(LIMITED WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF 5 Yr.

Undergraduate Program in Archtecture)

CONSERVATION

FRIDAY, 5TH OCTOBER, 2012

05/10/2012

AC-905 : CONSERVATION 08 SA BATCHPROF.PREETY SHAH

What are cultural resources?

Archaeological sites. Historic sites, buildings, and structures. Traditional cultural properties, which include such resources as traditional resource gathering areas, sacred sites. Historic landscapes and viewsheds. Museum collections and historical documents Community values.
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Why do cultural resources need to be managed?

Population growth and expansion Significant land-altering projects that result from the above (housing estates, shopping malls, highways, dams and reservoirs, extractive industries). Urban renewal projects (Tear that ugly old building down!). Willful (or sometimes unintentional) destruction of such resources (pothunting, bottle hunting, relic collecting, using historic structures for firewood, etc.).
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Why Conserve ? What is the need to conserve?

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FIRST CONCEPT:
Need to protect and preserve buildings of architectural or historic interest because of their contribution, and the fact that they make a pleasant townscape. Also another justification for Conservation seems to lie not in the qualities of modern development but rather in its pace of change, which means the continued existence of familiar surrounding satisfies our psychological needs.
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AC-905 : CONSERVATION 08 SA BATCHPROF.PREETY SHAH

SECOND CONCEPT:
Once such buildings or area is lost they can not be replaced. Their importance also lies in the fact that artefacts from the past provide material evidence of what the past was like. (MATRIX OF CIVILIZATION)

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THIRD CONCEPT:
Urban conservation is a way of conserving both energy and resources. For example if few existing buildings were to be replaced by new construction, then the range of materials would have to be produced and various quantities of energy consumed. Therefore conservation of an urban area is important for developing countries where financial resources are scarce. Concept of sustainability and Brownfield development is involved
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FOURTH CONCEPT:
It is the fact that old areas or buildings are tourist attractions and the money spent on them would be sound investment. But recognition must be balanced against the fact that there is a given level of tourist activity beyond which the adverse impact of tourism outweighs the benefits it brings.

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What are the forces which work against Conservation !!

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Rapid urbanisation & population growth

Towns and population have grown enormously in urban areas. This urban growth and expansion is a product of technical, scientific and economic change. As a result pressure on urban space increases so urban land becomes more valuable, and the motive to destroy old buildings is strengthened.
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Modern technology & economic change

As society grows richer its views of what constitutes old buildings change almost as radically as any thing else. Old buildings become what we call sub standard so they become hard to use.

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Social change as the society becomes richer

Modern technology makes different demands on space, office space is needed as well as shopping space, and above all traffic and parking space. In top of that the development of transport public and private works in the same way are the foundation of the social and spatial changes in modern life.

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CALL OF CONSERVATION !!!!

IT INCLUDES ALL ACTIONS OR PROCESSES THAT HELP IN PROLONGING THE LIFE (DELAYING THE END) OF OUR CULTURAL OR NATURAL HERITAGE THUS, CONSERVATION IS THE ACTION TAKEN TO PREVENT DECAY. IT EMBRACES ALL ACTS THAT PROLONG THE LIFE OF OUR CULTURAL HERITAGE, THE OBJECTIVE BEING, TO PRESENT TO THOSE WHO LOOK AT HISTORIC BUILDINGS WITH WONDER, THE ARTISTIC AND HUMAN MESSAGES SUCH HERITAGE GIVES.
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HERITAGE
Man-made Heritage
Monuments Archaeological Sites Precincts Historic towns/cities Religious structures Old buildings Formal landscapes Art Objects Etc.

Intangible Natural Heritage Heritage

Environment Mountains Rivers and lakes Forests Sacred groves Etc.

Culture Folklore Legend Life style Crafts (building & arts) Rituals Etc.

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Historic building: Historic building is one that gives us a sense of wonder and awe, evokes curiosity. Historic area/district: An area of special architectural, historical and cultural interest, the character and appearance of which is desirable to preserve and enhance.

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CONSERVATION:
1. ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

2.URBAN CONSERVATION (HISTORIC AREA CONSERVATION)

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ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION
It is described as the act of preservation of a structure from loss, decay or injury due to natural or human factors, through the process of restoration and or reconstruction and its subsequent use.

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All monuments, buildings and structures of conspicuous, historical, archaeological, artisitic, scientific, social or technical interest, including their fixtures and fittings fall in this class. Architectural conservation utilizes special techniques to halt further deterioration of building materials. These techniques are based on a knowledge of earlier building technologies and the causes leading to deterioration of building materials.
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URBAN CONSERVATION:
There is a need to define those areas that give us a sense of place and to give recognition to the individual units that collectively contribute to this sense. Historic district or urban conservation significance can be ascribed to a collection of buildings, structures, sites, objects and spaces that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association.
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CAUSES OF DECAY OR DAMAGE TO CULTURAL PROPERTY:

1.NATURAL CAUSES:
A.CALAMITY EARTHQUAKE, FLOOD, CYCLONE, VOLCANO, FIRE, HURRICANE LANDSLIDE ETC. B.CLIMATE AGEING/ WEAR AND TEAR WITH USE.(RADIATION & SUNSHINE)

ANTHROPOGENIC/ MANMADE CAUSES:

DIRECT: HUMAN INFLUENCE DAMAGING SURFACES, PAINTING; VANDALISM & ARSONING (PRODUCES THE GREATEST DAMAGE) INDIRECT: ALL KINDS OF POLLUTION, VIBRATIONS DUE TO MANMADE INTERVENTION ETC

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When analyzing causes of deterioration and loss in an historic building, following questions must be posed: What are the strengths and weaknesses inherent in the structural design and component materials of the object? What are the possible natural agents of deterioration that could affect the component materials? What are the possible human agents of deterioration that could affect component materials or structure? How much of their effect can be reduced at source?
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Intervention for any act of conservation depends primarily on the value offered by that building or site.

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CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUES

EMOTIONAL VALUE: Wonder Identity Continuity Spiritual & Symbolic CULTURAL USE VALUE: Functional Economic Social Political

VALUE : Documentary Historic Archaeological, antique Aesthetic & Symbolic Architectural Townscape & Ecological Scientific & Technological

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PRELIMINARY PROCEDURAL STEPS PRIOR TO ANY ACT OF CONSERVATION INTERVENTIONS:

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 MAKING AN INVENTORY: RECORDING THOROUGHLY GRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE INITIAL INSPECTIONS: PRELIMINARY VISUAL SURVEY-HELP ALSO IN DEFINING EXTENT OR DELINEATION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY/HERITAGE. DOCUMENTATION: DETAILED DOCUMENTATION THROUGH A & B. VARIOUS METHODS CAN BE EMPLOYED:PHOTOGRAPHY, VIDEOGRAPHY, MEASURED DRAWINGS, INTERVIEWSALL VERBATIM RECORDS, REPORTS, ANALYSIS BASED ON ANALYSIS, TYPE OF INVENTIONAL ACT IS DETERMINED, PLANNED AND BEGUN. RECORDING EVERY STAGE OF WORK
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DOCUMENTATION

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BASIC FORM OF DOCUMENTATION

Documentation is the process of gathering and compilation of information by way of graphic or written form. It is called recording of building.
Documentation explains and illustrate the significant characteristics, physical configuration and condition of the historic building.

Graphic Documentation consists of photographs and drawings. Measured drawings are produced from the measurements directly obtained from the structure.
Written Documentation can be either historic literature or descriptive note of contemporary times based on physical inspection of the site explaining history, evolution, context, significance and the state of preservation.
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TIPS ON DOCUMENTATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS:

Purpose of Documentation: Study and Research( to understand unexplained buildings and related aspects to produce knowledge base of Indian Architecture; to put Indian Architecture in correct International perspective; for teaching basic design and history of architecture) Conservation Preserve as an archival material Education and awareness creation
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ETHICS OF CONSERVATION:

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1. MAINTENANCE: With continuous care, future restoration may not be necessary. With regular upkeep, major conservation projects and their high costs can be avoided. 2. RESPECT FOR DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE: Do not base restoration on conjecture. Conservation work should be based on historic documentation such as historic photographs, drawings and/or physical evidence (archaeological and architectural). A thorough site documentation essential before, during and after conservation works.
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3. RESPECT FOR ORIGINAL FABRIC: Repair with like materials. Historic material to be saved at all costs; Repair to return the resource to its prior condition, without altering its integrity. 4. REVERSIBILITY: Alterations should be able to be returned to original conditions. This conserves earlier building design and technique. e.g. Any consolidation or restoration works should be easily scooped out of the historic building should there be a need to do so.
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5. RESPECT FOR THE BUILDING'S HISTORY: Do not restore to one period at the expense of another period. Do not destroy later additions to a building/site solely to restore to a single time period. 6. RESPECT FOR HISTORIC MATERIAL: Repair/conserve - rather than replace building materials and finishes, except where absolutely necessary. Minimal intervention maintains the historical content of the resource. Repairs to be done with extreme care and using compatible materials. Repairs ideally be reversible or if not should not destroy the historic building material.
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7. LEGIBILITY: New work should be distinguishable from old. Buildings should be recognized as products of their own time, and new additions should not blur the distinction between old and new.

8. RESPECT FOR THE ORIGINAL Location: Do not move buildings unless there is no other means to save them. Site is an integral component of a building. Change in site diminishes heritage value considerably.
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9. ROLE OF INDIGENOUS CRAFTSMANSHIP: Wherever possible use of local talent. Imperative to employ local craftsmen to ensure that the building crafts tradition do not die and are available or conservation. 10. MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO CONSERVATION: To facilitate the role of available expertise for a holistic understanding of the monument/site and for undertaking conservation works. In-house capacity building and engagement of experts from outside as and when a need for the same arises.

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 Preservation is a process involved in the maintenance necessary in order to maintain the building precinct or artifact in its present state and to prevent and to retard deterioration. Restoration is the means necessary to return the fabric to its known earlier state, by means of the removal of accretion or resembling existing components or by the sensitive introduction of compatible materials.
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ADAPTIVE RE-USE: Old buildings often outlive their original purposes. Adaptive reuse, or re-use, is a process that adapts buildings for new uses while retaining their historic features. An old factory may become an apartment building. A rundown church may find new life as a restaurant... And a restaurant may become a church. One famous example of adaptive reuse is the Gallery of Modern Art for the Tate Museum in London. Designed by the Pritzker Prize winning architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, the museum was once a power station.
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 Reconstruction :

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AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE FOR CONSERVATION

ASI established in 1862; The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), under the Ministry of Culture, is the premier organization for the archaeological researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation. Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance is the prime concern of the ASI. Besides it regulate all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958. It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972.
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 STATE ASIS-CIRCLES:

NGOs like INTACH:

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:
UNESCO LED WORLD HERITAGE COUNCIL: A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that is on the list that is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, A World Heritage Site is a place of either cultural or physical significance. The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. Each World Heritage Site is the property of the state on whose territory the site is located, but it is considered in the interest of the international community to preserve each site.

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 ICCROM

ICOMOS
DOCOMOMO

WMF

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Conservation as a movement WORLD OVER !!!!

Advent of Charters as a necessity to save monuments and historical buildings from want on destruction in the early 20th Century and around the two World Wars Athens Charter in 1931 Venice Charter in 1964 Burra Charter (for Intangible heritage) in 1992 Nara Document (on Authenticity) in 1995
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 The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments was produced by the participants of the First International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments organized by the International Museums Office and held in Athens in 1931. The seven points of the manifesto were: to establish organizations for restoration advice to ensure projects are reviewed with knowledgeable criticism to establish national legislation to preserve historic sites to rebury excavations which were not to be restored. to allow the use of modern techniques and materials in restoration work. to place historical sites under custodial protection. to protect the area surrounding historic sites.
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ATHENS CHARTER

VENICE CHARTER
In The Second International Congress of Architects and Specialists of Historic Buildings, 13 resolutions were adopted of which the first was the Venice Charter and the second was creation of ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites)[8]. The charter consisted of seven main titles and sixteen articles. The concept of historic monuments and sites was interpreted as the common heritage therefore safeguarding them for the future generations with full of richness and authenticity was defined as the common responsibility[
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THANKYOU!!!!!!!!
If you have been, for your patient listening
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