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1 Revision of Vector Spaces: September 7, 2012
1 Revision of Vector Spaces: September 7, 2012
September 7, 2012
1
1.1
Example 2. For m, n N,
becomes a vector space with the usual addition and scalar multiplication of matrices.
K n = M atn1 (K)
1.2 Vector subspaces
Proposition 4. A subspace U of V is a vector space over K for the addition and scalar multiplication restricted from V to U .
1
Proposition 5. If U is a subspace of V and W is a subspace of U , then W is a subspace of V . Proposition 6. Let U1 , . . . , Un be subspaces of V . Then
1. U1 + + Un := {u1 + + un | ui Ui , 1 i n} 2. U1 U2 Un = {v V | v Ui i, 1 i n} are subspaces of V , called the sum and intersection.
Denition 8. An element
v1 , . . . , v n
K
v V is a linear combination of v1 , . . . , vn V if there are scalars a1 , . . . , an K such that v = ai vi . Notation: = {all linear combinations of v1 , . . . , vn }
Proposition 9. The set v1 , . . . , vn K is a subspace of V that contains v1 , . . . , vn , and that is contained in any subspace of V containing v1 , . . . , vn . Denition 10. We say that v1 , . . . , vn generate V if V
of nite type if V admits a nite set of generators.
= v1 , . . . , v n
K
. V is
dent generators of V .
Proposition 13. Suppose that {v1 , . . . , vn } is a basis of V . For all v V , there exists a unique choice of scalars a1 , . . . , an K such that v = ai vi . One calls a1 , . . . , an the coordinates of v for the (ordered) basis B = (v1 , . . . , vn ).
[v]B = a1
. Kn . .
an
= K n , the vectors 0 0 1 0 0 1 E = { . , . , . . . , . } . . . . . . 1 0 0
Proposition 17. If U1 , U2 are subspaces of nite dimension of a vector space V , then dimK (U1 + U2 ) + dimK (U1 U2 ) = dimK U1 + dimK U2 .
1.4 Direct sum
vn
= V {0}.
Proposition 21. A vector space V is the direct sum of V1 , . . . , Vn i for every v V , there exists a unique choice of vectors v1 V1 , . . . , vn Vn such that
v = v1 + + vn
V1 + V2 + + Vi + + Vn =
Proposition 24. Suppose V = V1 Vs is of nite dimension, and that Bi = {vi,1 , . . . , vi,n } is a basis of Vi , 1 i s. Then B = B1 B2 Bs is a basis. Notation: B = B1 B2 Bs . Corollary 25. If V
= V1 Vs
dim Vi .