Gluxit

1. Khi nim v vai tr sinh hc ca gluxit

Khi nim Cc hp cht cha C, H v O Cng thc chung Cx(H2O)y (x>3) Tt c u cha nhm C=O v OH

Gluxit l dn xut aldehyt hoc xeton ca ru a chc, hoc l nhng cht khi thu phn thu c cc dn xut trn.
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Gluxit

1. Khi nim v vai tr sinh hc ca gluxit

Vai tr sinh hc

L cht d tr, cung cp nng lng v cc cht trao i trung gian cho tt c cc t bo. L cht to cu trc, to hnh (thnh t bo vi khun v thc vt) Vai tr bo v chng li cc tc dng bn ngoi C th lin kt vi cc protein v lipit , c vai tr quan trng trong cc tng tc gia cc t bo

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Gluxit

2. Phn loi
Da theo s gc ng n c trong thnh phn gluxit

Monosaccharide : 1 n v ng n duy nht Oligosaccharide : 2 -10 gc ng n Polysaccharide : nhiu hn 10 gc ng n

Cc gc ng xu chui li vi nhau nh s bc cu ca cc nguyn t oxi cc lin kt glycoside

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Gluxit
L

3. Cu to v tnh cht monosaccharide

A - Cu to
H

nhng dn xut aldehyde hoc ketone ca cc polyol

CH2OH C=O H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH C=O H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH

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Aldose Aldehyde -CHO

Ketose Ketone C=O

S to vng ca glucose

Vng 6 cnh: pyranose Hemiacetal ni phn t,2 ng phn, & C1 21/9/2011

S to vng ca fructose

Vng 5 cnh: furanose Hemiketal ni phn t,2 ng phn, & C2

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B TNH CHT CA MONOSACCHARIDE

ngt
ng ngt
(so vi ng knh)

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B TNH CHT CA MONOSACCHARIDE

Tnh quang hot

nh sng t nhin

nh sng phn cc

Quay phn cc

http://www.schmidt-haensch.com/en/knowledge/what-is-polimetry/

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Tnh kh ca monosaccharide

Aldose c th b oxi ho trc tip khi tc dng vi mui kim loi nng trong mi trng kim v un nng

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(Ag+-thuc th Tollen; Cu2+- thuc th Fehling, Benedict)

nh tnh v nh lng monosaccharide

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Tnh oxi ho ca monosaccharide

C nhm cacbonyl nn ng n cn c tnh oxi ho b kh to thnh ru a chc (polyalcol)

H

Aldose b kh thnh 1 polyalcol

H C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH

D-sorbitol
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C=O H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH

D- glucose
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+H2

S to thnh hp cht glycosid

Nhm v -OH ca monosaccharide dng vng c th to mt lin kt vi 1 nhm OH bt k ca phn t ng khc Lin kt glycosid
ng-O-ng Cu oxy

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Phn ng oxi ho kh sinh hc

Oxi ho hiu kh: sn phm cui cng l CO2 v H2O C6H12O6 + H2O 6CO2 + 6H2O + Nng lng ATP Oxi ho k kh C6H12O6 ng phn CH3COCOOH
Axit pyruvic Ln men

Etanol, Glyxeril, Axit hu c, Dm hu c

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2.2. Gluxit

2.2.4. Cu to, tnh cht 1 s oligosaccharide

Oligosaccharide l g?
Oligose 2-10 hay 2-20 ? Gluxit c khi lng nh?

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Saccharose
Saccharum officinarum

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(4) Caramen ha: dehydrat ha + trng hp ha

C12H22O11
160oC - H2O

100oC

C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 Glucosan

185-190oC

110-115oC

Levulosan
168oC

C12H20O10 Isosaccharosan
> 190oC -10% H2O

180oC 180-188oC

Caramelan (C12H18O9 , mu vng)

-14% H2O

Caramelen (C36H50O25)
-25% H2O

188-204oC 210oC

Caramelin (C125H188O80, mu nu en)

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VD1

-Maltose

ng malt Tn ti trong cc ht ny mm

-D-glucose

D-glucose

-D-glucose v D-glucose, lin kt -1,4 glucosid

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Gi l -Maltose v: nhm OH C1 cha phn ng ca D-glucose nm v tr

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VD2

Cellobiose

Ging maltose, cellobiose to thnh t p ca 2 phn t D-glucose nhng qua lin kt -1,4-glucosid Chng ta khng s dng c cellobiose

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Gluxit

5. Cu to, tnh cht 1 s polysaccharide

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5.1. Tinh bt A- Cu to Tinh bt l polysaccharid ch yu d tr trong c v ni nh ht. Chng bao gm hng triu phn t amylopectin kt hp vi hng triu triu phn t amylose c kch thc nh hn.
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Amylose
Polysaccharide

50 5 000 gc -D-glucose kt hp vi nhau theo lin kt -1,4- glucosid Mch thng

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Amylose
Lin kt -1,4- glucosid c th xoay t do, cc nhm OH t do c th tng tc vi nhau to lin kt hydro mch c dng xon theo kiu l xo.

Mi

vng xon bao gm 6 gc ng glucose

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Amylopectin
106 gc glucose Cc gc -D-glucose khng nhng kt hp vi nhau theo lin kt -1,4- glucosid m cn kt hp vi nhau theo lin kt -1,6- glucosid Mch nhnh

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B- Tnh cht ca tinh bt

(1) Tnh kh? (2) B thy phn?
C6H12O6(C6H10O5) + n H2O (n+1) C6H12O6

Tc nhn: axit, amylase

Amylase : Dextrin M thp + t Glucose+ t Maltose Amylase : u khng kh, Maltose + t Dextrin M cao Amylase : u khng kh, Glucose
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(3) Tc dng vi I 2 I 2 + Tinh bt Phc mu xanh Lin kt -1,4-glucosid to xon c v gi cc phn t it (xem hnh bn); Lk -1,6-glucosid khng c kh nng ny Kt qu: Amylose Phc mu xanh Amylopectin Mu tm xanh

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Gluxit

5. Cu to, tnh cht 1 s polysaccharide 5.2. Cellulose

A- Cu to
Do

hng ngn hng vn gc -D-glucose kt hp vi nhau qua lin kt -1,4-glucosid mch thng

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Cc mch xp song song vi nhau, gn vi nhau nh cc lin kt hydro to thnh chm gi l mixen

6 4 3 5 2 1

Lin kt hydro gia 21/9/2011 cc chui (O OH C6

Lin kt hydro ni phn t

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Mixen c ng knh ~20 nm Gia cc mixen c cc l trng cha y lignin, hemicellulose lm cho cellulose bn vng, kh b tn cng bi enzyme, vi sinh vt...

Si cellulose trong thnh t bo to Chaetomorpha melagonium

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5.2. Cellulose
B- Tnh cht ca cellulose Tc dng vi axit Thy phn: to glucose (C6H10O5)n + n H2O n C6H12O6 To ester: cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate X-OH + HONO2 X-ONO2 + H2O X-OH + CH3COOH X-OCOCH3 + H2O

Cc ester cellulose: Phim nh, cht n, sn, cht do; T nhn to, mng lc, si lc..
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 Thu phn bng enzym

Endo--1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4):

phn ct cc lin kt bn trong cellulose (vng v nh hnh) gii phng cellodextrin, cellobiose v glucose. tn cng ngu nhin tu tin to cc u khng kh, to iu kin thun li cho exo--1,4-glucanase hot ng.

Exo--1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.91): phn ct cellodextrin v cellulose t u khng kh, gii phng cellobiose. -1,4-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) thu phn cellobiose thnh glucose.
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5.3. Mannan
Mannan l polysaccarid d th ph bin trong g cng, g mm cng nh trong ht v r cy. Tu vo monomer cu to nn mch chnh v mch bn, cc mannan c chia thnh mannan tinh khit (pure mannan), glucomannan, galactomannan v galactoglucomannan
OH OH H OH OH H HO H H OH H H HO HO O O HO HO H H H H HO H H H H O HO O O HO H H H H H H HO H H O H OH H HO HO O O HO H H H H O HO O OH H H O

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Endo-beta-mannanase

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CU TO, TNH CHT CA MANNAN Mannan tinh khit: ht c, c ph, cn ty, c rt, ch l v ci da Glucomannan: g cng, Amorphophallus konjac Galactomannan: guar gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), locus bean gum (Caratonia siliqua).. Galactoglucomannan: g mm 21/9/2011

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