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Cthet 1213
Cthet 1213
R
2 + 3i = 2 + ( + 1) i
+ 1 + 5i = 2 + 2 3 + 7 i
(1 + i) = 2 + 2i
!
# (12 i) (3 + 4i)
(2 + 3i) + (6 + 11i)
(4 + 5i) + (6 2i)
$ (1 + i) (2 + i)
(3 9i) (6 8i)
% (4 + 6i) (7 3i)
" (23 i) (1 + i)
& (1 i) (2 i) (3 i)
1+i
2i
1+3i
1 3i
#
1
i
12i
2+3i
"
(1i)2
(1+i)3
$
1
2+3i
1
z1
1
z2
"
1
z1 +i
#
z1
z
z2 + z 1
$
z1 +
z2
z1 z2
z2
z1 +z2
z1 z2
1
1+i
+
2
4+i
2
-
3+i
(1+i)(12i)
4
5
+ 35 i
z1 = 2 + 3i . z2 = 1 i -
z1 ((zz12+z2 ))
! (x 1 i) (x 1 + i) (x + 1 + i) (x + 1 i) = x4 + 4
!
t 1 i 2 t 1 + i 2 t 2 + i 3 t 2 i 3 = t4 6t3 +18t2 26t+21
4x2 + y 2
5 z1 + z2 i = z1 z2 i3
( 1.
( z, w + z + w = 7 + 2i
. z = w + 2i 3
( .
( x, y +
xi yi
+
=i
3+i 3i
( . , 0 ( 1.
( 2+3+3i
. 1 + ( 11) i
z + z + 3z = 5 + 7i
- !
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x2 4x + 13 = 0
3t2 2t + 2 = 0
2x2 2x + 5 = 0
" x2 2 () x + 1 = 0
z = a + bi . z 2 + z = 3 + 15i
a, b
, , , , , ( .
( 1!
z = ( + i)2 + ( + i) + , w = ( i)2 + ( i) +
2
*+ z = 12 + i
2
2
3
2
z + z
z 3 = 4z 5
z 4 = 9z + 20
z 5 = 11z + 45
-)
z = 12 + 12 i 3 - z 2 , z 3 , z 6
x
1
x
1
x+3i
1
x3i
!"
z z4
z z+2z+2
z +4
. =
1+z
z
2i(
z z)
z z+2z+2
z +4
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1!=
z + 1z = 1 z
1
x+2
1
x+4
z2
z+2
z
z
Girolamo Cardano
1
x+3
= 23
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>
() A =
'. (
1i
1i
+ pqi
p+qi p, q R
*+ z = x + yi
z +
( w =
(z 2) (
z + i) ( .
( 1. ( z ( ' . ( 1. (')
z = + ,
, R
( .
( ,
1
19 17
1
+
=
i
+ i + 2i
26 26
z+
z1 ,
z = 1
f (i) = 12 52 i . f (1 + i) = 2 5i
f (2 + i)
- !+ (1 i)18 x = (1 + i)31
*+ z =
2+i
1i
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w 3w2 + w + 1 2 + w2 + 2w + 2 2 = 0
*+ u 0 ( (1. ( 1.
( 5+ 0 -0!(
( 1.
( z
( (z u) (z u) ( .3
# $%&' ( *+ ( 3 = 1,
C . = 1 - ()
y = (1 ) 1 2 1 4 1 5
1!
1 + + i
= + i
1 + i
1
z 3
1
z
( + i)3 = 2 + 11i
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" !
"
w1 +iw2
w3
1
34
118
*+ F (z) = (1 + z)4 + 1+z
2 F (1 + i) = 5 + 5 i
F (1 i)3
z + 1z = 12
z 2 + z12
/ 0 (0 + ( .
( x, y
( (x + yi)3
1!
xi y
x + yi
4n
x + yi
xi y
4n+1
=1+i
=0
( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) = 0
( )2 = ( ) ( )
" ( )2 = ( ) ( )
# ( )2 = ( ) ( )
$ ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 = 0
% 2 + 2 + 2 = + +
+
+
+
=2
1 + 2 1 + 4 1 +
1 + 3
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/
n1
n
+ w2 = 2n
1 w + w2 1 w2 + w4 1 w4 + w8 ... 1 w2
z1 z2
z2 z3
/ R
1! .
( 1.
( z ( ' . ( 1.
+ z = z1 + z2 + z3 , , ( . (
(
(0 ( 1.
( z
z = 4 + 3i
z =1+i
4
5
z =
|z| = 2 (0 z3 4 z 2 3 4
+ 35 i
1
3
z3
|z| = 1 1! z = 1z
1!
1
z1
1
z2
z1
|z1 |2
z2
|z2 |2
z = + 3 ( + 1) i
(0 + ( 1.
z1 = + i, z2 = + i, z3 =
2t
1+t2
+ i 1t
1+t2
(0 + ( 1.
(
z1 = (1 + i) (2 + i) (3 + i) ,
z2 =
1+i
(2 + i) (3 + i)
z13 z2
3
z14
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|z|2 z 2
|z + 2 + i|
"
|2z i|
1
|z+i|
. 1 ( .
1! ( ' (') z = +i
i , R
5
z4
z + z12
z8i = 3 . z8 = 1
- ( 1.
( z z 3 =
|z|
|z| = 1
(0
z 2 (zi)
1+zi
(0 z = 2 2 + 2i, , R
- !+ z + |z| = 17 + 7i
|z| = 2, |w| = 3 -
A = z (
z + w) w (z w)
w 16
w
= 0 (0 w 3
! |Re (z)| |z| . |Im (z)| |z|
> z + |z| = 1 . |z + 1| = 1
/ ( 1.
( z = x + yi 3x = 4y > 0 1!
|z| = 54 x
/ 3
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|z1 + 3z2 | 11
|5z1 6z2 | 28
|3z1 5z2 | 21
" z12 z22 13
*+
|u + v| = |u| = |v| ! )
12
3
2
= 12 + i
u
v
3
2
u
v
4 (0 (0 1 ( 1.
( 3 . (0
-. 4 5 (0 3
>
1
zi
1
+i
1
+i
|z|2
1! x + yi =
a+bi
c+di
x2 + y 2 =
a2 +b2
c2 +d2
- ( 1. z |z|2 + z = 0
|z + 16| = 4 |z + 1| , 1!
|z| = 4
z2 z3
z1 , z1
2 !+ z 2 + z + 1 = 0
1!
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z1
z+1
z1
z+1
. ' .
# $%&' ( =
z+i
iz+
( R
( 1.
( z + |z + 3i| = |z + 5 2i|
. |z 4i| = |z + 2i|
1!
(1 + 1 i) (
2 + 2 i) ... ( + i) = A + Bi
21 + 12 22 + 22 ... 2 + 2 = A2 + B 2
1! !+ (1 + iz) =
1+i
3
3+i
( N . z C 1 0 ( .) -
z1 +z2
1! 1+
z1 z2 = 1 0 - z1 , z2
0 (0
*+ !+ z 2 + az + b = 0 a, b ( . ( a2 4b < 0
.
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2
u
/ ( 1.
(
u + u iu < i 1!
z|z|
z+|z|
' .
. |z| = 3
*+ p, q R .
z =
1
|z1 z2 |
d
4d2
1+pi
1pi ,
z2 =
1+qi
1qi
1! d =
pq
= 1+pq
*+ |z1 + z2 | = |z1 | = |z2 | 1! |z1 z2 | = 3 |z1 |
1! |z 10| = 3 |z 2| |z 1| = 3
1!
|z1 + z2 |2 = |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + 2Re (z1 z2 )
|z1 z2 |2 = |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 2Re (z1 z2 )
.
z1 + z2 + z3 + z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1
1 + z1 z2 z3
( .
1!
|z + |z|| + |z |z|| = 2 |z| z R
2 z2 w
1 | 2
|z1 |2 + |z2 |2 |w1 |2 + |w2 |2 = |z1 w1 + z2 w2 |2 + |z1 w
! " #
$ %
% # &'! (
$
&'
#)
&#
+ i *
#)
x + yi
+
(x + yi)2 = + i! ,
+ *
# x2 y 2 = %
2xy = +
!
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z1 , z2 C, 1!
|z1 + z2 |2 + |z1 z2 |2 = 2 |z1 |2 + |z2 |2
, C ('+ ( 8 9 0 z C 0
= z 2 1!
+
+
|| + || =
+ z +
z
2
2
Joseph Louis Lagrange
!" 0
2 + i
, ( R
+ 2i
1! . ( 1. z ). ..- ( .0
O(0, 0) . . = 1
*+ z1 , z2 ( 1.
( .
z=
2 + i
+ 2i
= 0 . = 2
8 @9
+ .+ + ( 1.
(+ z1 .
z2
8
@9 1
(z1 )2 = (z2 )
.
'.
(
-.
!
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/
+
1 + |z1 + z2 |
1 + |z1 | 1 + | z2 |
A 1!
|z1 |
|z2 |
|z |
|z1 + z2 + ... + z |
+
+ ... +
1 + |z1 + z2 + ... + z |
1 + |z1 | 1 + | z2 |
1 + | z |
1! .
2 ( 1.
( , . .
. .0 r
z2 = 2 z1 ,, z = z1
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,
" # $
1
1! . + ( 1.
( x+yi, 0, x+yi
( .
-- - ! ( i -
-- ( '
. 0 )(
9
9
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#9
$9
z ..-
.0 K . .
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|z 2| = 4
|z 2 3i| = 1
# |z + 2 3i| = 1
|z 2i| = 2
" |z + 2 + 3i| = 1
$ |2z 2 + 4i| = 1
.
9
9
"9
+(. + .+ + ( 1.
( z
4 (z z)2 = 9z
z 225
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"
" # $
5
+(. + .+ + w
1 w2 = 13
D+( ( 1. z1 = 2 + i . z2 = 3 + 4i 5
(
1 ( 2 . + z1 , z2 , z1 + z2 3
+(. + .+ + z
5 +(.
+ .+ + ( 1.
( z
|2z 1 + 3i| = 3
..- B 0
(0 ..- .
.
*+ z1 , z2 1 ( 1.
( . u1 , u2 1 (
1!
u1 u2 z1 z2 + z1 z2 = 0
A 1!
(( ()( ( . . + u, v
.
(( ()( ( . . + w, z . (
uv
( wz
' .
Re
z1i
z+1+i
=0
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!
S :
1
3
M :
2
4
1!
4 +. ( + 1 ( + .' 2 ( 1.
( z1 , z2 ( 12 (z1 z2 + z1 z2 )
4 (
1 0 + .'0 . + ( 1.
( z1 , z2 , z3 (
1
|z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1 |
4
u1 u2 z1 z2 + z1 z2 = 0
A 1!
(( ()( ( . . + u, v
.
(( ()( ( . . + w, z . (
uv
' .
( wz
+(.
+
+ ( 1.
( z
.+
z1
z+1
= 2Im
z1
z+1
+(. + .+ + ( 1.
( z
2z
z = z 2 + z2 + 8z + 8
z
/ ( 1.
( z + 1 + z 2 2 + 1 z 2 2 = c
c > 1
+(. . z
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0
" # $
+,
z=1
z
|z 2 + 3i| = 1
" Re(z) = 1
# Im(z) = 3
+(. . w =
+,
z+i
z+1
, .
(2i + 3) z + (2i 3) z = 2i
|z + 3 + i| = 2
*+ w =
3
2
+ 2i z 52 zi
z = + i
Re (w), Im (w)
1! . ( 1. 1 +
( w ).=
x + 3y = 0
(z 1) (
z + 1)
z + z
z C . Re (z) = 0
1! f 1z = f (z)
1 . (- ). ( M (x, y)
( 1.
( z = x + yi ( , , x, y R .
x = 0 . 0 Re [f (z)] = 0
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1
/*01& Putnam#
1!
. +, 1 '+, ( 1.
( z1 . z2 .'0 -
.')
. (=
1.
(
z1 2 z2
( ( ( .) 2 !+ x3 = 1
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" # $
1
1! zz
zz2 = c c
. ( .
( 1 '
+(. . z ..- ( .0
c|z1 z2 |
1
c2
. 1c
2 z1 1c2 z2 . . |1c2 |
#$
+
-
" ! $3
*+
(
L . 0+ ( 1. .
) + !+ O L 1! !+
L '
z = + i
. (0+ (')
z
+
z = 2
B 0
!+ . (- . (
L ' (
( ( ( z 1z 1 +(.) (
z 1
=k
Sk = z C :
z + 1
f (Sk ) = S 1
1z
1z
>1
z
z
1 z
= z1
/ $5
6 % %
4% 1
= ||
z
z
1
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/
.
+(. . z
(z1 z2 ) (z3 z4 )
R
(z1 z4 ) (z3 z2 )
Leonhard Euler
!! !0
1!
!
2 *!'&*& Mobius C . z
z+
z+
*+ . ( 1.
( z ). ..- ( !+
x2 + y 2 + Ax + By + C *+ m = |z|2
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August Ferdinard M
obius
!1 0"0
!
z1 z2 + z1 z2 = 1
Re (w) = 3 + 4
Im (w) = 3
1! , . w ( 1. 1 .
( !+ y = x 12, . z .
( !+ y = x 2
( 1.
( z , . + +
.
( !+ y = x 2, 0 - 1
(0
z2 i
z2 + i < 1, ...
z i
<1
,
z + i
z1 + z2 + ... + z i
z1 + z2 + ... + z + i < 1
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z = u + w ()
|z| 2 ( )
-- . '+ z 8EEE9 ( 1.
( u, w 8E9, 8EE9
# $%&' ( *+ z ( 1.
2
z
( x + yi ( y = 0 8x, y ( .
(9 D0( = z1
,
z 2 z 1! ( .
(, .
( ( (x, y), + 0
. . ( ' xOy ,
). (
-) 0 !
.'0
- ( 1. z
z+1
=2
z
|z1 |
|z2 |
( 1. w w2 = 5 12i
D+( - ( 1.
( z
.0 m z m = (z + 1)m 1! . -+
+
( ). 1
1! . ( 1.
( ). ..-
( .0 K (1, 0) . .
'., 0 (0
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*+ 1 1 ' ( 1. z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 1!
1
(
z2 z3 z3 z1 z1 z2
,
,
z1 z4 z2 z4 z3 z4
' .
.
1+i
2+2pi
2+3i
3+i
1! 1 1 ' ( 1. (
)
. " 1! , ,
- (
1 .'0
. + ( 1. z1 = 2 + 3i, z2 = 1 + i . z1 z2
1
|z1 + z2 | (1 + ) |z1 | + 1 +
|z2 |2
+(. + .+ + ( 1.
( z
|z 1|2 + |z + 1|2 = 4
z + z
2
2
1
+ (z + z) (z z)
2
z z
2i
2
= z2
-
Re (iz) = Im (z)
Im (iz) = Re (z)
*+ ( 1.
z |z z1 | < . |z z2 | <
(
+
2
1! z z1 +z
<
2
2
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+(. + .+ +
( z
(|z| 2i) (|z| + 2i) = (Re (z) + 2)2
1! . ( 1.
( z ' ..-
.0 O . . = 1 . w = z +
( !+
x2
(1+2 )2
y2
(12 )2
1
z
= 1
1!
( 32 (z + z)2 + i (z z) ' .
|z i|
1
6
11
z1
z2
/ R +
1
1
2
=
+
z3
z1 z2
1! . . ) + !+ ( (..=
-. 8 2- % % 90!:
2 |w z|2 = 1 w2 1 |z|2
1! |1 wz|
1
z 1953 = 1
( z 1972 + z1972
( . / 3
+(. . z +
|z + ki|2 + |z ki|2 = 10k2 , k > 0
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
z1 z2
z
'F 2 ( .
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"
z1 + z2 + ... + z = 0
|z1 | = |z2 | = ... |z | = 1
|z z1 | + |z z2 | + ... + |z z |
|1 z1 + 2 z2 + ... + z | < 1
1!
|z1 z2 |2 +|z2 z3 |2 +|z3 z1 |2 +|z1 + z2 + z3 |2 = 3 |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + |z3 |2
1! |z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 | = 1 . |z1 + z2 + z3 | = 3
z1 = z2 = z3
( 1. z . 0 2z+1
iz+1 = 2 0
- (03
z+w
zw
1! . ( 1.
( z = x + yi ).
+. ..- ( .0 : . . . w =
x2 + y 2 i ). +. ( .'0 ( O (0, 0),
A (1, 0), B (0, 1)
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9
z1
z1
z2
( .
z2
z1
1
3
|z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 |
|z + | + |z | = 2
()
1+ti
1ti
. z2 =
t+i
ti ,
t R
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( 1.
( z1 , z2 , z3 ( |z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 | = 1 .
z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 1!
z1 z2 +z2 z3 +z3 z1
z1 +z2 +z3 = 1
w + |w + | + i = 0
3i
10 u
1! . -+ + ( 1. (')
z=
1 + mi
,
1 mi
mR
()
z = z + 3
8 & - $$+% |z| 1 |z| < 1 & $%
|1 + z| + 1 + z + z 2 |1 + z| |z| + 1 + z + z 2
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z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1
z1 + z2 + z3
()
+(. L . z
/ ( 1.
( w
2w
2w
= Im
Re
w+1
w+1
()
+(. M . w
( 1. . . 1 0 (), ()
" * ( 1. z . 0 () . 0 ( 1. w .
0 () 5 (0 . - () (
(0 z w3
1! . + z1 , z2 , z3 2 +
!
1
|f (t)| = f (t)
=1
*+ t1 + t2 = 2 . t1 t2 = 1
+
.+ + f (t1 ) , f (t2 )
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3 + 3 + 3 3 = ( + + ) + z + z 2 + z 2 + z
2 +4n
2
(zi)
* |z| = 1 > z 1+iz
= in
2 +4m
+(.
+ .+ + ( 1. z
z + 1z = 2
8 x2 + y2 2 4 x2 + y2 + 2 x2 y2 + 1 = x2 1 2y + y2 x2 1 + 2y + y2
z
(z+1)2
= 0
|z1 z2 | 1 + |z1 |2 1 + |z2 |2
|6z + 1| = |4z 1|
|2z + 1|
/ ( 1. z1 , z2 + |z1 | = |z2 | = 1 . (z1 z2 )2 =
4 1!
z1 , z2
"'. 1 !+
+,!6 5*
x2 + (2 1) x + 82 4 = 0
21 + 22 (0
*+ |z1 | = r1 . |z2 | = r2 ( 0 < r1 < r2
( - . (. ( (
A = |z1 z2 | + |z1 + z2 |
*+ |z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 | = 0 . Re zz12 = Re zz23 = Re zz31 =
m
m
*+ !+
x2 + x + = 0
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1! |z1 + z2 | = 2
Re (z1 z2 ) 1
/ ( 1.
( z z 2 + 1 = |z 1|
*+ z0 = 0
( 1. .
( .
+(. + .+ + ( 1.
( z
Re (z0 z) =
*+ |z| = 2 1
1 z 2 + 1 5
4 z2 + 8 4
*+ ( 1.
( z , w 0
Re ((1 + i) z) = 2,
wz = i
+(. + .+ + z, w
( 1. z 0 (. 1 (0
( . ( 1 ( 1. w3
8 @9
!+
+
.
. + ( 1.
( z , 1 ' (0 R
8
@9 + ( 1. 1! ( 1. =
( z0 0 (. 1 (0
( 1.
( w . !+
|w|2 + w
12 = z0
z0 = 1 i = ( 1.
( '0 (
(
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2
=2
z
z C ( z = 0
2 z1 . z2 !+
1! z12010 + z22010 = 0
( 1.
( w
|w 4 + 3i| = |z1 z2 |
+(. + .+ + w ( 1.
1
" / ( 1.
( w +)( 3, 1!
3 |w| t7
(x i) = 0 x ( .
*+
a, b C ( |ab| = |a| = |b| > 0 > ()
4 4
a
b
b
a
|2z2 z1 z3 | = |z1 z3 |
1
z1 = z2
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
w = z 3i +
1
z 3i
+(. + .+ + ( 1.
( z
1!
z 3i =
1
z 3i
|z w| = |z|
(1)
(2)
|Re (z)| = 1
Re (|z|) = 1
|Re (z)| + |Im (z)| = 1
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
,
( ---
0( ..- |z| = 1 (
. + ( 1. a, b . c, d + 1
. ( . ( 1.
w=
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1
a
1
b
1
ab
1
1
c d
1
cd
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4x + 1
f (x) =
x2 1 x < 0
x2 + 1 x 0
x 49x2 2
2
*+
3
3 f (x) = x 3x + 2 1! .
h
f
+h =f
h
f (x + h) f (x h) = 2h 1 +
*+
f (x) =
1
, (x = 1)
1x
"
1
f (y)
f ( y1 )
f (y)
y
" yf1(y)
#
1
yf (y)
x1+2 3x
ln x
x2 2x63
1 ( + . + )+
f (x) = x2 4x + 3
(x) =
g (x) =
" h (x) =
1
x2 4x+3
# (x) = ln x2 4x + 3
1
x2 4x+3
$ (x) =
x2 4x + 3
1
ln(x2 4x+3)
1 ( + )+
f (x) =
g (x) =
x1
x2
x1
x2
2x+1
x+2 3
x + 1
x+
x ,
x<0
x+1 , x0
f (x) =
x1 , x<0
x+1 , x>0
7
4
+
A, B
!+
AB
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
!
8?9
8??9
8???9
(IV)
8 9
8
9
B ( )(
f
8 9
8
9
B ( )(
f 8B )( 8 9 Cf
2 0 (..- . 1 (
9
1
x
8 9
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8
9
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
0
8 9
8
9
.
2
x<1
x x+1
g (x) = x2 + 5x 3 1 x < 2
2
x2
x x+1
1
(x + 3) (x 1) (x 4)
6
( + (+
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
E
1
A, B,
Z, H
9 x2 , g (x) = x2 3x + 2
4x+1
2x1
f = . f (2x 1) = f (9) 5 x3
1! . + ) ( 1 ( R
1 1
s (x) = x3 + 1
f (x) = 3x + 1
g (x) = 33x+1 + 1
" g (x) =
x
3
+5
f (x) = |x| + 1
s (x) =
g (x) = x2 + x + 1
1
x4 +1
" g (x) = ex
+ x2
( 1 ( R 0 - x
f (x + 1) = 2x + 1
f (x) = ex
g : R R,
g (x) =
1
x
h : [0, +) R, h (x) = x2
f (x) = x2 + x, g (x) =
1+
1
x
x5+
x2
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http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
,
D = R3
D = (1, 1)3
D = (2, 4)3
D+( 1 ) f , g (0 R .
h (x) = Im (f (x) + ig (x))2
1! .
2 h . 2 f ) g
f 0 - ( 1 ( [1, 1] 5
- ( g (x) = 2f (x) + 33
>
1 ( + )+
(x) =
(x) = ln e2x 5ex + 6
1 x2
(x+1)(x+k)
x2 +1
+ . x
x
f
*+
[0, +)
R
[ 14 , +)
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
,
x1
1x2
( 1 ( R 0 - x
f (x + 1) = 2x + 1
( 1 ( R 0 - x
f (2x + 1) = ex + x + 1
/ f : R R + .
x, y = 0
f (xy) = f (x) + f (y)
1!
f (1) = 0
/ .
x = 0 f
1
= f (x)
/ .
x, y =
0 f xy = f (x) f (y)
x
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x+
x+
!) 1 (
( = 0 1!
(f f ) (x) = x .
x =
=
. ( '.) f . '
* %&**
/*01&3 Flanders#
B 1
2
R+
[0, 1]
# R
" [0, 2]
*+
f (x3 ) f (x2 )
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
x2 x1
x3 x2
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
,
' + . + )+
f : (, 1] R ( f (x) = 3x2 6x + 1
x+1
g (x) = e x1 + 1
f : (, 0] R ( h (x) = ex + e2x
*+ ( f : R R 1!
(x)
(x)
g (x) = f (x)+f
h (x) = f (x)f
) >
2
2
1! .
( 1 ( R ( ' +
( ( . ( )
g (x) =
f (x)
1 + f 2 (x)
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http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
,,
f (x) = 3x
2, = (, +)
f (x) = x (x + 1) , = (3, 2)
f (x) = x2 + 1, = (1, 1)
" f (x) = x1 , = (0, +)
# f (x) = x, = (0, +)
$ f (x) = x12 , = [0, 1]
ex + ex
2
.
g (x) =
ex ex
2
8
.
9 1!
C f . g )
? f (x) > g(x) - x
C g + !
" ?
f 2 (x) g2 (x) = 1
- x
40-
#
' g
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
,
f g h,
1
fg
+ 3h
1
f
f (x) =
x+1
x1
( . ' + ( ( 1 1
(
*+ f ( + ! 1! .
( + Cf . Cf 1 =' = ).
y = x
1! f (x) = x2 2 x x 1 (
= 0, 2 + !
1! f (x) =
+ !
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
x |x + 1| |x + 2| |x + 3|
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
,"
1! ( f 2 - x0 .
g ! g f 2 . ) - x0 4
0
g ) '
3 ;( ( <
-
w (x) = 2x + 3x 3
*+
f (x) =
x
(x1)
, x = 1
x=1
0 (0 f = / 0 (0
f 1
/ f + - x R
f 3 (x) + f (x) + x = 0
' 1! f =
' . 1 (=
f
= 3
f : (0, 1) R + ( * (03
*- 3
3 x
5
4 x
5
+
) f (x) = x . g(x) = x + (
1 ( (0, 2 ) . (0+ 06( 7
0 0 ( =
(( ) 8.( .9 ( (
. f 1 (x)
.
x 5+
g 1 ()3
*'%
$
x
1 x
/ ( f
+ ( '.) =
( M
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
t+1 t+2
t+2 , t+3
, t = 2, 3
f
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
,!
)( 9
2)
f (f (x)) + f 3 (x) = 2x + 3,
xR
f 2x3 + x = f (4 x) ,
*+
f (x) =
xR
x
1 + |x|
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,0
f (x1 )f (x2 )
x1 x2
>0
C f (x) = ex 1 0 - / 3
2
M
(2t)x2 +2t
x+3t
. g (x) =
3
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
,1
/
* + . ( ( -
2
) g f . h (g f ) 2 . h g . (h g) f .
( - (h g) f = h (g f ) 5
1 ( 1!
*+ ( f . A, B 1 ( . - 1
( 1!
f (A B) = f (A) f (B)
A B = f (A B) f (A) f (B)
1 0 1( ( ' 8
9 1
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
)* &'#
x2
f (3) = ...
x3
8 9
8
9
89
819
8 9
89
lim =
x
# lim =
% lim u =
x +
u2
$
lim
x3
x2
" lim
x
lim () =
& lim u =
uv
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
# lim f (x) =
lim f (x) =
$ lim f (x) =
lim f (x) =
% lim f (x) =
lim f (x) =
x2+
x0
x2
"
x0+
x1
x1
x1+
x1+
x2
x2+
x2
x2+
8 9
8
9
89
819
- . +
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
lim x2 1
x1
lim x2 3x + 2
x2
lim
x1
x2 + 1
# lim (|x| + 1)
x
$ lim
x
x1 x+2
- . +
x2 1
x1 x1
lim
x2 3x+2
x1
x1
" lim
lim
lim
x2 3x+2
2
x1 x 4x+3
# lim
x3 4x2 +x+6
x2
x2
$ lim
x2
x3 +2x2 x2
x2 4
x3 +3x2 4
x2 4
x2
- . +
(x+1)4 x1
x1
x0
lim
x4+3|x|
x1
x1
" lim
lim
lim
x x9
2 27
x
x3 x
# lim
|4x2||x+1|
x2 1
x2 +4x+4
x2 |x+2|
$ lim
|2x+2||x+1|3
|x+3||3x1|
x1
x2
- . +
lim
x1
lim
x1
x 3x2
x2 4
x2
lim 1x3
x2
x8
4
x2
x16 x4
lim x5+x1
2 +4x
x4
x1
lim
# lim
x+33
x6
"
$
x2 1
x1
lim f (x + 1)
x0
lim f (x 1)
x1
lim f
x0
x
x
x0
# lim f (xx )
x1
$ lim ln (f (x))
x0
- xx
lim f (x) . +
f (x) =
f (x) =
f (x) =
" f (x) =
x , x<0
x0 = 2
x2 , x 0
x+1 , x1
x0 = 2
x2 2
x>1
x+1 ,
x ,
|x| 1
x0 = 4
x + 1 , |x| 2
x2 , x2
x0 = e
x+2 , x>2
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
lim
lim
x 3
(x1) 2x
2
x 1
x1
# lim
1+x2 1
x
x0
$ lim
(x+h)4 x4
h
h0
lim
x2 3
x4 +x2 +1
" lim
x4 5x2 +6
x4 9
x1
x3 x2 x+1
x3 +x2
-
lim ( x)
x3
lim (1
x1 3
x)
1
x8
# lim
1
x8
lim
1
x8
$ lim
1
x8
lim
1
x8
% lim
1
x8
" lim
1
x8
& lim
1
x8
x5
x6
x7
x8
x9
x7+
x8+
x9+
. +
1
x2+ x2
# lim
1
x2+ 2x4
$ lim
1
2
x2+ x 4
% lim
1
4
x2+ x 16
& lim
lim
lim
lim
" lim
1
3
x2+ 8x
1
2
x2+ x 3x+2
x2+
1
2 x
x+2
x2+ 2x
. +
lim
1
x+3
"
lim 3 1
x3 x +27
lim
1
x+3
#
lim 2 1
x3+ x +x6
lim
1
x2 9
$
x3
x3+
x3+
lim
x3+
1
3xx2
lim
lim
"
x3
2
x2 (x2)
x+7
3
2
x1 x +x 5x+3
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
3
lim 3 7+x
2
x3+ x +x 5x+3
lim
x3
|x1|+x
x+3
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
,
# lim
|x2 3x|+x
$
x+2
x2
lim
x2+
x+3+
x+4
x+2
(-
"
lim (x + 3) =
x+
lim 1
x+ x+3
lim
x+
#
x2 9 =
$
lim
x+
x+1=
lim (3 2x) =
x+
1
lim
x+ 32x
"
lim 4x+1 =
x+
lim
x+
lim
x+
#
2x + 1 =
xx
2
$
lim x (x 3) =
x+
lim (2 x) x + 4 =
x+
lim
x+
3 x
5
lim ln x2 + 1
"
lim ln x4 + 1
#
lim (|x + 1| 3)
$
x+
x
x
x+
lim (2x + x)
lim (x + |x + 1|)
x+
lim
x+
2x +
1 x
"
2x +3x
x
x
4
x+ +5
#
lim
2x +3x
x
x
x 4 +5
$
lim
lim
x+
lim
|x1|+x
x+3
|x2 3x|+x
x+2
x+
lim
x+
x+1+
x
x+2
x2 +3x+2
x4 +4x+3
1 (
8 @9
lim f (x) 8
@9
x+
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
x5
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8@9
8
@9
x2
x2+
x2
x1+
xe
x1
lim f (x)
x1
8
@9 lim f (x)
x0
lim f (x)
% lim
x1
x2
lim f (y)
lim f (x + y)
y3
& lim lim f (x + y)
y3
lim f (x)
y3
x2
x2
H lim lim f (x + y)
x2
# f lim f (x)
x2
x2
x3
: lim lim f (x)
$ lim f (x + y)
x2
xt
t2
x2 + px + q
x2 +3p+1
x1
x1
x>1
p, q 0 f 0 1
x + 4 x < 1
3x
x 1
+.
f x
#
#
( - (0
$
(. (0
+
%
"
&
m2 + 1
+7.
( .) () f
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
"
2
"
x2 3x+20
3x4
x 3
2x10
5 5x
x5
"
#
lim
x+
lim
x+
lim
x2 x+1
x2 +1
lim
3x2 7x + 9
3x8 + 3x2 + 6x
$
(1x)(x2 3)
2x2 1
x+
%
4
lim x5x
3
x x 9x
&
x2 x+1
x2 +2
H
x2
2
x+ x 9x
:
lim
lim
lim (x 2) 1 +
x+
lim
x+
lim
1
x2
1
(x2)2
5x2 x + 1
4x4 x3 + 1
"
#
lim x3 3x + 2
x+
lim
x2 3x + 1
$
x2 +1
x+
2x+3
x2 +1
x+
%
xx2 +1
x+ x+ x2 +1
x2 3x + 1 x2
&
lim x x3 1 + x2 + 1
H
lim
x+
x+|1x|
x+ 2x1
:
lim
lim
lim
lim
x+
lim
x2 + x x
x+
lim
x+1+
x+2
x
x2 +1|x+1|
1x
1! x
lim | (x)| = 0 lim (x) = 0
x
/ ) f, g +
lim f (x) = ,
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
!
x+
x x
x +x
lim f (x) = a
/ ( f ( 1 ( R x+
5 lim (f (x) + f (x))3
x+
= 0
f (x)
2
x+ x
= lim
f (x)x2
x
x+
= lim
= lim
x+
f (x) x2 + x
1!
lim f 2 (x) + g2 (x) = p2 2s
1!
f (x) .
x = 0
f (x)
x
x
f (x)
2x
2x
+4x+1
lim (3)x
= 13
/ 0 (0 + , x+
(+)x+5
+x2 x
= 2
x0
x
x
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
x1
x x
lim
x0+
x2 + x3
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
0
( )
=
7 4 + 6 + 5
7 4 + 3 + 3
63 2 5 + 20
lim
x0+
x+1
x
+ 3x
2x 3x
lim f (x)
x+ x+
f (x)
x2 x+
lim
=2
= = 0
0 f .
( ,
>
2x + 3x
x+ 2x + 3x+1
lim
(1)x3 +4x+1
x2 +1
x+
lim
(1)x3 +4x+1
x2 +1
x1
lim
lim
x+
x2 + 2x 3 + x
f (x) =
x + 4 ,
3x ,
x<1
x1
f x
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
8 @9
8
@9
8@9
81@9
1
#
$ (. (0
+
8@9
( - (0
8G@9
(. (0
82@9
( .) () f
8 @9 1
8
@9 5
>
lim
lim x 2
x+
x3 + 1
x2 + 1 + x
x3 1
x+|x2 +x+1|
x+|(12x)(x+2)|
x+
lim
(x ) (x ) x <
1 (
8 @9
8
@9
lim f (x)
8@9
lim f (x)
x+
x
lim f (x)
x +
2
x||
82@9
8@9
x +
x+
lim |f (x)|
x+
x2 x1
x
f x 0
1! f 1 ( . 0 1 )(
(0, h) ( h > 0
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
"
1 + x2
. h (x) =
x3 ,
1,
(0
x<0
x0
f (x)
=0
x0
h(x)
lim
lim
x+
x3 + 3 x + x + x
/ f : (0, +) R 1 + x2 f (x) + x2 x
- x
lim f (x)
x+
*+
f (x) = lim
y+
x2 + 1 y 3 + x2 y 2 + x3 + x y + x3 + x
xy 3 + x4 x2 + 1
x2 +1
x
lim f (x) = t2 2t
x0
.
lim f (x) = t 2
x0
( t3
0 (0 + ,
lim
x+
x2 x 1 x = 0
/
lim
x1
x+
x
x+ x
x0
lim
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
"
lim
*+
P (x) = x + 1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + 1 x + 0
Q (x) = x + 1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + 1 x + 0
. 0+ .(
H (x) =
P (x)
Q (x)
lim H (x) =
x+
1 1
f (2x) = 2f 2 (x) 1 = 1 2f 2 x
2
1! f 0 L x + L
( .
( .
L = 2L2 1 = 1 2L2
1! f 1 0 x +
" 1! f 1 0 x
# 1! 1 0 x + ) x
12 x
$
)
, +), 0 x = 1+2 x2 1!
2
1 0 x + ) x
x0 3
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
"
8 9
8
9
89
819
# lim
x2
f (x) =
$ lim f (x + 1) =
lim f 2 (x) 9 =
% lim (f (x 2) + x) =
x2
x2
f 2 (x)9
x2 f (x)3
" lim
x1
x4
& lim
x2
f (x)+x
f (x2 2)x
=
2f (x)+3
xx0 3f (x)+2
lim
5|f (x)|+1
xx0 |f (x)1|+1
lim
(f (x))3 216
2
xx0 (f (x)) 36
lim
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f (x) = x2 + 1
f (x) =
f (x) =
"
" f (x) =
x2 + 1 , x < 0
x+2 , x0
x2 + 1 , x < 1
x + 3 , x 1
# f (x) =
x2 + 1 , x < 1
x3 + 1 , x 1
x2 + 1 , x 1
x3 + 1 , x 1
2
x 1
x +1 ,
$ f (x) = 2 (x + 2) 1 < x < 1
3
x1
x +1 ,
B (
()
f ) x0 = 1
x2 1
x1 , x = 1
f (x) =
,
x=1
f (x) =
x2 2
x1
, x = 1
x=1
f (x) =
x + 1 x = 1
7 ,
x=1
x + 1 , x < 1
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,
x=1
x+2 , x>1
50 . + ) 3
x , 0x<1
f (x) =
x ,
x1
x , 0x<1
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x ,
x>1
x , 0x<1
f (x) =
x ,
x2
1!
x2 5x+6
, x<3
x3
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1 ,
x=3
2x 5 , x > 3
)
# $%&' IV ! +
0 ) (
4x2 9x+2
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x2
0 x0 = 2
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7
x = 2
x x 0
g (x) = 1
0 x0 = 0
x<0
x
/ f + ) x0 .
f (x0 ) = 18 -
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",
lim f
x+
x0 x+13
x+18
f (x0 h)
x0
h1 f ( h )
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) f . g 0 1 ( R . )
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,
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3
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x3
1 x1
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,
x>2
1 R ) x0 = 2
|x|(x1)
.
f 2 f (x) =
x
)+ y = x + x2 + 2x + 3 x
+
xx0
f (x)
= +
g (x)
lim g (x) = s = 0
xx0
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"
h0
f (x1 ) f (x2 )
x1 x2
0 1
H
older
.
( c . 0
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).
) . 1 1! ( ( .
1
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(x)
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= 0 1!
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&
&
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0
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# #%
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Otto Ludwig H
older
1859-1937
""
f, g
f (x) g (x)
f (x0 ) = g (x0 )
1! .
h
*+ f ) (0 1 ( [, ] 1!=
f (x) 0 .
x [, ) f () 0
*+ f : R 1!
0 , f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) - x, y . f )
0 )
0 , f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) - x, y . f )
0 )
1 , f (xy) = f (x) f (y) - x, y . f )
1 )
" 1 , f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) - x, y . f )
1 )
x2 + x + = 0
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"!
, 0<x<5
,
x5
lim f (x), lim f (x)
x5
x5+
, R f ) x0 = 5
/ (0 + , +)( 8
9
lim f (x)
x+
/
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http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
"0
!
"
f (x) = x + x + ex , = (, )
f (x) = x + ln x x, = 12 , 2
" f (x) = x5 + ln x + 1, = e12 , 1
1! .
+ f 0 ( -
2 1 (
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"1
1
x5
( ! = . :
f (3) = 10 e3
11(0 1!
( = :
() f
1
x+1
x3 + x = 2x
ln x = 1 x
(- .
f (x) =
x+1
x2
x2
x
ln x
1
x
1
x
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=
[3, 7]
[2, 5]
[4,
1]
,
6 3
[1, e2 )
(2, 3]
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!
f (x) = x5 + x + 1, = (, +)
f (x) =
x3 +x+
,
x2 +1
" f (x) =
1
x3 3
= (, +)
f (x) = x + ln x2 + 1 , = 2 , 2
+
1
,
x3 3
= (, )
2 . f
a2 +1
2
*+ < 1 ( .
( . ( ) f :
R R 1 0 2 1!
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0 ( - 2 1 ( [, ]
f ()+f ()
2
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!
8
@9 f (x) = kf () + (1 k) f () , k [0, 1] 0 ( -
2 [, ]
*+ P 0 -(
( ( - ) 1!=
( ) f ( 1 ( R P f = 0
f
)
.
( c1 , c2 , ..., c . t1 < t2 < ... < t
1! !+
c2
c
c1
+
+ ... +
=0
x t1 x t2
x t
0 .
1 -, ( .
0 1 )( (t1 , t2 ) , ..., (t1 , t )
f () =
f (1 ) + f (2 ) + ... + f ( )
*+ f ( ) (0 1 ( [, ] . k > 0,
k = 1 1! kf () =
2 [, ]
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1 f ()
k
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lim f (x) = +
x2
2
+
2
.
Luitzen
Egbertus Jan
Brouwer
00 1""
f (x) =
(x)3 + x + 1 x < 1
x1
(x)5 + 3
f () =
|| + 1 || + 1
+
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!
f =P g
1!
C f )
!+ f (x) = P (0) 1 0 - g 1
(
/
,
$ #
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0 01
!,
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x10 + x9 + x8 + ... + x2 + x + 1
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1)=
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0
(
1- 1) !+ f (x) = x 0 .
( -
Stefan Banach
01 1,
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,
!
lim
x+
f (x) + 1 f (x)
1
> x+
lim 2 x , lim logx 2
x+
D+(
( . 1 < 2 < ... < .
(x) = (x 1 ) (x 2 ) ... (x ) + ! 1 =
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1! f : R R ( f (x) = ( |x| ) , x = 0
. f (0) = 0 ) . 06( ! ')
)
f f f
x+
x
|f (x1 ) f (x2 )| =
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|x1 x2 |
2
1 ) + f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f (x2 ) + 1|
>
lim
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x2 + 1 + x
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!"
*+ y = f (x) =
x+
x
xx0
f 2 (x) f 2 (x0 )
=2
f (x) f (x0 )
lim f x0 + h2 + h
h0
1! 1 06( 1.0 )
/ ()
f (x) =
13 x
, x<0
x
+ 12+x , x 0
5+x
)3
1 (
R {, +} f x
( .
(
lim
x1
x2 2x+1
|x|1
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!!
3
+x1
( y = x xx
2 +x2
1 (
. .) () , x =
> -
lim
x+
x2 + 1 x
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x+
x
1
x2 + 1 x = 0
x2 + 1 x = 0
x
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f : R R &#
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R +
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x [0, 1]
7 g
$
[0, 1] +
g(0) = f () % g(1) = f () !
$
x
g (x) = f ef (1e ) 3
x0
f (x)
x
= 1 > lim
x0
f (2x)
3x
h (x) =
f (x) , x <
g (x) , x
)
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!0
(x + 1) 2
0
1
+ 1
x |x|
x = 0
x=0
( 1
.')
.-
( (1.) f 0 1 ( R .
f (x + y) + f (x y) = 2f (x) f (y) - x,y
1!
f (0) = 1
C f
f (2x) = 2f 2 (x) 1 - x
/ f + (0 . )
[0, 1] . f (0) = 1, f (1) = 0 5 . + (
0
.
03
7 [0, 1] 0 .
x [0, 1] f () f (x)
7 [0, 1] 0 f () = 12
7 [0, 1] 0 f () = 32
" C f '
# 4 - ( f [0, 1]
$ 7 [0, 1] 0
2
lim f (x) = f 2
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!1
C '.)
f (x) =
x + 1
x+
*+ f ( + '
. ) (0
- + ( .
( 1!
C !+ f (x) = x 0 .
( -
4 (
x = f (y)
y = f (z)
z = f (x)
0 .
( -
*+ ( f : R . x0 *+ d : R
2 .
( M (x, f (x)) Cf
( P (x0 , f (x0 )) 1!
= R lim d (x) = +
x+
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g(x)
x+ f (x)
=0
L0( ( ) f 2 1 ( .
1
) - ( 1 ( !
.- 1 ( . f () .- 1 (
- ) f : R R
(f (x))3 =
x 2
x + 7xf (x) + 16 f (x)2
12
- x
*+ f : [, ] R ( 7
0( f .
() .
1 '0 - 1) .
x1 [, ] .
0
x2 [, ] 0 f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) 1! f 1 (
)
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0
f (f (x)) = kx3
i x1 = x2
Rolle
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0
Johannes Kepler
! "
y = x + y
0 .
( - y
1! 0
f (x) = x + f (x)
2 ( f : R R
/ f (0 +)( 89
8 @9 1! =
8
@9
'
8@9 1! .
x0 , x
|f (x) f (x0 )|
k
|x x0 |
1 ||
lim f (x) = ,
x+
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1!
6 f (x) = f (0) + x - x
" f (x) = f (0) x - x
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f : [0, 1] R
f (0) = f (1)
|f (x) f (y)| < |x y| - x = y
1! - x, y |f (x) f (y)| <
1
2
1
f : R R ) . .
x = y
2-)
f
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- %* ()
% h (x) =
R .
% %* () x, 0 &-
'
$$'&
$
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Ch ' % 2-)
h - 2-) '
&
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m $ -
h $
)$
m - $
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*+ f, g : [, ] R 1 ) 0 1 (0
() 1! t [, ]
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0
/*01&
Harvard-MIT# ..- 0
x
,
1 |x|
x (1, 1)
x
,
1 + |x|
(x) =
x+
xR
x = 1
1 < x < 1
.
(x) = 1 x = 1
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(f ( (x0 ))) . x0 (1, 1)
81@9 1! x0 (0 +)( f ( (x))
f ( (x0 )) .
x0 (1, 1)
" 1! f 0 - ()
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- + $
+ $
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,
#
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( .
( t (0 () 1 ( [t, t + 1]
> g . ! )
h0
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x
x+1 ,
" f (x) =
x0 = 1
f (x) = x + x,
f (x) = x ln x,
x0 =
x + x2 , x0 = 1
# f (x) = xx ,
x0 = e2
x0 = 1
$ f (x) = xex ,
x0 = 0
+ + )+
f (x) =
f (x) =
f (x) =
x2 1
x2 +1
xex
1+x ln x
ex ex
ex +ex
+ + )+
f (x) = x3 + x2 + x +
f (x) = x2
f (x) =
x2 2
" f (x) = (x ) (x ) (x )
+ + )+
f (x) =
g (x) = x + x2 x
xex
1+x ln x
(p) =
f (p)
g (p)
&#
0"
Leonhard Euler
1707-1783
ex
ex
f (x) = ee ee ex
x
(f (x)+1)
f 2 (x + 1) g 2 (x + 1) = 2f (x + 1) f (x + 1) 2g (x + 1) g (x + 1)
3f (ln x)g (x3 )x3 +f (ln x)g(x3 )
" f (ln x) g x3
=
x
g (x)
# f (x) ef (x) + ln g (x) = f (x) ef (x) f (x) + ef (x) f (x) + g(x) ,
g (x) > 0
$ (f (x))g(x) = (g (x) f (x) ln f (x) + f (x) g (x)) (f (x))g(x)1 ,
f (x) > 0
D+( ) f, g 1 '0 +( !
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0!
!+ ' (0 Cf ( M (x0 , f (x0 ))
.-
f (x) = x + ex , x0 = 1
f (x) =
f (x) = x2 + ln x, x0 = 1
x+1
x1 ,
x0 = 2
" f (x) = x + x, x0 =
x3
3
5x2 + 7x 4
!+ ' (0 Cf 10
( M .-
f (x) = x2 , M (1, 1)
f (x) = x2 , M (1, 1)
f (x) = x + x1 , M (1, 1)
-
C f (x) = x + 2x + 3x . f (x) + f (x) + x = 0
C f (x) =
1
2
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
= 2
f (x) g (x)
h (x) s (x)
= f (x) g (x)
h (x) s (x)
f (x) g (x)
+
h (x) s (x)
f (x) =
x3
, x<1
x + , x 1
+( 3
/ 0 (0 .- '.) f (x) =
( A (0, 1) ( 12
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x+
x+
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00
.) ' (0 +
+ + )=
'.
+ f (x) = 3
4
x2
. g (x) =
1
9
x3 6x2 + 9x 9
, 0
y = x+3 ' '.)
-
'.0 + )+ f (x) =
x2 . g (x) = x2 2x + 1 0 0 ( . ( . ' (0
( .
1!
f (x) = 1 x
x
f (x)
1
f (x)
f (1)
+ ' (0+ Cf 10 ( M (1, 3)
!+
AB
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
01
!+ ' (0 '.)
f (x) =
3x2 + 1
, x<1
2
4x 2x + 2 , x 1
0
px+1
1+ex
() p f (1)+f (0) =
>
*+ f (x) = x2 3x + 2 ! +
f
B x0 = 1
B x0 = 1
&*'&* /*01& Harvard-MIT# *+
B )( .-
(' 2 1 ( !+ '.)
+ )+ f (x) = x, g (x) = x (0 x ( !
: . ,# C
( x 8
+ .=
' 2 rad9 ( C 1
( x
( + x ( 1 0 ) 1 '.0 N
f (1) = 1 = 0, 84 f (1) = 1 = 0, 01745
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1
1! g (x) =
x
180
+ g (x)
, ( f (x) = x2 + x f (1) = 2, f (1) = 2
B .
x ( ( M (x, y)
2x + 3y = 1 (
f (x) + 42 f (x) = 2 . x R
2
f (x) = ex . g (x) = ex 1 2x 1!
(f (x) g (x)) = f (x) g (x)
Cf , Cg $
0 . ( 0 .) ' (0
1! (
f (x) = ln x,
g (x) =
x2
2e
Cf , Cg '
+
f (x) =
x2 x1 + x2
0
x = 0
x=0
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1
g
R , ,
g (x + y) = ey g (x) + ex g (y) + xy + x, y R
i) g (0) =
ii) g (x) = g (x) + g (0) ex + x x R
g (x + y) = ey g (x) + ex g (y) + y
g (x + y) = ex g (y) + ey g (x) + x
ey g (x) g (x) ex g (y) g (y) + (y x) = 0
8 9
89
89
g(0) = 0
8"9
8#9
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ey x ex y + y x = 0
8$9
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0(
1 O
-
-0 y = x2 + x + '
*+ f (x) = ex , A ( Cf . B () ' (0
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, 'F , .) ' (0 + '. +
+ f (x) = x3 8x 19, g (x) = x3 + x 1
P (x) = (x )2 S (x) ,
S () = 0
P () = P () = 0, P () = 0
# $%&' (
*+ ( .
( A(x), B(x) -( ( ( .
-0 B() = 0 . A(x) 0
( ( - )
1! -( f (x) 0
A (x) B (x) = (x )2 f (x), . ( A () = A () = 0
*+ .0 ( - )
(0 +
, -( Q (x) = x x3 + x2 + x + 8 0
(x 2)2
( '.) f (x) = 2x22 x,
x [0, 2] ' (0 --- ! x x
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1
!+ ' (0 '.)
f (x) =
, x<1
3x2 + 1
2
4x 2x + 2 , x 1
f () = f () = f
2
=1
g (1) = lim
g(x)
x1 x+1
,
x = x0
) x0
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1,
1! ( '.)
f (x) = 6x5 20x3 1 + (12 =
.
' (0 Cf 0 ( (0 &
5+ 0 -0!( ' (0 '.) =
xx
0
f (x)f (x0 )
xx0
. =
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1
x2 x1
0
, x = 0
, x=0
+( x0
! .( -0 f +( .
(
. + x0 . > 2 g 1 '0 +( x0
*+ f : R R ( +(
*+ ( f (0 0 1 ( . x0 *+
f (x0 + h) f (x0 h)
8%9
f (x0 ) = lim
h0
2h
. ( .
(
( ( 2
Riemann f x0
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1"
*+ f (0 0 1 (
'0 +( / x 1 (12 f 2
f (x) 3
f (x) =
f (x)
2
f (x)
f (x)
2
*+ . (- C ( !+ x+ y = .
: xp + yq = 1
/ + ' (0 C -
(
p + q
/ -- 0
8 $&9
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
1!
y=
cx + cx
, c > 0, c = 1
2
/ ( f : R R
Galileo Galilei
f (x + y) f (x) = x2 y + xy 2 + y 3
1564-1642
D+( 1 ) f, g +( ( g () =
f (x)f ()
x g(x)g()
f ()
g ()
10! xf (x) 0 + x0 = 0 .
( A (x0 , y0 ) ' (0 AB, A
'.) f (x) = x2 50
). 0
. x0 , y0 AB = A3
f (x) = x2 |x|
!+ ' (0 Cf ( ( ((0 =3
5 + f x + f 2 x 3
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10
x+1 1
x1
1 + 2x + 3x2 + ... + x1
x0 x
2
y0 y
2
= 1
x2
2
y2
2
= 1 (
> ' (0 '.) y = ekx 10
1
2x ,
/
1
1
u (x)
v (x) = 0
u (x)
v (x)
*+ f (x) =
f
()
x+
x+
1
(x) =
(1) ! x +
2
* ' -$#
( (
-) y + x
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
11
2x + 3y = 4
" ex + ey = 1
xy = 3
# ln x + ln y = 1
$ x2 + 1 y 2 + 1 = 2, y > 0
x2 + y 2 = 4, y > 0
4 ( A, B .
. ( ! Ox, Oy .
0
x2 + y 2 = 10
4 . .
x + y = 10
4 . .
. (- ( !+
ex + ey = 10
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
0 10 .) .
(-.(0 . .) () 1 0 s
* -. ( . ! xx 0 .
.)
() t
0
s (t) =
k2 t2 + c2
(
1 E (t) AOB +
5
( (
-) (
1 E(t) () .
(). ()( OA 6 m3
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
" f (x) = 12 x2 4x + 6 ln (x + 1)
f (x) = 13 x3 x
f (x) = 14 x4 23 x3 12 x2 + 2x
$ f (x) = ln x x + ln (x + 1)
' -0! ( , f .
0=
+)( Rolle
(12 f
f : [2, 2] R, f (x) = x2 + 1
f : [3, 0] R, f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + 1
2
f : 12 , 2 R, f (x) = x x+x+1
2 +1
" f : [0, ln 2] R, f (x) = e2x 3ex + 2,
# f : [0, 1] R, f (x) = x x
0
x=0
$ f : [0, 1] R, f (x) =
x ln x 0 < x 1
' -0! ( , f . =
0
+)( (0 () Lagrange
()
f () = f ()f
2x+3
x+2
1
x
# f : [1, 4] R, f (x) = 2x + 1
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
$ f : [1, 4] R, f (x) =
x2 + 5x 4
Mathematical Tripos, Cambridge, 1935.
+)(
() f (x) =
(0
x (x 1) (x 2) 1 ( 0, 12
>
x
1 + |x|
(1)
f (0) = g(1) = 0
f (x) = 0, g(x) = 0 .
x (0, 1)
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
f () g ()
+
=0
f ()
g ()
1!
1
n1
0
+
+ ... +
+ n = 0,
n+1
n
2
!+
0 xn + 1 xn1 + ... + n1 x + n = 0
0 ( - 2
1
=
1! + ( (0 0
1 ( 1 0 2 =
f (x)
xc ,
c
/ [, ] c0 (, )
c
/ [, ], c0 (, ) ' (0 (
(c0 , f (c0 )) (() ( !+ y = f (x) 10 (
(c, 0)
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
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,
x+
+
f (x) = f (x)
x x
' -
f .
0
+)(
Rolle 1! (12 f
+
+
0 - 2 1 2
x3
+
f (x) =
3
+ x2 + ( ) x +
2
# $%&' (
1
( f (0 R 0 1
f = f . ( f (x) = cex , c ( .)
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
g (0 1 ( 2 , 2 , .
0 g (x) x + g (x) x = g (x) x . g (0) = 1992
f = g,
g = f
f + f = g + g = 0
. h = f 2 + g 2
)
4 -,'&* &%' &6 Cauchy *+ f , g 1 )=
(0 1 ( [, ] .
0
+)=
( (0 () *-0
0( + g 1 (12
. g () = g () 1! 0 - (, )
0
f ()
f () f ()
=
g () g ()
g ()
f ()
f ()
.
%
*+ '% % f (x) ex
.
%
*+ Rolle % f (x) (x ) (x )
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
"
f () = f () + ( ) f () +
1
( )2 f ()
2
/
"0 !
F (t) = f (x0 + h)
n1
i=0
1 (i)
f (t) (x0 + h t)i , t
i!
1
F (t) =
f (n) (t)
(x0 + h t)n1
(n 1)!
G (t) = F (t)
x0 + h t
h
n
F (x0 )
1
G (x0 + h) = G (x0 ) = 0
1
(x0 h, x0 + h) 0
f (x0 + h) = f (x0 )+
1 (1)
1
1
f (x0 ) h+...+
f (n1) (x0 ) hn1 + f (n) () hn
1!
(n 1)!
n!
ex = 1 +
1
1
1
1
1
x + x2 + x3 + .... +
xn1 + xn e
1!
2!
3!
(n 1)!
n!
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
!
!
* $
'
"
1 x
ln 2 2
+x1
1 )( . + ) =
+ !
x8 1
4x4
(0 . - () f (x) = x8 + x2
( 1 ( 1 ( [1, 6]
(0 . - () f (x) =
(0 . - () f (x) =
x2 5x + 6 1 ( [0, 2]
x [1, 3]
- (
x2 +x+1
x2 +1
1
2
f (x)
3
x2
1! .
x 4 , 2 1 2x1 3 43
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
3
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
0
x1
3
x2 3x+3
%% f
2
2
1+x
2
(0 ()
f (x) = 10 + 4x ln 9 3x1 33x
- () f (x) = 2x 1 + 2x22+2
2
( '.) y = x2 0
.
( 0
( + ( #: 5
( (03
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
1
+-) + P+ 0' . ..(0
. . 1) .)
() t 0
-
4 () ( 1 ')( +- #:: ( 1
P (0 : (0 +-) 0 :: ( 1
5
+-) ( : (0M
mm nn k m+n
(m+n)m+n
(-) + ( f (x) = (1 + x)n +
x3
3
,x>0
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
x2 x3
+
2
3
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
5
xy
x+y
x2 + y 2
x+y
1
1
x + y
x+y
xx
xx
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xx
xx
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xx
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xx
g (x) = (1 + x)x
(1 + x)x 1
1!
.)
t 1 (
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
(0 + , R
f (x) = (ln x + x) + 2x2 + 3x + 1
2 . . x1 = 1, x2 = 2 .
1 +
. +
1! .
(1, +), n [1, +)
Bernoulli
(1 + )n 1 + n
f (x1 ) =
f (1 / 5) + f (2 / 5) + f (3 / 5) + f (4 / 5)
4
2f (x) = x 1 + f (x)
x2 x3
4
+
+ 182
[f (x)]5 + 2 [f (x)]3 + 3f (x) = (x + 1) ln (x + 1) x
5
2
3
.
x [0, +) 1! f + !
x [0, +)
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f (t) =
1+
t
2 ,
t
t0
-
-( %%" + -( 0 )(
..- . . A, B 1 (.
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http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
*+
f (x) = x2 ex 2
1!
f (x) = f (x) + 2xex + 2
lim f (x) = +
x+
lim f (x) = 2
*+
f (x) = x e2x
( > 0
1! (0 () f
(e)
5+ 0 .- 0 (0 () f
- 1 )3
*+
3
f (x) = ex x2
(-
f + ( .
- (
-)
+ 2 !+
3
ex x2 = 0
-)
+ 2 !+
1
1
=
x3 x
1! +( ) f : R R 0
1
f + f = 0
.
) (')
f (x) = cex
c R
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
,
# $%&' IV *+ ( .)
y ( .) (
-) x ( y = x + x4
1 ( . - ( y
! y + ( .
0 1 )(
(0, 2] . [2, +)
*+ f : [, ] R +( 0 f 0 1 ( 2
[, x1 ] , [x1 , x2 ] , [x2 , ]
f 0 ) ( 2
1! x1 2 f f 1 0 2
[, x1 ) (x1 , x2 ] 8( x2 2 f f 1 0 2
[x1 , x2 ) (x2 , ]9
1! 2 f f 1 0 2
(, x1 ] 8( 2 f f 1 0 2 [x2 , )
9
" 1! f 0 2 (, x1 ) . (
2 f (x) = x3 6x2 +9x10 ).
1 ( [2, 3]
1! .
2 ( 1.
( , . .
r
= %
- $
&-)
2r1
+ 1
+1
0 %*-
(E)
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
-)
+ 2 !+ x = x
-)
+ 2 !+ ln x = x 1
1!
x2 x > x ln x > x 1
x2 1 > 2x ln x > 2 (x 1) ,
x>1
x2 1
2
5
. x [1, +)
1!
f (x) = x4 + 2x2 6x + 2
0 - 1 ( .0 2
x y1
xy
=1
ex
+ 2
x2
+ !
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http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
"
2x
2x
2x
2x
x
1
x
=
y
2
Pierre Fermat
" ""
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
!
f (x)
ex
..- x2 + y 2 = 1
(0 (
1 QSR
ex = 1 + x +
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x2
2
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
Johann Bernoulli
""!
!,0
0
. 0 .
( ( .)
2
% f (x) = ex 1 + x +
x2
2
@ $-$=%
$
1 -
&
f - %-= )
% @ $-$=%
$
0 < < 1 *' $
%
$-$=% f ' &
-> 2- ' $- f ' ->
f (x) + f (x) 1
- x R ( f (0) = 0 5 ( - 1 ) () f (1)3
871!
+) ex f (x)9
" /
Jean Gaston Darboux
0, 1!
) *'* Cauchy 1! 1 , 2 , ...,
( .
(
1 + 2 + ... +
1 2 ...
$
&-)
% + 1 %*- %% f (x) =
+1
Edmund Landau
0!! 1
1 +2 +...+ +x
+1
1 2 ... x
|f (x)| A + B
7
*
&
)'4
#
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
1
,
#
# f (x) = x x
$ f (x) = 1 x2
f (x) = ex
f (x) = log 1 x
2
f (x) = 16 x3 x2 + 1
" f (x) = x +
1
x
# f (x) = x
f (x) = 12 x2 x ln x + x
$ f (x) = x ln x x
1 4
12 x
( . () + . + )+
f (x) = x3 3x2 + 18
f (x) = 2x2 ln x 5x2 + 1
f (x) = x4 6x2 + 3
" f (x) = 12x2 ex 84xex + 168ex x4 + 6x3 12x2 + 1
# f (x) = 3x5 10x4 + 10x3 + 3
$ f (x) = exx
#
>
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
f
( . () f
Maria Gaetana Agnesi
1718 - 1799
# $%&' I
f (0 . 1 '0 +( 1 =
( ( (0 (0, +) 1
g ( g (x) =
ln f (x) 0' .- + . ( f (x) f (x)
(f (x))2
(0 1 ( , g ( g (x) =
ln x2 + 2 0' .- +
x+1
x2 + 1
#
+* avversiera
# 8#)
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f
+
2
<
f () + f ()
2
8
@9 /. 1! p > 0, q > 0 ( p + q = 1
f (p + q) < pf () + qf ()
f ()
pf () + qf ()
f (p + q)
f ()
p + q
, ( < )
8 @9 e 2 < e +e
2
||+||
|| +||
8
@9
2
2
13
13
18
8@9 31 x + 31 y > 31 x +
18
31 y
0<x<y<
f (x) =
1
x +
2
3
x2 10x + 7
xR
R f 2 . () x = 32
() ) , ( . (
- f
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1 . .- 0(
f [, ] (, ). f () =
f () = 0 (, ), (, )
f () f () < 0 :
1. f (x) = 0
(, ).
2. 1 , 2 (, ) f (1 ) < 0
f (2 ) > 0.
3.
f .
' 1
. ( ( . ()
-
) 1 +)(
+) f : [2, 2] R (
2x3 6x2 5x 2 , 2 x 1
x
, 1 < x < 1
f (x) =
3
2
1x2
2x + 6x 5x + 2 ,
. 0
8 @9 1!
6x2 12x 5 , 2 x 1
1
, 1 < x < 1
f (x) =
1x2
6x2 + 12x 5 ,
8
@9
12x 12 , 2 x 1
f (x) =
0
, 1 < x < 1
12x + 12 ,
1x2
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
# $%&' I
(-
+ ( . .- f (
f (x) = x x, x R . 0 < < 1
( .0 (0
2 4
2 = 2 4 ( 2)
x1 + x2
2
1
(x1 x2 )2 (3 (x1 + x2 ) + 2)
8
x
x2
2
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
g
g
+ ! .
g (x1 ) g (x2 ) .
x1 , x2 R
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
,
ln g
x1
2
x2
2
1
2
ln g (x1 ) +
1
2
x1
2
x2
2
ln
x+
/
$
- . +
ln(1+x)
x
x0 e 1
# lim
x2
x +x1
e
x0
$ lim
lim
lim
lim
x0
"
xx
x2
lim
x+
ln
x1
x
1
x
x 1
x1 x1
ln x
x1 x 1
ln(x1)
2
x2 x +x10
% lim
(x)
x0 (x)
& lim
- . +
lim ln(x+1)+ln(x+2)
x+ ln(x+3)+ln(x+4)
x
lim 2x+
x+ x+ x
x+1
lim e
x+ x1
#
x2 1
lim
2
x+ ln(x +1)
$
ln(x+1)
x+ ln(x+2)
%
4 x+1
3
x+ x+1
"
x+1+1
x+ 2x+11
&
lim ln(1x)x
x ln(2x)2x
lim
lim
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
lim
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
- . +
lim
x0
1
ln(1+x2 )
1
x2
# lim (x) x
x0
lim x ln x
$ lim
lim xx
%
x0+
x ln x
lim
x x
2
x( 2 )
x
& lim 2x+1
2x1
x0+
"
x0+
lim x x
x+
x+
>
lim
()
()
exx 1 x
x0
x2
lim
$
>
f (x) =
x2 + x + 2 x 1
x 1
x>1
x1
>0
1! f )
7 (0 f +(3
lim
x+
(x)
ln x
=0
= lim
x
x+
e
(x)
ex
(x) = 0
x+
8
@9
8@9
2 (x)ex ln x
ex ln x
= 1
2
lim (x) ex ln x = 0
lim
x+
x+
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
"
1!
x
= e
1+
x+
x
lim
f (x) =
,
x=0
xx , x (0, +)
)3
A
(x)
B
f (x)
=
2
2 + x + g (x)
(x ) g (x)
(x )
. x R\ {}
&
*-% %'% = $
(x) * /-
(x) = f (x)Ag(x)Bg(x)x+Bg(x)
x 2x+
2
7
$ /-
lim (x) /
*
De l Hospital @ $
x
1
2
2
2
1 f ()g ()f ()g ()g()2g ()f ()g()+2f ()(g ) ()
2
g 2 ()
(f () Ag () 2Bg ())
h0
f (a + h) 2f (a) + f (a h)
h2
$ /
, ,
.
0
lim
x0
x + x + x
x2 + x2 + x2
1
x2
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
0
".
%
!
. .' ( + )+
f (x) =
1
x1
(x) =
x+1
x2 3x+2
(x) =
x2
x2 3x+2
" g (x) =
x
x3 xx2 +1
# h (x) =
|x|
|x|1
$ (x) =
1
x2 +x+1
( x + f =
f (x) =
f (x) =
f (x) =
%
x2 +1
x+1
x2 + 1
x2 +1
x+1
x2 1
" f (x) =
|4x2 |
|x+1|+|1x|
# f (x) =
3
x+ x
x+1
$ f (x) =
(x+1)2x
2x +1
>
( Cf
2
x 1 5x
f (x) =
x+1
*+
(
g (x) =
1
f (x)
*+
f (x) = e x
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
0
"3 1
!
(+ Cf
7 . ( Cf . + (+ 3
lim
x+
f (x)
x
f (x)+4x
2
x+ xf (x)2x +3x
( .
( lim
=1
x+
. x R
|f (x)|
x+
1 x2 + 1 x + 1 +
2 x2 + 2 x + 2 + ... +
x2 + x + Ax B = 0
x + ( (
-2( (x) = x + 1!
C f 0 + (+ (
. -) 1
=
+
C g 0 + (+
. g f 0 + (+
g
f = g f
0( ( 1 '0 (+.) 0 )=
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
1
1
&
1 3
2x 24x2 + 72x 6
20
&
>
( .) f (0 R, 1 '0 +( 0
( .
( .
(x 2) f (x) + x x2 f (x) = ex2 1
.
x R *+ ( .
( = 2 f () = 0
! f () . - f
*+ f f (x0 ) = f (1) (x0 ) = f (2) (x0 ) =
&
f $
%> $ %
x0
f $
%> $ %
x0
f $
%> %
%
x0
f $
%> '%
%
x0
/
x+
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2
lim
x+
f (x)
ex
"
+ h (x) =
f (x)
f (x) + 1
- x3
$ 1! .
() ( !+ y = x +
' (0 Cf 0 1 -) 1
+ ( ()
g (x) = f (x)
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
f (x) = xln x
. . f
1! ' (0 Cf 10
) + !+
f (x) x +
e >
xk
k=0
-
lim
x0
k!
1
1
x x
1
x3
x2 x +
3
3
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(0 + , 1 ) 0
0
. . x0 R (
f (x0 ) = g (x0 ) = 2
/ () + ,
). ( (
8 @9
-)
+ 2 h(x) = f (x)g(x)
8
@9
ef (x)
x+ g (ex )
lim
f (x)
f (x)
5
x
3
x
. x = . x =
f (x) =
x
ex ln x
, x>0
, x=0
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
/ ) f , g
f 2 (x) + ln2 x + e2x = 2ex f (x) g2 (x) + 2g (x) ln x
.
x > 0
f , g
f (x)
x+ g(x)
lim
1! (x) = x3 +x2 +x+ 2 .
(
.
10 ) + !+
= 9
f (x) = g (x) + 2 x + ex
.
x [0, +) 1! f (0) + g (x) < g (0) + f (x) .
x (0, +)
f (x) = x2 ln x
1 ( f , (-) (=
.
.
(-) f + . .
(
. ()
- ( f
1! '.) f (x) = x +
1
x
1
x
) f (x) = x + x, g (x) = x + x (
x 0, 2
/ () '.) f (x) = x3 x2 + 1
' y = 5
> (0 () f (x) = x 3 2x
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http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
,
*+ .0 + )+
f (x) =
x + x ln x , x > 0
0
, x=0
f () = f () = 0
f (x) g (x) = f (x) g (x)
1
f (x) g (x) = f (x) g (x)
1
. 0
( [, ] 1 2 g
.
( [, ] 2 f ,
( , , x
., ,
. x (
-,
5 - () ( x + x 3
* - . ..-.) . (
99
x+1
ln x
x1
1 ( . - ( f
1! !+ f (x) = 0 0 .
2 1
(
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
10! .
x R .
0 y 0
y 3 + y = ex + x
f 3 (x) + f (x) = ex + x x R
1!
8 @9 / .
x0
f (x) f (x0 ) =
1
((ex + x) (ex0 + x0 ))
f 2 (x) + f (x) f (x0 ) + f 2 (x0 ) + 1
8
@9 / .
x0 |f (x) f (x0 )| |ex + x ex0 x0 |
8@9 C f )
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http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
"
ex +1
3f 2 (x)+1
*+
f (x) =
x2
1
x
|x| 1
|x| > 1
x0 f )
x0 f +(
. , , '.) f
" 7 F : R R 0 F = f 3
1
2
. - x, y
f (x + y) =
f (x) + f (y)
1 + f (x) f (y)
f (x) =
1
1 f 2 (x)
2
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
!
=1
f (x) + 1
f (x) 1
$
f
1
1
+
1 + |x| 1 + |x 1|
12
$
' $# /
& 3
; /
&
y = x + % y = x + ; #
2f (x)
2 % x0 = 1 2% g (x) =
f (x) = ex + 52
! " + )
2
f (x)
2e
# &+#
0<;
2
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
0
/*01& Putnam#
5 2 0
f (x) = 2x 1 x2 3
e x2 , x = 0
0 , x=0
f , f
( . () f
x ln x , x > 0
0
, x=0
f (x + 1) > f (x + 1) f (x)
f (x) = x ln (x + 1) ,
x > 1
> 0 . = 1
f (x) 1 .
x > 1, 1! = e
/ = e
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
1
f () 1 f () 1
+
=0
x1
x2
0 - ( 2 (1, 2)
f
2
2
1! , x > 0, y > 0, > 1 . x + y = 1,
1
5
1
+ y+
1
x+
x
y
2
1! f (x) .) 1 ( (0, 1)
1! - x, y (0, 1) . > 1 f x+y
2
f (x)+f (y)
2
1! , x > 0, y > 0, > 1 . x + y = 1,
1
5
1
+ y+
1
x+
x
y
2
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,
+( f : R R
x(x
0
x)
, x>0
, x=0
f (0)
.
x
1! f (x) = ln (ex x) x R
(-) f + ( . .
1! '.) f 0 .
1 (
. ()
" 1! !+ ln (ex x) = x 0 .
( -
1 ( 0, 2
0 1 )
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
!
"
> ( + . + )+
2ex
ex+1
e2x
" e2x+1
2x2 x + 1
1
x
x 3 +
" x + x
+ ex
F
G
f GF g
G2
3f F 2 + 4gG3
x
ex
+ (x + 1)2
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,
B )( .- (' 2 (.0 1
( ::H
" >
+( ( 1 ( R 0
.-
1
-) 1
+ ' (0 Cf ( M (x0 , f (x0 ))
x20
1!
x2 + k dx =
1 2
x x + k + k ln x + x2 + k + c
2
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
,
2x x1 x1
0
x = 0
x=0
g(x) =
x
x+1
x<0
x0
+( ( 1 ( R
f (0) = 0 . f (x) = 2e2xf (x) - x
- ) f ( 1 ( R ' =
!
(x + 1) dx
2
x
x+
dx
"
x+1
x2 dx
x3 +1
dx
x6
x + 1dx
(2x) dx
"
x
dx
ex2
ex1 dx
- -.-(
13
x18 dx
1
dx
1+ x1
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
"
(x + 1) (x + 2) dx
x+1
x+2 dx
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,,
- -.-(
x2 + y dx
x2 + y dy
"
+ x dx
1
x+1
3x + 2dx
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x xdx
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x+
x+ dx
x+y
xy dx
x+y
xy dy
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(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) dx
2
3x +2x+1 dx
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(xm + xn ) dx
" x + 3 dx
xex dx
x + 1 1 x dx
xxdx
2
"
x + y 2 dx
ex+2 (x 1) dx
xex+1 dx
"
x2 ex+1 dx
|x| dx
ex xdx
x2
+ x12 dx
e
"
ttdt
ex
e+1 dx
x3x dx
p
p+q
t
dt
"
p
p+q
t
dq
1
dx
x2 3x+2
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
,
dx
6x3 +x2
dx
x2 3x+2
"
x+1
x2 3x+2
x1
dx
x
(ex + xe ) dx
x ( x + 1) x2 + 1 dx
1
dx
2 13x
"
5x2 +3x+1
dx
x1
5x2 +3x+1
(x1)(x2) dx
- -.-(
xe3x1 dx
3
x + e3 + x dx
"
(2x) (3x) dx
(3x + ) dx
- -.-(
(3x + ) (2x ) dx
ex +1
ex 1 dx
"
(2x + 3x ) dx
3
(1 + 4x) 5 dx
- -.-(
(x + 1)2
"
(x 2)2 + (x 3)2 dx
x3 ex dx
x3 ex dx
- -.-(
1
(x2)2
1
(x3)2
dx
(x 2)2 (x 3)2 dx
"
ex+x dx
2x 32x 53x dx
u5
du
13u6 +18
(x + ) dx
t
" 2 47 dt
x ln x
f (x) dx f (x) =
x
x2
x<0
x0
x
1+|x| dx
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
,"
1
(x)(x) dx
e2x
ex 1 dx
(ln(x))5
dx
x
2x 3dx
1
"
x1 dx
1
x3 1 3 x2 dx
"
3
1+ x
xe4x
2 +5
dx
dx
>
1
=
+
+
3
2
x 7x + 6x
x x1 x x2 x x3
. - -.-)+(
1
dx
3
x 7x2 + 6x
1
(x1)2 (x2)3
( A, B, , , E 0 f (x) =
(x2)2
E
(x2)3
- -.-)+(
A
B
x1 + (x1)2 + x2 +
f (x) dx
- -.-)+(
- -.-)+(
x+
x+ dx
1
(x1)(x2)(x3) dx
f ( 1 ( (1, + ) 0
f (x) x 1 = 1
- -.-)+(
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
1
x dx
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
,!
x1
dx
x2 2x+3
)
( ( ( u = x +
-.-)+(
x+ x1
1
x
-
2
1
1
dx
x
xdx
I =
J =
xdx
1!
1
1
I2
I = x 1 x +
1
1
x 1 x +
J2
2
*+ f (x) = 2x + -
, 0
3
f (1) = 2 .
f (x) dx = 7
1
> 0 ln 1 + x2 dx
0
- -.-)+(
1
dx
x+ x
- -.-(
x
dx
1+x4
3x+1
dx
3x2 +2x+1
(2x 3) x2 3x + 2dx
- -.-(
(x + x)
x xdx
x
dx
(1+x)2
xx
(xx+x) dx
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- -.-)+(
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
1
x2
1
( x)
dx
x2 ( x)
1
x
dx
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
,0
" /
1
dx
ln x
4 - (0- ') ! - (
P (t)
dt =
P (t) (L P (t))
kdt
P (t) =
LeL(kt+c)
1 + eL(kt+c)
c
" 1!
P (t) =
LP0
P0 + (L P0 ) eLkt
P0 = P (0)
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
!
"
,1
01 f (x) dx = 14 , 04 f (x) dx = 64 . 13 f (x) dx = 20
4
3 f (x) dx
.
4
f (x) dx + 5
g (x) dx = 7
f (x) dx
0
.
g (x) dx
0
4
3
f (x) dx
f (x) dx =
3
f (x) dx +
2
f (x) dx
5
f (x) dx f (x) dx
3f (x) dx
t
0
f (x) dx = 3
1+t
0
f (x) dx = 3
1
0
f (t + x) dx = 3
1
0
tf (x) dx = 3
b
1
(b 4x) dx 6 5b
- F (x) =
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
x
(t + 1) (2t) dt
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
1!
x2 + x + dx = 2
3
2
1
x2 + x + dx + 2
2
x2 + x + dx
(0
2
(t log2 ) dt = 2 log2
f (x) dx = 0
|f (x)| dx = 0
f (x) = 0 - x [, ]
1!
2
<
e
x2
2
dx < 2
1!
ln
4<
3
ln t
3
dt < ln 3
t
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
"
/
lim
t+ 0
!!
""
x
xt f (x) dx
f (t) dt
x
et dt
1
g (x) = x tdt
h (x) =
" s (x) =
# w (x) =
x2 +x+1
1
4x2
x+1
t 2dt
et dt
x
t2 + b dt
axe
1
x
tdt > 4 , 2 , 4 , 2
*+ F (x) = 2x (2t 5) dt
!
+ ' (0+ Cf ( ( ((0 .
*+ (x) =
-
dt
=
t
x
1
dt
t
f ( 1 ( R 0
f (x) = xx . f (0) = 0
*+ F (x) = 2x et dt, G (x) = 3x t2 + 1 dt -
(F (x) + G (x)) = ex x2 1
x
x 2
x
(F (x) G (x)) = ex 3
t + 1 dt x2 2 et dt 2 et dt
x 2
(F G) (x) = x2 + 1 e 3 (t +1) dt
x et +t2
> x
et +1 dt
=-%
(t2 )dt
x0 x(1x)
> lim
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f (t) dt
f (x)
x=
0
1
dt
1 + 4t2
*+ ) f : [0, +) (0, +) 1!
- x > 0
x
x
x
f (t)dt >
tf (t)dt
0
x
2t+1
0 t2 +5t+6 dt
)
8 39 . (0+ 2 8-.9 (0 . 8-.9 - >
f
1!
(x)
f (t)dt
(x)
(x) f ( (x))
=
(x) f ( (x))
ex
f (x) =
2
ln t
dt
t
3t
1
eu
du
u
. x > 0, t > 0
x
1
f (t) dt
G (1)
lim
x0+
xG (x) 3
x+11
g (x) =
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
x2
ln tdt
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
+ f .-
f (x) =
f (x) =
x
1
t
t dt
tx
tx dt
x
1
x
g (x) = 2 +
x (0, +)
f (t) dt,
x1
x+1
ln tdt
1 (
1 )( .)=.-
*+
f (x) =
1
t1
dt
et
1 )( ( f
- - () f
x
0
f (t) dt
0
) f : R R - x
x
0
et f (x t) dt = x
+ !
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
x
1
t4 t3 t + 2 dt
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
,
f (t) dt
dx
=
1 + x2
+
x3
x
dx
1 + x2
a3 dt
x+3
x
t (5 t) dt (03
x
+ !
et t 1 dt
( 1 ( R , -
x,
x
f (t) dt = xex + d
*+ I (x) =
x
0
x0 2 . ) . ()
(x) =
0
(t 1) (t 2)3 dt
+( f +
f (t) dt = f (x) ex
f (x) dx = 0
) f (0 1 ( 0, 2
f (t) dt = 2x 1
0, 2 B 0
()
*+
( ) f (0 0 1 ( .
F (x) =
x+
x f
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
C f : R R ) . - x
x2
f (t) dt = x (x)
0
g (x) = f x2
e2
f (g (x)) dx = 1
2
0
0 g(f (0)) = 1 - g(f (4))
*+ g : R R ( ) g (x) > 0
) f ( 1 ( R
f (x) =
f (t) dt) + 1
0
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
"
a2
1 x1
ln
dx
x
32
- 3
# $%&' (
)
f : R R
x
et f (t) dt = ex e ex f (x)
( x, R
x2
f (x) =
xdx
,
3
x
x = 0
, x=0
)
Charles Hermite
0
1
h (x) = 1999 (x 1) +
x
1
h (t)
dt
t
.
x 1 1!
h(x) = 1999x ln x, x 1
C h + ! [1, +)
Jacques Salomon Hadamard
0" 1"
1! ) f : R R
x
0 f
(t) dt )
"" /
+
2
1
<
f (t) dt <
!,
"#
f () + f ()
2
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www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
3
!
xdx
1
0 x+1 dx
"
2
1
1 x
2 dx
xdx
2
x + 7dx
(ex ex ) dx
"
4
2
3
1
x2 +1
x dx
3
2
xdx
xdx
4
2xdx
"
1
p2
p
ln xdx
x2 dx
1
1
6 x dx
1
3
x2 dx
"
12
9
e2
x+1
x+2 dx
1
x dx
t
s
1
1
0 x 2 dx
1
" 0 ex1+1 dx
1 x
0
"
-
2 4
(x + 2y) dx dy
4 2
(x + 2y) dx dy
"
x2
x
(2t 1) dt
4
1
4 2 x dx
2 4
(x + 2y) dy dx
4 2
(x + 2y) dy dx
- -.-(
4 3 x4
0
s3
s
dx
x ln xdx
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
"
3
x2 4x + 3 dx
3
x2 4x + dx
1
1
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
0
() .) -.-)+ .
- -.-(
1
0
xex dx
x2 xdx
"
e
1
x
dx
2 x
x3 ln xdx
- -.-(
e
ln2 x
x dx
x2
2 x1 dx
"
3
e2
e
e
1
1
y ln y dy
ln y
y dy
- -.-(
"
2
2 xdx
2
n
m
1
x
mx2 + nx dx
tdt
x2 0 x < 1
x 1 x 2
f (x) dx
0
5
|x 3| + x2 4 dx
-.-)+(
2
1
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x3 5x2 + 1
dx
x
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
1
xxdx +
0
xxdx +
3
x2 + xx dx =
3
0, 2 0
(x x) dx =
xdx
f (x) dx = 3
t2 4t +
50
3
dt = 13
xg (x) dx = 1993
g (x) dx
0
g(1)
/*01& Putnam#
*+ f : [0, 1] R
+( ( ) + f (0) = 0 . 0 f (x) 1 -
x 1!
2
f (x) dx
0
f 3 (x) dx
t 2
t 2
1 3x + 2x + 1 dx = 11
1 3x 2x + 1 dx
- x R >
1
1 f
(x) dx
f (2x) = 3f (x)
- x
1
0
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
f (x) dx = 1
2
0
f (x) dx
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
"
10
x
1 1+|x| dx
16
dx
x+9 x
x10 9 x = 0
x7 3x5 + 7x3 x
dx = 0
2 x
1
1
1
x
e
dx = 2
ex dx
1
*+ I =
0
kx
dx
k=1
ex x dx
- I1
1! I = I1 e
- I3
*+ I = 0 xdx
1! I+2 =
+1
+2 I
1!
8 @9 I2k =
135...(2k1)
246...(2k)
8
@9 I2k+1 = 0
- -.-)+(
4
(x + x + ln x) dx
- -.-)+(
1
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
ln x
dx
x
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
"
- -.-)+(
2
2
4
x
dx
x
f ( x2 )
1 x +1 dx, 0 < = 1
f (x2 )
f (x2 )
dx + 01 x +1 dx *'% %
$+
=
x +1
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6 I =
1
1 2
0 f x dx = 1
x = u
> -.-)+(
x
0
xdt
b
a
b
a
(2tx) t dt
1!
x
2n 3
dx
+
n =
n1
2
2
(1 + x )
2 (n 1)
2 (n 1) (1 + x )
. . -
dx
(1 + x2 )n1
1
dx
0 (1+x2 )4
1
x + x dx = 1
*+
.
( . f ( ) 1 (
[0, ]
1!
f (x)
dx =
f (x) + f ( x)
f ( x)
dx
f (x) + f ( x)
0
f ( x)
dx
f (x) + f ( x)
! f
www.nsmavrogiannis.gr
http://lyk-evsch-n-smyrn.att.sch.gr
"
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, (
0, ln 2
"
1
2
5 + 12 ,
1
2
1
2
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=
1
4
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1
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283
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5
2
21
=1
9: f (x) =
1
6
1
(1+|x|)2
f (x) =
2 1( = 1 2
3 2
x 1
x0 = 0
5A &
f & $=-> %
x0 (, )
9 : #$
9: /-%
$
$
- $
$ $
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2, 0 , [ 2, +)
(, 0], [ln 4, +)
(, 1) , (1, +)
, (0, +)
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17
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8
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+
+
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<
%
+ f - [f (1) , f (1)] [f (2) , f (1)] [f (2) , f (3)] = [22, 6] [5, 6] [5, 10] =
[22, 10]
1
3,1
f (3) = 12 ln 9
9: = 1, =
3
2
f (0) =
C
%
A - -%
9 : d (p) =
A $=%
t * - (t) = 500
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2
3
1
2
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1
2
2,
1
2
(p2 + 4) (1 + p2 ) 95: C p = 0 - d (0) = 2
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ln 52 ln 2
44. 8
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1
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2
A
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M (x, y) $ $' $
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10
3
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$
%
%
x = 1
$
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%
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&&
AP B - t (x) = 2x
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2
1
1
1 > x
x t (x) > 0
# x0 -
&
*
2
2
# - 2 >
)
AB
2 1
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-&
%
%
$
*
2 1
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*
AB ')
)
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<
1
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ex |x| 3 3x + 2
3
x
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3
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1 3 12
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> f 23 ' /+ - ->
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y=0
2
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A
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2
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x2 + y 2 = 1 - z 3 z + 2 = 16x3 4x2 16x + 8 <
x <
)
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6
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1
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A (1, 16)
A e, 1 3e2
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233
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2, 2
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,
4e
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@ f (x) > $
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%
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1
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0
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lim
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x+
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x+
x(x+)
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x
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x+
x
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x = 1
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y = x 1
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9:
5A
5A &
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A=
1 +
2 + ... +
( B =
1
2 1
2
2 2
+ ... +
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%
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1
1
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3 2
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18
3
x
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10
5
5
10
f (x) =
3
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3
x
= (x 4)
5
5
5
x1+
x1
f (x)
=
x x
lim
x4 4x2 1
(
(x2 1)2
x1+
1
lim (f (x) 1 x) =
2 + 5
f 2 + 5 = 12 1 + 5
2+ 5 (
$
%
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f
2 + 5 = 21 1 + 5
2 + 5 <
%
+
-
R @ . $%% ' %-
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f
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% 0,
1
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1
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2
x(2x
(1, 1) ( 2, +) % h (x) = 4
3)
x 3x2 +2
54
B = 1
2
3
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, g (x) = 3 x 2 x + 1 (3x 2) xx
<
$
%
x = 1 $
-
@ .$
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M (x0 , f (x0 )) -
2
y=2
eln x0
x0
ln x0 (x x0 ) + xln
0
x0
2-)
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>
x = 0(
y = 0
+
9:
9: =
3
,
4
= 1( 9 : a : b : +
&
x + '
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& * &
= =%
x & '
x + C
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2
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2
$
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9 :
[ 1e , +)
9 :
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1
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3,
2
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x = 1
40km/h
h (x) =
9: =
1 3
x
4
+ 54 x +
1
$
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%
2e
1
95:
+ -
[ 2e
, +)
1
3]
e
[ 1e , +)
1 ]
e
1
2
ln ln
, 5A
f (x) =
f (0) = f (1) =
ex 1
ex +1
3
2
H
f (x) =
2 x2
e
x3
A 13 6, e 2 ( B
1
3
x = 0
x=0
3
6, e 2
f (x) =
f (x) = ax + b
f (x) = aecx
f (0) = 1
2 '
ex+1
1 2x
e
2
2ex
,
1 2x+1
e
2
2 3
x
3
12 x2 + x
ln |x| + ex
3
3 5
x
5
2 3
x
3
, x + x
F + G, F G,
F (x) =
1 2
x
2
G (x) =
x
ex
5A
9":( 9:
16N
e2
f (x) =
f (x) = 2x
F
,
G
F 3 + G4
+x+1
+ (x + 1)2 + c
$
c = 52 ln 2 ln2 2
1 3
x
3
, x = 0
x=0
12 3x2 2
x
x6
2e
0
+c
f (x) = ax
":
1 2
x
2
1
x
+c
x3 + 2 ln x + c
, 2x12
1
5x5
3
23 x + 1 + c
2
3
ln x
+x+c
12 2x + c
+c
x ln |x + 1| + c
1 3
x
3
,
1 4
x
4
+ 2x3 +
11 2
x
2
+ 6x + c
1 x2
e
2
2
3
1 x
e x
2
1
x
+c
x x
3
ln 3
1
p
ln p+q
+ 12 ex x + c
p
p+q
t
1
3x
ln2 3
+c
+c
2 x +
, ex +
xe+1
e+1
1 2
x
2
1
13x
13
5 2
x
2
2 3
x
3
+c
+c
+ 14 x4 +
1 3
x
3
+ y2 x + c
,
1
x |x|
2
+c
1
2 t
2
+c
,
ex
e+1
1
p
1t
+c
p
p+q
t
1
q
1t
p
p+q
, ln |x 2| ln |x 1| + c
18x + 3x2 5 ln |x 1| + 48 ln |x 2| + c
+c
2ex+2 + ex+2 x + c
3 ln |x 2| 2 ln |x 1| + c
(x+ 1
3 )
,
+c
3
x + 1 + 23 1 x + c
ex2
xn+1
n+1
x xx + c
+c
3x + 2 + c
xm+1
m+1
,
2ex+1 + ex+1 (x + 1) + c
, y 2x ln |x y| + c
2 x3 + x2 + x + 1 + c
2
9
x + 2y ln |y x| + c
+c
x + |ln (x + )| |ln (x + )| + c
+ 32 x2 + 2x + c
ln |x + 1| x + c
+ yx + c
2 5
x
5
1 3
x
3
, x ln |x + 2| + c
x2 y + 12 y 2 + c
+c
, ex1 + c
31
13 13
x
31
1
2
2ex
+c
2 5
x
5
2 9
x
9
+c
+c
+ 8x + 9 ln |x 1| + c
, 5x 9 ln |x 1| + 27 ln |x 2| + c
"
t
+c
1 3x1
e
9
1 4
x
4
(3x 1) + c
1
x
2
1
5x
10
+c
, 13 3x + c
+ e3 x x + c
1
10
5x + 12 x + c
1
2x
ln 2
1
3x
ln 3
+c
,
5
32
+c
3
x
2
,
1
3
1
ex+x
+
,
1
2x 32x 53x
ln 2+2 ln 3+3 ln 5
(x+)+1
(+1)
,
2
ln 4
7
2 ln |ex 1| x + c
1 x4
e
4
1
x2
1 5
x
5
52 x4 +
1 2
x
4
1
78
1
x3
37 3
x
3
+c
30x2 + 36x + c
ln 13u6 + 18 + c
ln x 18 x2 + c
f (x) dx =
x2
2
x3
3
+c
x<0
+c
x0
1
ln |x | +
ln |x | + c
ex + ln |ex 1| + c
1
3
2x 3 + c
, 2 (x 1)
1
6
1 3
4
3 3
2
,
1 4x2 +5
e
8
1
x1
+c
ln6 x + c
(x3 1)4 + c
1+ x 4+c
1
6
ln |x|
+c
1
5
ln |x 1| +
1
30
ln |x 6| + c
A = 3, B = 1, = 3, = 2, E = 1
1
x1
3 ln |x 1|
1
2(x2)2
x x + c
x+|ln(x+)||ln(x+)|
2
1
2
f (x) =
ln |x 1| ln |x 2| +
4
3
1
2
2
x2
+ 3 ln |x 2| + c
+c
ln |x 3| + c
3
x1 x+1
"
2x 12 xx + c
(x 2)3 +
|x| ln (1 + |x|) + c
1 + 4x8 + c
4 t
7
1
3
(x 3)3 + c
+c
+c
+c
+c
1
3
2
5
ln |1 + x| ln |x| + c
ln3 x + c
1 + x5 + c
x2 2x + 3 + c
ex+ x + c
ln 2 2 +
2
3()
1
1
3(1)(x3 + )
1
,
ln 2
7 ln2 21
3 ln2 2
3
3
x x
+c
1
2
1 + x4 + c
3x2 + 2x + 1 + c
3
23 x2 3x + 2 + c
23 (x x) 2 + c
1
1+x
+c
ln (xx + x) + c
12 2 x1 + c
2x + c
In = exn1 x x+nx
+
2 +n2 2
175
4
f (x) dx =
2
(
11
g (x) dx =
n(n1) 2
I
2 +n2 2 n2
17
11
"
t = ln 4
t = 1 + ln 4
t = ln
, t =
3
1+e
3
1+e
"
b=2
xx + 12 2 x + xxx
x=0
f (x) = ex
g (x) = x
h (x) = (2x + 1)
(x2 + x 1)
x
1
et dt + axex + b
y = x + 2 y = x 3
f (x) = x xx
x3
3
2
3
% I 12 =
2
(
2
= 1(
4
2
(
2
2
= 0
+x
12
0
2t+1
t2 +5t+6
max (5 ln 3 + 8 ln 2, 13 ln 2 8 ln 3) = 13 ln 2 8 ln 3
f (x) =
x2
4
x
2
) % % [0, +)
9: e3 3 9 : 6 3
x
x
2
2x2 1x t
dtx+ 1x t
dt
t
t
x2
% x = 1
""
f (x) = x x
3x2 a3 a3
C x = 1
f (x) = ex + xex
: <
$
'%
x = 1(
$
%
x = 2 : 7$ x =
33
2
5
4
/-
f (x) = xex + ex
f (x) = x( =
f (x) =
e16
f (x) = ex
a=3
f (x) = x
(x)
2x
6
(x)
2
,
,
x = 0
x=0
2
3
,
ln 3
,
4 + ln 3
18 4 6
e8 1 + e6 + e2 e4
2 3
, 1
2 3
1
4
2
3
ln 2 ln 3
2 2 ln ln 1
,
1 6
p
3
13 p3
ln 7 ln 2 ln 5 3
26
3
, 1
"#
t + 13 t3 s 13 s3
0
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5
2
, 2
17
2
3 6
s
2
1
1 2
7
2
2
e
1
3
1
mn3
3
,
x4 1
2x2
2
0
+ 12 n3 13 m4 12 nm2
f (x) dx =
98
3
ln 2
13
2
1
2
,
3 4
e
16
ln 3
+
1
2
1
16
, 1 1
9
,
ln 2
+ ln 2
17
2
, 22
+ 2
3
43
ln s 14 s6 12 s2 ln s + 14 s2
65
81(ln 2ln 3)
13
2
x4 2x2 + x
1
1
4
1
3
4 21
31
6
= 7, = 6, = 3
x = 1( x = 2
11
1
3
"
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ln 2 + 14 19 3
9 ln 11 + ln 2
12
1+
: 1 e e : 6 e 3 32 e 6e 6e
1
2
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1
2
ln2 2
x2
11
48
k=2
k1
ln k
1
ln
12
12
64
f (x)
0 f (x)+f (x) dx
I1 = 5( I2 =
13
12
1
2
5:
1
2
ln 2
(x2 a2 ) 12 a2 ln x + (x2 a2 ) + c
ln 2 + 3 3
: I = 12 x
: F (1) =
1
2
1
2
2
= k +
:
ln
3
2
6 1 = 2 x + 2 x ; /-
2
4
25
24
1
e
4
3
3
486
5
= 1, = 1, = 0
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1
2
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9: 6 ln 2 9 : ii. 6 ln 2
"%
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I4 = ex
I5 =
:
1
2
:
=1
ln 2
1 3
x
3
x + x
( 1)
+ 2
I2
2 + 2
+ 2
1
4
ln x 19 x3 + c : 19
f (x) dx =
5
2
,
4 4
9 - f (x) =
2(x)
x2 2
2
0
1
e
9 = 0 9
9"
1
2
S=
1
12
S=
135 5
12
S=
1
3
E=
E=
'% f (2) = 2
bb
aa
1
ba
1
2
ln 2
2x+xf (x)
f
2(+1)
e
1
ln x ln2 x dx = 3 e
1
0
(2 f (x)) dx =
2
3
(x)
x (2x 1) dx =
2
3
10
3
3
6
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9
4
10
73
6
: C x y = 3x x 0 x = 0 : E () =
1
+1
4e 6e1
1
2
3
ln 2
p = ln 1+e
2
=1
y = 2x +
E=
2
8
1+
2
4
1
3
1
8
2+
1
2
f (x) =
1
3
:
4
3
1
2
36
x+x
2
2
0
|t (x)| dx =
8
3
+1
+ 12
2(
13
27
13
8
( ( 1
27 2 2
1
2
ln
21
f (x) + c
, 0
f (x)
f () f ()
f (x)
" f (x) f ()
1
3
= 1, 2, 3
+ ln x + ln2 x +
1
3
ln3 x + c
"H
1
2
+( +
f (x) = e2 x2
9
9 (x) = ln x +
y 2 + 1 9 ln
2+1 2+1
: i.8 f (x) =
ef (x)
1+ef (x)
:
1
3
1 e +1
2 e 1
x = 1 x + y = x 4
27
4
f (x) = ln (x + 1)
F (x) = x ln (x + 1) + ln (x + 1) x
A (0, 0) , B (e 1, 1)
31
x=
1
3
: 1
1
e3
1
3
7( x =
1
3
1
3
+ 2 ln 2
% * x0 = 1
9E: - 2 f (x) 2
x
9/E: ?-%
x+1
f (t)dt =
x
2
3
2 ln x+1
x
2x2 + x + 23
2 3
3 x + 2 ln (x + 1)
2 ln x+1
x
( ,(
#:
e 12 1
x < 2
1 x 0
0<x<1
x1
: y = 2x + 5
f (x) = x +
x
0
f (x) = ln (x + 1)
f (t) dt = ln (x + 1) x + ln (x + 1) x
,
,:
25
12
f (x) =
ex ex
ex +ex
ln ex + ex + c
0
0
$
'=
- lim
1
2
x1
2
1 e1x
2
x
: I () = 7 22 7 + 7 e : !
1
e
, x>1
x
0
tf 3 (t) dt
x
0
2
tf (t) dt , x 0
ln 2
ex
1
:0
: @ h ' '% h
: ii. 1 : (b) 2 = 3J 2I (
: +( 1 : b f (x) = xe1x (x 2)
ln
= 210
( 4 ) 4
4
3
:
#
: x2 = 2x1 ,: 2004
: I+1 = ( + 1) I 1 :/ e 2( 2e 5
: /
ln 2
8
f (x) = 2007x
/% %8
49
8
1 k 2 x =
49
k
4
1 k2
49
2
(1k2 )k
fk (x) dx =
2401
(1 k 2 )k
1 k2
24
2401
,:
x = 1( x = 2
@ f $
%> $ % 1, 1
.$
' % %- $ - y = x 1 + ln 2
y = 3x 1 + ln 2
#
,
3
4
,:
: <+8 [1, +) ,:
1
2
(e 1)
e2 3
4
: f (x) = ex (ln x x) : 0
#