1 Copyright 2012 by ASME

Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference

IPC2012
September 24-28, 2012, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
IPC2012-90291
Testing and Analysis of the Soil Thermal Conductivity
in Tropical Desert and Grassland of West Africa


Yutian Li
Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil
and Gas Distribution Technology,
China Univ. of Petroleum-Beijing
Beijing, China
Changchun Wu
Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil
and Gas Distribution Technology,
China Univ. of Petroleum-Beijing
Beijing, China


Xiaokai Xing
Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil
and Gas Distribution Technology,
China Univ. of Petroleum-Beijing
Beijing, China
Mingliang Yue
Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil
and Gas Distribution Technology,
China Univ. of Petroleum-Beijing
Beijing, China
Yun Shang
Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil
and Gas Distribution Technology,
China Univ. of Petroleum-Beijing
Beijing, China


ABSTRACT
Thermal conductivity is one of the basic thermal properties of
soil. For a buried pipeline, the thermal conductivity of the
surrounding soil is the most important factor determining the
overall heat transfer from the pipeline, and plays an important
role in assessing the safety and energy consumption of pipeline
operation. For providing reliable basic data for the
commissioning and the operation of a waxy crude oil pipeline
stretching in southwest Sahara Desert, six phases of thermal
conductivity testing were performed along the pipeline route,
respectively in February, March, April, May, July and
September, 2011. The pipeline is 462.5km long and 323.9mm
outside diameter. The pipeline route crosses tropical desert and
grassland. Test points are located at roughly equal spaces along
the pipeline route, and additional test points are located in
seasonal river beds and rugged terrains. The soil temperature
and thermal conductivity were tested simultaneously at a depth
of about130cm below soil surface, which is also near to the
pipeline centerline. The test equipment used was a field thermal
needle system FTN01 for thermal conductivity made in
Holland. For a given location along the pipeline route, the soil
thermal conductivities have different values in dry season and
rainy season. The average soil thermal conductivities for the
pipeline route between two stations ranges from 0.5 to
1.1W/(m) in rainy season and from 0.4 to 0.8 W/(m)
in dry season. The test results show that the change of soil
moisture content has significant impact on soil thermal
conductivity. Because other properties of the tested soil along
the pipeline route such as soil mineral composition, particle
size distribution and density have no significant change, these
factors have little effect on soil thermal conductivity.
Keyword: Thermal conductivity; Soil; Pipeline; Measurement;
NOMENCLATURE
A the thermal diffusivity, in [m
2
/s]
Ei(x) exponential integral function
Q the heat power per unit length, in [W/m]
R the distance from one point to the line heat source
T the heating time, in [s]
T the temperature corresponding to the time t, in []
l
i
the distance between the point i and point i-1, in [km]
N the number of the testing points in the calculation area
Euler gamma constant, 0.577
the soil thermal conductivity, in [W/(m)]

ave.
the average soil thermal conductivity, in [W/(m)]

i
the soil thermal conductivity of point i, in [W/(m)]
w
the soil volumetric moisture content, in [V/V]

INTRODUCTION
Soil thermal conductivity plays a critical role in the safe and
economic operation of a hot oil pipeline. The values of soil
thermal conductivity along the hot oil pipeline directly impact
the overall heat transfer coefficients, and then the cooling rates
of the fluid contained in the pipeline.
[1]
If only the soil thermal
2 Copyright 2012 by ASME
conductivity distribution along the pipeline well-established, all
these factors can be properly determined, which include the
number and the location of the heating stations to be built along
the pipeline, the pipeline preheat and start-up, plan, reasonable
heating temperature in the normal operation, and so on.
Measuring the soil thermal conductivity along the pipeline can
be difficult because of the long distance covered and complex
terrain.

At present many research on soil thermal conductivity is
concentrated in some areas such as ground source heat pump,
which is characterized by small test areas, large test depths, and
fewer factors affecting the soil thermal conductivity. Studies on
the soil thermal conductivity of pipeline route are insufficient
and there is no systematic research reported about specific test
and analytical methods of the soil thermal conductivities along
a pipeline.

This paper introduces the testing principle, method and results
of soil thermal conductivity for a crude oil pipeline, which
crosses tropical desert and grassland of West Africa. Also,
based on all the initial testing data, the distribution of the soil
thermal conductivity crossing different topographic areas is
discussed.
1 TESTING PRINCIPLES AND METHODS
Thermal conductivity is a parameter to describe material's
ability to conduct heat. It appeared primarily in Fourier's Law
for heat conduction. There are two kinds of methods for
measuring thermal conductivity, steady-state method and
transient method. Steady-state methods are not suited to field
testing, since a well-engineered experimental setup is usually
needed.
[2]
There are many transient methods that can be used
for field testing such as transient plane source method,
modified transient plane source method, transient line source
measurements method and 3-method.
[2]

In our test, transient line source measurements method was
chosen. This method is carried out by inserting a needle probe
into the ground which takes the measurements as the probe
heats up. The probe is not required to obtain a constant
temperature value because the signal is tracked as a function of
time. Although the mathematical analysis of the data is more
difficult than steady-state methods, this testing method has the
advantage of faster measurement, and it is easier for the needle
probes to get to the test depth through a small diameter hole.
The steady-state test method cant be worked as a location test
method. It need long time to obtain a constant temperature
value because the signal is tracked as s function of constant
temperature. As a laboratory testing method, the process of
samples preparation is relatively complex, the moisture content
and the compactness of the soil may be quite different from the
undisturbed soil. As a result, the transient test method is more
suitable than the steady-state test method in pipeline route
testing.


1.1 Test Instrument
The instrument we use for our study is the field thermal needle
system FTN01. This system is a transient thermal conductivity
testing method based on the principle of line heat source
theory.
[3]
The key components of the field thermal needle
system includes three parts, the non-steady-state probe TP09
, mounted at the tip of the lance LN01 and the user
control and readout from the CRU01 . A computer is also
needed for downloading and analyzing the data of the
measurement.


Figure 1. Key component of the field thermal needle system

As shown by figure 1, the key component of this field thermal
needle system is the non-steady-state probe TP09. A heating
wire and a temperature sensor are incorporated in the probe tip.
Electricity is loaded to the heating wire, and the soil thermal
conductivity is calculated from the observed temperature
changes at the sensor.

Table 1 shows the specification of the field thermal needle
system (FTN01) for soil thermal conductivity measurement. It
can be seen from the table that the test range of the soil thermal
conductivity is from 0.1 to 6 W/(m), and the soil thermal
3 Copyright 2012 by ASME
conductivity under general soil condition is from 0.4 to 3
W/(m).
[4]
This suggests that the field thermal needle system
(FTN01) is suitable for the soil thermal conductivity
measurements along hot oil pipeline route.

Table 1. The main parameters of the FTN01 test system

Measurement method
According to the standards ASTM D
5334-92 and IEEE Std 442-1981.
Applicable soils
Granular soils, soils, slurries, mud
and soft rock in the range from 0.1
to 6 (W/m).
Duration of the heating
cycle
300 seconds (typical)
Heating Power
Typically Q is adjustable so that
temperature rise is not more than
3 . Typically lower than 5 W/m.
Temperature range
-30 to +80 C (TN)
0 to +80 C (CRU and Cable)
Expected accuracy
Thermal conductivity: (6% +0.04
W/m) for homogeneous soils with
good contact to the probe.
Repeatability Thermal Conductivity: 2 %
Probe dimensions 6.35 mm diameter, length 170 mm
Power 12V/2W maximum
Data storage
30, the data can be downloaded to
PC.

1.2 Test Principle
The physical model of this instrument is an infinite line source
with constant power per unit length. The temperature profile
T(t,r) at a distance r at the time t is as follows.
[2,5]

)
4
(
4
Q
r) T(t,
2
at
r
Ei
t
= (1)
When an experiment is being performed, the temperature
sensor measures the temperature at a fixed distance, and
records that temperature in time. The exponential integral can
be approximated by making use of the following relation.
[2,5]

) ( ) ln( ) ( Ei x O x x + = (2)
This leads to the following expression.
[2]

)
`

+ = ) ln( )
4
ln( - -
4
Q
r) T(t,
2
t
at
r

t
(3)
Note that the first term in the bracket on the right-hand side is a
constant, while the second term relates to the inverse of time
and therefore drops out quite quickly. Thus if the probe
temperature is plotted versus the natural logarithm of time, the
thermal conductivity can be determined from the slope given
knowledge of Q.
If
2
at
r
is large enough, Ei equals -+ln(t).
The thermal conductivity of line heat source method can be
calculated from
[2,4,6,7]

dT
t ln d
4
Q
t
= (4)
When the test is performed, a constant voltage is loaded on the
heating wire. And the heating wire gives out constant heat flow
to the soil. At the same time, the probe releases heat to the soil.
With the bigger soil thermal conductivity, the probe releases
more heat transferred to the soil around the probe, and the
probe temperature rises more slowly. To the contrary, the
smaller soil thermal conductivity, the quicker rise of the probe
temperature. As a result, we can calculate the soil thermal
conductivity through recording the changing of the probe
temperature with time.

1.3 Test methods
Due to the extensive area, the complex terrain, and
susceptibility to the natural environment and human operation,
the field testing of the soil thermal conductivity is difficult. In
order to ensure the accuracy of the testing result, a rigorous
testing method is required. By combining the experience of the
field testing and referring to the specifications of similar test
work, a method for the soil thermal conductivity testing along a
hot oil pipeline route was developed.
[5,8]

Determine the test program according to the pipeline route,
and develop a detailed test plan, including the locations of the
test points, test period and time, etc. The test point locations are
generally selected based on the average interval of pipeline
mileage. More test points should be increased in special
sections such as the seasonal rivers and high divide area in
order to improve the representativeness of the test results.
[9]


Once the field testing begins, confirm the locations of test
points identified in the testing plan. Note that the points should
represent the soil environment, keep away from non-
representative area such as pipeline construction operation
areas and the roads, and avoid the impact of the special terrain
such as streams, gullies, and man-made structures.
[9]
Record
the location, terrain and the vegetation types and density of the
soil at test points.

Use special drilling tool to drill on the test points to the
desired drilling depth in accordance with the maximum depth
of burial of the pipeline. Drilling should be kept vertical, and
when the drill is down to the desired depth, the loose soil in the
bottom of the hole should be removed to ensure that the soil in
the test area is undisturbed soil. And then record the soil type,
compactness and hardness of the soil in the process of drilling.
At the same time, take pictures of the soil.

At this time, the probe has not been inserted in the soil.
Keep the probe in the hole for 2 minutes to equilibrate the
temperature of probe with the air in the hole. Then push the
probe into the soil at the base of the hole, vertically, and start
the test after the soil and probe having exchanged heat for 10
minutes. The test process lasts for about 7 minutes.
4 Copyright 2012 by ASME

After the test is finished, remember to record test results,
replace the soil in the hole, retrieve and examine the equipment,
then, continue to test the next point.

Further treatment of the test results is needed to review the
soil thermal conductivity test record of each test point,
including recalculating the value of the soil thermal
conductivity according to the relationship between the
temperature and the time of the test points. And write the report
of the soil thermal conductivity testing.

2 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
In this study, the testing area is located at the south-east
boundary of the Sahara Desert, and crosses the geomorphologic
regions from tropical desert to grassland. The region has its
rainy season from June to September, and a dry season from
October to May. This study included 6 test cycles, respectively,
in February, March, April, May, July and September in
2011.The test points are about 10Km apart and there are 8 test
points, on average, between heat stations. The number of test
sites may be greater in hilly regions and seasonal riverbed
areas. In each cycle, about 43 points were conducted, on
average.

2.1 Test results of thermal conductivity
Figure 2 and 3 are scatter diagrams of field testing results.
Appendix 1 is a table of the raw data of the field test results.

Figure 2. Scatter diagram of soil thermal conductivity
along the pipeline, part 1


Figure 3. Scatter diagram of soil thermal conductivity
along the pipeline, part 2

Considering the spacings between adjacent test points, the
weighted average soil thermal conductivity for the pipeline
route between two adjacent heating stations is calculated by the
follow formula

=
=
+
+
-
=
N
i
i
N
i
i i
i
l
l l
1
1
1
ave
)
2
(

(5)
The calculated average soil thermal conductivity along the
pipeline in each month is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. The average soil thermal conductivity
of each pipeline station interstices



Feb. Mar. Apr. May. July. Sept.
W/(m) W/(m) W/(m) W/(m) W/(m) W/(m)
Station0
Station1
0.53 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.51
Station1
Station2
0.62 0.56 0.58 0.65 0.65 0.62
Station2
Station3
0.80 0.67 0.48 0.55 0.45 0.91
Station3
Station4
0.80 0.86 0.75 0.68 0.68 1.11
Station4
Station5
0.78 0.81 0.81 0.67 0.78 0.97
Station5
Station6
0.83 0.89 0.88 0.59 0.73 0.90
Average
0.69 0.76 0.67 0.61 0.64 0.83

The test results of six months showed that the thermal
conductivity of undisturbed soil along the pipeline route was
reduced slowly in the dry season, which was from February to
May in our test. And the thermal conductivity is increased
significantly in the rain season, which is from May to
5 Copyright 2012 by ASME
September in our test. The main reason is that the soil moisture
content at the depth of the buried pipe drops in the dry season,
and the thermal conductivity decreases slowly as the result
[5]
.
On the other hand, the soil moisture content goes up in the rain
season, and the thermal conductivity goes up too.

It is mainly tropical desert from the start of the pipeline to
about 200 kilometer, where the soil is mostly yellow dry sandy
soil. There are numerous sand dunes from the wind. Testing
results in this region are relatively stable, and the thermal
conductivity fluctuates slightly between 0.52 and 0.57
W/(m).

At the location about 120 km, the thermal conductivity is
significantly higher than the neighboring areas. After
significant testing and terrain analysis, we concluded that since
this area is located near seasonal rivers. The results are
significantly different due to differences in soil moisture
content and particle composition.

The pipeline route crosses grassland from 200km to 330km.The
surface soil are a hard crust of agglomeration sand about 20
centimeters deep on the surface and covered by a thin layer of
grass, sparse shrubs, and in some area a few trees. The soil
under 20cm deep consists of tiny quartz grain; the hardness is
smaller than the surface soil. The soil thermal conductivity of
this region sharp fluctuates between 0.6~1.2W/(m).

From 330km to 463km the pipeline crosses grassland area,
where there is also some farmland. Thick grass grows on the
surface but has already dried up. There are a variety of plants
which are quite dense and a large number of shrubs and
relatively tall trees are also common. From the test result, the
soil thermal conductivity of this region is mostly in the range of
0.6~0.9 W/(m).

2.2 The Influence of Moisture Content
For the sandy soil under the conditions of the tropical desert
and grassland of West Africa, we found that the moisture
content is the most obvious effect on the soil thermal
conductivity.
[10,11]
We tested the thermal conductivity of soil
under different moisture content conditions, and establish the
relation of the measured soil moisture content and the thermal
conductivity in this region.

As can be seen in Figure 4, the soil thermal conductivity shows
an upward trend with the rising of moisture content. Especially
when moisture content is relatively low, soil thermal
conductivity is more sensitive to moisture content changes.
When moisture content is greater than 10%, soil thermal
conductivity is less sensitive to moisture content changes.



Figure 4. The relationship of thermal conductivity
and measured soil moisture content

Using linear regression, we developed a relation

between the
thermal conductivity and moisture content of the soils.
)) 5 . 0 ln( 58 . 0 65 . 0 ( 25 . 0
4734 . 0
+ + = w (6)
The formula applies to the powdery sand of the test region.
[3]

The soil moisture content along the pipeline can be estimated
according to the measured soil thermal conductivity using this
relationship.

2.3 The influence to the pipeline operation
The aim of testing the soil thermal conductivity along the
pipeline route is for calculating the heat dissipation of the
pipeline, and helps select an economical and safe operation
scheme. Take the Niger crude oil pipeline for example; the
effects of the soil thermal conductivity on the total heat transfer
coefficient, the oil temperature and the fuel consumption of the
pipeline are discussed.

The station spacing of the Niger pipeline is approximate 80Km.
The pipeline has an external diameter of 323mm and a burial
depth of 1.3m. The crude transported in the pipeline has a
condensation point of 37. The lowest allowed in-station oil
temperature is 40. Supposing the calculation period is in
September, when the temperature around the burial depth of the
pipeline is 33 and the average soil thermal conductivity
along the pipeline ranges from 0.45 to 1.11W/(m). The
effects of the soil thermal conductivity on the pipeline
operation condition are stimulated in the research on condition
that others relevant parameters remain unchanged. The results
are shown in table 3.





6 Copyright 2012 by ASME
Table 3. The influence of soil thermal conductivity
to pipeline operation

Soil Thermal
Conductivity
Overall Heat
Transfer
Coefficient
Out-Station
Temp.
In-Station
Temp.
Temp.
Rise
Fuel
Consumption
W/(m) W/(m
2
) kg/h
0.45 1.00 44.7 40.0 4.7 78.28
0.55 1.23 46.7 40.0 6.7 111.59
0.65 1.45 49.0 40.0 9.0 149.90
0.75 1.67 51.6 40.0 11.6 193.21
0.85 1.90 54.7 40.0 14.7 244.84
0.95 2.12 58.3 40.0 18.3 304.80
1.00 2.23 60.4 40.0 20.4 339.78
1.10 2.45 64.9 40.0 24.9 414.73

As table 3 shows, the soil thermal conductivity, the out-station
oil temperature and the fuel consumption all rise significant
with the increment of the soil thermal conductivity. While the
rise of the out-station oil temperature threatens the safety of the
pipeline, the rise of the fuel consumption affects economic
performances of the pipeline directly. Consequently, the
accuracy of the soil thermal conductivity tested along the
pipeline makes good sense in selecting an optimized operation
scheme.

3 CONCLUSIONS
1) During the dry season, the average soil thermal conductivity
is 0.4~0.8W/(m). And during the rainy season, the average
soil thermal conductivity is 0.5~1.1W/(m).

2) The rainfall of the test area shows obvious seasonal
characteristics, so the soil thermal conductivity also shows a
significant seasonal variation. In the dry season, which is from
February to May in our test, the soil thermal conductivity
decreases from 0.69 to 0.61 from February to May, with the
evaporation of water. And the soil thermal conductivity in the
rainy season increases significantly from 0.61 to 0.83 with the
increasing of moisture content from May to September.

3) The testing process proves that the soil thermal conductivity
is more sensitive to the influence of moisture content.
Especially when moisture content is lower, the smaller
fluctuations of moisture content will have a greater impact on
thermal conductivity.

4) Soil thermal conductivity is influenced by the terrain, so the
soil thermal conductivity along the pipeline shows complicated
and changeable characteristics. The thermal conductivity of
typical tropical desert soil is generally lower than other areas,
and the difference of the soil thermal conductivity in rainy and
dry season is not as obvious as other areas. The thermal
conductivity of typical grassland soil is generally greater than
desert area, and the difference of the soil thermal conductivity
in rainy and dry season is more significant.

5) The paper provides a calculation method for the weighted
average soil thermal conductivity for the pipeline route between
two adjacent heating stations.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from
China Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Company
(CNODC) and China National Petroleum Company (CNPC
Niger Petroleum S.A.)

REFERENCES
[1] Yang Xiaoheng, Pipeline Design and Management:
Petroleum University Press, May 2006, pp.76-79
[2] Wikipedia, Thermal conductivity measurement, Received
Feb. 12. 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_
conductivity_measurement
[3] Xiao Lin, Li Xiaozhao, Moisture Content and Porosity of
The Soil Thermal Conductivity of Laboratory
Experiments: Journal of PLA University of Science and
Technology (Natural Science) .2008 June 9 Phase III. pp.
241-247
[4] J. Lipiec, B. Usowicz, A. Ferrero, Impact of soil
compaction and wetness on thermal propertiesof sloping
vineyard soil, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 50 (2007) 38373847
[5] Hubert Lebo, Kuo K. Wang, Line-Heat-Source Thermal
Conductivity Measuring System, United States Patent,
Patent Number: 4,861,167
[6] Carslaw, H. S. and Jaeger, J. C., Conduction of Heat in
Soils, Oxford Press, 2nd ed., 1964, pp. 58-60, 344-345
[7] Krishpersad Manohar, David W.Yarbrough, James R.
Booth, Measurement of Apparent Thermal Conductivity
by the Thermal Probe Method, American Society for
Testing and Materials,100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, pp.19428-2959
[8] IEEE Std 442-1981, IEEE Guide for Soil Thermal
Resistivity Measurements, IEEE Standards Board,
Reaffirmed 1996.
[9] Hou Fangzhuo, Material Thermal Conductivity
Measurement with a Probe Method: Petroleum University
(Natural Science), 1994 18 volumes. pp. 94-99
[10] Arnepalli Dali Naidu, 1A generalized procedure for
determining thermal resistivity of soils, International
Journal of Thermal Sciences, 43 (2004) 43-51.
[11] Bryan R. Becker, Anil Misra, Brian A. Fricke,
Development of Correlations for Soil Thermal
Conductivity: Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.19,
pp.56-68, 1992

7 Copyright 2012 by ASME
ANNEX A
INITIAL DATA OF THE SOIL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASURMENT

Feb. Mar. Apr. May. July. Sept.
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m)
1 0.57 98 0.5 39 0.52 8 0.67 1 0.46 1 0.46
1 0.54 103 0.49 49 0.42 18 0.52 11 0.51 11 0.51
15 0.57 110 0.68 59 0.53 28 0.51 21 0.46 21 0.46
15 0.73 113 0.47 69 0.46 38 0.55 31 0.66 31 0.66
30 0.41 116 1.12 79 0.67 48 0.46 41 0.48 41 0.48
30 0.52 119 0.48 89 0.53 58 1.31 51 0.46 51 0.46
41 0.41 129.5 0.43 99 0.45 68 0.69 61 0.84 61 0.84
41 0.42 139.5 0.44 104.5 0.55 78 0.48 71 0.42 71 0.42
55 0.5 144.5 0.51 109 0.48 86.5 0.57 81 0.86 81 0.86
55 0.48 149.5 0.73 119 1.16 96.5 0.64 89.5 0.62 89.5 0.62
65 0.58 154.5 0.43 129 0.53 106.5 0.55 99.5 0.77 99.5 0.77
65 0.45 158.5 0.47 132.5 0.5 116.5 0.53 109.5 0.47 109.5 0.47
75 0.56 164 0.55 137.5 0.47 126.5 0.49 119.5 1.29 119.5 1.29
75 0.67 174 0.46 139 0.48 136.5 0.57 129.5 0.58 129.5 0.58
81 0.54 184 0.43 149 0.77 146.5 0.47 139.5 0.57 139.5 0.57
81 0.55 194 0.45 156 0.51 156.5 0.55 149.5 0.48 149.5 0.48
100 0.41 199 0.54 162.5 0.49 175.5 0.52 159.5 0.39 159.5 0.39
100 0.45 204 0.76 172.5 0.52 185.5 0.6 168.5 0.39 168.5 0.39
110 0.67 204 1.2 182.5 0.4 195.5 0.48 178.5 0.44 178.5 0.44
110 0.78 214 0.67 192.5 0.47 205.5 0.74 188.5 0.37 188.5 0.37
120 0.97 224 0.74 203 0.41 215.5 0.51 198.5 0.47 198.5 0.47
120 1.21 234 0.86 221 0.48 225.5 0.56 208.5 0.55 208.5 0.55
129.5 0.61 241.5 1.06 230.5 0.54 235.5 0.59 218.5 0.48 218.5 0.48
129.5 0.48 251.5 0.57 235.5 0.54 243.5 0.49 228.5 0.5 228.5 0.5
139.5 0.46 251.5 1.16 241.5 0.41 253.5 0.46 238.5 0.37 238.5 0.37
139.5 0.47 261.5 0.68 251.5 1.13 263.5 0.47 246.5 0.51 246.5 0.51
149.5 0.61 271.5 0.78 261.5 0.8 273.5 0.49 256.5 0.88 256.5 0.88
149.5 0.47 281.5 1.02 278.5 0.57 283.5 1.14 266.5 0.56 266.5 0.56
159.5 0.69 291.5 0.72 288.5 0.53 293.5 0.99 276.5 0.47 276.5 0.47
179 0.53 301.5 1.09 298.5 0.68 303.5 0.78 286.5 0.58 286.5 0.58
179 0.51 311.5 0.69 308.5 1.12 313.5 0.73 296.5 1.17 296.5 1.17
189 0.43 316.7 0.68 319.5 0.86 319.5 0.7 306.5 0.71 306.5 0.71
189 0.46 327.5 0.92 327 0.88 329.5 0.46 316.5 0.54 316.5 0.54
199 0.48 337.5 0.76 336.5 0.75 339.5 0.73 322.5 1.12 322.5 1.12
199 0.52 347.5 0.7 346.5 0.7 349.5 0.46 332.5 0.79 332.5 0.79
209 0.56 357.5 0.84 354.5 0.75 359.5 0.77 342.5 0.67 342.5 0.67
209 0.59 367.5 0.85 364.5 0.71 369.5 0.64 352.5 0.51 352.5 0.51
219 0.58 377.5 0.62 374.5 0.78 379.5 0.86 362.5 1.19 362.5 1.19
219 0.51 387.5 0.98 384.5 1.01 399.5 0.48 372.5 0.86 372.5 0.86
8 Copyright 2012 by ASME
continued
Feb. Mar. Apr. May. July. Sept.
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m)
229 1.04 391.5 0.97 399.5 1.04 409.5 0.37 382.5 0.36 382.5 0.36
229 0.67 401.5 0.84 409.5 0.97 419.5 0.37 392.5 0.76 392.5 0.76
239 0.81 411.5 0.79 419.5 0.83 429.5 0.75 396.5 0.45 396.5 0.45
239 0.63 421.5 0.83 429.5 0.73 439.5 0.89 411.5 0.86 411.5 0.86
248 0.75 431.5 0.96 439.5 0.79 449.5 0.71 417.5 0.49 417.5 0.49
248 0.86 441.5 0.91 449.5 0.8 459.5 0.59 421.5 1.16 421.5 1.16
258 0.47 451.5 0.85 459.5 1.02 431.5 0.84 431.5 0.84
258 0.78 461.5 1.04 441.5 0.86 441.5 0.86
268 0.63 451.5 0.54 451.5 0.54
268 0.82 461.5 0.66 461.5 0.66
277.5 0.73
277.5 0.55
288 1.1
288 0.99
298 0.84
298 0.96
308 1.12
308 1.04
316.6 0.6
316.6 0.66
330 0.77
330 0.83
345 0.73
345 0.77
354.5 0.8
354.5 0.84
362 0.62
362 0.76
372 0.94
372 0.92
383 0.81
383 0.81
392.7 0.85
392.7 0.71
402 0.94
402 0.98
414 0.45
414 0.47
421 0.96
421 0.82
428.4 0.36
428.4 0.38

9 Copyright 2012 by ASME
continued
Feb. Mar. Apr. May. July. Sept.
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
mileage
soil thermal
conductivity
km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m) km W/(m)
440 0.75
440 0.88
455 0.89
455 1.15
457.5 1.14
457.5 1.09
459.5 0.84
459.5 0.82
460 0.95
460 1.07
460.5 0.86
460.5 0.89
461.5 0.78
461.5 0.9


ANNEX B
INITIAL DATA OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND THE MEASURED SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT

soil water
content
soil thermal
conductivity
soil water
content
soil thermal
conductivity
soil water
content
soil thermal
conductivity
V/V W/(m) V/V W/(m) V/V W/(m)
0.5 0.3 5.83 0.76 12.7 1.28
0.83 0.37 6.66 0.91 12.9 1.18
3 0.74 6.66 1.03 13 1.08
4 0.78 8.6 1.18 13.1 1.13
3.5 0.74 10.5 1.08 13.2 1.03
4.5 0.8 10.6 1.02 13.6 1.15
1.66 0.46 10.7 1.28 13.7 1.08
2 0.76 10.7 1.12 13.7 1.15
2.52 0.47 10.8 1.06 13.8 1.24
3.35 0.75 11.2 1 13.9 1.05
3.7 1 11.3 1.11 14 1.33
4.18 0.86 11.6 0.98 14 1.21