Bi 1 (Radar system): M t radar c chi u cao Anten

1
15 h m = trn m t t, theo di 1 my
bay h cnh chi u cao
2
300 h m = . B c sng
0
10cm = . Radar dng sng phn c c ngang
nn gi thi t h s ph n x b ng -1. Xc nh cc vng m my bay c th quan st c n u
kho ng cch quan st c c i trong khng gian t do l 40km.
Tm t t :
1
15 h m =
2
300 h m =
0
10cm =
40
f
r km =
Ta c:
3/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 2
1 1
0 0
4 (15 )
0.564
1030 1030 0.1 2
e
h h m
m a
v

= = = =

Gi n ph 0.564 v = khng c, nh ng 0.5 v = s g n chnh xc.

Khi dng gi n 0.5 v = th t
3/ 2 3/ 2
1 1
0 0
4
1030 2
e
h h
a
v

= = tnh l i c
1
13.84 h m =
Kho ng chn tr i :
1 1
2 4122 4122 15 15.96
T e
d a h h m km = = = =
Kho ng t do c c i :
40
2.5
15.96
f T
km
r d
km
= ~
M c cng su t thu radar t l v i
4
F nn m c cng su t lin ti p trn gi n chnh nhau
6dB.
G i
0
S l m c tn hi u t ng ng v i bp sng c nhn 2. i d c theo ng cong
2 1
/ 300 / 15 20 h h m m = =
Giao v i bp sng th p nh t c nhn 2.8 t i kho ng c c i 4.15
T
d d = v i m c CS
0
( 6) S dB .
Giao v i bp sng th p nh t c nhn 4 t i kho ng c c i 4.35
T
d d = v i m c CS
0
( 12) S dB .
Giao v i bp sng th p nh t c nhn 2 t i kho ng c c i 3.6
T
d d = v i m c CS
0
S dB .
Khi m c tiu ti n l i g n :
Giao v i bp sng th p nh t c nhn 2.8 t i kho ng c c i 3.3
T
d d = v i m c CS
0
( 6) S dB .
Giao v i bp sng th p nh t c nhn 4 t i kho ng c c i 3.2
T
d d = v i m c CS
0
( 12) S dB .
Khi m c tiu ti n g n h n n a :
Giao v i bp sng th p nh t c nhn 2.8 t i kho ng c c i 2.85
T
d d = v i m c CS
0
( 6) S dB .
Giao v i bp sng th p nh t c nhn 4 t i kho ng c c i 2.8
T
d d = v i m c CS
0
( 12) S dB .
Giao v i bp sng th p nh t c nhn 2 t i kho ng c c i 2.7
T
d d = v i m c CS
0
S dB .
Giao v i bp sng th p nh t c nhn 1.4 t i kho ng c c i 2.55
T
d d = v i m c CS
0
( 6) S dB + .
Kho ng t do c c i c a radar l 2.5
T
d .
0
S l tn hi u nh n c t ng v i kho ng t do
c c i l 2
T
d .
G i CS t i thi u c th quan st c tn hi u l
m
S
4
0 0
(2 / 2.5) 0.4096 S S = hay
4
0
2
10log 10log 3.88
2.5
m
S
dB
S
|
|
= =
| |
'
'
V CS thu t l v i
4
r

nn
4
0 1
0 1
r S
S r
|
=
|
'
Gi thi t Anten lun h ng t i m c tiu v l i Anten gi m 10dB khi l ch 1 gc
0
6 kh i
h ng max, gi thi t tia t i m t t gi m bi n 10 l n th c th b qua giao thoa. Tm
kho ng cch b qua giao thoa.
Khi
0
1
6 + = th :
, )
0
1
tan tan 6 + =
0 1
1
tan tan
tan 6
1 tan tan


+
=

Thay :
2 1
1
tan
h h
d

=
2 1
tan
h h
d

+
=
2 1 2 1
0
2 1 2 1
tan 6
1
h h h h
d d
h h h h
d d
+

=
+

, )
0 2
2 2 2
2 1
2
tan 6
h d
d h h
: =

Gi i ra : 5.73 0.36
T
d km d = =
Bi 2 (FM communication link) : M t tr m pht FM c Anten pht chi u cao
2
80 h m = .
l i Anten l 5, cng su t pht 500W. Anten thu c chi u cao
1
10 h m = . T n s ho t ng l
100MHz. Tm c ng tr ng E (V/m) t i kho ng cch 8.1mi t i pht.
Gi thi t tn hi u t Anten 10m :
8
0
3.10
3
100
c
m
f MHz
= = =
3/ 2 3/ 2
1
0
10
0.01
1030 1030 3
h
v

= = ~

2
1
80
8
10
h
h
= =
1
4122 4122 10 13.03 8.1
T
d h km mi = = ~ ~
T
d d =
T gi n cho bi t khi
2 1
/ 8 h h = v
T
d d = th CS thu c b ng trong khng gian t do
kho ng cch 4
f T
r d =
2
2
0
.
2 4
t
tb
E P G
P
Z r t
= =
, ) , )
0 0
2 2 2
2 . . 2 . . 2.120 .500 .5
4
4 4 4 4 13.03
t t
T
Z P G Z P G W
E
r
d km
t
t
t t
= = =

7.43
mV
E
m
=
Bi 3 (Microwave communication link) : Trong microwave communication link Anten c
g n trn cc ta nh c chi u cao 35m so v i m t t. B c sng lm vi c 10cm. Tm kho ng
cch c c i d CS tn hi u khng nh h n trong khng gian t do. T c l tm i u ki n
l i ng F=1.
3/ 2 3/ 2
1
0
35
2.01
1030 1030 0.1
h
m
v

= = ~

N u dng cng th c giao thoa trn m t t ph ng :

2 1
/
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 1
2 /
T
T
h h d
F
d d d
t
v t t
|
| |
= = = =
| | |
' '
'
1
sin
2
T
d
d
t
|
=
|
'
6
T
d d =
Nh ng
2 1
h h = kho ng cch t i a l 2
T
d . Khng th dng cng th c giao thoa trn m t t
ph ng ph i dng cng th c giao thoa trn m t t c u.
T
2 1
h h =
1 2
S S = v
2 1
/ 1 T h h = =
1 2
1
2
T T T
d d
S S
d d d
= = =
+
H s i u chnh c ng tia :
, ) , ) , )
1/ 2 1/ 2
1/ 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
4 1 /
1 1
1 / 1 1 2 1 / 4
T
T T T
S S T d d d
D
d d S S T d d d

| |
|
| | = + = + =
|
| |
+ +
'
' '
, ) , )
2
2
2 2 2 1 2 1
1 2 2
/ /
1 1 1
/ / 4
T T T
h h h h d
S S
d d d d d

|
= =
|
'
, )
1/ 2
2
2
1 4 cos 1
2
F D D
t
v
|
= + =
|
' ]
, )
2
2
1 1 4 cos
2
D D
t
v
|
+ =
|
'
2
2
cos
2 4
D t
v
+ |
=
|
'
Gi i b ng ph ng php s : 1.36
T
d d =
D=0.47
0.21 =
V y :
1
1.36 1.36 4122 1.36 4122 35 33.17
T
d d h km = = = =
Bi 4 (Microwave link with unequal tower height s) : Cho
1
35 h m = ,
2
50 h m = ,
0
10cm = .
Xc nh l i ng kho ng cch d=50km.
Ta c :
, ) , )
, )
1/ 2
1/ 2 2
2
1 2
50
2 2
8497 35 50 42.38
4 4 3 3
e
km
d
p a h h km m m km


= + + = + + =

]
]
, ) , )
, )
1 2 1 1
3 3
2 2 8497 35 50 50
cos cos 1.739
42.38
e
a h h km m m km
rad
p
km



u = = =

]
]
1
50 1.739
.cos 42.38 .cos 22.625
2 3 2 3
d km
d p km km
t t u + + | |
= + = + =
| |
' '
2 1
50 22.625 27.375 d d d km km km = = =
1 1
1
1
22.625
0.9277
2 2 8497 35
T e
d d km
S
d a h km m
= = = =

2 2
2
1
27.375
0.9391
2 2 8497 50
T e
d d km
S
d a h km m
= = = =

1
2
35
0.8367
50
h
T
h
= = =
1 2
0.9277 0.8367 0.9391
0.9339
1 1 0.8367
S T S
S
T
+ +
= = =
+ +
, ) , ) , ) , ) , )
2 2 2 2
1 2
, 1 1 1 0.9277 1 0.9391 0.01646 J S T S S = = =
, )
, ) , ) , ) , )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1
2 2
1 1 1 0.9391 0.8367 1 0.9277
, 0.12685
1 1 0.8367
S T S
K S T
T
+ +
= = =
+ +
, )
4 1 2
35 50
tan , 0.12685 2.16 10
50
h h m m
K S T
d km

+ +
= = =
nh xem h s ph n x b ng -1.
3/ 2 3/ 2
1
0
35
2.01
1030 1030 0.1
h
m
v

= = ~

, ) , ) , ) , )
1/ 2 1/ 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
2
4 4 0.9277 0.9391 0.8367
1 1 0.262
1 1 0.9339 1 0.9391 1 0.8367
S S T
D
S S T

| |

| | = + = + =
| |
+ +
' '
, ) , ) , ) , )
2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2
1
/ /
1 1 1 1
/ / 2
T e
h h h h
S S S S
d d d a h
= =
, ) , )
2 2
50 / 35
1 0.9277 1 0.9391 0.01147
50 / 2 8497 35
m m
rad
km km m
= =

, ) , )
1/ 2 1/ 2
2 2
2
1 4 cos 1 0.262 4 0.262 cos 2.01 0.01147 0.739
2 2
F D D
t t
v
| |
= + = + =
| |
' ' ] ]
V y : F=0.739
Bi 5 (AM broadcasting system) : My thu radio AM c Anten v i s vng dy N=400, ti t
di n li A=50
2
cm , t c m 200 L H = , h s ph m ch t Q=100, 10 f kHz A = , tnh CS
sng t i c t s S/N=100. Tnh CS pht c n thi t n u gi s Anten pht c l i b ng 1,
t n s lm vi c 1MHz, t d n i n t t (
2
10 / S m o

= ), cho th c a
s
A theo kho ng cch
s p. Bi t c tr ng nhi u thu F=4, nhi t nhi u trung bnh c a Anten
9
10
A
T K =
Ta c :
0 8
0
2 2 2 1 2
3.10 300
f MHz
k
c
t t t t

= = = =
i n tr b c x :
, ) , )
2
4
2 2
4 2 2
5 0 0
2 / 300 50 400 120
. . .
1.54 10
6 6
a
cm
k A N Z
R
t t
t t


= = = O
6
2 1 200.10
4 ( )
100
L MHz
r
Q
e t
t

= = = O
5
6
5
1.54 10
1.22 10
1.54 10 4
a
a
R
R r

= = =
+ +
T s S/N : 100
r
n
P
P
=
M : , ) , )
2
0
0 0
1.5 100 100 100
4
rec inc n A A
P P P k f F T T k f FT T

t
= = = A + ~ A +
]
, )
0
2
0
4 100
1.5
A
inc
k f FT T
P
t

A +
=

, )
, )
23 4 0 6 9
12
2
6
4 100 1.38 10 10 4 300 1.22 10 10
2.55 10 /
300 1.5 1.22 10
inc
Hz K
P W m
m
t

+
= =

2
12
0
0
2 2 120 2.55 10 / 43.8 /
2
inc inc
E
P E Z P W m V m
Z
t

= = = =
Gi thi t Anten b c x ng h ng.
2
2
4
4
trans
inc s
P
P A
d t
=
Kho ng cch s :
0 0
2 180 300
k d d
p
ec t
o
= =

17189 d p = (m) hay 10.7 d p = (mi)

Theo th t i p=18 th
2
4
10
s
A

=
, )
2
2
12
2 4 2
4 17189 18
4
2.55 10 7679
2 10
2
trans inc
s
m
d
P P W W
m
A
t
t

= = =

y l CS pht kh thi. N u gi m d 2 l n cn 96.5 mi (p=9) 0.05

s
A = .
CS pht gi m i 1 h s
2
0.01
0.25 0.01
0.05
|
=
|
'
cn 76.8W
Bi 6 (Citizens-band communication link) : Xt h th ng cc Anten l cc Anten ru trn xe
car, t n s ho t ng f=27MHz. CS pht 5
t
P W = , l i c a Anten G=1, c tr ng nhi u thu
F=4, r ng bng thu 5 f kHz A = , h ng s i n mi c a t ' 12 k = , d n i n c a t
3
5.10 / S m o

= , nhi t nhi u trung bnh c a Anten
4
10
A
T K =
Kho ng cch s :
, )
0 0
2 2
2
0
0
3
2
9
6
/ /
0.25
' /
5.10
12
10
2 27.10 .
36
d d d
p
t t

k o ec
t
t

= = =
+ |
|
+ |
|

|
'
8
0.25 0.0225
3.10 / 27
d
p d
MHz
= =
Bi u th c suy hao
0.6
2
2 0.3
sin
2 0.6 2
p
s
p p
A e b
p p

+
=
+ +
ch x y ra cho m t t ph ng v i
1/3
1
50( )
( )
d mi
f MHz
s
, )
, )
, )
max 1/3 1/3
50
50
16.7 26.88
27
mi
d mi km
f MHz
= = = =
0.0225 26.87 0.6 600 p km km m = ~ =
3 4
2
2 0.3 0.5 5
1 10 8.83 10
2 0.6 6
s
p
p A
p p p

+
= ~ = =
+ +

CS thu :
, )
, )
, )
2
2
2
4 14 0
2 2
100 / 9
5
2 4 8.84 10 1 1.52 10
4 4 4
4 16.7
t
rec s
P
P A G W
d
mi

t t t
t

= = =
y ta dng
0
/ 4 d p = .
CS nhi u :
, )
23 4 16
0
1 1.38 10 5 10 3 300 7.52 10
n A
P k f T F T kHz W

= A + = + =
] ]
T s S/N :
14
16
1.52 10
10log 10log 13
7.52 10
rec
n
P S
dB
N P

| |
= = ~
| |

' '
hay 20.2 l n.
Bi 7 : Cho
4
i
t
= ,
10 3
2.10 / N m = . Tnh
max
f
2 2 10
6
max 2
cos 81 9 9 2.10
1.8 10
81 cos cos
cos
4
i
i i
f N N
N f Hz

t

= = = = =
V y :
max
1.8 f MHz =
Bi 8: Xc nh gc b c x v t n s cho tr m v tuy n sng ng n. Gi s tr m sng ng n
c thi t l p ph sng kho ng cch 4200 mi , chi u cao o h =300km. Cho l p F ban
ngy
11 3
5.10 / N m =
N u dng b c sng n :
, )
2
6
2
' 6
( )
4.2 10
2.2 10 ( ) 670
8 8
ft
d
h ft km

= = = =
h v t qu chi u cao l p F khng kh thi dng b c kp
' 2100( )
2
d
d mi = =
2 2
' 2100
'
8 8
d
h = =
670
' 167.5
4
h km = =
Dng l p F v i chi u cao h=300km
Gi i h :
' 2100
0.2
2 2 5280
e
d
rad
a
0 = =

' 1
1 cos cot
sin
i
e
h
a
0
0
|
+ =
|
'
1 300 1
1 cos 0.2
tan 8497 sin 0.2
i
km
km
|
= +
|
'
tan 3.6 1.3
i i
rad = = hay
0
74.44
i
=
0
180
i
0 u =
Gc ng ng =
0 0 0 0 0 0
90 90 90 74.44 11.4 4.16
i
0 u = = =
11
9 9 5.10 6.36
c th
f N MHz = = =
T n s kh d ng c c i :
0 0
sec74.44 6.36 sec74.44 11.06
c
MUF f MHz MHz = = =
Bi 9 (Radar return from rain): Cho h radar c cc thong s : CS pht 100 ( )
t
P kW peak = ,
r ng xung 1 s t = , l i Anten G=30dB hay 1000,
0
3cm = , r ng tia n a CS
1/ 2
0.063rad 0 = .Tnh CS thu t m m a cch
0
10 r km = , t c m a R=10mm/h.
, )
, )
14 14
1.47
1.47 6 2 3
4 4
0
9.05 10 9.05 10
10 / 3.3 10 /
3
BS
R mm h m m
cm
o

= = ~
Th tch chi u x :
, )
2
2 2 8 2 8 3
0 1/ 2
1
3 10 10 0.063 1.87 10
2 2
s
V c r km m
t
t0 t = = =
, )
, )
, ) , )
2
2 6
2 2 8 9 0
(0) 3 3 4 4
0
3
3.3 10
100 1000 1.87 10 2.8 10
4 4 10
BS
r t
cm
P PG V kW W
r
km
o
t t

= = =
N u radar ang quan st m c tiu c ti t di n radar
2
5
BS
S m = t i cng 1 kho ng cch , CS tn
hi u thu c t m c tiu :
, )
2 2 9
11 0
3 6 8
4
0
5 2.8 10
2.27 10
3.3 10 1.87 10
4
t BS
BS r
BS
PG S
P S P W
V
r

o
t

= = = =

Khng quan st c m c tiu.