CONTENTS

How to write Vowels How to write Consonants First Part (Alphabets) Vowels Consonants Identify the correct lett0F The signsof vowels Consonantswith all vowels Conjunct consonants SecondPart (Nouns & Verbs) Masculino noun (nr) ending in e1 The Somenouns ending in et SomeRoots Q conjugation) Someverbal roots in Present-tense Sentences (Nominative Nouns-Verbs-Sentences-Translation & Accusative cases (Instrumental ease) ., t.t ,t ,, ,, @ative case) ' (Genitive& Locative cases) ,, ,, ,, Nominative dual, Accusativedual Instrumental dual, Dative dual Ablative dual, Genitive & Locative dual Verbs iII Persondual Plural ,, I PersonSingular ,, dual ,. Plural

_ Page l5 l6 t7 l8 l9 20 2l 28 33 34 34 35 36 37 4l 4 47 49 50 5t 53 53 55 56 57

II PersonSingular dual " ,, Plural The,Masculinenoun qfi ending in q

,t ,, g tt (t

Verbs (6th Conjugation) The Masculine nouns ending in q1gE-frE The Feminine nouns 1rl-Ffr-i{-Bg-ctq Neuter nouns fln-{IR Specialnouns sR{-tts{-ilr{-sTrim, - qil(

Pacs 59 60 6l 63 67 69 72 75 83 85

Third Part (Pronouus) Pronouns & Indiclinables Indefinite pronouns SomeIndeclinablesuscd very often Indeclinablesending in a Fourth Part (Exerciscc) Lessons Stories Conversation Ramayana Bhagavatha Mahabharatha Translation (Passages) Some Moral Passages Words of Wisdom

90 98 100

lor
100 109 113 t2fi

r22
126 130 138

r43

HOW TO WB,ITE VOWELS

PAGE

Fifth-Part (Roots and Verbal Derivatives) PersonalTerminations Parasmaipada Terminations Atmanepada Terminations UbhayapadaTerminations Voice t49 150 152 154 158

ffi

Indeclinables ... t6Z Sentences with PresentParticiples 163 Infinitive purpos" (gq) 165 ,. ., Past Participle ending in (tar) 166 r, 168 ,, l, (q) Present Participleendingin (om ... ,, ) .169 Past PassiveParticipleendingin (o)... l7l ,, Poteutial Participle ending in (aa+) 173 ,, Prepositions I74 Command& Prohibition ... 177 SomeClassified nouns I7g Numerals ,. Igz Ordinals 194 Glossary 198

g $ ff ffi ffi ffi q ffiffi

o

tr

w@ Jlrqg
t---t --l

HOW TO WR.ITE CONSONENTS

F I RS T . P A R T ( Alphabets;

VOWELS qfil (qql)

A

E-]a -&

g 6Tffi E6

@ L4

M@r

A
I I U

ffi etr wq w q w q ATffi q q @ qffi q g &ffi

t]

ts
BU
I, E AI

o
AU AM AE

l8

CONSONANTS

l9

6qsEnqrfr ({s) r. q q { q q
kkhg g ho,qqq

LETTER, IDENTIFY THE C)ORR,ECT

3l

sil

3it

qt

2,1

e.

q c h j j ha e E g E

s .E

s
rT

s
rf

E
0T

tthddhB

4.(erR.gq,
tthddhnilitq

5.9
6.r(

s.
pphbbhm

E
q.

q.
q

t
q,

r5$T

r
yr lvd q Ttl{;t

7, q
tshlkt Note:

q,
These

E
consonants vowels for shown

q
ar

5
gpnerally usccl

E[
iI {

s
6 q

in combination of prontanciation as F.Hg{rple: t+q=tFetc.

the convenience of th next paget. on

tl

F q

THE SIGNS OX'VOWELS

(wffi)

i[

Vowel

Sign

Usage

Vowel

Sign

Usage

3t A

KLPTAM KES'AH,

{e[t ttr

KA iil KA

tl
KHA KHA
KHI

e
fiA

tn

ft
KI * KI KU { KU KR * KE \

stt
A

{It{f R A MA H
SIVAH

q
E

t
I

fl

Rrqs Tfti

g
AI

iI
g U

rl
"l
"li "
1. Z.

DAIVAM

GiTAM

dr 1 o

tq frur LOKAII
fift
qql

KHI

tu (e
g
q.

GA

il

gl NA

Fr
GI

R
NI * tli

fi

Gi

g
GU

KHU KHO

g sl'u
NO

q.
Gi]

e
q

u
U

T
B

"l I

BUDHAH

lltl3

fr AU
sf
AM

GAURi

E KHR
KHE KHAI
KHO

GB
GE

ltlg
I
I I

GHB
GHE

NR
NE * g IiIAI

ttt DT]TAH

raMsen
I

tq

NBTTAM

stt

;t{l
NARAH

i[ KAI

rTlg
GAI GO GHAI

{ IA

u Rr
Note :

tTR['4.IAM

ftqqq

KO \

fr
i[

a
d
tq

isI

the All cotrsonants in combination of all vowels are given in the next few pages. The words ending in t and are very few and therefore they are left in these series.

KAU KAM ifl KAH

KHAU KHAM l KHAH

f r1 f i GHO I f it f f GAU
.i l E
GAM

st
sf
NO \ NAU

I GHAU
I GHAM

6
trIAri/ g! NAE

lTl
GAI{

ttl

I GHAH

q
CA

s
CITA

st
JA SI JA

{ JFIA

sI
NA

u
TA

6
THA

g pA

a
PHA

0I NA

gT CA

st
CHA

{I
JHA
.IHI

6rf
NE

et
TA

6t
T HA

sf
PA pi

at
PHA

qT
NA

fr CI
* CI

tu CHI
CHI

R
JI * JI

fr
g

ilrI

ft

ft
T HI * THi

&
g

G
DHI * pHi

Fr
NI

TI

sr
g

flT
JHi JHU JHU

dl
Ni
NU

dr
?i u
\t

dl
Pi PU
t

sft
Ni NU

g
CU

g
JU

CHU

_il

g
T HU

g
PHU

!r

TU TO
{

q.
CU

e CHU
tt
a-

q
JU

q
NC

Tr{u

p0

R.

q
DHO

q.
Nti

.\ q CAI

+ CE + co
qt
\

? cB

g
JB JE \ G[ JAT q) JO \

E[
JHR

CHB

frB
Ne
\ 0f

b
CHE

il

il .IHE
\ { JHAI

v TR a
TE

v THR
THE 6
THAI

g
DB DE .i\ g DAI

g
DHB
PHE \ d PHAI

qJ
l.{R

s
CHAI

z
TAI TO \

frrAI

gI cHo UI
CHAU CfIAM CHAH
A

FI
JHO \

fr

a
et

stT

{t

NO \

a THO
6I
*\

Do
\ gI

fr

a PHO
6I
\

NE. d 0t NAT

otT

fr No .rt
ot
qi

CAU

JAU

JHAU { JHAM

ri
CAM

NIAU q

TAU

THAU

frnu
0N!

e
TAM

t
THAM 6f THAH

DAU g PAM

BHAU

l.rAU
NAM NAH

6 pHAM 6t DHAH

?t
CAH

s:

ilr
JHAH

et
TAH

\ir
PAH

frAH

. TA

a
ilr rA

q[ THA

( DA

g
DHA

.T
NA

rt
PA ITI PA

$
PHA

slt
THA

il
DA

tn
DHA

;tT
NA
NI * Ni

16t
PHA

R
TI

fr
g

it BA ilt BA

q
BHA

IT
MA

qr
BHA

qT
MA

THI

R
DI { DI

Fr
DHI

fr
!I

ft
PI

ls
PHI

dt
Ti

dt
THi THU THU

.*ft
DTII

{t
Pi

dt
PHi

fr BI {r
Bi

ffr
BHI

tq
MI

dt
BHi

{t
Mi

C
TU (

g
DU

g
DHU '{ DHU

NU

s PU
PU

$
PHU

g
BU

BHU

u
q

g
MU

rU

E
TI[

g
THR THE \ E THAI

t
TE \ d TAI
TO \

oU E DB
DE \

q,
NU

PHU PHR \

gU

q
Mt]

BHU

?
DHB

,,I
NB.

+
rI

g PB

rt
BR

qt
BHB q
BHE {

q
MR

DHE \ DHAI * DHO \

+ NE
qr

t
PE

r5

fr
il
il

fr
,i

DAI

\ ;f NAI
NO \

THO \

qr

DO \

tt
q

t PAI fr
PO

PHE \q5 PHAI * PHO \

q
ME
n

BE \ it BAI

rI

BHAI * BHO \

MAI

qT
BO \

fr

MO
i\ qT

TAU

THAU THAM

ET

rlt
li

;Tt

DAU DAIU

DHAU
DHAM

NAU

ItT PAU

i\

$T

qI

qI

PHAU

BAU

BHAU { BHAM

reilr ilt
TAH

:i
NAM

t
paM Itl PAH

s
PHAM

seM
itf
BAH

MAU { MAM gl MAH

ell
THAH

E!
DHAH

gt
DHAH

dt
NAH

$t
PHAH

qt
BHAH

rT
YA

{ RA

o
LA

q
VA ill VA

{ S'A

T
$A !il

{t
SA l SA

{ HA

t
LLA

rt
K$A K$A

qI YA

(t
RA

ot
LA
LI * LI

{tt
SA

il
HA

6I
LLA

{r

ft
YT Yi

R
RI

tu
g

sA

R
VI *

Rr
SI

{r
g
YU

ft
Ri

vi

{ft
SI

{r
si g

sr

fr SI fr
SI

ff
HI * Hi

fr
LLI * LLi

rk
KFI

K9i K9U
{.

s
g

rl
VU

LU

r[
SU

g
SU

q
LLU {

t YO
YR

q,
LU

VU

so
4
SB

{.

su T. 9u
9B
!t $E

e[

sO

u.

lr0
HR HE \

K..sU

E
VR { RE

T
rt

q sB.

a
t
LLE * 6 LLAI

t
YE ^ T YAI

o
I.E {

t
VE \
i[ VAI

t gE
{t Sar
\

t
SE \

rSB

eil
K$E \

(t

r[
\

fr

RAI

t
RO \

LAI
\rl

YO \

qI

{I

or
LAU

LO *\

vo
itT
VAU { VAM it! VAH
A

$AI

ft
SO

il

YAU { YANI

RAU

{t
SAU

$o \ ItT SAU
{ $AM !tl $AH

fr so fr
t

SAI

HAI

K9Ar

I
(f HAU
HAM
tl Qo

6I
LLO \

eil
K90

HO {

6r

{T
KgAU K9AM

SAU SAM

LLAU

t
RAM

ei
LAM

qr
IAH

Sev
{l S'AH

ri

ai
LLAM 6!
LLAH

Ot
LAH

{r
KSAH

HAH

29

THE

CONJUNCT CONSONANTS

q+rI-W
kq Ya kcya

OIFT{
Lakqyam Aim

({ginrqtrFr)
q
k

q + r T :Qr t
kh Mother ya khYa

(("qq
sakhyam Friendship

i[:
ka

Ti[
kka

sffiflt
Akkd

q + q :T tt
g dha gdha

g{qt
mugdhah Fool

q+il:lFI
k ta kta

rltf(tl
bhaktah Devotee

q+
g

Et:
nL

{
gna

q
k

q
ma

!il{

TIT
kma

Ffq{
rukmam Gold

magnam

Sunk

r I.+ ( - q
g ra gra

sq
ugram Cruel

i[+
k

ct
ya

Eq
kya

ilTqq
vakyam Sentence

q
gh

d:
na

g
ghna

fter
vighnah Obstacle

q,+
k

(
ra

if
kra

q-6q,
vakram Crooked

{+u=S
k la kla

ss{
6uklam White

t
gh

+ {
ra

q
ghra

{ftqq.
sighram Quickly.

q
n

it=
ka

q .+it
kva

in
kva

q6{
pakvam Ripe

S
ika

s[ifr
aikah

Number

q .+
g

q
ca

q+
k

q
pa

*t
cca

\tqr
uccah High

R
kqa

Eqil3
dakqah

Expert

8{.+
kq

of =
$a

Ff
kE+a

ftwr
Tikqnah Sharp

q . + S = i6
c cha ccha

![61
gucchah Bunch

E
kE

+ II
ma

= tq
kgma

qtq{
Suakqmam Minute

1 , + lt = 6 { t
c Ya

qFq(
cYa

vacyam

Meaning

30

3t

q.
iaa

q-

{ jffa

sn{r
aJna

q. + (=
Order Kingdom d ra

(
dra

gql
MudrE

q
jya

+ T=

Gq
jya

(|cT{
rajyam

<. + {+x[= (?t

d r ya drya

ilR(q{
d6ridryam Poverty

q
tya

+ q+ T=
ya
ta

e?t
!ya

qEqq
netyam
Dance

q. r
d

i[=
va

e
dva

Retq
vidvan Scholar

S
th
t.

aq
thya

ql6q{
palhyam Lesson Mind

q. +
dh

r [=
yL

$q
dhya

{st13
madhyah Middle

E + (=
q. +
lna

T
tta

Frq{
chittam

L
n

+ il=
ta

;(
nta

t{fifl
santah Great peoplo Food

i [=

t
tna

(ilq,
ratnam Jewel

q
f,

+ + +

i[ =
na

q
nna

qqq
annam

E + {=
trL

rr
l ra

irq
netram {$lTi rathyah
Eye Horse

!
p

(=
ra

ll
pra

$qT
prati,ma Idol

'g
th (
d

+
+

q=
ya d [=
dha

1:q thya

t
b

(=
da

6q
bda

q6q!
abdah Year Creator

q
ddha

5fr1
Buddhah Budilha

1+
b

{=
ra

it
bra

rrur
brahma

E
d ma

IT:

E[
dma

ff{[
sadma

q.+
House m

it =
ba

s{
mba

3tn[t
amba Mother
Pillar

E + q=
dya

q
dya

rqq.
padyam Poem

q, + q=
m bha

rrl
mbha

Rreltf
stambhah

32

q.+
m ra { r { r

{
tI:
ma il= va

q
mra

ilq{
tdmram

SECOND PART (Nounsanil Verbs) Copper The Masculine noun . Rema' endingin u (a)
3f61il;(T: lifrf,t 'ttc (Dual) (Case) (Singular)

d
rma c it rva

sfr
karma

{t6E:
(Plural)

Duty

flon. 1. qqs
REmah

{rft
Remau

(tItI!
Rdmah

q{Rr
parvatah Mountain

4U.

2, (tq
Remam

{rfi
Remau

wrq
Ramen

q, + rTt
I

e?il
lya

s"{TM{
kalyaqam Happiness

ye

I nft. s, qtor
Remer;a

(tlttrrtf
Ramabhyam

ttr
Ramaih

q, +
6
s

{=
ra

9t
6ra

flqr
mi6rah Mixed

dar.r,
abl. 5.
Science

(IqFr
REmeya

{rmrd
Ramabhybm

qlwl
Ramebhyah

(IqK
RdmEt

qquTi
Ramabhyam

+ + +
+

(+{=
tra

q
stfa

{r}+ql
Ramebhyah

ltraq
6estram

{
sma

It=

tq
sma

frwqr
vismayah \Monder

!eA' 6. {FITTT Ramasya l o c ' 7 , {tt

Rame

{rrrfrr
Rdmayoh

(tqTurq
Reme$am

{tq*r
Rdmayoh

(t+s
Ramequ

q
$

{=
ra

q
sra

qH{
asfam

Tsar

Voc.8' t rtq

t {rfr

t rtqrl

q
h

iI=
nd

E
hna

tuq.
cihnam Symbol

He Ramau He Ratna He Ramah Meaning of the Singular fann: 1. Rama (subject in a sentence) 2. Rama (object

in a sentence) 3. Bylwithlthrough Rama 4. for/to Rama 5. from/than Rama 6. of/among Rama 7. Inlonfat among Rama 8. oh/ye Rama ! 3

34 SOMENOUNSENDING IN vowEl, q (A)

35 SOME VER,BAL R,OOTSIN PR,ESENT.TENS: 1. qq to read

Singtlar King Dual Plural

llql
Ramah Rama

iIrTl
Nspah

III Personq6ft
Palhati ilP. IP.

q-6ilt
Palhtah

qfi
Palhanti

Ststl
Ktsh+ah Krishna

tmr
Sevakah

Servant

q6ft
Palhasi

tr6q[t
Palhathah

T6ql
Palhatha

EIQ'I
Bdlah

Boy

Kr

Dritah

Messenger

q6rft
Pathami

rf6lttf
Pa-thavah

tr6[tll
PalhEmah

g:il
Putrah Son

tffictt
Panthah Traveller ilI P. ilP. IP.

ffifr
namati

2. d{. to salute aq(tl

namatah

ilFa
namanti

glrt
Budhah

({r
Scholar Harah Siva SOME ROOTS (r CoNJUGATTON)

ilfr
namasi

TIIgt
namathah

ifiIrl
namatha

q{
Palh : . to read

(qq.)tr"q,
(gam) gacch to go UI P. to drink

dqrft
namdmi

iTITFtI
namAYah

TITIqt
namamah

3. i[(
Vadati

qq.
Nam

(qr)fiq
to salute

{Eft {6ft
qEIft

(Pa1Pib

to spea,k q('(Il Vadatah

T$G
Vadanti

(*) qq
(ri) lav

qK
to conquer Khad to eat

uP.
IP.

EEEIt
Vadathah

qEq
Vadatha

Vadasi

it(lEl
Vadavah

it(ttfl
Vadamah

(fi) rq.
(NI) Nay-, to lead

T(
Vad

Vadami to speak

&1, lq, Iq Conjugate tho following Roots: il{, rInE^,

36 SENTENCES

37 NOUNS (Animals)

ll
mah

r6R
Palhati Rama reads

sN![t
ajah Goat

furol
bidalah Cat

u[:
shr.rah [f
ah
I I

Esft
Vasati Krishna dwells

qqt
gajah

s6l
Elephant
vgkah Wolf

dqft
namati The boy salutes

qet!
asvah

qtqr
Horse
gardabhah Donkey

q(fr
Vadati The son speaks

iREI
varehah

eRqrl
Boar
hari4ah Deer

rah
I

q;sft
gacchati

i[FRI
vanarah The scholar goes

q[||rdl
Monkey Ssgalah
Jackal

lhah , rah

VERBS (I Conj.;

qqR
Jayati EXERCISE Translateinto SanskritThe boy eats (5) (6) (7, (8) A traveller goes The servant speaks Themessengerconqurs Hara reads The king conquers

(e) a{
to run
(hg) har

Dhav

to take away

(?g){r{,
(Ds6) PasY to see

ql
pagh to cook

(tq) tq{

iqq.
to abandon

Kgshna drinks Rama salutes A scholar dwells

(sonr)smar to remembertyaj

r{
Vah

to carry or (g-{)
to bear

ilq
to know

(budh) bodh

38 SENTENCES ( Subject) (Object) (verb)

$i

39

Translate Into Sanskrit:l. 2. 3. 4. 5, 6. 7, 8. 9. Rama salutes Krishna: The scholar reads the lesson The king remembersthe elephant. The goat conquersthe boar. The donkeY drinks the water' The servant cooks the food. The horse bears the king. The boy takes awaY the cat. knows the traveller' The messenger

TITt
Ramah

qst
gajam

T{qft
padyati

Rama seesthe elephant.

gEl
a6vah

rqt
varEham

wft
smarati

The horse remembersthe boar.

qqf
gajah

qRtt
hari4am

Eft
harati

The elephant takes away the deer

qr.Rl
venarah

s,d
phalam

KR
khadati

10. The wolf bearsthe jackal. 11. The monkeYknows the cat' 12. The horse seesthe king. 13. The elePhant salutes the deer. 14. The scholar knows the lesson; 15. Hara rememberskrishna. 16. The Jackal garries away the goat.

The monkey eats the fruit

irrf
brlah

qRi
petham

r6fr
pafhati

The boy reads the lessolr

Qffir
sevakah

gNEI

qqR

annam pachati The servant cooks , food. the

the lesson17. The boY remembers 18. 19. 20. The travallor eats the food. Rama knows Krishna. The Elephantbears the King.

qhr
gardabhah

bidelam bodhati The donkeyknowsthe cat.

ffi

t
40 NOUNS(Placesl

4T SENTENCES (Word in the (Verb in Instrumental Present Tense) Case)

tqr
dedah Country

fr'{Ef
kavagah Door Window

flqr
gramah Village

TFTITI
gavakshah

(Subject in the nominative Case)

{F{l
Ramah

udlt
qtt

qft
qrqR

to
gehah

*qr
House Cottage Hennitage lokah World Island Sea

Charati Klqnena Rama moveswith Klgpa dhevati a6vena runs with a horse The elephant

It6cT!
ulajah

*qr
dvipah

qqt
gajah

sttaTrTr
a6ramah (\

ilfir
san:udrah VERBS (I Conj.y

;tFtt
venarah

)q
to be to play

qq
pato to fall to give. to shine

ti{hthati vgkeqa with a wolf The monkeY stands

ator

frBfi

(bh'rt bhav )

iffol
balah

{Htor

*fr

*q
krid

(.il) q?q
(da) lacch

kri4ati vanare$a The boy plaYs with a monkeY

q(
char
to go, moYe

trite
jval

fiorl
hariaah

qnrrla tqta

frgft

(rqt)fre
(stha)tishlh io stsnd

tiqlhati sl96lena The deer stands with a lackal gacchati sevakena goes with a servant The king

ftq
nind to blame, to censure

uq!
npah

Note:-The root Cqr(stha)with the prepositioneq (ub) gives the meaningof itand up'. e.g. sffi (uttishlhati)etc.

incliclinablo g6 maY be used along NOTE:-Tho with the word in instrumentat case to give clear sence of . with'. eg: q93 Ql*a st ffisR I

42 thrnslate into Sanskrit :l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6, 7, 8. 9, t0. ' Rama eats with Krishna. ,{ horse runs with a wolf. A boy standswith an elephant. A deer plays with a horse. A traveller runs with the deer. A servantgoes with a boy. A messenger moves with Rama, A Jackal runs with a boar. A goat moves with a donkey. Rama runs with a messenger.

t
;

43 NOUNS (birds)

& &

i6Tfi!
kakah

rq(l
maytrrah peacock

gsl
6ukah pafrot

iffi!
bakah stalk

qqsEf
kukkutah cock

qgqf
madhupah bee

tqr
hamsah

*ftor
kokilah cuckoo

11. Krishna standswith a traveller. 12. An elephantruns with a deer. 13. A traveller runs with a servant. 74. A boar walks with a jackal.

6't(l
kapotah dove

rt6g!
garu{ah the king of birds

VERBS

\K
Raksh

q(
to protect Vad *{, Arch to speak

15. An elephantgoeswith a donkey. 16. The son goes with a traveller. 17, Thc scholarruns with a boy. 18. 19. 20. Hara moveswith an elephant. The cat stands with a Jackal. Rama seesthrough the window.

(e) ttq
(Ruh) Roh to grow {{ has to laugh

to worshiP

.d
garj to roar

q!
Jap

t (rrrq.
to mutter (sai; eaV
to sing

44 DATIVE CASE

l
I q

45

i[ql.
npah

sevakaya phalam yacchati The king gives fruit to the servant

*ilsrr sii
srfl{ fiq

o-sfr

{Ia[f
pnnthah

frqq
dvipet

dt{ qft
dvipam charati

island The traveller moves from one island to another Translate into Sanskrit :l. 2, 3. 4. Krishna goesfor a fruit' The boY colnesfor food. The king goes to ihe hermitage for a fruit'

{Rtl
balah

qE6ft
rfESR

annaya gremam gacchati The boy goes to the village for food

il|;t{t

qi6Ft qrNlq

venarah phalaya Edramam gacchati The monkey gges to the hermitage for fruit

wl

Ramah pentheya phalam yu""t uti Rama gives the fruit to the traveller ABLATIVE CASE

qt;e[Iqso

T{6fr

Rama gives food to the servant' 5. The traveller goes to the village for a cock' jackal' 6. Krishna protects the deer from a 7. A king comes from the countrY' A boar runs from one hermitage to another

!F!

qRfffit

budhah esanet uttiqthti The scholartises up from the seai'

sm

8. hermitage.

F. pnanm
q_qt . nsman
nlpah

vfk$et patati The fruit falls from the tree

sFI(

rdfr

9. A traveller goes from one country to another countrY. 10. A deer runs from an island' 1 1 . A horse goesfrom the sea' t2. A messenger carries away a deer from the lrermitage. 13. A servant gets uP from the seat. 14. A son takes away a fruit for the king'

gremat gacchati Rama goes frorn tho village

{rqr(

.'{sfr rdR

w;

qqr{

gbjat patati The ki'tg falls from the elephant