Carbon dioxide is considered as one of the main greenhouse gases that is causing global warming and forcing climate

change. Fossil fuels are major source of greenhouse gas emissions; CO2 alone contributes to 50 % of global warming Increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations is from the combustion of fossil fuels. When fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas or oil are burned to produce energy or other petroleum products, carbon dioxide (CO2) and other pollutants are generated as by-products. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), is a technology to prevent large quantities of CO2 from being released into the atmosphere from the use of fossil fuel in power generation and other industries The process is based on capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources, such as fossil fuel power plants, and storing it in such a way that it does not enter into the atmosphere again. The CCS process has three different steps. First, the emitted CO2 is captured from Industrial plants and compressed either in two forms, that is supercritical form and sub-cooled liquid form amd taken for underground storage. The captured CO2 is transported via pipeline or ships to the storage site and injected into, depleted oil and gas fields, deep saline aquifers or unmineable coal seams. CCS technology is 1st tested in the pilot power plant in Germany and the results is positive. CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 80-90% compared to a plant without CCS. Applying the technology to pre-existing plants or plants far from a storage location would be more expensive. Storage of the CO2 is envisaged either in deep geological formations, in deep ocean storages Geological formations are currently considered the most promising sequestration sites. Since in the case of deep ocean storage, there is a risk of greatly increasing the problem of ocean acidification. ocean acidification is nothing but increase in the earth oceans. For example, consider there is 4 moles of co2 is present in the atmosphere, in this one mole of co2 will diffuse into the sea water and therefore it increases acidity of oceans.

Capture and compression: The most promising CO2 capture technologies are post-combustion and pre-combustionprocesses. In the post-combustion approach, CO2 is captured from the gases emitted from burning coal or natural gas to produce energy.

In the pre combustion technique, the fossil fuel is partially oxidized first. The resulting synthetic gas (CO and H2O) is shifted into CO2 and more H2. The resulting CO2 can be captured from a relatively pure exhaust stream. The H2 can now be used as fuel; the carbon dioxide is removed before combustion takes place. The technology for pre-combustion is widely applied in fertilizer, gaseous fuel (H2, CH4), and power production.

A third capture technique is oxyfuel combustion. Similar to post-combustion, the fuel is burned in pure oxygen which results in a much purer CO2 stream than when the fuel is burned in air. The CO2 that is currently emitted into the atmosphere through both the pre and post combustion processes could be captured and made ready (compressed) for transportation to a suitable storage site. Transportation: Once the CO2 is captured and compressed, it can be transported to storage sites either through pipelines or by trains, ships or trucks. Again, given the amount of CO2 that would be required to transport for storage, using pipeline facilities is the most feasible transportation option. Shipping of CO2 would be similar to shipping liquefied natural gas. Storage: The final stage in the CCS process is long term storage of CO2. To achieve successful storage, the storage must be relatively permanent. Permanence means that the CO2 must not leak back into the atmosphere at any significant rate,even after hundred years. Toachieve this kind of permanence of storage,co2 has to be injected to about 800 meter depth,so that we can prevent the gas entering back into the atmosphere. These kind of geological formations storage are found both on and offshore in various locations around the world. Several types of geological formations can be used to store CO2. Those with the greatest potential capacity and security are: depleted oil reservoir, depleted natural gas fields, deep saline-water saturated formations and unmineable coal beds.

Deep saline formations:

Based on current knowledge, deep saline formations provide the largest potential volumes for geological storage of CO2. The chief advantages of deep saline formations for CO2 storage are their widespread nature and potentially huge available volumes.

Depleted oil and gas fields: But ,in case of depleted oil and gas fields the storage capacity is less, also there is another problem ,since gas and oil is stored in the reservoir millions of year before ,there may be a possible for leakage of co2 Unimineable coal beds:
Carbon dioxide is injected into unmineable coal beds may react and be absorbed by the coal, providing permanent storage as long as the coal is not mined or otherwise disturbed. This are the possible ways that co2 can be stored.