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Std09 Science TM 2 PDF
Std09 Science TM 2 PDF
H H
Cl
Cl
H H
O O
H H
Cl
Cl
O
O
ntrkghL
myF-11
nta
11. ntrkghL
Nax
gira
fhnghiAnu+ M#
11.1. m
a kW ma
bjhFf tiff
xU jkUJ
kbwhU
jkF
vyuhf
gkhwgLtjh, ndw bgw
maf
cUthwd.
nrhoa
nghw
mf idw
cila
cnyhf mQ, mnyhfjik bfhl
q mQl
iz nghJ,
xU mQUJ kbwhU mQF
ngha vyuhf l bgatjh,
mtQfSF
f mUfhik
cs kj thfis nghw iyahd
vyuh mikig bgWwd. X
mQ cs vyuhfsh VgL
bkhj v ndw, mtQ
cs cfU nendwF
rkkhf
Ugj isthf,
xU
vyuhid HF mQ xU ne
ndw bgw maahf khWwJ.
nrhoa mQ vyluhid Hj
nrhoa
mQUJ
ma cUthj.
nrhoa
nrhoa
mQ mQv 11
vdnt nrhoa mQ cfUit
11 vyuhf
R
tUwd.
nrhoaF f mUfhik cs
kj ththd ah mQv 10
MF. vdnt ah nghw vyuh
mikig bgw, nrhoa mQ xU
vyuhid HwJ. ndwkw
eLiy mQUJ xU vyuhid
178
(nrhoa ma)
11 nuhlhf &
11 vyuhf
10 vyuhf
Na
Na+
e-
Na+ + e-
q mQUJ
ma cUthj.
qiuL
mnyhff,
vyuhfis
VFnghJ mafshf khWwd.
mnyhfkhd q mQv9, mj
beUa vyuh mik cila
kjththd ah mQv 10
j vyuh mikig bgw, q
mQ X vyuhid Vf ntL.
Rikaw, eLiyjik cs
q mQ, X vyuhid Vgj
_y - 1 ndw bfhl qiuL
maahf khWwJ.
ntrkghL
q vyuhid Vw
braiy tUkhW Flyh.
F +
eF
(qmQ)
(qiuL ma)
9 nuhlhf &
9 nuhlhf &
nrhoa
rng
nrkij
fUJnth.
nrk
nrhoa
9 vyuhf
10 vyuhf kW rng Ma uL bjhFf
csd. nrhoa rng nrk xU
gFahd nrhoa, mQ iy. khwhf
+eF
F
nrhoa maahF. Mdh rng xU
gymQ ma bjhFahF.
v ndw bgw F
nghw mabjhFf
maf v maf
vdgL.
nemyJvndwbgwXuQ
bghJthf mnyhff v mafis ma myJ gy mQ mabjhFf
cUthF ailad .
Mait
mabjhFf
vd
XuQ maf
xnu xU mQUJ cUthF
maf XuQ maf vwiHf
gLwd.
nrhoa ma( Na+ ) xU XuQ ne
ma mF.
qiuL ma (
ma MF.
F-)
xU XuQ v
gymQ ma bjhFf
it
xWF
nkgl
mQf mla ndw bgw
tiuaWfgLwd.
nrhoa iAuhi[L vw fhuK,
r myK idgL cUthd
nrknk nrhoa rng vdyh.
nrhoa iAuhi[L + r
my nrhoarng +
nrhoarng
nrkYs
nrhoa cW, fhukha nrhoa
iAuhi[oUJ
cUthtjh
fhu cW myJ fhubjhF vW,
r
myUJ
rng
bgwgLtjh,
rng
mycW
myJ
mybjhF
vW
miHfgLwd.
gy mQ ma bjhFf
bra 11.1
FLs XuQ
f thghil vGJf.
vma
1. nuhikL ma 5. mnahilL ma
xiw izw
ma bjhFf
2. FnshiuL ma 6. Mi[L ma
3. qiuL ma 7. ieiuL ma
uil izw
ma bjhFf
4. iAiuL ma 8. rigL ma
nkY mJ bfhnth
bgUghikahd XuQ v
maf bgaf-"IL" vw
bdhLl Kowd.
Kik izw
ma bjhFf
179
myF-11
nta
nkY mJ bfhnth
thghL
thghL
igrng ma
HSO4
fhgnd ma
CO32-
igrig ma
HSO3 -
Fnuhnk ma
CrO42-
Fnshnu ma
ClO3 -
ilFnuhnk ma
Cr2O72-
Fnshiu ma
ClO2 -
khfnd ma
MnO42-
raidL ma
CN-
bguhi[L ma
O22-
iAuhi[L ma
OH-
rng ma
SO42-
iAngh Fnshiu
ma
ClO-
rig ma
SO3
ienu ma
NO3
jnahrng ma
S2O32-
ieiu ma
NO2 -
bgFnshnu ma
ClO4 -
bgkhfnd ma
MnO4-
2-
bra 11.2
FLs
nrkf
mls
ne
kW
v
mafis jf.
thghL
nghnu ma
BO33-
ghng ma
PO43-
nkY mJ bfhnth
1. t ienu
gymQ ma bjhFf cs
nrkf majik bfhlit
MF.
2. bka rng
3. mYa Mi[L
4. by ienu
bra 11.3
5. bghlha fhgnd
6. nga FnshiuL
7. rng
1. FnshiuL ma
8. fhg ienu
2. Fnshiu ma
nkY mJ bfhnth
3. Mi[L ma
4. iAuhi[L ma
mnkha ma vgJ xU
gymQ
mabjhF
cila
ne ma MF. J NH4+ vd
FlgLwJ.
5. ghigL ma
6. ghng ma
180
ntrkghL
khWgl izw cila ne maf
thghL
bga
thghL
bga
Au+
Au3+
Ce3+
a (III) (or) u
Ce4+
a (IV) (or)
Co2+
Co3+
Cr2+
Cr3+
Cu+
Cu2+
Fe2+
U (II) (or)bgu
Fe3+
U (III) (or)bg
Mn2+
Mn3+
Pb2+
by (II) (or) sg
Pb4+
by (IV) (or)s
Sn2+
o (II) (or)nld
Sn4+
o (IV) (or)nl
bra 11.4
nkY mJ bfhnth
FLs ne maf
bgafis vGJf.
1. Fe2+
3. Fe3+
2. Hg+
4. Hg2+
xnu
tifahd
uL
_yTWf izJ _yTW
uilia cUthFwJ. bkFu
_yTW
ma Hg22+ vw
uilahf kLnk fhzgLwJ.
ntFpLfS izwfS
izw = 1
izw = 2
izw = 3
izw = 4
nuh (Br)
nga (Ba)
nghu (B)
fhg (C)
Fnsh (Cl)
fha (Ca)
mYa (Al)
f (Si)
q (F)
bka (Mg)
iAu# (H)
M# (O)
mnaho (I)
rg (S)
a (Li)
nrhoa (Na)
bghlha (K)
nkY mJ bfhnth
bgUghikahd gy mQ ma bjhFf bga bdhLf
- "I" myJ - "V" vd Kotilwd.
181
myF-11
nta
11.2. ntFpLf kW ntrkghLfis
FWFbgUf Kiw vGJj.
xU nrk iaig, FpLf
_y FLtnj ntthghL MF.
nt
thghil
FLtjF,
nrk
gF
bghUfsha
jkf FpLf kW mt
izwfis
bjUj
mta. xU jk mQ izw
kng mj mQ Kakhd
gFahF.
mtF ne gf Fl
ntL.
izw vkfis U
mafSilna FWF gkhw
brJ, mkfis v v ma
FpLf tyJ gf vGj
ntL.
ma bjhFfshf U,
mjid
milFF
vG,
milF btw tyJ Xu
gfkhf FWF gkhw brj
viz vGj ntL.
ntthghil
vGJ
nghJ
gwgl ntoa fUJf
nrk
gF
TWfsha
maf Fpil xWbfhW
mUfhik vGj ntL.
uL maf FpLf
tyJ Xu xnu kila
vf U mtiw Fl
njitiy (bghJ fhuid
lntL).
ne ma Fpil lJ
gfK, v ma myJ ma
bjhFf Fpil tyJ gfK
vGj ntL.
FpLFa
izw
k
1Mf
U,
mkig Fl ntoaiy.
izwfis
vLJfhLf
1. nrhoa FnshiuL
2. bghlha nuhikL
3. iAu# FnshiuL
Na
Cl
Br
Cl
1+
1-
1+
1-
1+
1-
NaCl
KBr
HCl
4. Mi[L
5. nga Mi[L
6. mYa Mi[L
Zn
Ba
Al
2+
2-
2+
2-
3+
2-
BaO
ZnO
7. nrhoa ghng
Na
1+
(PO4)
3-
Na3 PO4
Al2O3
CO3
Ca
OH
1+
2-
2+
1-
(NH4)2 CO3
182
Ca(OH)2
ntrkghL
vfSfhd KbdhL bgaf
KbdhL bga
nkhndh
il
oiu
bluh
bglh
bA[h
bAlh
Mlh
ehdh
blfh
10
vj id
bra 11.5
FlgLs nrk
fSFa nt thghil vGJf.
1. nrhoa iAuhi[L
2. nrhoa fhgnd
3. fha iAuhi[L
4. mnkha rng
5. ghgu oiu FnshiuL
6. rg bArh qiuL
7. fhg (II ) ienu
8. nfhgh (II) FnshiuL
nkY mJ bfhnth
JfhW fLofgLs 13
a nrkf 91% nrkf
fhg mla nrkf MF.
(xU a vgJ gJ yr).
11.3. ntidfis
vGJtjfhd mKf
kjdh nkbfhsgl
ntid vj id''
Kj
vd
xU ntid gnfF
idgL
bghUf,
is
bghUf
bgafSFa
FpLl, mid fit
bjF bjhlng ntrkghL
vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
xU id ftjF K vLJ
bfhsgL
bghUf
idgL
bghUf MF.
xU id fj , cUthF
bghUf id isbghUf
MF.
FlidgLbghUfUJ
cUthF isbghUfis m
FpL _y FlgLwJ.
xWF
nkgl
idgL
bghUf iztij, xWF
nkgl
id
isbghUf
cUthjiy (+) FpL_y Fl
gLwJ.
id ftjF rhjfkhd g
jidf mF nkghfnyh,
ghfnyh Flgl ntL.
myF-11
nta
fk nrkfis bgaL Kiwf
fknrkf
mnyhf-mnyhf
izj nrkf
cnyhf-mnyhf
izj nrkf
xnu xU
ne ma
cilait
xWF
nkgl
ne ma
cilait
cnyhf bga
v ma bga
rhWf
mYa MirL (Al2O3)
nga FnshiuL (BaCl2)
fha fhgnd (CaCO3)
bka rng (MgSO4)
nemaf iz wf
nuhk vfsh
milFl FLj
rhWf
fhg (I) MirL (Cu2O)
fhg (II) MirL (CuO)
U (II) FnshiuL (FeCl2)
U (III) FnshiuL (FeCl3)
o (II) MirL (SnO)
o (IV) MirL (SnO2)
Kj FLj.
(iii) jk mQf
vifia nuf
KbdhL bga
FLj.
rhWf
fhg nkhdhirL (CO)
fhg il MirL (CO2)
rg il MirL (SO2)
rgoiu MirL (SO3)
184
ntrkghL
11.4. xU ntrkghil
vGj njitgL Ka
gjidf
1. idgL
bghUfis,
is
bghUfis bjJbfhl
rkghil vGj ntL.
2. idF bjhlila jkf
FpL kW nrkf thghil,
mt bgafSF Fl
ntL.
3. FpL
kW
thghLfis
njitahd
vfsh
bgU,
UwK rk brf.
4. thghil vfhuz bfhL
khw TlhJ. a bghUfis
nrfnth, Uw bghUfis
fnth TlhJ.
5. mF
U
gffY
cs xbthU tif mQf
vif rkkhf csdth
vgij cW brJ bfhf.
6. rk brtjF gagLjgl
vf midij bghJ vzh
tFJ,
Fzff
kig
jhfyh. myJ RUfyh.
7. isbghUf gothf Ujh
neha mFia ( ) mj
thghoF tyJw FLf.
8. isbghUf ththf Ujh
nkneha mFia ( ) mj
thghoF tyJw FLf.
ntrkghLfis rk brj
2H2 + O2
2H2O
rkghoid rk brj
Kiw tU gofis cslaJ
1. idgL bghUf kW is
bghUf rahd FpL kW
thghLfis bjJ bfhl,
rk braglhj rkghil vGj
ntL.
2. mF U gffY cs
btntW tif jkfSFa
mQfis jf vfsh bgU
rk brf
3. <uQ iy _yTWf cs
idgL kW is bghUfis
rk
br
nghJ,
mt
mQiyfis fU bfhnl
rk bra ntL.
rhW 1
Ul Fnsh idj
rk braglhj iy
Fe + Cl2
Cl mQit rk brj
Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3
Fe mQit rk brj
2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3
FeCl3
rhW 2
nrhoa fhgndLl iAnuhFnsh my idj
rk braglhj iy)
Na2CO3 + HCl
Na mQit rk brj
Na2CO3 + HCl
myF-11
nta
sf 1
+
rg il Mi[L M#
2SO2
rg oiu Mi[L
O2
2SO3
sf 2
bra 11.7
FLs
glij
Tjh brJ,
A kW B
Matilna cs id
rkghil vGJf.
H H
Cl
Cl
Cl
H2
Cl
H
Cl2
2HCl
sf 3
iAu#Dl
M#
izJ cUthj id
H H
O O
H H
2H2 + O2
O
O
bra 11.8
FlgLs rkghLfis rk brf.
1. N2 + O2
2. CaCO3 + HCl
3. Na + H2O
4. KClO3
5. N2 + H2
6. NH3 + O2
NO
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
NaOH + H2
KCl + O2
NH3
N2 + H2O
2H2 O
11.5. ntrkgho
magLgit
_y
11.6. n t r k g h o U J
maglhjit
idgL
bghUf
isbghUf
kW
id bghUf aa iy
btg khw
_yTWf vif
idFa Niyf
nkhf vif
brf
xL iwf
idfhd fhy
xL fdmsf
Inrhnlhf rhj gu
186
ntrkghL
nkY mJ bfhnth
2 iAu#
mQf
bgUghikahd ntidf
k
iynyna
fwd.
rhwhf,
midJ
ca
idf,
a
khwf,
bjhrhiy gagL idf
kW
nta
Mtf
fjgL bgUghyhd idf.
M# mQ
cfU
vyuh
_yTW
2H2 + 02
2H20
nkFl ntrkghoUJ,
FLs gufis mayh.
rkgho _y FLs
guf magliy.
i) idgL kW is bghUf
i)
idgL bghUf kW is
bghUf a
iv) iwf xL k
iAu#, M# kW
Mat
xL
iwf
4 : 32 : 36 mjhtJ 1 : 8 : 9 vw
j mikwJ.
v) fdmsf xL ms
iAu#, M# kW
Ma id bghUf fd ms
2 : 1 : 2 vw jkhF.
iAu#, M#
Mat
aa
Flgliy.
kW
iyf
iv) br
iAu#, M# kW
Mat brf bjhlghd gu
VJ bjfgliy.
v) idfhd neu
id ftjF MF fhy ga
gu Flgliy
VI) Inrhnlhf
iAu#,
M#
jkf Inrhnlhf
gu VJ maKoaiy.
187
Ma
rhj
myF-11
nta
aif fG nt idfis bjJ bfhf.
N2
2O2
2NO2
2O3
kL
- m
rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
1) n
rhoa mQ ne maahf khW jik cilaJ. j mQ v 11 (2, 8, 1 )
v nrhoa ne ma cs vyuhf vif __________
(9, 10, 1 2)
2) X
mQ vyuhid HFnghJ ne maahf khWwJ. Fe2+ vw U
ma HJs vyuhf vif __________ (2, 3, 0).
3) x
U nrk vgJ my kW fhu bjhFfis cilaJ. rng vw
nrk cs fhu bjhF __________ ( ma, rng ma, uL).
4) g
y mQfis bfhl ma, gy mQ mabjhF
flt gy mQ ma bjhFia tlL fhLf.
Cl- , O2- ,
Na+ ,
NH4+
188
vdgL.
ntrkghL
5) X
mQ vyuhid Vwh mJ v maahf khW. flt XuQ
v maia tlLf.
CN- ,
PO43- ,
I- ,
NO2-
2FeCl3
N2 + H2
-M
11) Na
Na+ + e-
Cl + e-
Cl-
M) BaCl2
13) bghUJf :
Cl-
gymQ v ma
Cr2+
XuQ v ma
NH4+
XuQ ne ma
PO43-
gy mQ ne ma
M) KNO3
189
myF-11
nta
15) bghUjhjtiw vLbjGJf.
m) NO3- , NO2- , MnO4- , ClM) BaCl2 , NaNO3 , MgSO4 , Cu2O
16) x
U ntrkghoid vGJtjF njitahd Fiuf jtwhf nH
bfhLfgLsd. jid rahd Fiuahf kh vGJf.
m) rkghil rk bra thghil njitnfg khaikfyh.
M) isbghU gothf Ujh nkneha mF (
) l ntL.
M# kW
-
21.
fD M#D izJ SiO2 vw nrkij jUwJ. fltF
nrkf thghoid vGJf.
i) fhg kW M#
ii) f kW Fnsh
iii) fhg kW rg
iv) fha kW ieu#
v) mYa kW S
22. jkf, nrkf vd tifgLJf.
(i) Br2
(ii) HF
(iii) P4
(iv) NH3
(v) S8
nkY ma
jf
General Chemistry - Jean B. Umland & Jon.M.Bellama
West publishing company
izajsf
http://www.visionlearning.com
http://www.chymist.com
190
myF 12
jkf
Mtjd tifghL
myF-12
nta
12. jkf Mtjd tifghL
jkf tifghL
yhtha jk tifghL
1789M ML yhtha Kj
Kj jkfis cnyhff kW
mnyhff vd uL fshf
tifgLdh. xbthU Y
gy yFf Ujjh, Kiw
Ufukhdjhf mikaiy.
nlhgd jk tifghL
mnj tir cs Kj kW
_whtJ jkf mQiwf
TLj ruhr kF njhuhakhd
izkig bgf ntL.
rhwhf,
a, nrhoa, bghlha Ma
jkf mQiwf Kiwna 7,23
kW 39 MF. Kik tir,
Li
(7)
Na
(23)
K
(39)
nlhgd FiwghL
ntgf
xWgl
jkfis
Kik
tirahf
tifgLjyh.
mjgo,
xU
Kik tir ika l
bgWs
jk
mQiw,
Fl vif mla
jkfis kLnk bfhifgo
tirgLj
aY.
midJ
jkfis
Kik
go
tirgLj ayiy.
192
ika cs nrhoa jk
mQiw, Kj
kW _wh
jkfshd a, bghlha
Mat mQiwf TLj
ruhrF rkkhf Ugij fhzyh.
bra 12.1
1863M ML, #h y
mayh
a
bfhif
mogil
jkfis
tir
gLdh. mQiwf VWtir
jkfis tirgLJ nghJ,
Kj jkK vlhtJ jkK xnu
khahd gfis bgUgij
fljh. VG jkf xnu
tir lbgW tif bkhj
49
jkfis
tirgLdh.
Kiw yo vk vd
miHfglJ.
fha
40
uha
88
nga
137
Fnsh
35.5
nuh
80.0
xU
Fl
Kiwik,
jkf tir gLjgLnghJ,
xj aa kW nta
gfis bfhl jkfS
xnu tir miktnj Mtjd
khw vdgL.
rhwhf,
jk
mQiw
mnaho
127.0
mltiz
bfhLfgLs
jkfis mQiwF Vg Kik
go tirgLJf.
jkfis
mt
mQiwf
VWtir
tirgLJnghJ, ir fU
xwhtJ irFpLl vlhtJ
FpL xUgij nghW, vlhtJ
jk Kj jk gfSl
xJsJ.
FpL
jk
1
[
3
f
4
k
5
g
6
j
Li
Be
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ca
Cr
Ti
Mn
Fe
y tifgho FiwghLf
bghlha gf
nrhoaJl xJsJ.
bka
gf
bgaJl xJsJ.
bra 12.2
y fhy kj thf
flagliy.
fhy,
ah kj thit, q kW
nrhoa
jkfSF
il
itFnghJ, xgjhtJ jk Kj
jkJl xJsjhf mikjJ.
Jnghnw Mfh kjth, Fnsh
kW
bghlha
jkfSF
il lbgWif xgjhtJ
jknk Kj jk gfSl
xjikwJ.
xj
gila
jkf
bgafis FLf.
jk
mYa
f
ghgu
rg
Fnsh
193
xj gila
jk
myF-12
nta
nyhj nka jk tifghL
II
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
Oxide :
Hydride:
R2O
RH
RO
RH2
R2O3
RH3
RO2
RH4
R2O5
RH3
RO3
RH2
R2O7
RH
RO4
Periods
H
1.008
Li
6.941
Be
9.012
B
10.81
C
12.011
N
14.007
O
15.999
F
18.998
Na
22.99
Mg
24.31
Al
26.98
Si
28.09
P
30.97
S
32.06
Cl
35.453
4 First
Series
K
39.10
Ca
40.08
--
Ti
47.90
V
50.94
Second
Series
Cu
63.55
5 First
Series
Rb
85.47
Second
series
Ag
107.87
6. First
series
Second
series
Zn
65.39
--
--
Y
88.91
Zr
91.22
In
114.82
Sn
118.71
Cs
Ba
132.90 137.34
La
138.91
Hf
178.49
Au
196.97
TI
204.38
Pb
207.2
Sr
87.62
Cd
112.41
Hg
200.59
As
74.92
Nb
92.91
Sb
121.76
Ta
180.95
Cr
52.20
Mn
54.94
Se
78.96
Transition
Series
Fe
55.85
Co
58.93
Ni
58.69
Ru
101.07
Rh
102.9
Pd
106.4
Os
190.2
Ir
192.2
Pt
195.2
Br
79.90
Mo
95.94
Tc
98
Te
127.90
I
126.90
W
-183.84
Bi
208.98
jkf aa gfS,
nta
gfS
mt
mQiwf
mogil
Mtjd khw milwd.
bra 12.3
bkl mltiz l
bgwhj jkf mQ iwf
44,68 kW 72 MF. jkf
bgaf ahit? it vbjj
bjhFfis
rhjit?
j
mltiz kjthfSbfW
j bjhF xJfgLsjh?
rhwhf,
IV A bjhF f jk
fhl oUjh. l
bgw ntoa jkF <fh f
vdbgalh. mtuJ fhynyna
d fLofgl b#kha
vw jk <fh fh gf
xUjJ.
J nghnw, <fh nghuh, <fh
mYa Ma jkfSfhf
lgl
fhlf,
mtuJ
fhynyna d fLofgl
jkfshd nfoa kW nfa
Matwh iw bragld.
bkl mltiz fhahf
lgoUj gJ lf, vL
fhlf
a
jkf
fLofsh uggld.
1871 bkl za
brj k
1886 b#kha
flagl
mslgl k
1. mQiw
njhuakhf 72
72.59
2. xgl
5.5 br-3
5.47br-3
mlahd rhg w
mlahd rhg w
4. MirL thghL
EsO2
GeO2
5. FnshiuL thghL
EsCl4
GeCl4
gf
3. w
195
myF-12
nta
bkl
jk
tir
mltizia
gagL
FLs jk Mi[Lf
thghil vGJf.
1. a 2. nghu 3. nrhoa
4. bga 5. fha
Uaikfgl
bkl
mltiz FiwghLf
Uaikfgl
bkl
Mtjd
mltiz
waf
1. mQiw
mfKs
y
jkf,
mQiw
Fiwthd
jkfSF Kdh mltiz
l bgWsd.
bra 12.4
bkl
jktir
mltiz bjhFf I kW
II rhj jkf bgafis
FLf.
bjhF
IA
IB
II A
II B
jkf
nkY mJ bfhnth
bkljktirmltiz
cs Fiwf rbragL a
jktir mltiz cUthfglJ.
jF tot jk tir mltiz
vW bga. J vyuhf
vifia ugFtif
mikfgLsJ.
jkf
aa
gfS,
nta
gfS mt mQvf
mogil
Mtjd
khw
milwd.
bra 12.5
1. j
kf
mt
mQ
iwf VWtir tir
gLjgLsd.
2. b
rFjhd tirf bjhFf
vd,
ilklkhd
tirf
bjhlf vd miHfgLwd.
3. b
khjkhf
xgJ
brFjhd
bjhFf csd. mit I Kj VIII
tiu kW {a bjhF vd
vlgLsd.
196
rhwhf,
Mfh (39.9), bghlhaF (39.1)
KdhY,
nfhgh
KdhY
(58.9),
fYF
(58.6)
197
I
A
B
Zn
20
90
227 Ac**
81
204.38 Tl
57
138.9 La*
49
114.82 In
39
88.91 Y
31
69.72 Ga
21
44.96 Sc
13
26.98 Al
10.81 B
III
A
B
90
91
232.04Th 231
58
Pa
92
238.02U
60
59
88
87
*
Lanthanides
80
226Ra
79
200.59Hg
56
137.34Ba
48
112.41 Cd
38
87.62 Sr
30
65.39
40.08Ca
12
24.31Mg
9.012Be
II
A
B
223Fr
196.97Au
55
132.9Cs
47
107.87Ag
37
85.47Rb
29
63.55Cu
19
39.10K
11
22.99Na
6.941Li
1.008 H
7 **
Actinides
Groups
Periods
84
209 Po
74
183.84 W
52
127.90 Te
42
95.94 Mo
34
78.96 Se
24
52.20 Cr
16
32.06 S
15.999 O
VI
A
B
85
210 At
75
186.2 Re
53
126.90 I
43
98 Tc
35
79.90 Br
25
54.94 Mn
17
35.45 Cl
18.998 F
VII
A
B
76
190.2 Os
44
101.07 Ru
26
55.85 Fe
77
192.2 Ir
45
102.91 Rh
27
58.93 Co
VIII
69
78
195.2 Pt
46
106.4 Pd
28
58.69 Ni
86
222 Rn
54
131.30 Xe
36
83.90 Kr
18
39.95 Ar
10
20.18 Ne
4.003 He
0
(ZERO)
94
244 Pu
62
95
243 Am
63
96
247 Cm
64
97
247 Bk
65
98
251 Cf
66
99
252 Es
67
100
101
257 Fm 258 Md
68
102
259 No
70
83
208.98 Bi
73
180.97 Ta
51
121.76 Sb
41
92.91 Nb
33
74.92 As
23
50.94 V
15
30.97 P
14.007 N
V
A
B
93
237Np
61
145Pm
82
207.20 Pb
72
178.49 Hf
50
118.71 Sn
40
91.22 Zr
32
72.61 Ge
22
47.90 Ti
14
28.09 Si
12.011 C
IV
A
B
103
260 Lr
71
174.9Lu
myF-12
nta
2. I n r h n l h f S F
mltiz
ca
l
xJfgliy.
3.
IA kW VIIA bjhF
jkf gfSl iAu#
xUgjh, iAu#DF xJfgl
l cWahfgliy.
4. ntgf
khWgL
aila
y
jkf
xnu
bjhF l bgWsd.
rhwhf,
fhu
cnyhffsha
nrhoa,
bghlha, ehza cnyhffsha
fhg, t. MatWl nrJ xnu
bjhF l bgWsd.
cl itfgLsd
fhu
cnyhff
nrhoa
bghlha
ehza
cnyhff
shod
fhg
t
nfhL
nfhL
mnyhff
cnyhff gfis bguhj
jkf mnyhff MF.
nkY mJ bfhnth
kr
btik
t
fUik
fha X cnyhf. j
cUFiy 29.8C. Mfnt, kj cl
btgiy cUF ailaJ.
- rg
- ghgu
- nuh
- fhg
cnyhf nghf
mnyhff
c
nyhf nghf
vd tifgLjyh.
cnyhff
a
cnyhff,
gsgsghd
wgu cilait. bkFia ju
198
cnyhff y gfis,
mnyhff
y
gfis
bgWs jkf cnyhf nghf
vdgL. w cnyhffis nghnw
it kf MF.
rhW f, b#kha.
2. ml
cnyhff
bghJthf
mf
mlia, mnyhff Fiwj
mlia bgWsd.
4. cnyhf gsgs
a
iy,
cnyhff
gsgsghd wguig bgWsd.
gu J gLw xfiw
yf miltj isthf U
jikia
bgWwd.
g
cnyhf gsgs jik vdgL.
mnyhff jifa gsgsghd
wguig bgUgiy. vD
js gsgs jik bfhl
mnyhf uhig MF.
bra 12.7
3. flJ w
U,
fhg,
mYa,
bka Ma cnyhff
a gFia vLJbfhf.
cnyhff eF btgij,
rhuij flJ ailait.
mnyhff
btgij
rhuij jsnt flJwd
myJ flJtiy.
t
njhwfis
ftJbfhf.
eF
k
z fhjjh xbth
wguig
eF
njJ
ikahFf.
nghJ
ftf.
wguig
m
t
gsgs
jik
nfg, mt bgafis wF
tir FLf.
bra 12.6
x
U fhg cnyhf
jh WJf.
jil
fhgjL
m
j xU Kid, bkG
cjah xU F^ia WJf.
g
l fhosgo, r
sdh
cnyhfjil
btggLJf.
J neu, F^
Gtij fhzyh.
bkGF
r
vFHh
nH
199
F^
myF-12
nta
7. Xir cUthF a
nkY mJ bfhnth
cnyhf gu J mfis
VgLJnghJ
Fljf
Xiria cUthFwJ. g Xir
cUthF a vdgL. cnyhff
aif gig bgWsd.
mnyhff jifa Xir cUthF
aig bgUgiy.
c
nyhff mf flJ
w gilaJ t MF.
m
nyhff uhig
flJ ailaJ.
kL
m
iw btgiy kkhf,
f Fiwj cUFiy cila
cnyhf bkF MF.
bra 12.9
5. jflhf khW a
ca mGj ir isthf,
cnyhffis bka jflhf khw
aY. mjifa gig mnyhff
bgUgiy.
U,
fhg,
cnyhffis
vLJbfhf.
mYa
jjahf
X
cnyhfij U fah
moJ mtila brf.
6. fahf khW a
cUa iy cs cnyhffis
njitnfw
totf
bka
ffshf khw aY. gid
mnyhff bgUgiy.
x
bthU cnyhf Xir
jikia FJbfhf.
bra 12.8
x
bthU cnyhfkhf braiy
L L brf.
8. fodjik
c
nyhff
gugsit
FiwJ sij mfkhFtj
_y,
mtiw
ffshf
khwyh.
mf
mlia
bgWs
jkf
fodjikilajhf
UF.
cnyhff
bghJthf
fodkhdit.
vdnt,
mf
cUFiyia bgWsd. (bkF
ju) mnyhff Fiwj ml
cilajh, mt fodjik
Fiw.
vdnt
mnyhff
bkikahditahf UF.
U, bka, by, fhg,
mYa
kW
fha
Ma cnyhff gf
mogil
vnyhfij
bka ffshf khw aY?
nkY mJ bfhnth
12.3.3.cnyhff kW
3
300C I l mf cUFiyia
bgWs cnyhf ll MF.
mnyhff nta
gf
f vilFiwj cnyhf
a. iw rgh
iwia nyhf bgWsJ.
f mf vil cs cnyhf
Ma. nyhf,
iwia ngh 22 klF mf
iw bfhlJ. nkY, Uig
ngh 3 klF mf iw cilaJ.
cnyhff fh vJ, mt
Mi[Lfis jUwd.
bka, fh vJ bka
Mi[il jUwJ.
200
2MgO
(ii) mnyhff
250C btgiy, rg fh
bta yw Rthiyl vJ,
rgil Mi[il jUwJ.
S + O2
SO2
mYa fh vJ mYa
Mi[L glyij cUthFwJ.
4Al + 3O2
2P2O5
2C + O2
C +O2
2Al2O3
2CO
CO2
bra 12.10
FlgLs Mi[L
fis, my, fhu Mi[L vd
tifgLJf.
1. nrhoa Mi[L
2. Mi[L
mYa cnyhf gu J
mYa Mi[L gly cUthj
f bka iHtot U,
fh vJ U Miril
jUwJ. id btg MwY,
x MwY cUthwd.
4Fe + 3O2
2Fe2O3
3. mYa Mi[L
4. fhgil Mi[L
5. rgil Mi[L
2. Ul id
(i) cnyhff
nrhoa,
bghlha
nghw
cnyhff
Fj
Ul
maJl idJ iAu#
thit btLwJ.
2Na + 2H2O
2K + 2H2O
bka iH tot U fh vJ
btgMw, x Mw,
Ma uil jUj
2NaOH + H2
2KOH + H2
bka,
U
Ma
cnyhff uhl idJ
bka
Mi[il,
U
Mi[il jUwd. iAu#
th btnaWwJ.
201
myF-12
nta
Mg + H2O
4. FnshDl id
MgO + H2
i) cnyhff
uh
3Fe + 4 H2O
Fe3O4 + 4 H2
uh
m Y a
uhl
bkJthf
idJ
mYa
iAuhfi[il, iAu#id
jUwJ.
2Al + 6 H2O
2Al (OH)3 + 3 H2
uh
Ca + Cl2
ii) mnyhff
uhl fhg idJ, fhg
nkhdhi[il
iAu#id
jUwJ.
CO
uh
CaCl2
rg FnshDl idJ,
rg nkhndhFnshiuil jUwJ.
S2Cl2
5.iAu#Dl id
(i) cnyhff
nrhoa,
bghlha,
fha
nghw
Fl
cnyhff
iAu#Dl idJ mt
iAiuLfis jUwd.
2Na + H2
+ H2
2NaCl
ii) mnyhff
2S + Cl2
C + H 2O
2Na + Cl2
Ca + H2
2NaH
CaH2
3. myfSl id
(ii) mnyhff
Mg + 2HCl
MgCl2 + H2
2Al + 6HCl
2AlCl3 + 3H2
H 2S
fhg,
iAu#Dl
bra 12.11
C2H2
x
U MFHh 10 j
iAnuhFnshmyij
vLJbfhf.
m
jDl
xU
a
JUtiy nrf.
S + H2
va lbga idf xU
jk kbwhU nrk cs bjhU
jkij lbga brwJ. mf
idw cila cnyhff, Ul
miw btgiynyna idJ,
UJ iAu#id lbga
brwJ.
fG ntkhwij ftf.
202
2NaOH + H2
Ul
bkJthf
Ca(OH)2 + H2
bka, Ul idtiy.
Mg + H2O
id iy
nyhff
Ul id
wd.
bka ( Mg)
mYa ( Al)
khfR ( Mn)
( Zn)
Fnuha ( Cr)
U ( Fe)
f ( Ni)
nyhff
j
myfSl
id wd.
o ( Sn)
by ( Pb)
fhg ( Cu)
t ( Ag)
nfhL ( Au)
nyhff
j
myfSl
idtiy.
nkY mJ bfhnth
jk
tir
mltiz,
xU
bjhl
lUJ
tykhf
cnyhff braw FiwwJ.
nkY, jk tir mltiz
xU bjhF, nkUJ Hhf
cnyhff braw mfwJ.
cnyhf fyitf ia
uL tifahd cnyhffyitf
csd.
203
myF-12
nta
(i) lbga cnyhffyit
10% Ni - 90% Cu
90% Ni - 10% Cu
= Ni
= Cu
cnyhffyitf tiff
cnyhffyitfis uL fshf tifgLjyh.
b
gu cnyhffyit t Ka
gfhf U cnyhf lbgWsJ.
b
gu myhj cnyhffyit t
U cnyhf fjsnth myJ
yhknyh Ufyh.
cnyhffyit waf
1. cnyhf
mfwJ.
fod
jik
jLF
gig
jikia
204
nkY mJ bfhnth
U,
mYa,
f
kW nfhgh Ma cnyhff
mla cnyhffyit mnfh
MF. it fhjf jahf
gagLwd. rhjhuz fhjij
l mnfh 25 klF mf
fhj jik cilaJ.
nkY mJ bfhnth
urfyit
vgJ
X
cnyhffyit MF. l
bgWs cnyhff bkF xU
cnyhf MF.
gFbghUf
gaf
jis
fhg
Mf, #d kW fj rlf
jahf .
btfy
fhg
o
iyf
jahf.
gwhR
o
by
rhjdf kW Fo FHh cg
bjh
cnyhffis
cUfhk
izf.
JUofhj
v~F
U
fhg
Fnuha
f
ll
ouhY
mYa
fhg
khfR
bka
Mfha
khd
rhjdf,
nkhlh
thfdf, fg fL bjh kW
Mf jahf.
kW
au
ghff
12.3.8. nendh ma
1 Kj 100 nm mss mQf, _yTWf kW bghUf rhj many
nendh ma MF.
1 nendh l = 10 -9 l
nendh bjhEg
fa cUtss, mjhtJ 1 nendh l msyhd bghU mikfis
cslaJ
x
U nendh l vgJ xU l s xU a ( 10-12 ) xU myF cs
sF rk MF.
s njhuhakhf gJ mQf bjhlahf cs sF rk MF.
myF-12
nta
cg fyf brawid nendh cUts bghUf _y gklF
mffyh.
Fiwflf jahY, c bjhEgJiwY Ka gF twJ.
x
U Fl miys bfhl x fiu nendh bjh Eg Kiw btg
Mwyhf khwyh.
Wnehia FzgLJt gagLwJ.
M
ilf jah bjh, iHf fiw v wid nkgLj
gagLwJ.
czbghUfS, fhffS bflhk ghJfhf gagLwJ.
kL
- m
rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
1) j
kfis Kj Kj cnyhff kW mnyhff vd tifgLat
__________ (nlhgd, ytha, bkl).
2) y vk mogil vj U jkf gf xJ fhzgL
vd mltizUJ fLof.
1
Na
Mg
Al
Si
5
P
6
S
7
Cl
8
K
O2
9) c
nyhf nrhoa Ul idJ nrhoa iAuhi[il jUwJ. cl
btgL th __________ (O2, H2, Cl2)
10) iAu#Dl rg id J iAu# rigL vD thit jUwJ.
th __________ cilaJ ( mGa Kil beo, a kz).
11)
fl cnyhffis mt bra w tir VW tir tifgLJ.
Na, Ca, Mg.
206
- M
15) b
kl jk tir mltiz, brFJ tirfshf, ilkl
tirfshf fgLsd.
m) brFJ tir bga ahJ?
M) ilkl tir bga ahJ?
16) bkl mltiz iAu#DF xJfgl l cWahfgliy.
jfhd fhuzij TWf.
17) bghUjhjtiw tlL fhLf.
m) ehza, jis, fhg, Mguzf
M) nuh, fhg, iAu#, mYa.
18) cnyhf fyit vwh vd? cjhuz jUf.
19) 2
Na + Cl2
2NaCl.
-
21) bkl jdJ jk tir mltiz jkfis ilkl tirfshf,
brFJ tirfshf mikjh.
m) ilkl tir bjhlf vifia FLf.
M) brFJ tir bjhFf vif ahJ?
) Kj bjhl cs jkf vifia TWf.
<) KGikahf ugglhj bjhl vJ?
c) yhjidLfS MoidLfS mltiz vF itfgLsJ vd TWf.
207
myF-12
nta
22) fltF ila.
m) cnyhff Xir vG ailaJ.
vGtiy. fhuz TWf.
nkY ma
jf
izajs
http://www.chymist.com
208
myF 13
ntizf
myF-13
nta
13. ntizf
13.1 vk
g l mayh,
mQf
izJ
_yTWf
cUthtij jkf vyuh
mik
mogil
sdh.
mtuJ
fUJgo,
kjthf
kLnk iyahd vyuh mikig
bgWsd. Vida w mQf
midJ iyaw myJ gF
msnt ua vyuh mikig
bgWsd.
1916, .v. iz w
vyuh bfhifid btl.
jF vk vW bga.
mQfilna
vyuh
gkhw fhuzkhfnth, vyuh
gL
_ykhfnth
xbthU
mQ j btTo vL
vyuhfis bgWwd. thW
mQf, j btvyuh To,
vL vyuhfis bgW is
vk vwiHfgLwJ.
iyahd
vyuh
mik
bfhl
jkf,
mt
btTo vL vyuhfis
bgWsd. mit kj thf MF.
Ne ( mQ v 10 ) = 2,8
Ar ( mQ v 18 ) = 2,8,8
bra 13.2
FLs jkf iy
ahd vyuh mikig bgwhjit.
mt vyuh gkhdfis
FLf.
jk
mQ v
vyuh
g
nrhoa
fhg
q
Fnsh
nkY mJ bfhnth
xbthU mQ cUthF
izig sf mt
izw
vyuhf
thghil gagLdh.
bra 13.1
tUtdtW, vjkf
vyuhfis gL myJ
gkhw brtj _y vkF
cgLwJ?
1. a,
2. Mfh
3. a,
4. Fnsh
210
thghL
vyuh
g
izw
vyuhf
(1)
Be
(2,2)
(2,3)
(2,4)
(2,5)
ntizf
13. 2 ntiz tiff
nkY mJ bfhnth
mayhsf fUJgo, _W
tifahd ntizf csd.
mit,
maiz
v-v
mafSilna
njhW ft irna iy
a ft ir MF. J
T ft ir vW
miHfgLwJ.
rfiz
<j rfiz
+
+
A +
B
B-
A+ +
+
(OR)
(OR)
+
A + B-
A B+
ii) fu Mw Fiw
iyahd ma nrk cUthF nghJ mj fu Mw k Fiwa
211
myF-13
nta
ntL. mjhtJ xU mQUJ
kbwhU
mQF
vyuh
gkhw
fGnghJ,
Mw
btlglntL.
nkY mJ bfhnth
izYs izvyuhf
Js ft irna v
jik cUthf fhuzkhwJ.
iz izvyuhf J
mf ft ir bfhl mQf
mf vjik bfhlit
MF. iz izvyuhf
J Fiwj ftir bfhl
mQf Fiwj vjik
bfhlit MF.
rhW 1
nrhoa FnshiuL cUthj
xU nrhoa mQ, xU Fnsh mQ izJ nrhoa FnshiuL
_yTiw cUthFwJ. nrhoa mQ vyuh mik = 2,8,1 (mQ v=11)
Fnsh mQ vyuh mik = 2,8,7 (mQ v=17) nrhoa mQ, mj xU
izw vyuhid Fnsh mQF tHFtj _y, U mQfS
iyahd vk vyuh mikig bgWwd. vdnt, nrhoa mQ (Na),
nrhoa ne maahf (Na+) Fnsh mQ (Cl), FnshiuL v maahf
(Cl-) khWwd. U mafS iya ft irah izJ,
xU manrkij jUwd. kiy, xbthU Na+ maia R
6Cl- mafS xbthU Cl- maia R 6Na+ mafS csd.
2,8,1
nrhoamQ
2,8,7
Fnsh mQ
2,8
nrhoa neua
2,8,8
FnshiuL vua
ntizf
rhW 2
bka FnshiuL cUthj
mQf
mQ v
vyuh g
bka
12
2,8,2
Fnsh
17
2,8,7
2,8,2
bka mQ
2,8,7
Fnsh mQ
2,8
bka neua
2. rfizf cUthj
G.N
bfhifgo,
uL mQf mtilna
vyuhfis gL brtj _y,
mt btTo, iyahd 2
myJ 8 vyuhf cs mikig
bgWwd. A, B Ma U mQf
xbthW xU izw vyuh
j bgUgjhf fUJnth. U
mQfS xWbfhW mUnf
tUnghJ, xbthU mQ xU
vyuh j gL brJtjh
cUthd U vyuhfS uL
AX
2,8,8
FnshiuL vua
y fhg rng
btik nrhoa FnshiuL
t nfhgh FnshiuL
mQf
bgWwd.
ma
nrkf
bttl
(OR)
myF-13
nta
rfiz cUthf njitahd gjidf
izw vyuf vif
rkms vyuh ft ir
iz mQf A- B- vyuhfis VwjhH rkms ftGj
ntL. mjhtJ uL mQf vjik VwjhH rk.
rhW 1
iAu# _yTW cUthj
iAu# _yT uL iAu# mQf csd. xbthU iAu#
mQ xU izw vyuh j bgWsJ. iAu# mQf xbthW
xU vyuh j gL brtj _y uL iAu# mQfS iyahd
vyuh mikig bgWwd.
+
iAu# mQ
iAu# mQ
iAu# _yTW
rhW 2
Fnsh _yTW cUthj
xbthU Fnsh mQ(2,8,7) VG izw vyuhf j bgWsd.
xbthW xU vyuhid gL brtj _y, uL Fnsh mQfS
iyahd vyuh mikig bgWwd.
+
Fnsh mQ
Fnsh _yTW
Fnsh mQ
214
ntizf
rhW 3
_yTW cUthj
M# mQ (2,6) MW izw vyuhfis bgWsJ. xbthU
iAu# mQ xU izw vyuh j bgWsd. M# mQ
uL vyuhfis, xbthU iAu# mQF xW j gL
brwJ.
+
_yTW
M# mQ
iAu#
mQf
H
nkY mJ bfhnth
jj
vuhf
vgJ
iz gFbgwhj vyuhf
MF
_yTW
rhW 4
mnkhah _yTW cUthj
ieu# mQ (2,5) IJ izw vyuhfis bgWsJ. xbthU
iAu# mQ xU izw vyuh j bgWsd. ieu# mQ _W
vyuhfis, xbthU iAu# mQF xW j gL brwJ.
jj vyuh
uil
ieu# mQ
iAu# mQf
215
iz vyuh
uil
mnkhah _yTW
myF-13
nta
mf cUFiy
rfiz
jj uil vyuh
iAu#
mQ glgl
vyuh
fodjik behWFjik
ieu#
mQ
ieu#
cfU
tikahd
ft
ir
fhuzkhf, it mf fodjikia
bgWwd.
mfkhd
btir
brYjgLnghJ kLnk maf
efJ, xnu Rikila maf
xWbfhW mUfhik tUwd.
jdh yFir VgL sw
rhakhwJ.
vdnt,
behWF
jikia bgWwJ.
iAu#
cfU
N
H
ir
H
mnkhah _yTW
sWj
bra 13.4
thghil gagL,
tU
nrkf
cs
rfizf vifia
fzLf.
1. Fnsh, 2. mnkhah
3. q
13.3.1 m
a nrkf bghJthd
gf
miw btgiy kf
manrkf cs vv mafSilna tikahd
iya ftir Ugj
isthf, maf jirahf efu
ayhJ. vdnt, nrkf miwbtg
iy k iynyna csd.
216
nkY mJ bfhnth
btg jhfty bghUf ca
btgiyia vbfhS jik
cilad. t cUFiy ff
mf.
cnyhffis,
mt
jhJfUJ
bjLg
bghUf gagLwd. y
btg
jhfty
bghUf
manrkfns MF.
ntizf
fiu jik
ma
h
fiug
Vw
ma
gofij
Ul
nrFnghJ, Kid jik
bfhl _yTWf, gof
mik cs + kW mafis gj _y,
fiua VJthFwJ.
bra 13.5
uL ffis vLJbfhf.
xU f iu, kbwh
kbzbz vLJbfhf.
uL
ffY
nrhoa
FnshiuL cig js nrf.
uoY VgL fiuwfis
xLf.
m
fiu a
Vwgh
Fiwj cUFiy
kiy,
_yTWfSF
ilna tik Fiwj ft irna
csJ. btggLJ nghJ k
_yTWf
aFtJ
nghnw,
_yTWfS
jirahf
aFwd.
rhuij flJ a
fodjikaw kf
k iy, maf l
bgaUtiy. vdnt, k iy
it rhuij flJtiy.
cUa iynyh fiufgL
iynyh
maf
af
fhzgLwJ. vdnt, it cUa
iyY fiufgL nghJ
kLnk rhuij flJwd.
ma idf ntf mf
manrkf
idf
<LgL nghJ ne kW v
mafSilna id fwJ.
vdnt, it ntfkhf idf
<LgLwd.
13.3.2 rfiz
nrkf
bghJthd gf
fiughf fiu a
fkfiugh
_yTWf,
nrk
_yTWfSilna
tik Fiwj ft iria
v
Kaowd.
vdnt,
nrkf Kidjikaw fk
fiughfshd bg, blhY
Mat fiuwd.
nkY mJ bfhnth
xU
iz,
vyuh
izf rkkhf glgoU,
miz Kid jikaw
iz MF. khwhf, vyuh
izf rkkhf glglhj
iy Kid jikl Toa
izf cUthF.
miwbtgiy
thf,
kf myJ kf
_yTWfSilna tYtw ir
Ugjh, rfiz nrkf
thiynyh kiynyh myJ
bkikahd
kfshfnth
Uwd.
217
myF-13
nta
bra 13.6
bra 13.7
FLs fiughfis
Kidjik cilait, Kid
jik mwit vd tifgLJf.
1 . bg,
2.
4. Fnshnuhgh
3. <j,
fljh a
rfiz nrkf ne(+)
manah v() manah iy.
vdnt, cUa iyY fiur
iyY Tl it rhuij
flJtiy.
n
rhoa
Fnshiuil
bkGif vLJbfhf.
uL ff , lg
vbz Ma fiughfis,
jjahf vLJbfhf.
nrhoaFnshiuL
cig
U
ffY
cs
fiughfSl
nrJ,
fiuwfis FJbfhf.
mLJ
Jngh
bkGif,
jahf vLfgl U
fiughfSl
nrJ
fiuwfis FJbfhf.
uL
bghUf
fiu
wfis xLf.
yhjjh, nrkf
Fiwj
ntf id <LgLwd.
rfiz
X
cnyhf
mQUJ,
mnyhf
mQF vyuhf lbgaUtjh
maiz cUthwJ.
_yTWfSilna tik
ftirna fhzgLwJ.
mir
jik
irggwJ.
cilaJ.
Mdh
Fiwj
nrk gf
miw btgiy kf.
fodjikawJ.
jik bfhlJ.
Kids
fiughf
fiu.
Kidtw fiughf fiutiy.
Kidtw
fiughf
fiu.
Kids fiughf fiutiy.
maf
idf
id ntf mf.
iyY
gnfgjh,
218
iuthf
_yTWf idf
id ntf Fiw.
cil
iyY
gnfgjh,
ntizf
13.5. <j rfiz
nkY mJ bfhnth
xU
rhjhuz
rfiz,
izFshd uL mQfS
vyluhfis
rkkhf
gL
brwd. y nrkf, xU
mQth kLnk rfizF
njitahd uL vyuhfS
tHfgLwd. iz <j
rfiz vdgL.
xU rfiz, izF
njitahd uL
vyluhfS
uL mQf VnjD xU
mQth kLnk tHfgoU,
miz <j rfiz vdgL.
nrkf
<j
rfiz
nrkf vdgL.
A kW B Ma uL mQfis
fUJnth.
A-mQ
gLF
cshfhj uL vyuhfis
B-mQ
uL
vyuhf
Fiwthf bgWsjhf bfhnth.
A-mQ
uL
vyuhfis,
uL vyuh izf
glh,
uiliz
cUthwJ.
_W vyuh
izf glh, Kiz
cUthwJ. it gizf
vdgL.
1. f
hgilMi[L
O=C=O
(uL uilizf)
2. M
# O=O (xU uil
iz )
3. ieu# NN ( xU Kiz)
B-mQF
tHFwJ.
B-mQ
uL
vyuhfis,
A-mQ
lUJ bgWwJ. A-mQ uL
vyuhfis
tHFtjh,
mJ
< mQ vW B-mQ uL
vyuhfis Vgjh, V mQ
vW miHfgLwJ.
rhW
mnkha ma ( NH4+ )
mnkhahl (NH3) iAu# ma (H+) izJ mnkha ma
cUthwJ. mnkhah _yT cs ieu# mQ, _W iAu#
mQfSl izUj iyY, ieu# mQ izF cglhj
uL vyuhf csd. j vyuhfis ieu# mQ, iAu#
maF tH, mnkha ma cUthFwJ.
iAu# mQ
mnkha ma
mnkhah mQ
219
myF-13
nta
nkY mJ bfhnth
cUFiy kW bfhiy
it gF msnt Kid jikia bgUwd. vdnt, rfiz
nrkfisl mf cUFiy, bfhiyia ma nrkfisl Fiwj
cUFiyia bfhiyia bgWsd.
vk UJ ntWgL nrkf
xU y nrkf vk vyuh mikig bgUgiy. nrkf
cs mQf vk vyuh mikig l Fiwthd vifnyh,
mfkhd vifnyh vyuhfis bgUwd.
Fnsh
17
2,2
2,8,7
mQ v
vyuh g
izw vyuhf
220
ntizf
2,3
2,7
mQ v
vyuh g
izw vyuhf
bra 13.10
ghgu mQv 15. mj vyuh git FJbfhf.
Fnsh mQv 17. mj vyuh git FJbfhf.
xU
ghgu
mQ,
IJ
Fnsh
mQfSl
izJ
ghgu bglhFnshiuil cUthFwJ.
vk vyuh mikig bgWs mQit FLf.
kL
- m
rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
1. v
k go, kj thf aif iy jik cilait. jF
fhuzkhf miktJ, bttlghij cs _________ vyuhf
(vL, VG, MW).
2. ntid, vyuhid HJ ne maia cUthFtJ _________
(Fnsh, a, S).
3. bka mQ v 12 v mj vyuh gkhd, _________
(2, 2, 8 / 2, 8, 2 / 8, 2,2).
4. jk X, mj bttl ghij 6 vyuhfis bgWsJ v,
rfizig cUthf X gL vyuhf vif _________ (3,2,6).
5. mf bfhiy cila nrk _________ (NH3, NaF).
221
nta
myF-13
6. v
yuhf rkkhf glgLtjh VgL iz
( Kidw iz, Kidyh iz, ma iz ).
_________
- M
8. NaCl xU ma nrk. xU ma iz vthW cUthwJ?
9. midJ jkfS vyuhfis gL brnjh, gkhw brnjh j
btTo vL vyuhfis bgWwd. vyuh mikUJ,
vyuhid HF kW gL br jkfis flf.
X = 2, 7
Y = 2, 8, 1
10. M
gCl2 xU k iy nrk. gof iy J rhuij flJtiy.
cUa iy kLnk rhuij flJtjF fhuz ahJ?
-
11.
Na
(2,8,1)
Cl
(2,8,7)
Na+
(2,8)
Na+Cl-
Cl-
(2,8,8)
Cl-
kW
Cl-
mafSilna cs ft ir ahJ?
F mUfhik cs kj th ahJ?
12. i
eu#, iAu# mQfSilna
mnkhah _yTW cUthwJ.
vyuhf
glgLtjh
nkY ma
jf
Essentials of Physical Chemistry - B.S.Bahl,G.D.Tuli,Arun Bahl.
izajsf
http://www.beyondbooks.com
http://www. visionlearning.com
222
myF 14
msL fUf
myF-14
aa
msL fUf
224
msL fUf
bta wsit
Mtff vj xU bghU
sij
msl
a
l
msnfh
gagLwJ.
l
msnfhiy bfhL msl Toa
fFiwj s 1 .. MF. J l
msnfh wsit vdgL.
vLJfhlhf
1
mFy
(2.54 br.) sKs bghUbshiw l
msnfhiy bfhL msLnghJ
2.5 br.. vnwh myJ 2.6 br.. vnwh
mslyh. Mdh J JakwJ.
jnghJ uhR ehL mP a
bta mtf totikj bta
msnfh vw Jiz msnfhiy
gagL nkfl f a
msfis Jakhf msf aY.
bta msnfhiy, msnfhYl
nrJ gagL 0.1 .. myJ 0.01
br.. msF rahf msfKo.
wsit
xU fUia bfhL msl
Toa f Fiwj ms mj
wsit vdgL.
bra 14.1
cfSila g aa
Mtf gagL btntW
mlf kW nthlf
wsitia fLof.
wsit (LC)
= 1 K.nfh. 1 bt.nfh.
= 1 mm 9/10 mm
= 0.1mm = 0.01cm
bra 14.2
cfSila ef xUthu
tsU msit fLof. xU
eh kW xU kneu mj
tsia fzl.
14.2.1. bta ms
fU
bta
jJtij
mogilahf bfhlJ.
bta
vgJ caukh, mGjkh myJ
msf Ffgl fUfSl
izfgl efU xU W msnfh
MF.
b
ta ms br.. kW .
msLf Ffgl xU bka,
skhd cnyhfgil csJ. J
Kjik msnfh vdgL.
c
nyhfgil
lJgf
Kid nkneha kW
225
myF-14
aa
neha jhilf msnfhYF
brFjhf
bghUjgLsd.
it iyahd jhilf vdgL
b
ta msnfh iyahd
jhilfSF tyJ w, Kjik
msnfh J eG brY
tif
bta
msnfh
mikfgLsJ. j lJ
Kid nk kW neha
jhilf
bghUjgLsd.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
nehF jhilf
nk nehF jhilf
MH fgh.
Kjik msnfh
bta msnfh
iy W
it aF jhilf MF.
b
ta msnfh cs UF
xid
gagL
jid
efj,
iyahf
Xl
bghUj Ko.
neha jhilf bghU
btw msfis msl, nk
neha jhilf cw msfis
msf gagLwd.
b
ta msnfhYl iz
fgl bka gil clw
bghUf MHij msl
gagLwJ.
braKiw 14.3
bta ms
bta ms wsit
fzLj
Kjik msnfh xU br,
xbthW 1 .. sKs 10 rk
ghffshf fgLsJ vf.
bta cs 10 rk f
(bt.nfh.) Kjik msnfh cs
9 fSF (K.nfh.) rk.
10 bt. nfh. = 9 K. nfh.
~ 1 bt. nfh. = 9/10 K. nfh.
1 K. nfh.
= 1 ..
neiH
cfSila ef khjF
2 tstjhfbfhL, xU
eh, xU k neu kW xU
lF mj tsia
fzLf.
= 0.01 br..
iH
mslgL
msL
rahd
kUJ vts khWgLsJ
vgnj
iH
vdgL.
226
bta msnfh R,
Kjik msnfh RF
tygfkhf
mikjh,
fU
neiH csJ vdyh. RUj
(ZC) vF cilaJ.
vLJfhlhf bta ms
nfh
n-MtJ
Kjik
msnfh VnjD xU l
xUgjhf
bfhlh,
RiH = + (n x wsit)
msL fUf
iH iy
neiH
viH
viH
bta msnfh R, Kjik nfh RF lgfkhf
mikjh, fU viH csJ vdyh. R Uj (ZC) neF cilaJ.
vLJfhlhf bta msnfh n-MtJ Kjik msnfh VnjD
xU l xUgjhf bfhlh, RiH = - ( 10 - n ) x wsit
Kjik nfh xU l
xUF bta msnfh
it bta x VC fhf.
bta
kW
ms
RiHia
t.
v.
cUis
rahd
s
= MSR + ( VC x LC ) ZC
bta RF K cs
Kjik nfh msit (MSR)
FJ bfhf.
Kjik nfh
ms (MSR)
br..
g bragl cUis s
= MSR + ( VC x LC )
bta
x
(VC)
fzlgl
ms
OR = MSR +
(VC x LC) br..
Ujgl
rahd ms
OR ZC
br..
1
2
3
mltiz fil g ruhr, cUis rahd s MF.
vyf bta ms
227
myF-14
aa
iw
vil
bghU cs gUbghUf
ms, bghU iw vdgL.
iwahdJ lF l khWglhjJ.
iw
S.I.
myF
nyhuh.
iwahdJ
btntW
tifahd
juhRfis gagL mslgLwJ.
mtW y tUkhW
rhjhud juhR
i l j s
gilia gagL
bghUf iwahdJ,
l F iwfSl
xL msl rhjhuz
juhR gagLwJ.
RU juhR
bghU vil RU
juhR _y mslgLwJ.
RU bjhflgL
bghUdh, RU VgL
id
bfhL
vilahdJ msfgLwJ.
kUJt vil ms
U jL juhR
tif
juhRf
filf
bghUf iwia msf ga
gLjgLwd.
aa juhR
Mtff bghUf iwia
uh msF Jakhf msf
J gagLwJ.
228
msL fUf
vilnkil
f mf vils yh kW
ouFf
vilfis
kh
jJtid gagL msl
vilnkilf gagLwd.
ka vilms
gHfhyf,
neukhdJ
Na fofhu, fofhu, kz
fofhu kW msf Ffgl
bkGFtid
gagL
mslglJ.
u
neuf
thd
UF
f
iyid
bfhL
neukhdJ
ffglJ. nkfl midJ
KiwfS Jakwit.
Na fofhu
Na
cFnghJ
kW
kiwnghJ bghUdh cUthF
gS dh (crane) cajgL
f mf gSthd bghUf
vilfis,
ka
irfis
gagL msl ka vilms
gagLwJ.
H s khWgLtj mogil
Na fofhu bragLwJ.
fofhu
1984M
ML
x
ngho P.T.ch 400 l jil
Xlfhd btfy gjfij
xU dho xU gF fhy
ms ( 1 / 100 dho) jtw lJ
mtUF xU ngH myth?
jifa 0.01 dho fhyid
vj msl Ko?
jfhy
vyf
fofhuf
(ol),
mQ
fofhuf kW Fth fofhu
f bfhL a fhy ilbtf
Jakhf msfgLwd.
tif
fofhuf
uhd
ms xU fyUJ btgL
iu bfhL kbwhU fy bkJthf
uggL msit bfhL neukhdJ
mslgLwJ. fy cw
FfgL
msf,
neuij
Fwd.
229
myF-14
aa
kz fofhu
cq neu kW l neu
J
fofhu
nghnw bragLwJ.
UF gyhf kz
gagLjgLwJ.
cq
neukhdJ,
Na
iyia bfhL fzlgLtjh
lF l khWgLwJ. xU
Fl
l,
thd
Na cr iyia milnghJ,
ml neukhdJ egf 12 vd
mslgLwJ. J cq neu
vdgL.
vua fofhu
fnah
Cr
fLoghdJ,
Cr
fofhufis totikf
cjaJ.
iffofhu
kW
a
tif
fofhuf cs kiH
nghw RU J
bghUjgLs rkbr
rfu
cjah
rahd neu mslgLwJ.
Fth fofhu
bjhiyit
rhuhk,
ehL
KGtjF xnu uhd neuij za
bra xbthU ehL xU Fl
f nuifia nj brwJ.
ah l neu Hnf 82.50
nfhz rhyikj fnuifia
bfhL
fzlgLwJ.
j
neu ah l neu (IST) vd
miHfgLwJ.
yh
l
neukhdJ,
ruhr neu (GMT) vd
miHfgLwJ. IST k GMT
kig l 5
kneu K
mikwJ. mjhtJ yh neu
egf 12 k vwnghJ, ah
neu khiy 5.30 vd UF.
mQ fofhu
cyfgl
tl
kW
bj
JUtfSF
ilna
tiuagL
fgid
nfhLf
fnuiff vdgL. xU eh
xbthU
k
neuF
xW
vw tif, xWbfhW 150
nfhz
ilbtyikj
24
neu klyfshf
nfhs
fgLsJ.
f mf Jajik bfhl
fofhufshf
jnghJ
mQ
fofhuf
gagLjgLwd.
a
mQ
VgL
uhd
m f
m o g i l
fofhuf
bragLwd.
yhJ eho cs
vDl mikJs uha M
iya tahf brY f nuif,
M tnaahd 00 Kjik
fnuifahf
fUjgLwJ.
ah ef fhiy 7.00 k vwh
mnj ntis yl egf 12.00
vd, #gh jiyefukhd nlh
nah u 9.00 kahf UF.
230
msL fUf
msL fhuf FpLf
a msf
fhu
bga msf
FpL
fhu
FpL
10
bl (deci)
10
blfh (deca)
da
10
bro (centi)
10
bAnlh (hecto)
10
(milli)
10
nyh (kilo)
10-6
iknuh (micro)
106
bkfh (mega)
10-9
nendh (nano)
109
fh (giga)
bra 14.5
cdJ egf vilfis, 100 gja uij flf mtf
vLJbfhl neufis tU mltiz brf.
t.v.
bga
vil ()
neu ()
kL
- m
1 ) 5 x 107 s F rkkhdJ k
m) 0.5 s
M) 5 s
) 50 s
<) 500 s
2)b
ta msia bfhL, cUistot FHh x cw lid
msLtjF gagL bta ms ghfid fltUJ
bj brf.
(MH fgh, iyW, cw jhilf, btw jhilf)
-M
3 ) fltiw bghUJf.
t. v.
1.
2.
3.
4.
fU
rhjhuz juhR
kUJt vil ms
aa juhR
vyf juhR
gagL l
eif fil
Mtf
kUJtkidf
mfho
myF-14
aa
bta
ws = 0.01 br..
t.v.
MSR
VC
1
2
3
3
20
25
msLfis
bfhL
rahd
RUj = iy
fzlgl ms (or)
MSR + (VC x LC) br
rahd ms
OR ZC br..
K
bl
fh
106
FpL
bkfh
9 ) (i) fU wsit - tiuaWf
(ii) bta ms RiH tiffis sFf.
(iii) bta msid bfhL , bghU vj xU gkhzij msL
tKiwfis sFf.
nkY ma
f
1. Fundamentals of Physics - David Halliday & Robert Resnick, JohnWiley
2. Complete Physics for IGCSE Oxford publications
izajsf
http://www.nist.gov/pml/
http://www.teach-nology.com
http://www.splung.com
232
myF 15
afK
utfS
myF-15
aa
afK utfS
234
afK utfS
15. af
bra 15.2
gl
fllij
Rs
kuf iy fllij bghWJ
khwhk csJ.
vdnt kuf
fllij bghWJ X iy
csjhf Twyh.
aF j msLj
trh xUt dK jdJ
oUJ rijF fhffis
vLJ brwh. mt rijF
U tf bry Ko.
Market
f to brYnghnjh
myJ XobfhoUFnghnjh R
s kuf, kW fllfis bghWJ
cfsJ iy bjhlJ khWgLwJ.
nghJ f af cf
myJ
a
bfhoUf
vdyh.
..
1.5
2.
glij
ftJ
tUtdtF ilaf.
mj :
xU bghU fhyij
bghWJ bjhlJ xnu iy
UFnkahdh mJ X iy
csJ vdgL. fhyij bghWJ
bghUbsh iy bjhlJ kh
bfhoUjh mJ af iy
csJ vdgL.
bra 15.1
cfis rhJ, X kW
af iyYs bghUfis
goaLf.
t. v
af
1
2
3
4
Na
mj
U lfSF ilgl f
Fiwj bjhiy myJ nenfhL
bjhiy lbga vdgL.
235
myF-15
aa
bra 15.3
O
0
C
1
A
6
10
bra 15.5
B
A
10 br..
tFgiw xU _iy UJ
v _iyF
mj gff
tahf bry.
f flj
bjhiyid fzLf. nghJ
miw _iyl tahf v
_iyF bry. f flj
lbgaia
fzL
ntWghoid ma.
C
10 br..
10 br MuKila miutlij
tiua. ghij ABC (bjhiy) kW
ghij AOC (lbga) sfis
msLf.
UJ
bjhiy
31.4 br.. vd lbga
20 br.. vd mayh.
15.1. uhd af kW uw af
KaYF MikF ilgl gja mt af bjhlghd
tuf mltiz jugLsd.
236
afK utfS
fhy
(l)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Ka flj
bjhiy
(l)
10
30
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
48
Mik flj
bjhiy
(l)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
j
msLf
UJ
MikahdJ xbthU 5 lF
5 bjhiyit flgij fhzyh.
mJ Fl fhy xnu ms
bjhiyit flwJ.
jifa
af uhd af vdgL.
bghU xW rk fhy ilbtf
rk bjhiyfis fljh mj
af uhd af vdgL
KayhdJ
xU
Fl
fhy
ilbt
btntW
bjhiyfis flJsJ. jifa
af uw af vdgL.
vLJfhL
bra 15.6
ntfij / k (km / h) vw
myfhY Flyh.
bjhlto ntf 100 .. / k,
v mJ xU kneu 100 .,
bjhiyit flF.
uhd af kW uw af goaLf
uhd af
Rtfofhu Cr miyf
uw af
ber Fj rhiy k
af
237
myF-15
aa
irntf
bjhlJ
fhyij
bghWJ
khWgLbfhoUF.
bghU
irntf
VgL
khWghil vthW Flyh?
Ka brf
1) kGJ xW 6 k neu
300 .. bjhiyit flwJ,
mj ntf vd?
3) 5 k neu mj bjhiyit
flf ntLbk mJ vts
ntf bry ntL?
KLf =
ir ntf
ntfij g ngRnghJ mj
af iria fU bfhsiy.
afirl ntfij fUJnghJ
afij bjthf J bfhs
Ko. irl nrJ ntfij
Flh mJ irntf vdgL.
irntfij
fzl
bjhiyF g lbgaia
fU vLJbfhs ntL.
xU dho
bghU mil
lbga myJ lbga
khWghLj
bghU irntf
vdgL.
( khWghL j vgJ xU dho
VgL khw ) lbga khWghL
irntf =
irntf
FlgLwJ.
fhy
/ vw myfh
uhd irntf
bghU xW rkfhy msf
rkkhd lbgafis miljh
mJ uhd irntf vdgL.
irntf khWghL
fhy
uhd KLf
nenfhL
ghij
aF
bghU
irntf
rkfhy
ilbtf, rk ms mffnth
myJ Fiwanth brjh, bghU
KLf uhd KLf vdgL.
vLJfhL
kGJ xW 8 -2 vw uhd
KLfJl aFwJ v mj
irntfkhdJ xbthU dhoF
8 -1 mfwJ vd bghUgL.
vLJfhL
xU bjhlto 10 -2 vw uhd
KLfJl (vKLf) aFwJ
vwh, mj irntf xbthU
dhoF 10 -2 vw msF
FiwwJ vdbghUgL.
afK utfS
10 / ir ntf aF
kGJ x ir ntf 10 dho
50 / Mf khWglh mj KLf
vd?
irntf khWghL
KLf =
fhy
a=
a=
W
irntf
nkY mJ bfhnth
t.
v
bjhlf
irntf
fhy
50 - 10
10
40
10
= 4 / 2
ntf
af
-1
k-1
1.
0.5
1.8
2.
kj
1.0
3.6
3.
tL
5.0
18
4.
P.T
ch
32.4
5.
Wij
24
90
6.
x
ntf
340
1224
7.
x
ntf
3 x 108
10.8 x 108
bra 15.7
btntW ngUJf af ga tU msLf UJ mj
KLf vthW mik vd fhf.
( a) uhd neF KLf
b) uw neF KLf c) R KLf
d) uhd vF KLf e) uw vF KLf
ntf ( k-1 )
fhy
( dho )
ngUJ A
ngUJ B
ngUJ C
ngUJ D
ngUJ E
2
4
6
8
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
4
6
9
12
14
3
6
9
12
15
18
20
18
14
8
3
0
myF-15
aa
uhd af
bra 15.8
KUf
btntW
elj
bjhiyf
FfgLsJ.
fhyf
tUkhW
fhy
(l)
bjhiy (l)
500
10
1000
15
1500
K.g. 5.00
20
2000
kJiu
120
K.g. 8.00
25
2500
beiy
270
K.g. 11.45
ehfnfh
350
.g. 1.45
Y
3000
yh
affhd
bjhiy-fhy tiuglij tiuJ,
yh ntfij fzLf.
2000
nfhL tiuagLwd.
it C
vw bto bfhtjh
ABC vw Knfhz cUthwJ.
tiugl BC vgJ bjhiyF
(S2 S1) rk. AC vgJ fhy (t2 t1)
F rk.
bjhiy
bghU ntf v =
fhy
1500
s2
1000
s1
500
0
10
15 t
20 t 25
2
bjhiy tJ nrU
(.)
neu
msl
X-m 1 br = 5 l
Y-m 1 br = 500
2500
bjhiy (l)
ruFJ (yh) xW U
UJ kJiu, Ubent kW
ehfnfhYF tJ nrU neuf
kW UUJ kJiu, beiy
kW ehfnfh Ma Cf
bjhiyf mltiz ju
gLsd.
30
v=
fhy ( l )
gl 15.1
F KUf rkfhy msf rk
ms uij flJsh. vdnt,
mt uhd ntfJl elJsh.
uhd
affhd
tiugl
nenfhlhf mik.
bjhiy - fhy tiuglUJ
bghU
ntfij
fhzyh.
tiugl AB vw WgFia
fUJf. A UJ XmF xU
brFJ nfhL, B UJ
Y-mF
kbwhU
brFJ
240
(S2 - S1)
(t2 - t1)
BC
AC
KLfgl af
(uw irntf )
kGJ xW uL dho fhy
ilbtf flj ufhd
mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ.
gl 15.2 kG affhd
bjhiy - fhy tiuglij FwJ.
fhy
( l )
bjhiy
( l )
10
12
16
25 36
afK utfS
tiugl jikUJ kG bjhiyf khWghL nenfho
mikahjij fhzyh.. vdnt j tiugl uw afij FF.
Y
40
msl
X-m 1 myF = 2 dho
Y-m 1 myF = 5
bjhiy (l)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
X
2
10
12
14
16
fhy (dho)
gl 15.2
irntf ( k-1 )
40
C t1
1
t2 D
30
20
10
0
fhy (k)
gl 15.3
241
myF-15
aa
kG
lbgaahdJ,
irntf fhy tiugl ABCD-
milgL guF rk.
AC = 40 .. / k
gu
ABCDE
= ABCD vw brtf gu +
ADE vw Knfhz gu
s = AB x BC + 1 x ( AD x DE )
2
CD = (t2 t1) = 3 1 = 2 k
lbga = irntf x fhy
~ s = AC x CD myJ AB x BD
uw KLfkilj af
= 40 x 2 = 80 ..
uhd KLfkilj af
nrhjid Xl nghJ, uhd
fhy ilbtf kGJ x
irntff tU mltiz
bfhLfgLsd.
iintf
( k-1)
0
25
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
50
irntf ( k-1 )
neu ()
kG affhd irntf
- fhy tiugl 15.4 jugLsJ.
Y
30
20
10
12.5
10
irntf ( k-1 )
40
bra 15.9
7.5
A
5
2.5
X
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
fhy (dho)
gl 15.4.
10
12
fhy (k)
gl 15.5
afK utfS
bra 15.10
uhFY mtdJ rnfhj uah
jfsJ tof gF
brwd. mtf xnu neu
oUJ
s xnu ghij
brwhY
btntW
neuf
gia milwd.
fhy
mtf
flj
uf
mltiz bfhLfgLsd.
tf
bjhiy-fhy
tiuglij, xnu tiugl tiuJ
sf jUf.
K.g. 8.00
K.g. 8.05
1.0
1.0
K.g. 8.10
2.0
1.9
K.g. 8.15
3.0
2.7
K.g. 8.20
4.0
3.5
K.g. 8.25
--
4.0
A kW B vgit tiugl
Js U f.
A
bghU irntf mj bjhlf
irntf (u) MF.
B
irntf mj W irntf (v)
MF.
A
UJ
x-mF
xU
brFJ
nfhL
(AC),
y-mF
kbwhU
brFJ
irntf
Fl neu irntf
fhd rkghL
tiugl,
AC
vgJ bjhlf ir
ntf (u) it
BC vgJ W irntf
(v) it
fhy
CE vgJ vLJbfhl
fhy (t) ia
i r n t f
DF vgJ
khWghoid FwJ.
gl 15.6
243
myF-15
aa
KLf =
~ a=
irntf khWghL
DF
fhy
< KLf
OF-OD
=
OE-OC
CE
Mdh OE - OC = t
v-u
~ a=
t
v - u = at
~ v = u + at . (I)
lbgafhd rkghL
t fhy bghU lbga
s vf. tiugl,
lbga = CABE gu
s = brtf CAGE- gu +
Knfhz ABG gu
s = AC x CE + 1 (AG + GB)
2
F AC = u, CE = t, AG = t
GB = v - u = at (rkghL (1) UJ)
1
x t x at
s = ut +
2
1
s = ut +
a t 2 . (II)
2
Fl iy irntf
rkghL
tiugl,
lbga = rtf CABE gu
1
(AC+EB) x CE
2
F AC = u, EB = v, CE = t
~ s=
u+v
x t (II)
2
v-u
rkghL (1) UJ (i), t =
a
t kig ul
u+v
v-u
s=
x
2
a
2
2
v -u
s=
2a
2
2
v - u = 2as
~ v2 = u2 + 2as .(III)
~ s=
244
afK utfS
15.6. uhd tl af
nfhz lbga
tlghij aF bghUis,
tl ikaij izF
Mubtl flF nfhz, nfhz
lbga (q) vdgL. J nuoa
vw myfh mslgLwJ.
mjhtJ tlghij aF
bghU af tl af vdgL.
bghU xW khwhj irntf
tlghij adh mJ uhd
tl af vdgL.
uhd tl af irntf
vk
vyh
fY
khahf UF. Mdh, ir kL
bjhlJ khWgL. tlghij
aF bghU irntf vthW
FlgLwJ?
Kija
ghlgF
eh
bghU lbgaia bfhL
irntf
fzL
Kiwia
ghnjh. J nenfhL irntf
vdgL.
nghJ bghU flF
nfhz msit bfhL mj
irntfij Flyh. J nfhz
irntf vdgL.
nfhzij
vj
myfh
msLf? nfhzij o vw
myfh FLnwh. nuoa vw
kbwhU myif gagLjyh.
nfhz irntf
tlghij aF bghUis,
tl ikaij izF
MunfhL xU dho flF
nfhz ms myJ nfhz
lbga fhykhWghL j
nfhz irntf vdgL.
nfhz lbga
nfhz
=
irntf vLJ bfhS fhy
~ w = q/t
nfhz
irntf
vdbtW Tw Kokh?
nuoa
myfhF.
1 nuoa
dho
vgJ mj
tl MuF rkkhd
s bfhl tl tl
ika
VgLJ
nfhz
1 nuoa vdgL.
myF
r
245
lbga
fhy
myF-15
aa
AB
v= t
s
v = t (1)
S sK r Mu bfhl tl
ika VgLJ nfhz q v
S = r q
------------------ (2)
r
2- kig 1 ul v = t
nghJ iy L l.
f af vthW mik?
ijnghynt
fiy
btntW
lf L mj af iria
fhz.
xbthU
Kiw
fyhdJ
tlghijF
tiuagl
bjhL
nfho
tna
nenfho
aFtij fhzyh.
Vbd
fyhdJ LgL , jdJ
nenfhonyna
bjhlJ
bry
KgLwJ. vdnt, fiy bjhlJ
246
v = r)
vLJfhLf
1)
dh
flgLs
f
tlghij
aFnghJ,
ikanehF
irahdJ
Girah bgwgLwJ.
2) kGJ xW tis UnghJ
laUF,
jiuF
ilgl
cuh ir njitahd ikanehF
iria jUwJ.
3) nfhfNaidRaFnghJ
nfhfSF,
NaDF
ilgl <a ir ikanehF
irahf bragLwJ.
afK utfS
4) c
fUit RtU vyuhDF
njitahd
ikanehF
ir,
vyuhDF
cfUF
ilgl iy a <
irah bgwgLwJ.
nkY mJ bfhnth
Kj vLJfho f J
irahdJ tna ikaij
neh
bragLtij
ju
(ikanehF ir), fyhdJ if
J mjF rkkhd iria
tna ikaUJ btneh
brYJwJ.
miu
FwR
ikanehF ir vkF
rkkhf, ir vuhf mik
ir ika yF ir vdgL.
ahdJ
JUtgFf
rW
jilahf,
yeL
nfhL gF rW gUJ
fhzgLwJ.
yeLnfhL
gF
lkhdJ,
JUtgF lijl 48
mfkhf UF. yeLnfhL
gF cs Jff irntf
JUt gFf cs Jff
irntfijl mf.
vdnt
yeLnfhL
gF
cs
Jff
jhd
ikayF
ir mfkhf mik.
vdnt,
yeLnfhLgF rW gUJ
fhzgLwJ.
vLJfhL
1. j
filnghJ
ikayF
ir fhuzkhf btbz
ghu XuF brwJ.
2.
to
ghij
eLtiunfhL
miu
belR
tlJUt
XLgt
tisthd
brYnghJ
jdJ
15.7. utf
utf XlUJ kbwhU
lF gutToait. utf
tiuaWfgl
fd
msit
bfhoUF. it bfhfy
totij bgUF. utfis
f mf
mKf irfSF
cgLnghJ f Fiwj msnf
gUk khw VgLwJ. vdnt,
utf
mKf
ayhjitahf
fUjgLwd.
247
myF-15
aa
15.7.1. nknehF cJ ir kW
j ir
bra 15.11
Kfit cs D a
jif JL xid mGJf.
f vd czf? mf
MH brYgo nkY mGJf.
btntW MHf f vd
ntWghoid czf?
bghUshdJ UF _UF
tiu us KfitahdJ
nyrhf csij nghy njhW.
Mdh
Kfitia iu L
btna vLFnghJ vil mfkhf
csij czuyh. UJ
ua Kfit vil UF
_UFnghJ, UF nkgu
csij l Fiwthf UgJ ngh
njhW.
15.7.2 Mo
Mo
utD VnjD xU
mGj p = hdg vgJ ehkjnj.
UJ
MH
mfFnghJ
mGj
mfwJ
vgij
mayh.
xU
bghUshdJ
ut
jFnghJ
myJ
_FnghJ,
mbghU mogu bragL
mGjkhdJ nkgu bragL
mGjij l mfkhF. tGj
khWgho fhuzkhf xU nknehF
ir bghU J bragLwJ.
ir nknehFcJ ir myJ
j ir vdgL. j irahdJ
btnawgL ut vilF
rkkhF.
j irahdJ btnawgL
ut
<ika
tahf
bragLwJ. ika j ika
vdgL.
utdh
bghU
J
bragL j ir fhuzkhf
248
M o
nuf ehil nrj
ma mP(287212 B.C). iya
kW k iya
t fLoj gy
Ka
jJtf
eilKiwgLjgLsd.
t jij xU thayhs.
iruhf ehL kd bAnuh
tuJ egD cwdU Mth.
t
jDila
f
kW
gfis, mfhy fgjF
wbgw
mby[hoah
fWbfhlh.
benfh
Mo vJ eho cs
tafSF
ghrdfhd
afK utfS
benfhiy
fLoj
kdid ghJ, "kdh vdF
F btna gjF X lij
jhUf, eh ia efJnw"
vW Tdh. nuh ehL, nuf eho
J ngh bjhLj ntis nuhk
fgf J gSthd vilfis
jhFtjfhd gy vua
fUfis totikJ jjh.
nufh
kiya f Kakhd
Mo jJt fLofgl
j aghdjhF. nuf ehL
kd mehL bghbfhyl
jfij
mJ
flSF
mgjfhf jf l brgo
flislh.
bghbfhyD
l brJ kdl rkjh.
lij
nrhj
kdDF
l
bghbfhy
bt
myJ jhu fyUgh vw
rnjf vGjJ. lij ijfhk
nrhFgo Mol Tdh.
Mo xUeh jdJ Fayiw
bjho
Ff
brwnghJ,
Fayiw
bjhoF
_F
ntis, mtuJ cl jgij
fll, cil mtij kwJ
nufh, nufh (fLoJnl!,
fLoJnl!)
vd
T
bfhL f Xodh.
bra 15.12
Mo
thif
kW
mtuJ thif elj ffis
ehlfkhf eof.
Mo jJt
xU bghU ghk ( ut
myJ
th )
jF
jil
_UFnghJ, mJ Hgjhf
njhW
vil,
btnawgL
ghk vilF rkkhf UF.
Mo jJtij rghF
nrhjid
RU
juhR
x
bfhUJ a f xid
fo bjhf Lf. fh f
vilid W1 vd FJ bfhs.
gl fhosthW KGtJ
us #ho x fiy bkJthf
UF _FkhW bra. f
vilia fLof. jid W2
vd FJbfhs.
Kfit vilia
FJbfhs.
W3
vd
nghJ f UF _Ftjh
t iu Kfit nrfJ mj
vilia
fLof. Ul
nrJ Kfit vil W4 vf.
juhR
nufh
tnjhL
#ho
btnawgl
Ul Toa Kfit
249
myF-15
aa
btnawgL vil (W4 - W3)
fLof.
UF _F f HF vil
(W1 -W2).
UJ (W1 -W2) = (W4 - W3)
vd Ugij fhzyh. UJ
Mo jJt rghfglJ.
15.7.3. xgl
ml
bghU ml vgJ XuyF
gUkDfhd bghU iw vd
tiuaWfgLwJ.
ml =
iw
aa juh
lJ gf
jo bfhUJ bfhLfgl
bghUis bjhfLf.
fh mj iw (m1 )ia
fLo. lJ jo J ka
nkilid itJ ua Kfit
xid itf.
bghU J vjj
fhW
Ff
xoUfhjthW,
bghUshdJ
Kfit
gf
Rtfis bjhlhjthW D _f
bra.
UF lbghU iw
fLof.
= m1
fzL
gUk
fh lbghU iw = m1 uh
ml myF Kg m-3
D lbghU iw = m2 uh
xgl
xgl
vgJ
bghU
mlF mlF cs
jf MF. xglF myF iy.
xgl fzLj
1. M
o
jJtij
gagL, iu l fdkhd,
fiuahj l bghU
xglia fzl.
D lbghU HF iw
= ( m1-m2 ) uh
~btnawgL
iw
= ( m1- m2 ) uh
btnawgL
fdms
= ( m1 -m2 ) cc
(Vbd 1 uh fdms 1 cc
MF)
lbghU fdms = ( m1 -m2 ) cc
lbghU
iw
lbghU
=
ml
lbghU
fdms
lJ jL
Kfit
m1
m1 m2
g cm-3
m1
lbghU
myF
=
~
ml
m1 m2 iy
FL
ka
nkil
250
ml 1 br-3 )
afK utfS
2. iu l nyrhd lbghU
xglia fhz (jif)
3. ut xglia
fzLj
kW xgl fhzntoa
ut uoY fiuahj jhu
CrFoid
aa
juh
lgf jL cs lUJ
bjhfLf Cr Fo iwia
(m1) fzLf.
Cr Foid,
ka
nkil
J
itfgl
ua Kfit
xD
_f
brJ D Cr
Fo iw m2ia
fzLf.
jifia UF _f bra
jhu CrFL gagLjgLwJ.
jhu CrFoid aa
juh
lgf
jo
bfhUJ bjhfl.
ka nkilJ itfgLs,
ua KfitD Cr Foid
_f brJ mj iw(m1)ia
fLof.
jifia FL cs mnj
fo jifahdJ UF btY,
FL
UF
_UFgo
brantL. nghJ iw (m2)ia
fLof ntL.
nghJ jifia Cr FLl
nrJ foLf. uil UF
_UFgo brJ iw (m3)ia
fLof.
fh
jif
= (m2-m1) uh
L
Cr
Foid xgl fhzntoa
ut ua KfitD _f
brJ utD Cr Fo iw
m3 fLof.
fzL
fh Cr Fo iw = m1 uh
UF Cr Fo iw = m2 uh
utD Cr Fo iw = m3 uh
UF Cr FL HF iw
= (m1-m2) uh
iw
utD Cr FL HF iw
= (m1-m3) uh
Cr
FL
_Ftjh
btnawgL kW ut
fdmsf rk.
UF jif HF iw
= (m2 -m1) - (m3 -m1) uh
= (m2 -m3) uh
jif
xgl
ut
xgl
fh
jif iw
UF jif
HF iw
m2 m1
m2 m3
=
myF iy.
251
utD
HfgL iw
UF
HfgL iw
m1 m3
m1 m2
myF iy.
myF-15
aa
15.7.4. KGtJ myJ gFas
ut
_UF
bghUSfhd sf
bra 15.13
ua Kfit xid
vLJbfhs. rk iw bfhl
jif xid, U M
xid
gu
J
itf. vd fwJ vgij
ftf?.
uggLsJ. j isthf
fg jF nghJ btnaW
fdms, fg fLkhd
gfSF
gagLjgl
U
fdmsitl
mfkhf
UF. vdnt, fg jgdh
btnawgL
vilahdJ
fg vilial mf.
xU bghU ut rkiy
jgjF
mj
J
bragL
Uirf (1) brFjhf neh
bragL
bghU
vil
(2)
btnawgL utdh bghU
J bragL fu nknehF ir
rk bragl ntL. mjhtJ
nkTa Uirf vk
rkkhf,
vbu
irY
braglntL.
bghU
J
bragL, bghUdh btnawgl
ut fu nknehF irahdJ,
bghU
vilF
rkkhfnth
myJ mfkhfnth Ufyh. J
btnawgL ut <ika
tahf braglntL.
jif jwJ, M
UF _FwJ. jif kW
U
ml
ntWgho
fhuzkhf J fwJ. jif
ml, mlia l
Fiwthf Ugdh, jif
J bragLJ nknehFir
(jir), jif vilia
l mfkhf Ugdh jif
jwJ.
U
mlahdJ
jit f
1.
jF
bghU
vilahdJ,
mjdh btnawgL ut
vilF rk.
xU
UJL
ghjur
jF.
Mdh
_F.
jF fhuz ghjur ml
(13600
-3),
mlia
-3
(1000 ) l mf. U
JL
_Ftjh btnawgL
ghjur kW fdmsf
UJo fdmsF rkkhf
UjnghY,
UJodh
btnawgl,
ghjur
vil
UJo vilial mfkhf
UF. Mdh, btnawgL
vil UJo vilia l
Fiwthf UF.
Udh bragl fg
jwJ. fhuz fg totik
mfms fhlkhdJ fhwh
252
2.
jF bghU <ikaK,
btnawgL ut <
ikaK
(jit
ika)
xnu
brFJnfho mikantL.
nkY mJ bfhnth
fh
mlahdJ,
iAu# th mlia
l Rkh 14
klF mf.
iAu# th uggl g
vil, mjdh btnawgL
fh vilia il Fiwthf
UF.
uoF
ilgl vilntWghL gid
caJtjF cjwJ. vdnt,
iAu# uggl g fh
canu gwwJ.
afK utfS
utkh
Ugdh
ntWgLwJ.
bra 15.14
beah
bragl
a
clw
bghik
xiw
vLJbfh. mj fhF mU
a Jisl. Us mfw fy
xid vLJ mjD bghikia
jf l. fy thgFia
xU ug
jhid bfhL
Wfkhf fl. nkwUJ
ug jhis mGJnghJ, bghik
UF KFwJ.
ug jh mGjgLnghJ,
fyF mGj mfgjh,
bghik cs Jis tna
cFwJ. j isthf
bghik vil btnawgL
vilial mfkhf Ugjh
bghik UF _FwJ.
vil xnu
_F
msthf
ms
bghJ utkh
bghJ utkh xU khW _Fiy
utkh
tifia
nrjJ. utkh
0.80
ut xglid
neuoahf
msL
0.85
tif
msf
0.90
FfgoUF.
utkh fzhoah
0.95
bragl FWfyhd, uhd
1.00
jL csJ. jo
nkKid milfgL,
1.05
mj
gF
xU
1.10
fzho
FGlD
1
izfgLsJ.
1.15
fzho
FD
ghjur myJ a <a
1.20
FLf uggoUF.
j
vil
fhuzkhf
2
u t k h a h d J
utf
brFjhf
jF.
ut
xgl
fhz,
3
gl 15.7 bghJ utkh
1. jL 2. FHh
3. ghjurJl Toa F
utkhf
lbghUf
kW
utf
xglia
fhz
gagL
utkhf,
j
fis
mogilahf
bfhL,
totikfgLwd.
utkhia ut jf bra
ntL. utkh _F msit
jLgF cs msLf
_y fhzyh. tsthdJ ut
xglid FF.
utkhf uL
tifgLjgLsd.
bghJthf
mlial
mfkhd mlbfhl utfSF
xW, mlia l Fiwthd
ml bfhl utfSF xW
vd
Utifahd
utkhf
gagLjgLtUwd.
tiffshf
1. khwh
_F iy utkhf,
jifa
utkhf,
mj
vilahdJ, midJ utfY
xnu ms _FkhW khaikF
tif csJ.
2. k
hW _F
jifa
iy
gh mlia, mj xgl
_y
msl
gagLjgL
ghkh, bghJ utkh tifia
nrjJ.
utkhf,
utkhf,
253
myF-15
aa
MFHh jit
MFHh
jit
vgJ
mogf jilahd uhd FWF
btL gu bfhl X MFHh
MF. MFHh jit ut _
F msit fla MFHh
mogFUJ, nkgf tiu
brol
msf
Ff
goUF.
jitia
ut
brFjhf
jF
tif
mj vilia MFHh <a
FLfisnah myJ kziynah
nrgj _y mffyh.
MFHh jitid, khW _F
iy utkhahf bfhL ut
xgl fl nrhjid
2
xgl
UFgo
ftdJl
jf
l. nrhjidFHh _F
MHij lkhW njhwiH yhk
ftdKl h 1 vd FJbfhf.
nrhjid FHhia bt vLJ,
J xdh mj J xoUF
Jfis Jilf. nghJ
jitid xgl fhzntoa
ut
jf
l
ntL.
(<aFLfis nrfnth, vLfnth
TlhJ). ut _F MH h2 vd
FJ bfhsntL.
jit UF
_F MH
ut
=
xgl
jit utD
_F MH
h1
ut
h2
njitahd ms <aFLfis
J, jhf nrJ myJ
nrhjidia L brJ h1, h2
msfis FJ mltizgLj
ntL.
jit _F MH
1. Ul #ho 2. 3. <aFLfSl
Toa msf Ffgl M
FHh 4.utJl #ho
rkms
bfhss
bfhl
caukhd U #hof x iu,
kbwh xgl fhzntoa
ut xid uLf. msf
Ffgl,
jilahd
mogu
bfhl
nrhjidFHh
xW,
utf
brFjhf
jf
njitahd ms <aFLfisnah
myJ kziynah uLf.
#hoF, nrhjidFHhia jf
itgjF VJthf nrhjid FHh
thgFia skhd dh fo
Lf. vil uggl nrhjid
FHhia Us #ho jf l.
nrhjid FHh fhWFf
xlhjthW,
FHhahdJ
#ho
gfRtfis
bjhlhjthW
254
ut
t.
xgl =
v UF ut
h1/ h2
(h1) br ( h2) br myF iy
1.
2.
3.
4.
mltizUJ
bgwgL
h1
=
ruhr k, ut
h2
xglahF.
sf
jitdh btnawgL
vil = a h1d1g
jitdh
btnawgL
ut vil = a h2d2g
F a-jit FWF btLgu
d1 - ml, d2 - ut ml
afK utfS
bt vLJ, cyu brJ mj
vil(w2) fhzntL. nrhjidia
btntW MHfSF jf brJ
kfis mltizgLjntL.
g - < KLf
uL KiwfY jit vil
xwhf Ugdh,
btnawgl ut vil =
btnawgl vil
jit vil
xgl =
t.
w1/ w2
v UF ut
myF
iy
(w1) . ( w2) .
a h 2d 2g = a h 1d 1g
d2
h1
d1
h2
ut xgl =
1.
h1
2.
h2
3.
4.
uL
#hofY
jit
_F MHf rkkhf Ugdh,
jitdh btnawgL kW
ut gUk rk. j fgo
jF
bghU
vil
mjdh
btnawgL ut vilF rk.
MFHh jitid Us
#ho brFjhf _f bra
ij h
MH vd bfhf. M
FHh #ho moghfijnah myJ
gf
Rtfisnah
bjhlhjthW
ghJbfhsntL.
M
FHhid bt vLJ, xos
Jfis Jiljd mj
vilia fla ntL. jid w1
vd FJ bfhf. L M
FHhia xgl fhzntoa ut
uggLs #ho brFjhf
jfl ntL.
btnawgl vil
w1 = a hd1g ----------------------- (1)
btnawgl ut vil
w2 = a h hd1g g ----------------- (2)
rkghL (2) / (1)
w1
d2
d1
ut
jit vil
ut
=
xgl
UF jit
vil
bra 15.15
utDS mnj
h MH
jFgo,
njitahd
ms
<aFLfis nrfnth myJ
vLfnth
ntL.
jitid
2
3
1
w2
j
gho
x
_oia vLJ bfhf. mj J
tiugljh WgFia xl.
xU fzho ls iu,
kbwhU fzho ls c
iu vLJ bfhf. _oid
kW c brFjhf jf
bra. (njitgo _oD
js kz nrf) jF
MHfis FJ bfhf. c
xglia fzLf. c
brid khaikJ, btntW
brfSF xgl fhf.
myF-15
aa
kL
- m
1. tU ntffis VWtir vGj.
( 7 /, 15 /k, 2 ./, 0.1 /dho )
2. t
lghij RW bghU xW XuyF nenfhLirntfij
bgWsJ v, mj nfhzirntf, tlghij _________ rkkhF.
(MuF, Mu UkoF, Mu jiyF, Mu tf _yF)
3. b
ghU xW X iyUJ af MuwJ. uL dhofSF
d, bghU mil KLfkhdJ mj lbgaia nghy _________
klF MF. (miu, uL, ehF, fhgF)
4. b
jhiy - fhy tiugl vY r myJ rhUJ bgwgLtJ
_________ ( KLf, lbga, irntf, fhy )
5.
irntf-fhy tiugl tistiuah milgL gu FgJ, aF
bghU _________ ( irntf, flj lbga, KLf, ntf )
6. x
U 100 Xlggja uij btahs 10dho flwh v mtuJ
ruhr ntf _________. ( 5 /dho, 10 /dho, 20 /dho, 40 /dho )
7. ut gf mogil fltW bghUjhj xiw njbjLf.
m) utf xU Fl gUkid bgWsd.
M) utf mKf ayhjit. ) utf jdbfW xU totij bgWsd.
- M
8. jugLs goaUJ,
mltizia bra.
t.v.
aa ms
1
irntf
2.
KLf
myF
3.
nfhz lbga
4.
nfhz irntf
M) uw Kiw
KLfgl
af
irntf
irntf
(C)
(B)
(A)
tiugl
M) uhd Kiw
KLfgl
af
irntf
af
fhy
fhy
fhy
afK utfS
10. 2
0 m/s irntf aF Urfu nkhlh to 4m/s-2 KLfkilwJ.
UJ nkhlh to irntfijg mtJ ahJ?
11. n
gUJ xW brid bruUJ 20 . bjhiyYs dghf
khd iyaij 45 lf brwilwJ. v,
i) ngU ruhr ntf vd?
ii) ngU rhuhr ntf V mj cikahd ntfUJ khWgLwJ?
12.
tU glij
ilaf.
MuhJ
dhfSF
1.5 kg
3 kg
i)
k bghU UF Hgjhf njhW
njhw vil vd?
ii) glUj f mJ bfhtJ ahJ?
-
14. ehza xW 3m/s irntfJl vw UJ RlgLwJ.
a) AB, CD kW C- mj irntf vd?
b) A
C kW CE ir ehza KLf
vd?
c) A kW E fSF il ehza flj
bjhiy kW brFJ lbga ahJ?
15. r
hjs J cUL brY g iyfis tiugl FwJ. gJ xU
iyUJ kbwhU iyF bry 0.5 vLJbfhwJ.
C
D
E
F
a) g
af uhdjh? myJ uw afkh?
vd TWf.
b) 2.5 dho neu gJ flj bjhiy ahJ?
c) A
UJ F iytiu
irntfij fzLf.
257
ruhr
myF-15
aa
16. tU nef affis fUJf.
i) aF kGJ
iii) x
U KGRid nkbfhS
gJ
ii) n
kjsF V, nH wa
kj
iugl OA kW AB gFfUJ
i) t
mtJ ahJ?
A kW AB gFf kG ntf
ii) C
ahJ?
ntf
17.
tU
tiugl
kGJ
afid FwJ vf.
fhy
nkY ma
jff
1. General Physics - Morton M. Sternhein - Joseph W. Kane
- JohnWiley
2. Fundamentals of Physics David Halliday & Robert Resnick
JohnWiley
izajsf
http://www.futuresouth.com
http://www.splung.com
258
myF 16
ntiy, w, Mw
kW btg
myF-16
aa
ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
260
ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
16.1. ntiy
n# nfh #&
mwhl th eh "ntiy"
vW brhtj bghU, aa
gagLjgL
ntiy
UJ
ntWglJ MF. eik fisgila
br vj braY ntiy vdgL.
vLJfhlhf
gogJ,
vGJtJ,
tz LtJ, elgJ nghwit.
aago bghU xJ
ir (F) bragL, ir bragL
ahdJ
ir
ir
lbga (S) miljh ntiy (W)
bragljhf TwgL.
bragL ntiy =
ir x lbga
W=Fs
i) b
ghU lbga ir
ir mikjh gl 16. 1
fhoathW
irah
ntiy
bragLwJ.
16.2. Mw
Mw
thif
vgJ
rhaiy. Mw njit bjhlJ
mfJ bfhnljh csJ.
cUsitfS,
aufS
ntiy brtjF Mw njitgLwJ.
Na
fR
gl 16.1 ntiy br kj
ii) lbga irbahF vuhf
mikjh, irF vuhf ntiy
bragLwJ.
Tlf
(module)
fy
ndw
fLgL
ntiy myF
ntiy myF #& ( J ) MF.
fy
bghUbsh J xU l
ir bragL, bghUshdJ ir
ir 1 lbga miljh
irah bragl ntiy 1 #&
MF.
ntiy bga myFf
(i) nyh #& (1000#&)
(ii) bkfh #& (10 yr #&)
ne Rik
Na Mw
bghU
xW
ntiyia
brtjfhd w mj Mw vd
tiuaWfgLwJ.
261
myF-16
aa
a
y Mw _yfis TWfns.
1. Na
3. ____________
2. ____________
4. ____________
Mw myF
Mw
ntiyia
bfhL
mslgLtjh Mw myF
#& MF.
xU #& Mw brylglh
bragL ntiy ms xU #&
MF.
Mw gntW tiff
eh thG cy Mw btntW
tiff fhzgLwJ. vu Mw
nt Mw, x Mw, btg Mw,
dhw kW x Mw nghwit
Mw y Ka tiffshF.
vu Mw
bghU xiw efj
myJ
lbga bra gagL Mw
vu Mw vdgL. vu Mwiy
Utiffshf fyh.
m) iy Mw M) af Mw
16.2.1. iy Mw
bghU
xW
mj iyia
bghWJ myJ mj ig bghWJ
bgWs Mw iy Mw vdgL.
vLJfhLf
1. j
iuUJ bghUis caj
bragL ntiy mj iy
Mw MF. v.fh gSFj
2. miz
nrfgL
iyahw f mf.
mizUJ
uhdJ
cauUJ btnaW nghJ
mJ RH rfufis af
brJ,
dhw
cg
bragLwJ. Jnt,
cg jJtkhF.
262
njf
bra 16.1
m
kh
ca
dGj
f
RH rfu
cg iya
bra 16.2
_ u xid bfhL,
xid brf. bka
Fdh bragl
m x xU Kidia
GJflgl
m
J bghUJf.
id
GJ
mid brYJf.
tot VgL
kW khwfis
TJ
m
ftf.
tot
VgL
khwfdh
nrfgL
iyahw af Mwyhf kh
mid af brwJ.
guUJ cajgl bghU
iy MwYfhd nfhit.
guF nkny bghU xiw
Fl cau caj,
caiy
p
irF
vuhf
bragL
m
ntiyahdJ,
m
bghU
iy
Mwyhf
nrf
gL.
h
F
m iws bghU
xiw guUJ
m
h cauF bfhL
moiy
brtjhf fUJnth.
gl 16.2
jid bra ir
njitgLwJ.
bghU jhd
neha p ir = mg
ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
gl 16.2 fhoathW bghU h cau
bfhL bry iria vJ
ntiy braglntL. bghU
J bragl ntiy, mbghUSF
MwiyjUwJ.
bra 16.3
btntW
iyf
iy
Mwiy fhf. m=10 kg kW
g =10 ms-2 vd bfhf.
1. Ep(X) = ____________
~ bragL ntiy
2. Ep(Y) = ____________
= ir x lbga
w = F x h
F=ma
w = mgh
a=g
j ntiyna
MwyhF.
3. Ep(z) = ____________
wsitia fLof.
F = mg
bghU
iy
~ Ep= mgh
ulh js
X
3m
Kj js
2m
4m
5m
P
jiujs
8m
braKiw 16.4
P, Q, R iyf g iy
Mwiy fhf. m = 5 kg kW
g =10 ms-2 vd bfhf.
1. Ep(P) = ____________
2. Ep(Q) = ____________
3. Ep(R) = ____________
UJ iy Mw btntW
cauf btntwhf mik
vgij mf.
R
263
myF-16
aa
16.2.2 af Mw
af MwYfhd nfhit
bghU xW mj afdh
bgWs
Mw,
af
Mw
vdgL. bghU af Mw
mj ntfij bghWJ mfwJ.
Fl
irntf brY
bghU
af
MwyhdJ,
bghUshdJ
mirntfij
bgWtjfhf bragl ntiy
msF rkkhF.
m iw bfhl bghU xW v vw
bjhlf irntfJl aFtjhf
fUJnth. bghUis X iyF
bfhLtu mj J F vw vir
jugLwJ vf. iy bghU
X iyia mil Kd flj
lbga S vf.
vLJfhL 1
Ra
af
Mw,
Mid RtD CLU
bry cjwJ.
bghU af Mw Ek vf .
bghU af Mw Ek vgJ
bghUis x iyF bfhLtu,
irF vuhf bragl ntiy.
Ek= F S ---------------1
vir F= m a -------------- 2
bjhlf irntf u = v
W irntf v = 0
_whtJ af rkghogo,
v2 = u 2+ 2aS
V
aFj
vir
V
0 = v2 - 2aS
vLJfhL 2
(F a vgJ vKLf)
JghUJ
btgL
Fo af Mw fhuzkhf,
FlhdJ
yFbghUis
CLU brwJ.
2aS = v2
lbga, S =
v2
2a
-------- 3
v2
2a
Ek = 1 mv 2
2
264
mv2
2
ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
16.3. Mw mik
bra 16.5
5 iw bfhl v~F gJ xW 5 cauUJ neh Ggo
bragLwJ. g = 10 ms-2 vd bfhL mltiz cs kfis
flJ brf.
jiuUJ
v~FgJ cs
cau (m)
afMw
iy Mw
Ep=mgh
Ek =
#&
1
2
mv2
bkhj Mw
E = Ep + Ek
#&
#&
5
4
3
2
Mwiy Mfnth, mfnth ayhJ. xUtif Mw kiwjh mJ kbwhU
tif Mwyhf khwkil. myJ bghU Mw khwf VglhY
bghU bkhj Mw khwhUF.
jhnd jil G bghUSF Mw mik ia %j:bghU J btw irf (cuh irf) braglh iy bghU
bkhj vu Mw khwhUF vgij fhzyh.
m iw bfhl bghU xW, jiuUJ h
A cauYs A vw UJ nH Gtjhf
fUJnth.
A vw
af Mw Ek= 0
B
h
bkhj Mw E = Ep +Ek
= mgh + 0
E = mgh
bghUshdJ neh
GnghJ B vw
Ugjhf
fUJnth.
iy
bghUshdJ
A vw UJ x
bjhiyit
flJsJ
vf
B vw
bghU irntf v2 = u2 + 2as
h-x
v2 = 2ax
1
bghU af Mw Ek =
mv2
2
= 1 m (2gx)
2
= mgx
C
mo iy
= 0 + 2ax
265
myF-16
aa
bghU iy Mw Ep = mg (h-x)
bkhj Mw E= Ep +Ek
= mg (h - x) + mgx
w =
E= mgh
bghUshdJ
milwJ vf.
vw iyia
v2 = 2gh
bghU af Mw Ek =
1
mv2
2
bghU bkhj Mw E = Ep + Ek
E = mgh + 0
E = mgh
nkfltUJ
_W
iyfY jhnd jil G
bghU iyahw kW af
Mw TLj khwhk csJ
vgij mnwh.
<a ir bragLtdh
bghU
vu
Mw
khwkiltiy.
= 1 m (2gh)
2
Ek = mgh
16.5. w myF
bghU iy Mw Ep= 0
vLJbfhl fhy
P=
C vw ,
bragl ntiy
bra 16.6
fltW vjF w mf
vgij
MuhJ
njbjLJ
fhuz mf.
U rfu nkhlh thfd,
kJ, ngUJ, th}
266
#&
1 dho
1 W = 1 J s-1
n# th (1736-1819)
cy bjhJiw
fhuzkhd
uh
vuij nkgL
totikj vua
bghahs
kW
fhyhij nrj
fLoghs vw
bgUikFat
n# th.
uF
n#
th
mtf
uh
vu bjh Eg Fj
Mt bfhlt.
mnghija
vu totikf cUisahdJ
bjhlJ FfgL L
NnlwgLtjF f mf Mw
zhwJ vd fljh. n#
th uh vu totik
a khwfis brJ jahf
Fghid bfhL Mw
zhtij Fiwjh. j _y
vukhdJ mf wid mf
gaDW wid bfhL iy
kthdjhf
mika
bgwJ.
Fiuw vw a fUid
n#
th
mKfgLdh.
w S.I myfha th t
bgauhnyna tHfgLwJ.
ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
tf Kiwyhd w myF nyh
th kahF.
Mw khwf
eh gagLJ dhwYfhd
flz myJ nyhthk
vw myfh fzlgLwJ.
thk = w tho x fhy k
vLJfhL
xU 100 W w bfhl sF
10 kneu gagLj gLnghJ
brythF Mw vts?
Mw = 100 th x 10 k
= 1000 th k = 1 nyh th k
Jnt xU vdgL.
~ 1 = 1 nyhth k = 1000 th k
xU nyhth k vgJ xU
k neu
1000 th w
gagLjglij FF.
1 nyhth k = 1 nyhth x 1 k
= 1000 th x 60 l
= 1000 #&/dho x 60 x 60 eho
= 1000 #&/dho x 3600 s
= 3.6 x 106 #&
~ 1 = 1 nyhth k
bra 16.7
cf Lf gagLjgL
tU rhjdf wfis
(tho) flJ vGJf.
FH sF
mizUJ
btnaW
iyahw, af
Mwyhf khWj
xth
x Mw ,
dhwyhf khWj
bjhiyfh
Hgl fU
x Mw,
dhwyhf khWj
x fy
x Mw,
dhwyhf khWj
ryit
bgo
dhw, btg
Mwyhf khWj
xgh
dhw,
x Mwyhf khWj
dhw, af
Mwyhf khWj
sF
dhw,
x Mwyhf khWj
16.6. btg
btg vgJ xUtif MwyhF.
bghU xW vj ms Nlhf csJ
myJ Fahf csJ vgij
btgiy vw ms FLnwh.
btgiy vgJ bghU mls
btg Mw msit jUkh?
juhJ. btgiyia kL bfhL
btg Mw msit ma KoahJ.
wF, vthW btgij msLtJ?
bghU vilia cztJ nghy
vnyhU vjhf btgij czu
Ko. Mdh btgij msLtJ
vilia msLtJ nghy mts
vjhdJ my. btgdh VgL
isit bfhnl mjid msl
aY.
khtiuF vu
Ka brf
Nnl
xU Mwiy vLJbfhs
40th sif vts neu
gaLjntL?
Frhjd
myF-16
aa
mj
bra 16.8
nkfl
braUJ
vyh
tY btgiy ca rkkhf
csjh? iy. btgiy ca
_Y btntwhf mikwJ.
mj
btntW iws xnu bghUSF
rkkhd btg jugL nghJ btgiy
ca rkkhf mikahJ. Mdh iw
kW btgiyia bgUtU
ms rkkhf miktij fhzyh.
vdnt iw kW btgiy
ca bgUf kig btgij
msL msthf vLJ bfhsyh.
bra 16.9
xnu mss _W fzho
Kfitfis vLJ bfhs.
rkiws , kvbz kW
njfh
vbz
Matiw
vLJ
bfhs.
_iw
jjahf 5 l neuF
sif bfhL btggLj
ntL. nghJ vyhtF
btgiy
ca
btntwhf
miktij fhzyh.
1
jid #] / bf (JK-1) vw
myfh Flyh.
bra 16.10
xnu iwila f
kW iu bt
Rkh xU k neu f
itf. wF fiy
xU ifahY iu
kbwhU ifahY bjhL ghf.
nghJ f, iul mfkhf Nlh
Ugij mayh.
nkfl braUJ btntW
bghUf
btg
Vwf
btntwhf
mik
vgij
cznwh.
1. njfh vbz
2. kbzbz
3.
268
ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
th
l
bghU
ah
kW ghjur jbtg
Vwfis xLf. magLtJ
ahJ? nghJ, bghU xW bgWs
btg
Mwiy
fzLnthkh?
tU vLJfhil ftd
bfhs.
5 .uh iws ghjur
btgiyia 10 K caj njitgL
btg msit fzLf.
ghjur jbtg Vw
= 140 JKg-1K-1
btgVw = btgiyia 1 k
caj njitgL btg
btg Vw = iw x jbtg
Vw = mS = 5 x 140 = 700 J K-1
jugL bkhj btg =
btg Vw x btgiy ca
= 700 x 10 = 7000 J
vdnt bghUSF jugL bkhj
btgfhd rkghL tUkhW.
jugL bkhj btg (m) bghU
=
VW bfhl btg (Q)
iw (m) x jbtgVw (S) x
btgiy ca (q)
Q = mS q
ghjur jbtg Vw
140 JKg-1K-1.
jbtg
Vw
ghjur
jbtg
V
widl Rkh 30 klF mf.
mjhtJ 1 .. iu 1 K btgiy
caj njitgL btgij
bfhL 30 .uh ghjur
btgiyia 1 K cajKo.
kh
nkY mJbfhnth
mjhtJ 1 .. btgiyia
1 K caj njitgL btg Mw
ms 4180 #] vd mayh.
bghUf l, ut kW th (M)
nghw _W iyf csd vgJ
eh midtU mjnj. t
liy vgJ ekF mf gHfkhdJ
MF.
eik R vyh lfY
th iy cs bghUshd fhW
NJ UjhY ekF th iy
eF mUfToajhf iy.
l kW utiy bghUfns ekJ
nfh mfkhf csit MF.
bghU xiw btggLJnghnjh
myJ
mUJ
btgij
Fnghnjh
VgL
Kakhd
isfis gfUJnth.
btggLJ
nghnjh
myJ
btgij
Fnghnjh
bghU
xUiy UJ kbwhU iyF
khWgLwJ vgij eh mDgt
czJnsh.
bghU xU iy UJ kbwhU
iyF khWgL f iykhw
vdgL.
1) jbtg Vw 4180
MF.
JKg-1K-1
gj
vLJfhL:
cUFj / ciwj
ut
ciwj
cUFj
btggLJ nghJ btgij
vLJ bfhL l bghU utkhf
khW f cUFj vdgL.
cUFiy
vj
xU
khwh
btgiy
lbghU xW utkhf khWwnjh
mbtgiy mbghU cUF iy
vdgL.
269
myF-16
aa
bra 16.11
fzho Kfit x gfo JLfis
vLJ bfhL m xU btgiykhia
bghUJf. vd fwJ vgij ftJ
Koit TWf.
gfo
KGtJ
uhf
khWtiu
0
btgiykhahdJ 0 C msonyna UF.
gfoahdJ RWw fhYs btgij
vLJbfhL uhf khWwJ (cUFwJ)
J xU khwhj btgiy (00C) eilbgWwJ.
j btgiyna gfo cUFiy
vdgL. vdnt. gfo cUFiy 00 C.
bkG cUFiy
btgiykh
bkGF
r Rl
sF
wF btggLJtij WL,
bkGif
Ful.
bkG
0
btgiy
30 CF
tUtiu
xbthU lF xUKiw mj
btgiyia FJ bfhf.
tiugl
cs
ilkl
nfhofhd
btgiy
bkG
cUF iyia jU. j khwhj
btgiy
ut
bkGfhdJ
lbghUshf
khwgLwJ.
bkG cUF iy 570C. utiy
cs bkGF l iyF khWnghJ
mj fd ms Fiw.
270
A
btgiy
Y
utiy
khwh btgiy
57o C B
C
l iy
X
fhy
bfhj (Boiling)
ut
iy
cs
bghU
btgij vLJbfhL mj th
iyF khwkil f bfhj
vdgL.
ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
bfhiy
bf u
vj
xU
khwh
btgiy
utbghUshdJ, mj th iyF
khWwnjh mbtgiy mut
bfhiy vdgL.
t xU aayhs kW
bghahs. btg afaiy g
vnyhUF bjaitjJ tuJ
Kakhd
gf
kW
rhjidahF.
b t g i y i a
msgjfhd msit
f L o j t .
btgiy
ga
msga rhjidfhf tuJ bganu
btgiy myfhf
bf
vW bgalglJ.
bfhiy
btgiykh
r Rl
sF
nrhjid FHh js iu
vLJbfhf.
btgiykh
F klF
rW nkny
UFgo
btgiykhia
bghUj.
nrhjid
FHhia
btggLj.
btgiykh
cs ghjur nkny brW 1000C
iyahf F. j iyahd
btgiyna bfhiy MF.
bghUis
Fuitf ayhJ.
xU bghUis Ff Toa
f Fiwj btgiyiana bf
0 vd Flh. j btgiy
jR btgiy vdgL. jid 0
K vd Flyh.
jR
btgiy
_yTWf af KGtJkhf
WL. vdnt bghU btg
Mw R MF. vdnt jR
btgiy vgij eh milaToa
Tk = Tc + 273
bra kW bf msL
271
myF-16
aa
thf
bra 16.12
fhahd,
cyj
FLit
x
th
gF
g
xiw bghUj. FLitia
NLgLj.
g
VgL
khwid ftf. bjhlJ
btggLJnghJ g ms
bjhlJ mfF. J
V VgLwJ?
uhg gh
FLit kW g cs fh
mGj btgdh mfwJ.
(mjhtJ
btgdh
mGj
mfwJ.)
btggLJtij
Wlh vd fG?
uhg gh vgt aa
kW nta brj
MfSfhf w
bgwt. gh ia
jUjt. t Kj
ed ntayh vW
fHglh.
16.9. th f kW th
rkghL
th f
thf tilnghJ mj
fd ms, mGj kW btgiy
Mait
khWgLwd.
vdnt
t xiw khwhk itJ
bfhL kw U msfSF ilna
cs bjhlig mtJ thf
vdgL.
khwhj btgiy th x
fd ms kW mGj VgL
ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
khWghofhd bjhlig jUtJ gh
ahF.
bra 16.13
gl fhoathW x CLUt
Toa kU (Syringe) x
KidgFia
milJ
Lf.
lid bkJthf mG
bkJthf
bt
1 Gf.
vd
fwJ
vgij
TJ ftf.
gh
btgiy
khwhk
csnghJ
Fl iws th mGj
mj fdmsF vjf mik.
khwh btgiy P vgJ th
mGj kW V vgJ fdms v
1
v
10
pv = kh
gl
l
msf
Ffgl
kU
milgl
fh gUk _lgl
KF FHh
rhy
mGj
khwhk
csnghJ,
btgiy
kW
fdmsfhd
bjhlig jUtJ rhy myJ
fdms vdgL.
5
4
3
2
fdms
khwhk
csnghJ,
btgiyia bghWJ mGj
VgL khWghil TWtJ rhy
(myJ) mGjfhd
vdgL.
mjhtJ V T (m) V / T = kh
mGj : fdms khwhk
csnghJ, Fl iws th
mGj mj bf btgiyF
nejf mik.
(m)
1. l
1
0
mjhtJ P T
3
4
2. msfSl kUJ C
3. milfgl fh gUk
4. _lgl _F FHh
th rkghL
gh kW rhy fSF
cgL ea th xmGj,
fd
ms
kW
btgiy
tilgl
bjhlig
fhQ rkghilna thrkghL
vnwh.
P-mGj,
Vfdms,
P / T = kh
T- btgiy v
myF-16
aa
gh go, T khwhk csnghJ P 1/V
rhy go, V khwhk csnghJ
PT
uil nrf
t
p
~ PV T myJ PV = RT
v
F R vgJ j kh nkY, J th kh vdgL. R = 8.31 Jmol-1K-1.
n vgJ th cs nkhf vif v PV = nRT. J ea th
rkghL vdgL.
kL
- m
1. b
ghUbsh J irah bragL ntiy vF v, bghU
lbgaahdJ _________ UF
(ir ir/ ir irF vir).
2. x
U bghU No ms (m) F ms vgJ mbghU _________
(btg, btgiy).
3.
fhQ bghUf bgWs Mw jik mogil khWgl
xiw J vLJ vGJf.
(afYs fh, bjho nrfgL , nkir Js jf,
afhj iy cs )
4. dhw tfKiw myF _______ (#&, #&/dho, th, nyhth k)
5.
tUtdtW 4180Jkg-1K-1 jbtg Vw k bfhl utid
njbjLf (ghjur, kbziz, , njfh vbz)
- M
6. g
lfis
MuhJ,
xbthU
fY ntiy bragLwjh?
iyah? vgij T sFf.
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
7.
ia R tU Jiznfh
J <a irah bragL ntiy ms vd? cfsJ ilfhd
fhuz vGJf.
8. j
nghJ Lf, kw cnyhffis l jhujhyhd mogF bfhl
rika fyf gagLjgLtnj?
9. g
lfis
ghf.
xbthU
rhjd
fG Mw khwfis
FLf.
(ii)
(i)
274
(iii)
(iv)
ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
10. tUtdtiw bghUJf
iykhw
1) Mahj
2) Fj
3) ciwj
4) gjfkhj
cjhuz
m) fu vj
M) ,gfoahf khWj
) uh
<) kiH
11. 4
0 vils uh#h, xbthW 16 br cau cs 20 gofLfis
20 dho VWwh v mtDila w vd?
12.
fhQ glfis ghf. mKfgL RU nrfgL
iyahw ms vd?
13. bfhiy 100K T cs jtW/jtWfis fLoJ, bf
10 br.
F = 10 N
6 br.
(ii)
(i)
ms Kiw rahf vGJf.
14.
nH jugLstUJ, rahd ilia
bfhL fhQ
mltizia brf. ( vu Mw, x th, xgh )
t.v
Mw khw
1.
dhw
2.
xMw
fU
nkhlh
dhw
-
15. f
yh, jDila g ma Mtf bkG cUFiyia
fl Mid brwh. M nghJ mt Fj, cUa bkG
btgiyf tUkhW.
fhy (l)
btgiy C
0
1
2
3
4
5
85
80
70
60
57
57
57
bkG
ii)tiuglUJ
cUFiyia fLo
7
8
54
48
iii) t
iugl jilahd gF
bkG iy vd?
i) n
euij X-mY btgiyia
Y-mY
bfhL
F
tiugl tiuf.
275
myF-16
aa
16. j
hnd jil nH G bghU x
iyf gl jugLsd.
A vw
af Mw = 0,
iy Mw = mgh
B vw
af Mw = mgx
C vw
af Mw = mgh ,
iy Mw = 0.
jiu
m) B
vw bghU iy Mwiy fhf.
M) A,B kW C vw iyf bghU bkhj Mw fzLf.
) b
khj Mw VnjD khWghL csjh? KoUJ mtd ahJ?
17. bkG cUFiy fl nrhjidia tf.
nkY ma
jff
1. Physics Foundation and Frontiers
276
myF 17
xa
myF-17
aa
xa
ir FG
278
xa
17.1. x clhFj
e mwhl th xahdJ KagF twJ. x_ykhf jh ekF
brfis gkhbfhs KowJ.
irbah ekF kia jUwJ.
t
hbdh kW bjhiyfh xf ekF njitahd jftf kW
bghGJ nghFfis jUwd.
thfdf xgh rj eik vrif brwJ.
bra 17.1
iz,
ffis
fia
nfSf.
bra 17.3
jh kW ta
Lf,
mW
ghUf,
Xiria
xgh
Cj
iz
thW
RuLj,
njj,
CJj, Lj, moj, FYFj
nghw nkTa braf _ykhf
bghUfUJ xia clhfyh.
itaidJ bghUfis mw
brwd. jdh fh cs Jff
mWwd. xF Ka fhuz
mf vdyh. mf vgJ
bghUf a, K, afkhF.
ta
jh
bra 17.2
(i) k mof / fofhu myhu
xia nfSf.
(ii) Fah ou ir fUia
mogjh clhF xia
nfSf.
bra 17.4
ou
myhu
njj
CJj
Lj
moj
1.
2.
3.
4.
ta
Cj
jh
ou
279
myF-17
aa
17.2. x guj
uhg gh vw ma mP
x btl tna guthJ vd
%jh. mt gl 17.1 fhoathW
fzho
FLitD
rhu
kia mikjh. btlkhF
fUbfhL
J
jhf
fhiw FLitUJ btna
x ms Fiwtij fhodh.
KGtJkhf
fhiw
btnaa
wF x nffiy vd %jh.
FLitD L fhiw brY
xia nff brjh.
bra 17.5
gu J f xiw vf.
f Gj UJ gl
fhgJ ngh tl tot miyf
midJ irfY Knd
gutij fhzyh.
xahdJ
x_yUJ
nfFeUF
Clf
tna
guwJ. mW bghUf
K, af fhuzkhf x
miy guwJ.
Clf
vj bghU tna xaiyf
guwdnth mjF Clf vW
bgauhF. ClfkhdJ l, ut myJ
th bghUshf Ufyh.
Clf
Jff
miy
afF
cgLtjh,
miy
afkhdJ bjhlJ xU JfUJ
mLjLj JffSF khwgL.
xbthU JfS mjF K cs
Jfis l J neu fJ
mtila bjhlF. Clf
Jff l bgauhk xU JfUJ
kbwhU JfSF khWghL kLnk
Knd brwJ. J nghynt x
miyf guwJ.
izF
ug milgh
krho
rhu k
btlkhF
fUF
xa
17.3. beliyfS FWfiyfS.
miyf
fhj miyf
(FWfiyf)
vu miyf
v.fh. x miyf
mff kW w
Cjh ff
FWfiyf
( nkgu
cUthF
miyf)
beliyf
(x miyf)
beliyf
bra 17.6
RU xiw vLJbfhSf. gl fhosthW xU Kidia
f oJ bfhL, kWKidia cf egid oJbfhSkhW
TWf. gl fhoathW RUid Lf.
C
C - beUf
R - be
myF-17
aa
be
irfit
gl 17.2 beliyf
FWfiyf
KfL : eLiy UJ nk
nehF ir ClfJf
bgUk
lbga
KfL
vdgL.
bra 17.7
skhd f xU Kidia
#d fo kbwhU Kidia
Wf oJ bfhSf. nghJ
gl fhoathW ifia nkY
Gkhf Ro Lf.
LiyUJ
mfL : e
nehF ir ClfJf
bgUk
lbga
mfL
vdgL.
gl fhoathW nk
afij,
FWfiyf
clhtij fhzyh.
Jff mW ir
miy gu
ir
v.fh uiyf,
f mf
GJflgl
fhy
lbga
KfL
mfL
gl 17.3 FWfiyf
xa
FWfiyf kW beliyfSF ilnaahd ntWghL.
FWfiyf
beliyf
l kW ut nkgu tna
guwd.
l, ut kW thf tna
guwd.
v.fh. uiyf
v.fh. x miyf
tiuaiwf:
mbt
(n):
ClfJf
xU dho nkbfhS KG
mf vif mbt
vdgL. j myF bA (hertz).
1
n=
T
bjhiy
irntf =
xahdJ
fh
brY
ntfijl, IJ klF
ntfkhf, U UgJ klF
ntfkhf brwJ.
nkY mJ bfhnth
Mdh n =
fhy
x irntf ( 3 x 108 / )
MdJ x irntfijl
(340 / ) f, f mf.
xahdJ
xial
a klF ntf
khf brwJ. j
fhuzkhfjh
o
d nghJ, d
W Kj ygLwJ.
d
onahir
nfwJ.
miygu
2T
fhy
nkY mJ bfhnth
miy s ()
T dho
bjhiy =
O
R
miy s ()
lbga
R (a ): eLiy UJ
Jf mil bgUk lbga R
vdgL. j myF l.
, v=n
T
irntf = mbt x miys
283
myF-17
aa
17.4. x vbuh
bra 17.8
jokdhd mil (myJ) tiugl milf _ykhf bragl xnu
khahd uL FHhfis vLJ bfhf.
FHhfis nkir J itJ,
Rt mUnf nkiria mikf. xU
FHh wj KidfU fofhu
xid itJ mj vrif
kia mG xid gl
fhoathW, kbwhU FHh tna
nff.
FHhfSF
ilgl
nfhzkid r brJ bgUk x
nfFkhW bra.
nrhjid
KofUJ
fofhu
xahdJ,
xia
nghnw
vbuh miltij czuyh.
mil
iu
brFJ
br
gL
miyf
vbuh
miyf
xa
irntf =
bjhiy
fhy
bjhiy
= irntf x fhy
= 340 x 1 / 10
= 34 .
gKf
vbuh
fhuzkhf
vbuhghdJ xWF nk gyjlit
nfwJ.
xahdJ
vbuh
gufsha
nkfTl
kW
ygFfsh L L vbuh
miltjh o KHf nfwJ.
kW
lhf
vG
xf
20 Hz F Fiwthd mbt
bfhl x Fbwh vdgL.
ekh
bahid,
Fbwhid nff Kotiy.
Mdh y Fl Uff bah
kW
Fbwhfis
cUthf,
czu brwd.
bA %lh bA (1857 - 94)
b#k ehil
nrj
ma
mP
bA,
Kj
Kjyhf
nuonah
miyf
Ugij M
_y
%jh.
u t f
Mahj g M brJsh.
t thiy M Fj
ehlKilat.
mbt
myfha RWf / eho tuJ
bgauhnyna bA vw myfhf
khwglJ.
xg Tl
fiy muf, bga miw, iu
muf kW xg Tlf
nghwt
VgL
mfkhd
vKHf UgjfhjJ MF.
vKHf
neu
xU
Fl
cfj(optimum) kigl mfkhf
Uj TlhJ. v KHf neukhdJ
ngF
0.5
eho,
irF
1 Kj 1.5 eho Uj ntL.
v KHf neuij FiwgjF,
fiymuf nkTiu, Rtf
nghwit x cftU jik
285
myF-17
aa
kj kW btntW Uff brz beLf (Hz)
1000 - 1,50,000
20 - 20,000
kj
btsth
16 - 12,000
70 -1,50,000
lhf
ahid
900 2,00,000
16- 40,000
fleh
gR
bra 17.10
fhiy
Kj,
u
tiu
f
nffToa
cfsh
VgLjgL btntW xfis
vQfns.
100 - 32,000
id
40 - 46,000
eh
1000 - 1,00,000
Ka
286
xa
17.6.1. nrhdh
nrhdh
vgJ
bahfis
gagL, fl MH, Ufo
cs bghUf bjhiy, ir,
kW ntf Matiw msf Toa
fUahF.
vxt
2
thW jilbghU bjhiy
fl Kiw vbuh beLf
vdgL. j _y fl MH,
flYF
cs
gkiyf
l, _ fg bjhiy,
gghiwf kW _a fg
iy nghwtiw ma Ko.
2d=vxt,
d=
bra 17.11
fg
bjhlto iya cs
eilnkil
W
bfhL
cfis neh tU kW flJ
brY
bjhlto
Cj
xia nfSf.
gu
cz
bah
Jo
vbuhfgl
Jo
fl mojs
gl 17.4 bahia mD gu
VF cz
fg bghUjgoUF nrhdh
fU, bahfis gugToa
gu, bahfis czuToa
cz csJ.
guahdJ
bahfis
cUthf,
gug
brwJ.
tiyf UF gaJ fl
mojs
cs
bghUf
J nkhjYw vbuh bgW
czdh czugLwd.
17.6.2. xa lhs is
bjhltoahdJ eik neh
tUnghJ
Cj
x
RU
mfkhtJ nghW, bjhltoahdJ
eik flJ brYnghJ RU
FiwtJ nghW njhW.
x _yUJ xU iyahd
bjhiy nfFe Ughnuahdh,
mt nffToa x RU,
x_y cUthF x RU
xwhfnt UF. Mdh x _ynkh
myJ nfFenuh (myJ) uL
af csnghnjh nfFeUF
x mbt xU khw
UgJ nghy njhW.
vbuh beLf
bahf
guggLtjF,
VfgLtjF
ilyhd
fhy
ilbt t vf. UF x
287
myF-17
aa
xa lhs is gaf
n
ulh (Radio Detection and Ranging) - lhs is jJt mogil
bragL nulh fUia bfhL _fg kW th}f
af kW irntf flagLwJ.
n
ghFtuJ fLghL thfdUJ, ntfkhf brY thfdij neh
iknuh miyf mDggLwd. aF thfdUJ vbuh bgW
miyf, fLghL thfdYs gFgh cjdh czugLwJ.
mbt VgL lhs lbga _y thfd ntf
fzlgLwJ.
t
h} iya cs nulh _y bgwgL lhs lbga
cjl th} cs cau, ntf, beUF th} bjhiy
nghwit fzlgLwd.
b
tsthf bahfis cUthF kW czU gfbfhlit. iu
kW jil bghUf gL vbuh mil bahf VgL lhs
lbga _y btsthf iu bjhiy kW afij mJ
bfhwd.
dh
is vbuh
bah
miyf
btsth
288
xa
kL
- m
1. e
h iria nfFnghJ, xahdJ
( lbghU, utbghU, th )
guggL
Clf
________
th ir
fU
iz
yhFH
ehjtu
3.
fl glfUJ, vj gl xahdJ fh guggL fid
FwJ?
miyguj
mW irfit
(i)
(ii)
4. bfhLfgl
mbt
goaUJ
njbjLf.
(2000 Hz, 20,000 Hz, 30,000 Hz, 10,000 Hz)
bah
mbtiz
ahid
btsth
lh
Ka
- M
7. tUtdtiw bghUJf.
m)
M)
nkgu njhW
tl tot miyf
x miyf
x miyf
(i) beliyf
289
myF-17
aa
8. A
kW B vw U muff mUfUnf flgLsd. xbghahs
mtuffis M brJ flthW mif mJsh.
nkfl
muffUJ,
xU
muf v KHf neu
mufij
A
1.5 s
(i) f
Ujuf
(myJ)
brhbgh
B
0.5 s
fF kbwhiw
(ii) fiyffSfhf njbjLf.
9.
Kfg bghUjgLs nrhdh fUahdJ 5 dho fhy
ilbt guggl xiriffis bgWwJ. KfgUJ
bghU bjhiy 3625 v , x irntfij fzLf.
10. e
h tF miwf vbuh nfgiy, bga Tlf vbuh
nfwJ. V?
11.
200
(i) gl A , B kW C vd Flgl iyf
350
500
viy vrif x vG fofhuid
350
itjh, nfFeUF bgUk x nfF?
(ii) cfsJ ilfhd fhuz jUf.
12. f
iyauf myJ iu muFf nkTiu kW Rtf iuiyfshY,
mKfgl eh milfshY _lgoUgnj? sFf.
-
13. fhQ gl miy xid FwJ.
(a) glid tiuJ x,y,kW z vw
khf bgafis FLf.
lbga
x
O
z
fhy
khfisbfhL
(b) nkfl
miy
irntffhd
rkghoid jU.
(c) F
WfiyfSF, beliyfSF
ilna
cs
VnjD
U
ntWghLfis vGJf.
nkY ma
jff
1. Know about Science - sound - Dreamland
2. V.K.Science, Physics, Class IX - S
atya Prakash, V.K. (India)
Enterprises, New Delhi - 2
izajsf
http://www.alcyone.com/max/physics/index.html
http://www.dmoz.org/science/physics
290
brKiwf
brKiwf
brKiwf goa
t.
v
1.
2.
3.
4.
nrhjid
nrhjid nehf
bga
jhtubr
btfha njh
jfhf bghU
(jfhf eGt)
xiw jahJ, jhtu
brfis mj
rLgut
kfuj
rhnww
njitahd bghUf
fhy
btfha FH,
fzho wf,
fzho iy,
fzho eGt,
bk y myJ
rh~u, r,
cRjh kW
Enzh
40
l
cUisHF
Mkhnfh
_y rL gut
fia mj.
cUisHF, f,
rfiu fiur,
f, rhanka ,
F^f Kjad.
40
l
kfuj fis
fzho eGt
, va
Enzh
ghj kW gl
tiuJ ghff
Fj.
kyf, va
Enzh, fzho
eGt kW C
rhnww
iryFHhf
tahf jh
eilbgWwJ
vgij fhJig
jhtuij gagL
%j.
rh myJ f,
, nah rha
myJ t ik kW
fhJig jhtu.
jahfgl ghua
fzhoiy
dfhz
TL Enzh,
ghua fzho
40
l
40
l
5.
ghua
6.
gh ik ghkhia
gagL gh
ikia fhz
gh, ghkh
7.
FsJ, TL
Enzh, fzho
40
l
8.
v
MfAh
v MfAh,
my fyj
bghlha il
Fnuhnk, nrhjid
FHh
40
l
Clf cs
v MfAhiy
fhLoj
292
40
l
40
l
brKiwf
t.
v
nrhjid
bga
nrhjid nehf
njitahd bghUf
9.
ut
fdmsit
msl
fiurf
fdmsit bgil
gagL msl
bg (20 )
Kfit (250 )
10.
jkw,
jkW j
f fiurf
jahj
jkw, jkW
j f
brs btntW
fiurfis
jahj
Kfit (100 )
a
nrhoa FnshiuL
fhy
40
l
40
l
11.
cnyhff x
cnyhff
bra wfis brawfis
mj
msl
nrhjid FHh,
40
fha, Jjehf kW
l
jhu Pb(NO3)2, Zn
SO4, CuSO4
12.
my
cWfis
flj
bfhLfgl
cYs my
cWig flj
nrhjid FHh,
fhgnd c, rng
c, FnshiuL c,
j HCl, AgNO3,
BaCl2
40
l
nfhs tot
bghU
x l
flj.
bta msia
bta ms, nfhs
bfhL nfhs
tot bghU (j
totbghU l Cr FL)
flj.
40
l
j Cr
x
sF
mj miy
fhyF
ilgl
bjhlig
flj.
j Cr
miyfhy
flJ, l/T2xU
kh vd %j.
lbghU
ml
flj.
mlia l
RU juhR.
jis FL,
mfkhd ml
bfhl lbghU Ul Toa Kfit
mlia
Mo
jJtij bfhL
flj
40
l
bfhiyia
flj nkY
F tiugl
tiuj
Ul Toa Kfit,
btg_o,
Kfh, jh, f
tiy
40
l
13.
14.
15.
16.
293
j Cr fU (
jh, Cr FL,
, sgl jif,
WJ fofhu)
40
l
brKiwf
1. jhtu briy mj
nehf
btfhanjh jfhf eGt (jfhf bghU) xiw jahJ, jhtu
brfis mJ bfhSj.
njitahd bghUf
btfha FH, fzho wf, fzho iy, fzho eGt,
bk y myJ rh~u, r, cRjh kW Enzh.
brKiw
1. btfha xU JL gFia bto, mj cw mLFfUJ
njhiy bjLf.
2. fzho eGt x xU J btfha njhid itf.
3. xU J bk y myJ rh~u rhaij btfha njh nk
itf.
4. mf rhaij F bghUL ij fGt.
5. xU J rid itJ fzho iy bfhL _l.
6. fzho iy Xuf cs mfgoahd rid cRjh
cjbfhL f.
7. fzho eGtij Enzh _y Kj Fiwj cUbgUf MwY
d mf cUbgUf MwY ghf.
fhgJ
l, brtf tot brf brffis mL itfglJ nghw mik
fhzgLwd. xbthU brY shkhrid R fhzgL brRt
kW Jffsh Md irnlhshrjh NHgl, mlj tzKila
cfU(a) tiw bgWsJ. br ikagFia thFnth
usJ.
(4) fzho
eGt xU J
iu itj
(1) btfhaFH JL
(5)
(2) briy ndh Gj
294
brKiwf
fUJ
myJ fiugh _yTWf mj br mfkhd lUJ mj
br Fiwthd lF xU miuflJ r _y lbga miltJ
rLgut (Mkh) vdgL.
njitahd bghUf
cUisHF, f, rfiu fiur, f,
Kjad.
rhanka , F^f
brKiw
1. cUisHid vLJ, mj njhiy f.
2. H mogFia bto, jilahf.
3. mj ikagF clw Fia VgL, mF rfiu
fiuriy vLJbfhs.
4. rfiu fiur Mug klij F^ah Ff.
5. j cUisHid rhanka bfhl f itf.
6. j cgfuzij J neu mgona itUf.
7. rfiu fiur Wklij msf.
F^
rfiu fiur
rhanka
cUisHF
rfiu fiur
W kl ()
Mug klF W
klF ilna cs
ntWghL ()
mtJ
_________ fhuzkhf rfiu fiur kl _________ kW _________.
295
brKiwf
njitahd bghUf
kyf, va Enzh, fzho eGt kW C
brKiw
m) bfhLfgLs kyUJ kfuj fis nrff.
M) kfuj fis, C cjbfhL fzho eGt itf.
) fzho eGtij Enzh _y ghf.
fhgJ
1. kfuj xU xiw bryhyhd mikig bfhLsJ.
2. J uL mLFfis bgWsJ. bt ciwahd vir Kf
cilajhf c ciwahd il UJthf fhzgLwJ.
3. J xiw ai[ irnlhshrij bfhLsJ.
Enzh _y fl kfuj mikig gl tiuf. bt ciw, c
ciw, irnlhshr kW a tiw Ff.
296
brKiwf
4. rhnww eilbgWtij %j
nehf
jhtuf rhnww iryFHhf tahf jh eilbgWwJ vgij
fhJig jhtuij gagL %j.
fUJ
ntdh crgl kW fk cf iryFHhf tahf nkneh
jL _y fljgL f rhnww vdgL.
njitahd bghUf
rh myJ f, , nah rha myJ t ik kW fhJig
jhtu.
brKiw
m) Us rh xid vLJ m WJf nah rha myJ
tikid nrf.
M) rh thgFia xU Jis ug milghdh _l.
) Jis tahf fhJig jhtuij EiHf.
<) j cgfuzij
itUf.
vj
jkhd
ilW
mgona
Jneu
jhtu
ug milgh
rh
nah
fiur
xbthU 10 l fhy ilbt fgtiw fL mltiz
gbrf.
t.v
fhy ilbt
1.
10 lF wF
2.
20 lF wF
3.
30 lF wF
fhgd
mtJ
joY iy eufY t w nfhLf fhzgLtJ _________ I
%wJ.
297
brKiwf
5. ghuaij flj
nehf
ghua fzho xW jah brJ mjid TL Enzhdh
cW nehFj. mjid gl tiuJ ghffis Fj.
mGFnghJ
mt
ghua
f cs j xU brhil fzho itJ
TLEnahdh cW nehfntL.
dfhz
fzho fhzgLtJ xu br yfhd ghua MF.
cWnehf
1. ghua mik 2. ghua af.
6. gh ikia flj
nehf
ghkhia gagL gh ik jikia flj.
njitahd cgfuzf
gh kW ghkh
jJt
100 . ghiy f vLJ m ghkhia jf lntL. ghkh
gh J _, L jf MuF. mbghGJ ghkh c ms
gh ik jikia czJ.
t.v
gh
1.
100 .
iy
2.
100 .
10.
3.
100 .
20.
4.
100 .
30.
ghkh ms
Ko
thW ghkhia gagL gh ikjikia fhzyh.
298
brKiwf
njitahd cgfuzf
xU f ms FsJ , fzho, TLEnzh.
brKiw
U brhL FsJ iu fzho itJ mij TL Enzhdh
x
cW nehFj.
cWnehf
fhzgl EQ _iw milahs fL, mt gl tiuj.
Ko
fhzgl EQf.
bga
gl 1
bga
gl 2
bga
gl 3
299
brKiwf
njitahd cgfuzf
v MfAh, my fyj bghlha ilFnuhnk fiur.
brKiw
xU nrhjid FHh 5 .. my fyj bghlha ilFnuhnk
fiuriy vLJ bfhsntL. mjD xU brhL v MfAhiy L
FYfntL. mjfiur bkJthf gir wkhf njhW. J Clf
MfAh csJ vgij fhLwJ.
fhgd
t wkhf njhw Toa Fnuha ma gir wkhf khWwJ.
nrhjid
my fyj
bghlhail
FnuhnkLl
xU brhL
v MfAh
nrfgLwJ.
fhgd
mtd
__________ wkhf Uj __________
fiur __________ wkhf csJ vgJ
khWwJ.
%fgLwJ.
Ko
Clf __________ csJ %fgLwJ / %fgliy.
nrhjid KaJt
J mUatfis fla j nrhjid gagLwJ. J xU
k
Rthrfhiw gFgh brKiw.
300
brKiwf
brKiw
Fl fd mss bgil vLJ bfhs ntL. bgil dh
fGa , vLfgl ntoa fiurdh fGt ntL. bgo mogFia
fiur gF itJ, bgo ms FpLFnk, fiur tUtiu
c Mfho uyh eF mGj ntL. f ghitF vuhf, ilkl
nenfho bgo msFpL UFkhW itf ntL. bgoYs
Mfhou E mGjij FiwJ fiur bkJthf btnaWkhW
brJ, fiur iwjs ms Fia bjhLkhW bra ntL. (wKila
fiurYF nk iwjsij fU bfhs ntL) bgo gFia
nrffy itJ, u Eia bgoUJ vLJ l ntL.
bghGJ bgoUJ fiur btna fy nrffgLwJ. mslgl
fd msit mltizgLj ntL.
mltiz
tir
v
fiur
bga
fiur w
iwjs
fiur
fdms
Ko
bgil gagL mslgl fiur fd ms = __________ .
Kbdrif
tikf myfis myJ fhufis bgo _y cRjiy
jf.
301
brKiwf
jJt
xU Fl btgiy, mf ms fiubghU fiuJs fiur jkw
fiuryhF.
Fl msFnk fiubghUis fiuf ayhj fiur j fiuryhF.
brf fiuriy l mf ms fiubghUis bfhl fiur jf
fiuryhF.
brKiw
100 fzho f 25 ms Jhaiu vLJbfhs ntL. 2
ms nrhoa FnshiuL cig nrJ eF fyf ntL. c KGtJ
fiuJL. bghGJ fiur jikia ftf ntL.
fiurYl nkY mf ms cid nrJ fyf ntL. fzho
f mo c fiuahk UF tiu nrf ntL. bghGJ fiur
jikia ftf ntL.
fiurYl nkY cid nrf ntL. y lf tiu fiuriy
btggL cid fiuf ntL. btggLJtij WL,
fiuriy Fuitf ntL. goff cUthtij, fiur jikia
ftf ntL.
mltiz
tir
v
nrfgl
c bga
nrfgl
c ms
Ko
ilfbgw fiur tiff
1.
2.
3.
302
fdms
fiur
brjik
brKiwf
jJt
cnyhff x brawfis, xU cnyhf kbwhU cnyhfij
gothFtj _y flgLwJ.
njitahd ntbghUf
fhg, by kW cnyhfJff, byienu, fhg rng kW
rng fiurf
brKiw
bra 1
5 msyhd byienu kW fhg rng fiurfis uL
nrhjid FHhf jjna vLJ bfhs ntL. a ms fhg
cnyhfij uL nrhjid FHhfY nrJ fG khwij flJ
FJ bfhs ntL. (uL FHhfY ntkhw vJ ftiy).
mltiz
tir v
vLJ bfhsgl
fiurf
nrfgl
cnyhf
bra 2
5 msyhd fhg rng kW rng fiurfis uL nrhjid
FHhfY jjna vLJ bfhs ntL. a ms by cnyhfij
uL nrhjid FHhfY nrJ fG khwij flJ, FJ
bfhs ntL (by cnyhf fhg rng fiurYl id Mdh
rng fiurYl idtiy).
mltiz
tir v
vLJ bfhsgl
fiurf
nrfgl
cnyhf
bra 3
5 msyhd fhg rng kW byienu fiurfis uL
nrhjid FHhfY jjna vLJ bfhs ntL. a ms
cnyhfij uL nrhjid FHhfY nrJ fG khwid flJ,
FJ bfhs ntL. ( cnyhfkhdJ fhg rng kW byienu
fiurfSl idwJ.)
mltiz
tir v
vLJ bfhsgl
fiurf
nrfgl
cnyhf
Ko:
cnyhff x braw tir = ________>________>________.
303
brKiwf
12. my cWfis flj
(i) fhgnd my cWig flj
nehf
bfhLfgLs cYs my cWig flj.
v.
nrhjid
fhgit
1.
xU MFHh 1 . cig
vLJbfhL, mjDl 2-3
j iAnuhFnsh myij
nrf.
CO2 th btnaWtjh
EiuJ bghFj
VgLwJ.
2.
js c fiurYl,
y Jf bka rng
fiuriy nrf.
bka fhgnd,
btik w gothf
njhWwJ.
Ko : c cs my cW ___________ MF.
nrhjid
fhgit
1.
xU MFHh 3 cig
vLJ bfhf. mjDl fa
ms khfR il Mi[il
nrj ml r
myij nrJ, fyitia y
lf eF NnlWf.
gRik fyj kr
w Fnsh (Cl2) th
btnaWwJ.
2.
c fiur xU gFl
y Jf t ienu
fiuriy nrf.
j nghw
btikahd gothf
t FnshiuL
cUthwJ.
Ko : c cs my cW ___________ MF.
nrhjid
fhgit
1.
js cl iu nrf. c
fiuaiy v mjDl
js j iAnuhFnsh
myij nrf. mjDl
nga FnshiuL fiuriy
nrf.
btik w gothf
nga rng
cUthwJ.
2.
js c fiurYl, y
Jf by mbrnl fiuriy
nrf.
btik w gothf
by rng cUthwJ.
Ko : c cs my cW ___________ MF.
304
brKiwf
Nu
nfhs totbghU l = OR ZC x 10-2 m
OR = MSR + (VC x LC ) x 10 -2
F, OR = fl ms, MSR = Kjiknfhy ms x 10 -2m
LC = wsit x 10 -2 m, VC = bta x, ZC = RUj x 10 -2 m
brKiw
bta ms wsitia flf.
nkY bta ms Ria flf.
bfhLfgl bghUid
U jhilfSF ilna cWahf
gUFgo of.
Kjiknfh msid, bta xid FJbfhf.
bghUid btntW iyf itJ, nrhjidia L bra ntL.
nfhstot bghU l OR ZC x 10-2 m
OR = MSR + (VC x LC ) x 10 -2
thghoid gagL, nfhs l fzLf.
fhgf
bta nfhf vis N =
1 Kjiknfh g 1 MSD
=
1
x 1MSD
wsit =
N
RiH ZE =
t.
v
Kjiknfh
ms
(MSR) cm
bta
x
VC
RUj ZC =
flagL ms
= MSR+(VC x LC)
cm
Ujgl
rahd ms
OR ZC cm
1.
2.
3.
4.
nfhs l
ruhr
Ko
305
x 10 -2 m.
brKiwf
Cr
FL,
Nu
l / T 2 xU kh
F, l = j Cr s ( l),
T = j Cr miy fhy (dho)
brKiw
j
Cr s 70 br UFkhW jCrid
bjhfL.
xU miy fhy
a RfSl miyw brf.
CryhdJ eLiyid tyJ gfkhf jhLnghJ WJ
fofhuij a, 0 vd vz bjhlFf.
j CryhdJ L eLiyid tyJ gfkhf flFnghJ 1 vd
vQf.
thnw UgJ vd vQtiu, WJ fofhuij a, UgJ vd
vQnghJ WJ fofhuij WJf.
20 miyfSfhd neuij flJ, mltiz msfis
FJbfhsntL.
jCr sij 80 br., 90 br., 100 br., 110 br. vd khaikJ
nrhjidia L brantL.
kfis mltiz FJ T, T2 & l / T2 fzlntL.
mltiz Wu k, khahf miktijfhzyh.
UJ l / T2 xU kh vd UfgLwJ.
fhgf
t.
v
j Cr
s
(m)
1.
0.7
2.
0.8
3.
0.9
4.
1.0
5.
1.1
20 miy fSfhd
miyfhy
neu
T(s)
(s)
Ko
mltizUJ l / T2 xU kh vd UfgLwJ.
306
T2
s2
l / T2
(ms-2)
brKiwf
Nu
d=
w1
w1-w2
kg m-3
d = lbghU ml (kgm-3)
w 1 = fh lbghU vil ( kg), w 2 = UF lbghU vil (kg)
brKiw
fhgf
t. v
fh lbghU
vil w 1 x 10-3 Kg
UF
lbghU vil
w 2 x 10-3 Kg
lbghU
ml
w1
d=
w1-w2
kg m-3
1.
2.
3.
ruhr
Ko
bfhLfgl lbghU ml = ____________ kgm-3
F
i) bghUshdJ UF KYkhf _Uj ntL.
ii) bghUshdJ Kfit moguignah myJ gfRtfisnah bjhL
bfhoUfTlhJ.
iii) lbghU J Ff xoUj TlhJ.
307
brKiwf
brKiw
K
fh jh Js ftiy J Us Kfitia itf.
jh
btgiykhia
bghU
Kfit
cs
UF
_UFkhW brf.
btg_oid bfhL, Kfitia btggLJf.
uhdJ bfhFnghJ, btgiykh msit FJ bfhf.
tsthdJ bfhiyia FF.
btggLJtij W, id Fu bra.
WJ fofhuij af bjhlFnghJ btgiykh msid
FJ bfhf.
WJ fofhu cjl btgiy ilbtfis fhf.
thnw WJ fofhu cjl xbthU l ilbtf
btgiy 60C vd tUtiu btgiykh msfis FJbfhf.
msfis mltizgLJf.
jFj msl bfhl, fhyij x-mY, btgiyia y-mY
bfhL F tiugl tiuantL.
fhgf
mslgl bgUk btgiy = ____C
bfhiy =____C
fhy
(lf)
btgiy
(C )
btgiy
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
fhy
Ko
1. bfhiy = ____C
2. F tiugl tiuaglJ.
308