Unit I Plant Kingdom Unit IIA Vegetative Morphology

1. Introduction 1. Root 2. Stem 3. Leaf

Unit IIB Reproductive Morphology 1. Inflorescence 2. Flower

Unit III Reproduction in Angiosperms

1. Reproduction in Angiosperms - Introduction 2. Microsporangium and Development of Male Gametophyte 3. Ovule, Development and Structure of Embryosac 4. Pollination 5. Fertilisation 6. Fruit

Unit IV Plant Taxonomy

1. Taxonomy Introduction 2. Malvaceae 3. Fabaceae 4. Solanaceae 5. Liliaceae

Unit V Cell Biology

1. Cell Biology - Introduction 2. Ultrastructure of Plant Cell 3. Chromosomes 4. Nucleic Acids 5. Cell Division

Unit VI Internal Organization of Plants

1. Meristems 2. Simple Tissues 3. Complex Tissues 4. Special Tissues 5. Internal Structure of Root 6. Internal Structure of Stem 7. Internal Structure of Leaf 8. Secondary Growth of Dicot Stem

Unit VII Unit VIII Genetics

1. Plant Ecology

1. Genetics - Introduction and Mendel's Principles 2. Linkage and Crossing Over 3. Mutations

Unit I Plant Kingdom

Short Answers:
1. In which group of plant kingdom do you place the plants having unicellular? Reproductive organs? Give examples.
Answer: Thallophytic, Ex: Spirogyra, Rhizopus

2. Differentiate Eusporangiate and Leptosporangiate types of sporangial Development.

Answer: In Eusporangiate type the sporangium is developed from a group of sporangial initials and in leptosporangiate from only one sporangial initial.

3. Differentiate between cryptogams and phanerogams Answer:

Cryptogams 1. These have hidden reproductive Structures 2. Flowers are absent 3. Ovules and seeds are absent 4. Mainly reproduce by spores Phanerogams 1. These have exposed reproductive structures 2.Flowers are present 3. Ovules and seeds are present 4. Mainly reproduce by seeds

4. Distinguish between algae and fungi Answer:

Algae 1. Autotrophic thallophytic 2. Plastids and photosynthetic pigments are present 3. Cell wall has cellulose 4. Reserve food is usually starch Fungi 1. Heterotrophic thallophytic 2. Absent 3. Chitin is present 4. Glycogen and oil

5. What is the difference in the behavior of zygote in thallophytic and bryophytes? Answer:
In thallophytic the zygote does not undergo mitosis but is subjected to meiosis and forms haploid gametophyte after meiosis. In bryophytes the zygote is subjected to mitosis to form saprophyte which is parasitic on gametophyte. In the saprophyte meiosis takes place in the sporangium of capsule in spore mother cells to give rise haploid spores which upon liberation germinate and give rise gametophytes.

6. How can you differentiate gymnosperms from angiosperms by the nature of Endosperm. Answer:
In Gymnosperms, the endosperm is prefertilised product and formed from Female gametophyte. Hence it is haploid. In angiosperms, the endosperm is formed After fertilization from triploid primary endosperm nucleus and hence it is triploid.

7. A student collected a plant having thallus like body. The cell wall is made of cellulose. Jacketed sex organs are absent. To which group of plants it belongs?
Algae.

8. In which class of plant kingdom do you find the highly evolved gametophyte? Give one example of such plant. Answer: Bryophyta, Funaria.

9. Name the group of cryptogams in which leaves transform into sporophylls. Give one example of such plant. Answer: Pteridophyta, Pteris 10. How can you differentiate gymnosperms and angiosperms by their mode of pollination. Answer:
Gymnospems show direct pollination where the pollen grains are directly deposited on the ovule and carried by wind. In angiosperms, the pollen grains are first deposited on the stigma and later reach the ovule present in the ovary. It is indirect pollination. Here the agents are usually animals but water and wind are also involved in some plants.

11. There is an angiosperm plant with 16 as the diploid number of chromosomes. What will be the number of chromosomes in PEN. Answer:
The chromosome number in the PEN is 24 because the Primary endosperm nucleus is triploid and formed as a result of triple fusion

Question Answers:
1. What are algae? Enumerate their salient features. Answer:
Algae are chlorophyllous, photoautotrophic aquatic thallophytes. They show the Following features. 1. Autotrophic thallophytes 2. Plastids and photosynthetic pigments are present 3. Cell wall has cellulose 4. Reserve food is usually starch 5. They mostly live in water 6. They show progressive development of sexual reproduction. 7. They reproduce vegetatively, sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction is by isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy. 8. Plant body may be unicellular or multicellular.

2. What are heterotrophic thallophytes? Give their characteristic features. Answer:

Fungi are heterotrophic thallophytes. Their characteristic features are 1. They show saprophytic, parasitic and symbiotic mode of nutrition. 2. Plastids and photosynthetic pigments are absent. 3. Cell wall is mainly made of Chitin. 4. Reserve food material is glycogen and oil. 5. They show progressive degeneration of sexual reproduction 6. They reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation, asexually by spores and sexually by gametes. Sexual reproduction is by gametogamy, gametangiogamy, gametangial contact and somatogamy. 7. They may be unicellular or multicellular. Their body is called as mycelium. Filament is called as hypha. 8. They show apical growth.

3. Enumerate the characteristic features of Bryophytes. Answer:

1. These grow in moist shady places such as moist soils, walls and barks of trees. Hence called as amphibians of the pant kingdom. 2. They show heteromorphic alternation of generations. Gametophyte is dominant and saprophytes is parasitic on gametophyte. 3. Gametophyte is either thalloid, foliose or differentiated into root like, stem like and leaf like structures. 4. Vascular tissues are absent. 5. Sex organs are multicellular, stalked, jacketed. Male sex organ is antheridium and female is archegonium. Archegonium has cover cells and many neck canal cells. 6. Archegonial secretion is rich in sugars. 7. Male gametes are biflagellate. 8. Water is essential for fertilization. 9. Sexual reproduction is by oogamy. 10. Life cycle is haplodiplontic. 11. Plants are homosporous. Spore gives rise directly the adult gametophyte or via a juvenile stage known as protonema. 12. Zygote develops into embryo. These are primitive embryophyes.

4. Give the salient features of Pteridophytes. Answer:

1. These are the first true land plants. 2. Sporophyte is independent and dominant phase in the life cycle. 3. Gametophyte is highly reduced, multicellular and independent and known as prothallus. 4. Sex organs are multicellular, sessile and jacketed. Archegonium lacks cover cells. 5. Male gametes are biflagellate or multiflagellate. 6. Archegonial secretion has malic acid. 7. Water is essential for fertilization. 8. Sexual reproduction is oogamous. 9. Sporophyte has root, stem and leaves. Root system is adventitious. Leaves are microphyllous or macrophyllous. 10. Sproophylls have either single sporangium in the adaxial side or many sporangia

as sori on the abaxial side. 11. Homosporous or heterosporous condition is seen. 12. Sporangia are developed either in eusporangiate or leptosporangiate manner. 13. Vascular tissues are present. Xylem has tracheids. Vessels are usually absent. Phloem has sieve cells but lacks companion cells and sieve tubes. These are commonly called as vascular cryptogams. 14. Life cycle is diplohaplontic and alternatin of generations are heteromorphic.

5. Enumerate the distinguishing characters or Gymnosperms. Answer:

1. These are phanerogams without ovary and fruits. 2. These have flower like structures called cones. 3. These are perennial, woody evergreen plant. 4. Sporophyte usually has tap root system, stem and macrophyllous leaves. 5. Vascular tissues are present. Xylem has tracheids and phloem lacks companion cells. Albuminous cells may be present. 6. These are heterosporous. Microspores and megaspores are present. 7. Ovules are unitegmic, orthotropous, with vascular tissues in the integument, crassinucellate and exposed. Ovaries are absent. 8. Seeds are exposed. Fruits are absent. 9. Microspores are released at more than 2-celled stage. 10. Female gametophyte is multicellular and has archegonia. It behaves as endosperm. 11. Male gametes are usually non-ciliated. 12. Fertilization is by siphonogamy. 13. Only single fertilization is seen. 14. Polyembryony is common. 15. Life cycle is diplontichaplontic and alternation of generations is heteromorphic with gametophytes parasitic on sporophyte.

Unit IIA Vegetative Morphology 1. Root

Short Answer Questions
1. Give the scientific names of two plants which store food in their tap roots. How do they differ in their shapes? Answer:
Raphanussativus fusiform roots with broad middle region and tapering

towards tip and base. Daucuscarota Conical roots that are broad at the base and gradually taper towards the tip.

2. What are fasciculated roots? Give two examples. Answer:

It is a tuft of storage adventitious roots. Ex: Asparagus, Dahlia, Ruelliatuberosa

3. What is epiphytic habit? Which roots help it? Answer:

It is growing of a plant on some other plant for shelter to expose its foliage to the sun to get proper amount of sunlight to perform photosynthesis. Velamen roots or Epiphytic roots help for such habit.

4. Define root crops. What would happen if the root crops are harvested at the end of second year? Answer:
Plants grown by farmers for their roots are called as Root crops. These plants are biennnials. They synthesize and store the excess food in their roots. In the second year they utilize the stored food for reproduction. If harvested at the end of second year, either less or no food materials are left out in the roots.

5. What are assimilatory roots? Give two examples. Answer:

Modified adventitious roots that become green colored and perform photosynthesis are called as assimilatory roots. Ex: Taeniophyllum, Trapa, Tinosporacordifolia.

6. Compare photosynthetic roots of Tinospora with those of Trapa. Answer:

In Tinospora, the photosynthetic roots are aerial and in Trapa they are underwater.

7. What is complete root parasite? Give an example. Answer:

Achlorophyllus, usually leafless or with scale leaved parasite which establishes haustorial connection with both xylem and phloem of host root to absorb both mineral water and organic food is called as complete root parasite. Ex: Rafflesia, Balanophora, Orobanche.

Questions Answers:
1. Mention the characteristics of a root system. Add a note on its functions. Answer:

Characters of a Root system 1. Root with its appendages is called as root system. The roots are usually positively geotropic (except pneumatophores). 2. Root is not differentiated into nodes and internodes. 3. Leaves and normal buds are absent. 4. Root is non-chlorophyllous and brown colored. 5. Lateral roots are formed endogenously in acropetal manner. 6. Apices of roots are protected by Root cap. In free floating hydrophytes root pockets are present. 7. Roots have unicellular epidermal outgrowths called as root hairs. These are short lived, exogenous and developed acropetally.

Functions:
1. Root anchors the plant at proper place in the soil. 2. It absorbs water and minerals from the soil or substratum. 3. It conducts the absorbed mineral water to the aerial system of the plant.

2. Define root. Write briefly on the types of root system. Answer:

Root is underground axis of the plant usually developed from radicle of embryo. There are two types of root systems. They are Tap root system and adventitious root System: 1. Tap Root system: It is developed from radicle of embryo. It has a directly growing tap root from which the endogenously developed lateral roots are arranged in acropetal manner and grow obliquely into the soil. It is commonly seen in Dicots. 2.Adventitious root system: This root system is developed from any part of the pant other than radicle. It is usually developed from base of the stem as fiber like structures. Hence it is also called as fibrous root system. It is commonly found in Monocots.

3: Write short notes on Storage roots.

Storage Roots
Storage Roots: These are also known as tuberous roots. These modified roots become swollen due to accumulation of excessive food materials. Storage Tap roots: If storage root is formed from tap root system, usually the tap

root stores food attains a specific shape. It is conical in Daucus, fusiform in Raphanussativus, napiform in Beta vulgaris. Storage adventitious roots: Only one storage irregularly shaped root arises at every node in Ipomoea batatus. A group of storage adventitious roots arise at the base of stem known as fasciculated roots in monocot Asparagus and in dicots like Ruelliatuberosa and Dahlia tuberosa.

In most of the storage roots starch is stored. But in Beta vulgaris, it is Sugar and in Dahlia it is inulin. Plants grown by farmers for their roots are called root crops. Root crops are biennials. They store the synthesized food in their roots during first year and utilize it in the second year for flowering and seed setting. Hence the root crops must be harvested at the end of first year.

4. Write short notes on velamen roots. Answer:

Epiphytic roots: Plants that grow on some other plant for shelter are called as epiphytes. These plants usually belong to families Orchidaceae and Aroideae. These plants are commonly seen in tropical evergreen forests. They inhabit on top braches of host tree to get proper amount of sunlight to perform photosynthesis. Modified aerial adventitious roots seen in such plants are called as epiphytic roots. Epiphytes have two types of roots. They are clinging roots and velamen roots. Clinging roots are relatively short, slender, branched and enter into the crevices of host branch to fix the plant on the host branch. They also absorb mineral water collected in the crevices. Velamen roots are elongated, stout, branched without root hairs and freely hang in the air. They have dead hygroscopic multiple epidermis known as velamen which helps in absorbing atmospheric moisture by imbibition. Ex: Vanda, Bulbophyllum

5. What are respiratory roots? Explain their role in mangrove plants. Answer:
Respiratory roots: These are usually seen in Mangroves like Avicennia and Rhizophora which grow in water logged muddy soils of estuaries. Underground roots of such plants face oxygen deficient conditions. In these plants some of the lateral roots of underground roots become aerial, have minute lenticular openings called pneumathodes, through which the air enters into the root and after respiration the CO2 comes out through the same pores. In this way these help in respiration. Hence these are called as Respiratory roots or Pneumatophores or Breathing roots. Adventitious breathing roots are seen in a free floating hydrophyte called as Jussiaea whose roots are spongy and porate.

6. What are nodular roots? What is their significance? Nodular roots: These are modified roots of tap root system with swollen structures called nodules. These are inhabited by a bacterium Rhizobium in leguminous plants. This bacterium fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and supplies it to the plant and in return it takes organic food from host cortical cells. In this way these modified roots show symbiosis. Nodules have a pigment called Leg.haemoglobin which helps in controlled supply of oxygen to the bacterium. Because of these root nodules, leguminous plants are used in crop rotation and as green manure. Ex: Arachis, Dolichos.

. 7. Write short notes on parasitic roots. Parasitic roots: Plants that obtain either only mineral water or both mineral water and organic food from other plants are called as parasitic plants. Modified roots seen in such plants are called as parasitic roots or Haustorial roots. If the plant establishes haustorial connection with the root of host it is called as root parasite and that one with the stem as stem parasite. If the parasite is photosynthetic, establishes haustorial connection only with the xylem of the host, it is called as partial parasite. If it is achlorophyllous, without leaves or with scale leaves, establishes haustorial connection with both xylem and phloem of the host it is called as complete parasite. These parasites are as follows: 1. Complete stem parasite. Ex: Cuscuta 2. Complete root parasite. Ex: Orobanche, Rafflesia, Balanophora. 3. Partial stem parasite. Ex: Viscum, Loranthus 4. Partial root parasite. Ex: Santalum album, Striga

Long Questions:
Describe various types of Root modifications? Root Modifications

The permanent change in the root or its part to perform either only additional functions or both additional and normal functions that suit for the survival of the plant in the new conditions is called as Root modification. The modified roots are as follows: 1. Storage Roots: These are also known as tuberous roots. These modified roots become swollen due to accumulation of excessive food materials. Storage Tap roots: If storage root is formed from tap root system, usually the tap root stores food attains a specific shape. It is conical in Daucus, fusiform in Raphanussativus, napiform in Beta vulgaris. Storage adventitious roots: Only one storage irregularly shaped root arises at every node in Ipomoea batatus. A group of storage adventitious roots arise at the base of stem known as fasciculated roots in monocot Asparagus and in dicots like Ruelliatuberosa and Dahlia tuberosa.In most of the storage roots starch is stored. But in Beta vulgaris, it is Sugar and in Dahlia it is inulin. Plants grown by farmers for their roots are called root crops. Root crops are biennials. They store the synthesized food in their roots during first year and utilize it in the second year for flowering and seed setting. Hence the root crops must be harvested at the end of first year. 2. Epiphytic roots: Plants that grow on some other plant for shelter are called as epiphytes. These plants usually belong to families Orchidaceae and Aroideae. These plants are commonly seen in tropical evergreen forests. They inhabit on top braches of host tree to get proper amount of sunlight to perform photosynthesis. Modified aerial adventitious roots seen in such plants are called as epiphytic roots. Epiphytes have two types of roots. They are clinging roots and velamen roots. Clinging roots are relatively short, slender, branched and enter into the crevices of host branch to fix the plant on the host branch. They also absorb mineral water collected in the crevices. Velamen roots are elongated, stout, branched without

root hairs and freely hang in the air. They have dead hygroscopic multiple epidermis known as velamen which helps in absorbing atmospheric moisture by imbibition. Ex: Vanda, Bulbophyllum 3. Photosynthetic roots: Modified adventitious roots which become green colored and perform photosynthesis are called as Photosynthetic roots or Assimilatory roots. These are usually seen in epiphytes like Taeniophyllum in which the roots are flat ribbon like green velamen roots. Assimilatory roots are also seen in a climber called as Tinosporacordifolia. A hydrophyte called Trapa has underwater photosynthetic roots. 4. Respiratory roots: These are usually seen in Mangroves like Avicennia and Rhizophora which grow in water logged muddy soils of estuaries. Underground roots of such plants face oxygen deficient conditions. In these plants some of the lateral roots of underground roots become aerial, have minute lenticular openings called pneumathodes, through which the air enters into the root and after respiration the CO2 comes out through the same pores. In this way these help in respiration. Hence these are called as Respiratory roots or Pneumatophores or Breathing roots. Adventitious breathing roots are seen in a free floating hydrophyte called as Jussiaea whose roots are spongy and porate. 5. Nodular roots: These are modified roots of tap root system with swollen structures called nodules. These are inhabited by a bacterium Rhizobium in leguminous plants. This bacterium fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and supplies it to the plant and in return it takes organic food from host cortical cells. In this way these modified roots show symbiosis. Nodules have a pigment called Leg.haemoglobin which helps in controlled supply of oxygen to the bacterium. Because of these root nodules, leguminous plants are used in crop rotation and as green manure. Ex: Arachis, Dolichos. 6. Parasitic roots: Plants that obtain either only mineral water or both mineral water and organic food from other plants are called as parasitic plants. Modified roots seen in such plants are called as parasitic roots or Haustorial roots. If the plant establishes haustorial connection with the root of host it is called as root parasite and that one with the stem as stem parasite. If the parasite is photosynthetic, establishes haustorial connection only with the xylem of the host, it is called as partial parasite. If it is achloro phyllous, without leaves or with scale leaves, establishes haustorial connection with both xylem and phloem of the host it is called as complete parasite. These parasites are as follows. 5. Complete stem parasite. Ex: Cuscuta 6. Complete root parasite. Ex: Orobanche, Rafflesia, Balanophora. 7. Partial stem parasite. Ex: Viscum, Loranthus 8. Partial root parasite. Ex: Santalum album, Striga

2. Stem
LONG ANSWER QUESTION 1. Describe various types of aerial stem modifications.
a) Tendrils b) Thorns c) Hooks d) Phylloclade e) Tuberous stem f) Bulbil A. Tendrils: Wiry, coiled, sensitive structures produced by weak stemmed plants are called tendrils. Eg:- Terminal bud is modified into tendil in Vitis, axillary bud is modified in to tendril in Passiflora. B. Thorns: Hard, woody, pointed structures developed from Terminal /Axilary bud is called thorn. They give protection. Eg:- In Bougainvillea, Durantaand Punica axillary bud is modified into thorns. In Carissa terminal bud is modified in to pair of thorns.