A Geographical study of Civic amenities in PMC area using GIS techniques

Mr. Santosh Bhailume , Dr. Virendra Nagarale , Mr. Parviz Gohjogh Najad
1 2 3

1 . R e s e a r c h S c h o l a r o f D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o g r a p h y, Ti l a k M a h a r s h t r a U n i v e r s i t y P u n e , P u n e . 2 . R e a d e r & H e a d D e p t . o f Ge o gr a p h y, S . N . D . T. Wo m e n s U n i v e r s i t y P u n e C a m p u s , P u n e 3 . R e s e a r c h S c h o l a r o f D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o g r a p h y, U n i ve r s i t y o f P u n e , P u n e .

Abstract The traditional role of municipal bodies had been one of providing basic amenities of civic life. Services such as water supply and sanitation, roads and drains, street-lights, collection and disposal of solid waste, maintenance of public places, burial grounds and crematoria, cattle pounds, registration of births and deaths, maintenance of markets have long been seen as the function of municipal bodies. In addition, they performed certain regulatory functions relating construction of buildings, public health areas such as eating places, slaughter houses and tanneries, etc. The 74th Constitutional Amendment has substantially broadened the range of functions to be performed by the elected urban local bodies (ULBs). The twelfth Schedule brings into the municipal domain among others such areas such as urban and town planning, regulation of land-use, planning for economic and social development, safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society including the handicapped and mentally retarded, slum improvement and up gradation, urban poverty alleviation, and promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects. The subject of cattle pounds has been extended in the Twelfth Schedule to include prevention of cruelty to animals. The Constitution thus envisages urban local bodies as being totally responsible for all aspects of development, civic services, and Environment in the cities, going far beyond the traditional role. Provision of basic amenities will continue to be among the core activities of the ULBs. The efficient performance of these responsibilities requires proper institutional structure, ambiguous decentralization of powers, and adequacy of resources, support of the State Governments and their entities, and a concerted effort to build up capabilities in the various sections of the ULB machinery. using the Tenth Plan, some key areas of water supply and sanitation, urban transport, alleviation of urban poverty, the housing needs of slumdwellers, and reforms in the urban sector with a view to Strengthening the institutional and resource base of ULBs will have to be taken up for special attention. Keywords: Civic Amenities, Urban growth, Non-spatial Data, Overlay Analysis, Normalization, Vectorization, Administrative Wards.

Introduction Pune is second Largest city of state the present population of Pune city is around 31, 57,000 as per 2001 census Population of Pune has increased by 56 % over the last decade in which reflects tremendous increase making it more congested than ever. The expansion process is still continuing both due to its own population expansion and the influx from surrounding areas. Understanding the growth and change brought on by urbanization is critical to those who must manage resources and provide services in these rapidly changing environments the rapid population growth has caused heavy pressure on city administration regarding issues of transportation, atmospheric pollution, water supply, sewerage, electric power and other civic amenities with impacts to the citizenry at large. Since, the provision of most civic services to the public involves geographic aspects (i.e., locate and provide) there is a logical need that all the agencies responsible for providing basic urban facilities to the citizens should have accurate maps, rectified to a common geographic reference for use in the

urban environment. Unfortunately, hand-made sketches of civic infrastructure without any grid reference are being developed and used by each agency for the achievement of their respective goals. Moreover, maps are seldom updated after any specified time-interval. Resultantly, there is non-conformity in the precincts of various administrative divides depictive of Town, Union Council, and Population Census units.

Significance of the study The planning and management of urban environment require huge amount of information regarding almost all Aspects of natural and man-made features of that area. Until lately, such a study could be achieved through days of exhaustive Surveys, map generation and tedious calculations. GIS serve as a powerful tool for spatial and non-spatial analysis of data. In This study tried to apply the role of GIS in the management of urban environment. Urban environment basically consists of built up area, i.e. buildings, roads, industries, but in this study try to attend to some amenities in side Pune urban activity zone. With using GIS techniques in the research we can understand how the modern technology can be used in the study of urban sprawl and its growth trend, updating and monitoring, Using repetitive coverage, urban environment especially land use the study on Pune Municipality.

Selection of Study Area Pune city in India, growing at a very fast rate, and PMC area in pune spread over 243.84 SqKm. 94% increase in area from 1961 to 2001, Population grown 400 times from 1961 to 2001, CAGR for 1991-2001 is 4.94% and 50% of population growth in last decade due to in-migration. Aims and Objectives: The precise aim to this present study is to find out different amenities in PMC area and suggest planning to provide better utility services.

Role of Geographic Information System The 19th century witnessed a trickle of urbanization and the emergence of metropolises. To control the worlds urban development as crucial for the future of humanity. This rapid and haphazard growth of urban sprawl and increasing population pressure is resulting in loss of productive agricultural land and loss of surface water bodies, green open spaces, besides causing air pollution, health hazards and contamination of water.

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a powerful set of tool for collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world. It has an ability to assimilate divergent sources of data both spatial and non spatial. GIS allows the user to integrate database generated from various sources on single Platform and analyze them in a spatiotemporal domain. GIS provides support in resource management and decision making (Burrough, 1986).

Location and Extent of Study area Pune city lies between 18o 25 to 18o 37 North latitude and 73o 44 to 73o 57 East longitude. The study area covers 243.31 sq. km composed of 144 general electoral wards according to 2007 which comes under 14 administrative wards of Pune Municipal Corporation. The city is located in saucer shaped basin at an average altitude of 560 m. from mean sea level. The area surrounded by offshoots of Sahyadri hills from west to east, Pune slight hollow on bank of Rivers Mula and Mutha on Deccan plateau.

Fig 1: Area

Study

Landuse
During the 1970's, the urban activities spilled beyond the erstwhile city limits and it was felt that for comprehensive and integrated planning, a metropolitan region converging on Pune be defined. Accordingly, the Pune metropolitan region was defined in July, 1967. Earlier, the Pune Municipal Corporation city area was 18.3% of the Pune Urban Agglomeration, while about 45% was village areas, 9% cantonment area and 17% was the town area. In 1997, PMCs area increased by 14,611 hectares,to include 10 census towns and 26 villages bringing the land extent to over 46,713 hectares. This increased the PMCs share in the PUA to 58.75%. However the city forms a mere 31.28% of this area, the rest being villages (45.7%), and towns (23.02%). It is clear that the expansion of the urban area into neighboring towns and villages needs to be checked. At present after delusion of few newly added villages, the PMC area is 243.96 sq. km. Within PMC, the newly added villages show a predominance of agricultural activity and some forestland. This should continue to remain so, in order to sustain the ecological demands of the city. The urbanization of the agricultural land has displaced many farmers, who, having lost their sources of livelihood, have settled down in the citys informal settlements. The Riverbed is not spared from slums either. The landuse pattern of the city reveals a dense core with commercial and residential areas bisected by the River. The southern bank, having the older parts of the city, has a haphazard highdensity development, while the cantonment areas to the north have comparatively low densities. The city shows a concentric growth pattern with the River as the center.

Table 1: Existing Landuse for the resultant PMC area after Addition of villages in 2001 Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Landuse 2001 Mixed Landuse Residential Commercial Industrial Public semi public Public Utility Transport & Communication Agriculture Hilltop and Hill slopes Reserve Forest Others Total % 0.5 21.1 0.1 1.5 1.7 7.5 3.9 43.2 6.8 5.3 1.9 100%

Source: Development Plan Department, PMC

Database & Methodology: Following table shows the secondary data collected from various sources. Table 2: - Secondary Data details for the study area
Segment Type of data SOI topo map Scale 1:25000 No 47 F/14/2, 47/F/14/3, 47/F/14/6, 47/F/15/NW 47/F/15/NE, 47/F/15/NW Environment(Noise,water quality,air Quality,) Solid waste center

Spatial data

Survey of India Pune Municipal Corporation and PMC departments

Non spatial data

Methodology Methodology is one of the important parts of analysis. Output or result of analysis highly depends on the methodology used for the data processing or analysis purpose. In the study methodology is divided into five phases. Field Work Phase I : The first phase deals with the literature review for the understanding the complexity of an urban envirment. Literature referred to urban envirment, extraction of, problems related upon agglomeration were collected to have some general understanding of the topic. Phase II : In this field work phase the data were collected from different sources in that various utility data and, ward wise population data both data are obtained from PMC. Ground trusting was completed. And database Generation. Phase III: Administrative Ward wise analysis Each parameter has been ranked based on it important and values for that particular subindicator in ward are converted into the scale of ranking these wards then compared with each other as well as the average for the city to identify the deficit /gap/surplus where standard not available Phase IV: Develop Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP) is a approach to making that involves structuring multiple choice criteria into a hierarchy assessing the relative important of these of these criteria ,comparing alternative for each criterion ,and determine an overall ranking of the alternative ,AHP provides a proven ,effective means to deal with complex decision making. Phase V: Analysis using GIS This step uses GIS extensively for analytical study. The maps generated are DEM map, population density map different weights maps etc. The reclassification is used over the various maps.

Utility Planning This step for conclusion and utilizes out put of this steps and works, then with using that can find out condition of each wards in case study amenities and can use from that for future planning. Analytical Framework

Data Ward level analyses Spatial Data Non spatial Data Environment Elevation Air Quality Scanning Soft copy Noise Georeferncing Normalization Garden Water Quality in river TSS TDS Data baseGeneration BOD Sweepers Pits Infrastructure Vehicles Sevak Container Soilde waste Generation

Toposheet

Case Amenities Data

Vectorization

Data Attachment

Analytical Hierachy process (AHP) Ward density map Growth up time line map Rating

Digital elevation map

Weight map Generation

Utility planning

Fig 2

Results and Conclusions For the ward level analysis there are some parameters each parameter ranked based on its important and value for the particular sub indicator in the ward are converted into the scale of the ranking these wards are compared with each other as well as the average for the city to identify the deficit/gap /surplus where standard not available other wise same is compared with the respective standard. There is some indicator for the ward analysis and in this research author tried to use two of this indicator.

Ward level analysis

Environment: Ambient Air Quality Ambient pollution source in urban environment include various Stationary, mobile and area source of emission .these source must be identified to enable effective management action to reduce eaxposure. The speed with which urban air quality is deteriorated has grown in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkatta, across the Indian subcontinent in the last decade is alarming [Aggarwal, 1999]. The World Health Organization once ranked Delhi as the fourth-most polluted mega city of the world [WHO-UNEP, 1992]. However, in Indian subcontinent, it is not just Delhi, but even small and medium towns, which are finding themselves in the grip of deteriorating air quality [C PCB, 1995]. In India according to Air (Prevention & control of pollution) Act, 1981 Criteria Pollutants includes mainly nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10), total suspended particulates & many more. Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM) RSPM concentrations (varied from 52 g/m3 to 181 g/m3 from Jan-07 to Jan-08.The concentrations seem to be higher at most of time in the residential area i.e Navi Peth than the standards of 50 g/m3 whereas they were also found to be higher for commercial & Background area i.e. Mandai & Oasis respectively. Background concentrations are those which account for the PM contribution to the city from the surrounding areas and are not at all coming from the sources located in the city.
RSPM
200 150

Navi Peth

Mandai

Oasis

Concentration in ug/m3

100 50 0

Nov-07

Jan-07

Jun-07

Mar-07

May-07

Feb-07

Aug-07

Sep-07

Oct-07

Fig 3: Annual trends for Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM)

Dec-07

Jan-08

Apr-07

Jul-07

Gaseous Pollutants (Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) Concentration of criteria gaseous pollutants like Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) & Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) varied from 12 to 26 g/m3 and 34 to 53 g/m3 respectively for FY 2007 & 2008.Concentration of both pollutants are well within the standard of 80 g/m3. The concentration at background site - Oasis is lower as compared to Residential site - Navi Peth & Commercial site Mandai since the contributions is from the surrounding areas and are not at all coming from the sources located in the city.
RSPM 140.00 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00

RSPM

Table 3: Parameter Rating and Ward Level Elevation for Environment

Rating point Air Quality 40 1 11 21 4 27 21 18 30 24 Noise 20 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 12 4 Water Quality in Rivers BOD TSS TDS 20 10 10 12 6 4 12 6 4 12 6 6 No river passing No river passing 16 6 4 8 4 4 16 6 4 N0 river passing Total 100 25 37 49 8 31 51 38 68 28 Garden 100 1 14 20 7 11 0 4 6 3

Sangamwadi Yerwada Tialk Road Karve Road Bibwewadi Warje Karvenagar Hadasar sahkamagar Bhavanipeth

wa di Ye ra wa da Ti la k Ro ad Ka rv e Ro ad Bi bw W ar ew je ad Ka i rv en ag ar Ha da ps Dh ar an ka wa Bh di av an iP et h Au nd G h ho Ka le sa R ba oa vis d hr am Sa ba ha g ka rn ag ar Dh ol e Pa til

Sa ng a

Fig 4: Ward wise emssion of PM10 in PMC

Aundh Ghole Road kasab Vishrambaug wada Dhole patil

25 14 27 29 17

4 4 4 4 4

0 16 12

6 6 4 No river passing

8 4 4

43 44 51 33 4 47

5 22 6 100 6

16

Table 4: Significans of prameters for environment Parameters Airqulity Noise level Garden Significance Bad quality of ambient air deteriorates quality of health ,vegetation and preoperty Noise level leads to hormonal imbalance and various concentration relstived temporary threshold shift Signifies great recreational value /open sapce /aesthetic Value /potential for air quality improvemet /health and Carbon sequestration benefits,etc.

Fig 5: Air Quality weight Map of Study Area

Noise
The monitoring noise levels at 35 different traffic junctions including one background location at Pashan for evaluation of noise levels in the city. Fig No 4.7 represents noise levels across different junctions. Weekly spot monitoring for noise is carried out using Sound Level Meter (Lutron SL 4010) at each junction for one minute interval placed at about 1 m from the actual traffic junction during late morning and mid-noon hours and averaging the same.

Table 5: Environment Quality indices for noise standard Noise rating Excellent (1) 18 Better (2) 36 Good (3) 55 Bad (4) 73 worst (5) 91

Noise levels at most of the junctions seem to be around the standards and exceeding the same at times. However, this shall not be taken misinterpreted as safe since the exposure to noise is continuous and may result into harmful effects on a long term basis. Noise levels at one of the major traffic junction i.e. Swargate Jedhe Chowk the area selected to assess the influence of traffic on junction noise quality. The high noise levels are observed and is quiet expected in such a heavy traffic carrying area. Vehicle count done in recent past depicts on an average 70,000 vehicles pass through daily. As far as the peak and non peak hours are concern equal i.e. about 35,000 average vehicles pass through the junction.
Swargate
100 90 80 70 60 50 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08
MoEF Limit (Commercial)

Fig 6: Noise Level Stations of Swargate to Jedhe Chowk

Fig 7: Noise Weight Map of Study Area

Water Quality BOD Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the water supply, there will also be a lot of bacteria present working to decompose this waste. Microorganisms such as bacteria are responsible for decomposing organic waste. When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, grass clippings, manure, sewage, or even food waste is present in a water supply, the bacteria will begin the process of breaking down this waste. When this happens, much of the available dissolved oxygen is consumed by aerobic bacteria, robbing other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live. As expected Lakes are the least polluted section as they are primary resources. Maximum BOD is observed in Jan 2008 of Nagzere Nala. In this case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline. Total soiled (TDS,TSS) The most important physical characteristic of polluted water is its total soiled content, which is composed of settable matter, colloidal matter and suspended matter in solution

.Nallas sample hasing maximum amount of total suspend soils.i.e.366 mg/lit observed at Bhairoba Nall.Nallas are the main receiving body of the industrial &domestic different mainly from slum water naturally accumulates verities of soiled as it passes through soils rocks.

Table 6: Environment Quality indices for Water Quality in River

Excellent (1) 33 Excellent (1) 80 Excellent (1) (65) Better (2) 66 Better (2) 160 Better (2) (130) BOD Rating Good (3) 100 TDS Rating Good (3) 250 TSS Rating Good (3) (200) Bad (4) 133 Bad (4) 330 Bad (4) (265) worst (5) 166 worst (5) 410 worst (5) (330)

Fig 8: Weight Map of River Water quality

Municipal Solid Waste

Pune city has about 885 to 1200 MT of Municipal Solid Waste generated per day. Per capita waste generation of the city as well as ward is about 294 to 399 gm and 211 to 504 gm per day respectively. Vishrambaug ward has highest population i.e. about 2.51 lakh and respective per capita waste generation is 477gm/day. Tilak road ward has highest per capita waste generation rate i.e. 601gm/day but have population about 2.11 lakh. Central Pollution Control Board has municipal solid waste generation standard of 400gm/capita/day and the city as a whole generates about 445gm/capita/day.
20%
% Area % Was te

16%

12%

8%

4%

Bhavani Peth

Kasaba Peth

Karve Road

Tilak Road

Dhole Patil

Ghole rd

Sahakarnagar

Vishrambag

Sangamwadi

Bibvewadi

Hadapsar

0%

Warje

Yerwada

Fig 9: Comparative account of area of ward and % waste collected

The container bins are placed at designated locations and along the roads across the city. The containers are of different sizes i.e. containers handled by dumper placers 3.8 m3 and containers handled by compactor vehicles 2.2 m3, 1.5 m3 and 1.1 m3. Municipal Solid waste collecting facility has maximum number of dumper placers i.e. 1003. Compactor bins with capacity 2.2 m3, 1.5 m3 and 1.1 m3 are 65, 341 and 111 in number respectively. Total numbers of containers are reduced in past 2 years about 1050. Bibvewadi ward has higher holding capacity bins as compared to the quantity of waste generated, where as Dhole patil ward has the least number of bins for collection of the waste.

Aundh

Table 7: Parameters rating and Ward level evaluation for soilde waste
Rating Points Generation Vehicles Sangamwadi Yerwada Tilak road Karve road Bibwewadi Warje karvenagar Hadapsar shakamnagar Bhavani peth Aundh Ghole road Kasaba Vishrambaug wada Dhole pati 40 23 33 22 30 40 32 23 22 25 33 36 35 29 10 10 7 6 1 1 2 1 7 7 4 5 4 2 3 4 Infrastructure Sevak Container 10 7 8 8 7 1 8 8 9 10 9 9 10 10 9 10 5 1 5 1 2 2 4 4 1 2 4 4 6 8 Pits Sweepers 10 2 2 10 2 10 2 6 2 8 4 4 4 2 8 20 6 4 7 15 3 11 3 6 2 20 10 1 14 7 100 50 54 53 56 58 56 51 50 50 73 67 56 64 46 MSW

Table 8: Significans of prameters for Solid Waste Parameters Significance Amount of waste generated signifies the resorce utilization as well as culture it also reflect the need for infrasturcture requirement Colletion and transport potential related to The waste generation is important from point of view of managemet and resourece. Allocation ratio with that of generation determines the plaing needs signifies segration ad management at through people involment

Waste generation Infrastructure Avalibility (hotel,Gadi socitey Richshaw ,sweepers,containers Vermicomposting pits

Segregation of Waste with the help of Ragpickers

Fig 10: Solid Waste Weight

Conclusion The present study demonstrated the efficiency of GIS as a tool in the Study of urban environment, it gives a fairly a good understanding of Changing amenities in the different area, which in turn will be very helpful for local administrative bodies. Thus, this technology has the capability to provide the necessary input and intelligence for preparation of base maps, formulation of Planning proposals and act as a Monitoring tool during the implementation phase.and AHP model to evaluate the ability of various activities of a programme to fulfill a given objective. This assessment can take place to collect the opinions of decision-makers and beneficiaries about the effectiveness of the activities and to structure the views of project or programme managers about on-going activities to discuss the content of the programmes, and the funding of various activities during the drafting of strategies and programmes

The findings of study is follow 1. In Parameter Rating and Ward Level Elevation for Environment in the study area the noise polluation and and air polution& BOD considered with the heights weight in the sahkamagar and for noise in Vishrambaugwada also consendired highests weight 2. In the garden inquire according to standard 0.2 for 1000 population,

Vishrambaugwada

have highest weight, for that purpose need to devleope the

gardens in this administrative ward. This indicates that one major reson of the air pollution and noise pollution in this area related to this limitation. 3. In the pollution water quality in the river the highest weight for pollution obteined in Sahkarnagar and B. S. Dholepatil Road administrative wards, that indicates that these two wards are having more river pollution than other administrative wards. 4. In parameter Rating and Ward Level Elevation for Solid waste in the study area the highest weight observed in Aundh and then Gholeroad and Vishrambaugwada were more solid waste genration and infrastructure compare to other administrative wards 5. In the development planning PMC should be concentrate to these administrative wards have to develop more than other wards.

References 1. Avakumovic, D., Drainage (in Serbian), Naucna knjiga, Beograd, 1991. 2. Ayers, R.S. and Westcot, D.W., Water Quality for Agriculture, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, 1985.

3. Bhailume S.A. (2008) A Study of Urban Sprawl and Utility Planning of Pune city with the help of RS / GIS Techniques, unpublished dissertation submitted University of Pune. 4. Census of India, (2001).http://www.censusindia.net 5. Djordjevic, B., Water Resources Systems (in Serbian), Naucna knjiga, Beograd, 1990. 6. Eichert, S.B. and Davis, D., Sizing Flood Control Reservoir Systems by Systems Analysis, TP, HEC, 7. Momcilovic, V., Influence de la pression sur le spectra granulometrique de l'asprerseur, La Houille, Blanche, 1983/1, 33-38, 1983. 8. Monitoring ambient air quality for health impact assessment - Google Books Result by David Breuer, World Health Organization, John ... - 1999 - Medical - 196 pages 9. Opricovic, S., Systems Optimization (in Serbian) , Nauka, Beograd,1992. 10. Pune City map (Rushabh Publications) 11. Pune Information System (Unpublished Gernal) 12. Report on ambient air quality monitoring in Delhi | India ... 13. Sulochana Shekhar (2005).Monitoring Urban Sprawl of Pune by using remotesensing and GIS techniques. Department of Geography, University of Pune. 14. www.Indiacom.com 15. www.pune municipal corporation 16. www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/report-ambient-air-quality-monitoringdelhi - 20k 17. Zelenhasic, E. and Salvai, A., A Method of Streamflow Drought Analysis, Water Resources Research, Korea Development Institute (2000) The Study of Multicriteria Decision-Making Methodology for Preliminary Feasibility Survey, Korea to

Development Institute.