament,*
xliii.
and the
LXX.
24,
is
10,
and
Joan
viii.
demand
particular notice.
It
is still
LXX.
conde-
See Esa.
xliv.
6;
xlviii.
12; Apoc.
i.
11.
Whoever
will
scend to consult
the
my labours, will find, that almost every page of New Testament admits of similar observations. 'ETriaTevaa,
koX
VfJieig
iriaTevofxev, Sib
icat
\aXov-
(2 Cor.
iv.
13.)
It is
phraseology of the
New
The sublime
of the
doctrine, so
satisfactorily
proved by
Bishop
Bull in his Defence of the Nicene Creed, that, by the sole study
LXX,
personage,
who appeared
to the Patriarchs,
must
LXX
is
sufficient to
demon-
In that noble
"Defence," you
may
Nicerie Fathers.
This
is
the
who absurdly seek to undervalue it, by contrasting it with Hebrew text. During the canonical reign of the LXX, i. e.
it
and produced
How
*
different
is
To
when speaking
1
lyd.
Rom.
xi.1,13;
Tim.
i.
15.
This
is
a delicate
and refined
APPENDIX.
riod
!
173
no imagination.
better understood, than they could have been, at that early age
But look
thought, to
its
religious
believers.
You
will
then discover,
how much
He-
and brightest
New
Neology, or Pantheism.
In these observations, we are chiefly alluding to the state of
theological studies, on the Continent.
But there
in
is
another,
and very
as
We
to us,
it
has come
down
from the
first
Reformers.
But of
sentiment has
do not
feel
myself at liberty
investigations.
Many
men have
topics.
on these prophetic
They
facts and phenomena, which may serve to account for the present high premium (to adopt the language of commerce), attached
to the study of
study of the
LXX.
But
to pro-
which was the main channel of bringing both Jews and Gentiles,
into the pale of the early Church.
is
174
version,
APPENDIX.
made
nearly 300 years, before the Christian era, and
till
revered
by Jewish rabbins,
if
they found
it
employed by
On
the contrary,
we may
of the Septuagint.
it
When
grafted
may
New
our
There
is
that
ever to be conin
not,
by confirming Jews
their
Church.
looked
down upon
if
and secondaries.
by the
are
LXX.
is
probable, they
now
is
an entire Christian.
No.
14.
MAY
whilst the
It
made
LXX.
and
New
In
the
made
to associate
APPENDIX.
beauties of the classics, with the style of the
175
Greek Testament,
to
dain to notice the most hacknied passages in the Greek and Latin classics, and to compare them with doctrines, dictated by
the Holy Spirit.
Many
of these,
am
ill
The
compataste.
of the pupils.
Nor can
it
The
the
Hebrew
it
is
tween them. Let each be estimated by their own standard but " Chaos will come again," ere we can view them through the
;
same medium.
At
all
events,
no purely theological
taste
can be formed, by
a mixture so heterogeneous.
The Sacred
Scriptures require to
When
the
Greek Testament
told,
is
the plain
line
of
demarcation
is
little
is
scholars,
divines.*
To promote this union, may I be permitted to suggest, that some portion of the LXX. should be systematically introduced
amongst the
there
seniors at our public schools,
and more
especially,
is
effected,
hope of the
critical
us.
The perpetual
recollection of
own
* For
much
many kindred
topics, relating
17G
APPENDIX.
LXX,
I
ofi'
tlie
If
more be required,
Fathers, with
The result
would be, that we should read our Greek Testament, with a Hellenistic taste,
without which,
its
be appreciated.
the
With
Germans have bestowed far greater attention, on the cultiNay, even the Dissenting Academies,
classical scholars, equal to those
I
may
"
fear, in
I
what
began," says
a late eminent Dissenter, " about the year 1785, to read the Septuagint version regularly, in order to acquaint myself more fully
New
testament.
my
all
it
mind, than
all
way
it
in
it,
before
against
and that
was of incalcu-
sense of Scripture."
Adam
should be considered, as Professor of Hebrew-Greek, and his Prelections should relate equally to the Original,
facility
their conjoint
be recognised.
It
knowledge
gives
study
New Testament. It
me
pleasure to notice
Hebrew and
LXX.
iii.
At
3,
Mark
lists,
i.
23,
Luke
iii.
7,
John
i.
23 "
Evange-
gint,
APPENDIX.
I
177
cannot close
this
my
is
painful
the fatal
as concerns the
his extensive
Bishop Middleton's Doctrine of the Greek Article, New Testament, Admirably, as he has shown
much
attention, to the
LXX.
Version. His
examples should have been taken, not from Classic, but, from
Hellenistic Gieek.
As
far as I
no support
from the
I
LXX.
of Philo, or Josephus.
This,
apprehend,
fatal to the
gram-
The testimony of
LXX. would
have been of
far
more
Fathers,
The testimonies, Wardworth subsequently collected from the Greek prove nothing more than their acquaintance with Classic
New
Testament.
In
making
this
treatise, I
beg
will
only speak
relation to the
New
Testa-
Indeed,
it is
But
not
it
of the
made
it
Of
all
our Divines,
Amongst
LXX.
with most
of Scripture.
No.
15.
IN
most of the accounts, which have been given of the pecuof the Hellenistic style of the
liarities
LXX
sufficient weight,
I think, has not been attributed to the fact, that they were Jewish
who were religiously devoted to the Hebraic original. There appears too much attempt, on the part of Sturzius and
translators,
Greek
A A
at Alexandria.
That the
LXX.
some
178
slight tinge from
APPENDIX.
the provincial
is
highly
left
probable.
us
LXX.
think,
we may
who
felt
it
their
Every translator
is,
no doubt,
to
some
extent, influenced
;
by
but
more constraining
influence.
Viewing those
all
much
as possible, avoid
to preserve
mark and shibboleth The attempts of Raphelius, Eisner, Hebraic Greek, from some stray expressions
us,
from the
meaning. In investigating
the force of any fifoc^nwa/ expression, they are not of the slightest
authority.
The
is
LXX. and
its
of the
New
Testament,
essentially based
With
the exception
The
LXX.
Version consists, in
its
trans-
and
sacrificial
same phraseology, as
that,
To
those,
who
are
is
light, the
Version
sufiicient.
To
others,
who
Hebrew and
The
Hellenistic
The
will not
conduce
connexion between
APPENDIX.
Hebrew and Greek.
It
179
idiom either of the
cannot
illustrate the
LXX.
or the
New Testament,
still less,
can
it
to
define
would now represent, as the proper ends and objects of Theological enquiry.
To
those,
who
devote their
lives, to
the professed
all
languages, whether
desirable.
may
be thought
fit
and
But,
it is
text and the Septuagint, is all that is him thoroughly conversant with the Scrip-
tures of the
Old and
New
Testament.
am
speaking only of
Theological requirements.
The Hebraic,
To keep them
It con-
good
taste
nay
it
is,
stitutes
the
to attire the
If you
attempt
classic form,
you mo-
to the level
of
human
it,
the verbal
Old
by enabling the
translators to
to
of Divine Revelation, 'and thus prepare for the advent of the Gospel
Dispensation.
Thus maTOQ,
is
worthy of
credit,
and
But, in the
Hellenistic idiom, he
who
and he
the
aTrtaroc,
who
LXX.
and the
i.
180
dons.
just
ill
APPENDIX.
Whereas
himself]
^[naiog, in Classic
Greek,
signifies one,
and on
his
own
account,
rectus in
Hence the word StKatouv, in Classic Greek, means to adjudge, and even to punish never to absolve, needless to add, that the doctrine of Christian or pardon.
;
It is
Justification
depends on
When
Augustine claimed
LXX.
remarkable phraseolog}'.
He
considered,
nothing
less
me
to
ridicule,
make
the
same avowal.
Though The
it
may
expose
inspiration of
the Hellenistic
Greek of the
New
the antecedent
irvivfj.a,
Old Testament.
moral and
spiritual
QfiaoTiaQy
tiKaioavi'Ti,
ebpaiog, iKKaKelv,
evTvy\aviv run
ifTrip
Tivog, iv\api(rTaiv,
ari^pi^eiv,
iiaTripi^iiv
rag i^v\ag
the
Sec.
&C.
From such
he
will
is
expressions in the
LXX. and
New
Testament,
be able to judge,
justified.
how
tion
The
much
assist
may be
is,
still
further illustrated,
close or
bv no means, a
it
Hebrew
it
text, that
often amplifies,
which
is
more accommodated
it is,
Xew
Testament.
Hence
often quoted
clearly differs
from the
Hebrew.
literal
Had
repre-
LXX.
and
APPENDIX.
been adopted, as the vocabulary of the
of the Gospel.
181
New
Testament.
It
The
objections,
it
on
Divine Inspiration.
distinct
Whilst
it
confers a
from
it
Hebrew,
spiritual
Such a sacred
It
supernatural character.
may
New Testament, with the language and phraseology of the LXX. has hitherto been sufficiently appreciated and developed.
It is
There
is
not a
illus-
New
Testament, which
may
not be
Version.
I
am
constantly alighting on
new
correspondences.
\A e
may
all
been written, any thing, which can even approach such a singular phenomenon.
If this identity
thors,
tion.
it
single au-
artful imita-
New
Testament
is
composed of a
likeness,
whom
and manner,
this general
and pervading
It cannot, I think,
be actill
some
it,
we
is
such an amazing
extent, are no less real, though less striking, than the coinci-
may
when
But
everything,
182
in
APPENDIX.
examples.
It is altogether curmdative.
new and
striking species of
New
its
Testament,
nature and
may
able.
be permitted to
offer a
few observations on
it is
extent ?
extremely valu-
It provides us,
metaphysical speculation,
and
all
doctrinal controversy.
To
and thoughts, between the LXX. and the New Testament, is the most exact method of arriving at their real meaning, without provoking any party passions, or opinions.
sions,
But this is not the philosophic view of such evidence. It would have been scarcely worth the time and labour, to have employed such enormous drudgery, on any merely philological
enquiries.
The problem
to be solved
it
was
the
this
Ca}i yon, by
make
of
New
Testament, even
in
minutest point,
is identical,
expressions of the
LXX ?
and
it
After
many
may now
be assumed,
I trust,
is
satisfactorily answered.
As
and
that
New
Testament
its
is
and the
LXX.
it
may justly
solution,
nature
this
it
origin.
it
The
which
humbly proposed
and that
With
perhaps
New
Testament,
have been safely accomplished, without the immediate and unerring influence of the
Holy
Spirit.
APPENDIX.
we
believe,
183
translators of the
was imparted
It
to the
Greek
Old
Testament.
was
them
to transfer
Syro-Chaldaic dialect.
The
first
the
No.
16.
in
these days, to
recommend the
lologists,
in preference to
in
safer guides,
The School
Amongst
remain
Scriptural philologists,
Alberti,
is
the
names of Leusden,
will
and Valckenaer
ever
There
a vein of moderation
and good
Holy
and Ottius,
LXX.
and the
New
Testament.
phies of
many
No.
17.
LET me not
that Jesus,
drawn up
when a
in
child,
was instructed
in the
I
knozdedge of the
LXX.
As
the
course of
it
my
studies,
till
which
may
Yet
this inference
seems
184
so obvious, that
APPENDIX.
we may wonder,
I
it
As
it
is
now
it
proposed,
is
beheve, the
sideration,
by such
collateral
evidence, as
may
Let me be pardoned,
somewhat
based.
and
local facts,
on which
it is
far inferior to
It
was
totally
subdued
740
B, c.
by Tiglath-Pileser, and
its
Galilee
into
because
inhabitants.
The
traffic
Macv. 15,
cabees.
Mace.
mitive Church.
It
was
in the
till
resided,
and here he
chiefly
remained,
visits to
Joseph, his
in the
humblest condition of
Hebrew,
rugged kind,
See
in
Mark
xiv. 70.
The
plain inference
is this,
instructed
by
Hebrew, but
Greek
APPENDIX.
Version, of the Old Testament.
185
is
And
this inference
confirmed
fact
1st.
That Mary,
hymn
of praise, Luc.
I
i.
had long since marked, Citata fere onuiia. 2nd. That, nearly all the quotations made by Jesus himself from
expressions, which
LXX.
and
Hebrew
(see
Matt. xv.
made by
from the
It is
LXX.
with pleasure,
make
terly Article,
which appeared
iv. 6.
iv. 7.
Taken from
the Septuagint.
iv. 10.
ix. xi.
7.
i.
Verbatim with the Septuagint. Taken from the Septuagint. Verbatim with the Septuagint.
Differs from both
gint.
.p
Luke
iv.
.
vii. )
xiii.
12
;
.
)
{
XV.
8,9..
.
Differs
Septuagint.
xix. 5.
. .
.
Taken from
xix. 19
xxi.
xxii. 39.
Lukei
M
.
Agrees both with Hebrew and Septuagint. Bloomneld on Mark Lrovett on Isaiah Ivi. 7. Not mentioned by Home. C
;
Matt.
xxi.
xxii.
16
42 32
; '
Mark Mark
Mark
xii.
xxii.
; '
xii.
26
30
; '
Luke
Luke
.
)
>
^j
xxii.
37
xii.
.
X. 27.
xxii.
.^
) \
Agrees with the Septuagint in sense, not in words; nearly agrees with the Hebrew.
it
V
* a the o . Septuagint. erbatim with .i
,
44; Mark
'
xii.
xxvi. 31
...
Hebrew].
.
.
Luke
iv.
18, 19.
xxii. 37.
....
Agrees
in sense, not in
Septuagint.
*
B B
186
" Here
it
APPENDIX.
will
some of which,
at the
same
Hebrew."
in the Hellenistic version;
Now, we may
and
Ps.
he adopts the
LXX.
so literally, that,
It
it
could
should be remembered,
who
and
that they
made no
version.
Greek
Hence an
irresistible inference
arises,
that
the Version
was
The
either
supernaturally,
tures.
life.
by
his
own study
of the Jewish
Scrip-
How
His
But we
upon
to record
result.
and thence,
That
that his
and
that,
employment
that
his
LXX.
nistry,
immediately on entering upon his public miwith Scribes and Pharisees, and that
to
its
that
he argued from
it
authority
nay that,
vii.
they
15.)
Matt.
xi.
10;
xxii.
37;
xxvii.
46; Luke
xxii.
^7; which
shall
APPENDIX.
'
187
to
these
of the
are
we now submit,
the serious
consideration of
who doubt,
LXX. If
correct,
Canon
of the Primitive Church, and will henceforth indissolubly associate the Septuagint, with the nativity of Jesus.
As
this is
Apology (presidium,
be indulged,
in
a few further observations on its nature and results? Most happy should I be, to claim the authority of any commentator
or divine, whether ancient or
modern
but
my
researches do
it,
not enable
me
to
Testament,
self-evident
will henceforth, if I
students.
The same inference will apply to all his disciples Behold, are not all these men rtho speak, Galileans ? The preix.
1,
2, will also
and appropriate
;
fulfilment.
;
See Matt.
15-25
xii.
18-21
Mark iii. 6, 7 John iv. 1 xi. 54. The Galilean was the term of indignity and reproach, applied
;
to Jesus,
scoffers against
Christianity.
But they
little
ment would be drawn, from that despised province, on behalf of The Version, which Jesus delighted to honour. The Lower Galilee, it should be remembered, was the principal
life
and ministry.
Its chief
Sermon on the Mount was originally delivered, in this provincial dialect; and that, when our Saviour preached in the smaller towns and villages, he also used it. See Mark v. 41. But when
he preached
in their
iii.
synagogues (Matt.
;
iv.
23
ix.
35
xii.
Mark
i.
21, 39;
vi.
2;
John
vi.
59,)
it is
probable, that he
188
APPENDIX.
it
is,
used the Greek language, and the Greek Version. Certain, however,
that
tuagintal Greek.
ivere certain
all now comes to us alike delivered in SepThere The following passage is remarkable Greeks, amongst them that came up to ivorship at
it
:
the Feast
the
same came
desired
to
Galilee,
and
him,
we would
see
Jesus.
John
xii.
made
ii.
his first
mountain
7, 16.
Matt.
is
related
is
The
Nor
is it
recorded,
in the Hellenistic, or
us,
subject
unto them;
we can
subjection, which
did not imply diligence and care in his education, more especially, as
it is
in
favour with
Galilee,
it
ii.
52.
by the large intervening province of Samaria. This was inhabited by the Cuthites, who had partially assumed the Jewish profession,
at,
or
near, Jerusalem.
Amongst
the High priests and Pharisees, was one, that he was ^.Samaritan
(John
viii.
show, that the Galileans were often confounded with the Samaritans,
and held
in the
from the
expression
his
They
Luke
ix.
53.
Samaritans. John
iv. 9.
APPENDIX.
It
189
They
xvi. 1;
are mentioned
as
1;
Matt.
Mark
iii.
22;
vii.
11;
Acts xxiv.
1,
down
in-
may
before Pilate
The chief
priests said,
He
up
the people,
from
Galilee, to this
Luke
xxiii. 5.
There
is
a distinction also
made between
some difference
at
the leaven of the Pharisees, and the leaven of Herod, v. 15, which
intimates, that the jurisdiction of Herod had led to
They were
less
it
is
probable,
as
we have
it
in the
Synagogues of Galilee,
can
adopted.
17, 18,
Luke
iv.
LXX. The
which
41, there
is
differs so little
in
Mark
v.
Talit.ha cumi.
apply to the
last
solemn words,
But,
if
They are not Biblical we accept the hypothesis, so ably advocated byDiodati,*
Hebrew.
* De Christo Grace loquenti. Napoli. 1767, 8vo. reprinted by Dobbin, Lond. 1843, 12mo. I had not an opportunity of consulting this learned Work, till this Apology was well nigh printed off; but it gives me great pleasure to find,
that Diodati accords with nearly all the facts
duced.
near
it.
t/ie
The
same
fact
Xenophon's '^Anabasis."
]90
APPENDIX.
was taught, as a
it
LXX.
Indeed,
it
so admirably
evidence, which
The Galileans
in the
Mark
vi. 2,
&c.).
ledge of the Ancient Scriptures must have spread far and wide,
by means of the
LXX.
The Syro-Phoenician
26), saluted him, as
woman (who
the
is
Son of David, Matt. xv. 22, a title, which she would have hardly learnt, but, from the Greek Version.
"
Was
not our Lord a little child, Taught by degrees to pray By father dear, and mother mild, Instructed day by day ? " Keble.
;
is not designed to favour any Arian, Something there was, no doubt, infinitely
superior in the
mind of Jesus, to
is
all others,
and this, I 'The Child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, filled with wisdom, and the grace of God loas upon Him. Luke ii. 40. But, with the deepest reverence
think,
plainly intimated:
for the divine character
of Christ,
we may modestly
enquire
employed by
education.
Joseph,
we
in her heart.
They, therefore,
felt it their
duty to
other, as far
we can judge, than those of the Greek Version. It should be remembered, also, that the anthem of Zacharias, concerning
as
same pe-
My
APPENDIX.
the fact
(if I
191
Jesus was instructed^ Old Testament. This
decisive. It super-
may
venture to call
it
so), that
admitted,
further
it
is
essentially
paramount and
It
sedes
all
argument or enquiry.
principle of gravity,
cordance,
scurity.
all
Like the
itself.
things to
the
of the Septuagint into the cradle at Nazareth, will be sufto intimate to a Christian,
its
ficient
its
perpetual authority.
POSTSCRIPT.
In this Note {Introduct. p. 10),
text,
I
other.
it
appears in no
of which
MSS.
It is altogether
In
is,
the
addunt
.
l-rriKapaTog o
dvTov
1530,
it
is juera
cmn
Tov TTarpog,
Bos gives the authority of an Oxford MS. deinde eandem maledictionem repetit, et pro tov
Breitinger remarks, Cod.
X.
all
Rom.
hasc
mtertexit, kiriKaTaparoQ
k. t.
This passage
is
absent from
the
MSS.
of
(136) collated by
little,
The
first, is
the latter, of
value,
being
the
is
celebrated
by Bos.
It
absent
also,
of the Greek Church, and from all the ancient Oriental Versions.^
It
is
or, in
With
such strong
MS.
am
compelled to come to
it is
PLEASE
DO NOT REMOVE
FROM
THIS POCKET
CARDS OR
SLIPS
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