DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the seminar report entitled CMOS Current Mirrors, is an authentic record of my own work carried out as the requirements for the award of degree of Master of Technology in VLSI Design & CAD at Thapar University, Patiala under the guidance of Mr. Rishikesh Panday, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, during July to November, 2010.

Dated: 15/11/2010

(MANISH TIKYANI)

It is certified that the above statement is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Dated:

Mr. Rishikesh Panday, Assistant Professor, ThaparUniversity, Patiala-147004, (Punjab)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Rishikesh Panday, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala for his continuous guidance and support throughout this report work. I am truly very fortunate to have the opportunity to work with him.

Next, I wish to thank my gratitude to Prof . (Dr.) A. K. Chatterjee, Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering and Mrs. Alpana Agrawal, P. G. Coordinator, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, and entire faculty as well as staff of the Department and then friends who devoted their valuable time and helped me in all possible ways towards successful completion of this work. I thank all those who have contributed directly or indirectly to this work.

Lastly, I would like to thank my parents for their years of unyielding love and encourage. They have always wanted the best for me and I admire their determination and sacrifice.

Manish Tikyani

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ABSTRACT

A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant regardless of loading. The current being 'copied' can be, and sometimes is, a varying signal current. Conceptually, an ideal current mirror is simply an ideal current amplifier. The current mirror is used to provide bias currents and active loads to circuits. Current mirror is the main building block of analog circuit designing. The responsibilities of Current Mirror circuitry are current amplification and to provide proper biasing to analog circuits.

There are three main specifications that characterize a current mirror. The first is the current level it produces. The second is it output resistance, which determines how much the output current varies with the voltage applied to the mirror. The third specification is the minimum voltage drop across the mirror necessary to make it work properly. This minimum voltage is dictated by the need to keep the output transistor of the mirror in active mode. The range of voltages where the mirror works is called the compliance range and the voltage marking the boundary between good and bad behavior is called the compliance voltage.

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE CHAPTER 1 Figure 1 Figure 2 CHAPTER 2 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 CHAPTER 3 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8

TITLE INTRODUCTION Current Mirror Symbols Basic Current Mirror Structure BASIC DESCRIPTION OF CURRENT MIRROR Definition of current mirror by resistive divider Use of reference to generate various currents
Conceptual means of copying currents

PAGE 1 1 3 5 5 6 7 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 21 22 24

Diode connected device & Basic current Mirror Two stage Current Mirror Different structures Cascode current mirror with Headroom voltage Modification of Current Mirror for LV operation LITERATURE REVIEW Level Shifted Current Mirror Cascode Stage Self Cascode Structure MIFG Transistor structure Low Voltage Current Mirror Characteristics of Low Voltage Current Mirror High Output Impedance LVCM ABLVCM structure

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Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21

ABLVCM characteristics Conventional & MIFG based current mirror CM using MIFG with resistor Final structure for MIFG mirror MIFG current mirror characteristics Self cascade current mirror I-V characteristics of SCCM Effect of Gate resistance on Bandwidth of SCCM Very low input impedance current mirror Transistor Implementation of the L input imp CM Comparison of input impedance Frequency response of the circuit

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ABBREVIATIONS

LV

Low Voltage

CM

Current Mirror

SC

Self Cascode

CS

Common Source

CG

Common gate

AB

Adaptive Biasing

FG

Floating Gate

MIFG

Multi Input Floating Gate

BG

Bias Gate

SCCM

Self Cascode Current Mirror

ABLVCM

Adaptive Bias Low Voltage Current Mirror

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