អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍សម័យបច្ចុប្បន្ន

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mYg. Naert. .nig. PI. suada
CONTEMPORARY SOUTHEAST ASIA

Translated from English by MUONG Nareth and PHI Sopheada
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Chapter 1: Industrialization and Its Implications
Chapter 2: Human Consequences of the Economic Miracle
Seleted from: The emergence of Modem Southeast Asia,
Copyright 2005 by Singapore University Press.
First published in 2005 by University of Hawaii Press.
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Chapter 3: Network Monarchy and Legitimacy Crises in Thailand
Seleted from: The Pacific Review, Vol. 18 No.4 December 2005
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group.
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Chapter 4: How the Vietnamese See the World
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Copyright 2007 Center for Khmer Studies for the Khmer translation.
rUbaBRkbmuxeday. Cover picture

elak Fim vin&r (rkasiTi) Ks 2007
Copyright 2007 Tim WINTER.
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The publication of this book was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation (New York).
lsxG 13.. 978-99950-51-05-1
ISBN-13: 978-99950-51-05-1
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PREFACE
In 2004, the Center for Khmer Studies began the Junior Faculty Training Program aimed at
expanding the research and teaching skills of young Cambodian university faculty in the
humanities and social sciences. Supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, the program recruits
participants for a six-month semester, in which a distinguished Visiting Professor leads classes and
seminars in academic analysis and research focusing on one topic related to modern Cambodia. Each
topic is defined in collaboration with representatives of Cambodian universities to attract
participants from different disciplines, and sets forth a comparative perspective, in which
Cambodia is studied alongside its regional neighbors, Thailand and Vietnam. Every session includes
a combination of lectures and interactive seminars, a study tour to a neighboring country,
a supervised individual research project and an international conference on the sessions theme. At
the end of the program, a selection of the key texts used in each session is chosen by the Visiting
Professor for translation into Khmer by Cambodian participants, with the dual aim of addressing
the lack of academic materials available in the Khmer language at Cambodian universities and to
train the next generation of translators.
This first volume consists of four texts selected by Dr. Duncan McCargo, Professor of
Political Science at the University of Leeds, United Kingdom. They address the programs first
session topic, Contemporary Southeast Asia. Two of the texts, by Neil Jamieson and Duncan
McCargo, introduce readers to the culture and politics of Vietnam and Thailand. The other two texts
focus on current economic development in Southeast Asia and its effect on the regions populations.
Prof. McCargos choice of these texts is intended to expand general knowledge of Cambodias
nearest neighbors, while inviting scholars to reflect critically on some of the recent developments in
the region of which Cambodia is a part. In addition to these four texts, all of which have previously
appeared in international publications or peer-reviewed journals, we have included a paper written
by one of the Cambodian participants as an example of the research and analysis that has grown
from this program and its combination of theory and application.
In keeping with the pedagogical objectives of the JFTP, we very much hope that these
translated texts will be useful to both professors and students of history, sociology, economics,
anthropology, political science, international relations and other fields. We also hope that they
will encourage readers to further exploration and critical analysis, using a comparative and
interdisciplinary approach.
CKS is grateful to Prof. McCargo for his thoughtful choice of texts and to Dr. Chean Men, the
Project Coordinator, who was essential to the programs implementation and success. Special thanks
also to the team of young translators, particularly Chheat Sreang, Phy Sopheada, and Moung Nareth,
who, under the careful supervision of CKS Translation Supervisor Tan Sodany, undertook this task
with energy, excitement and an appetite for challenge. Prof. Khing Hoc Dy generously proofread
some of the translated manuscripts and gave insight and clarity to our work. CKS is grateful to
Dr. Michel Rethy Antelme for his meticulous final editing of the manuscript, the time spent in
finding Thai and Vietnamese words, names and references throughout this book, and the tremendous
amount of time he spent on the layout. Thach Deth gave valuable advice to Chheat Sreang on his
research paper. I also wish to acknowledge CKS senior staff members Kheng Pytou Kethya,
Communications and Publishing Coordinator, and Deputy Director Lesley Perlman for working on
the editing and publishing of this truly collective undertaking.
Philippe Peycam, Ph.D., Director
Center for Khmer Studies.
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CHAPTER 1
Industrialization and Its Implications
(The emergence of Modem Southeast Asia)

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RbeTsGasIuGaeKy_aKeRcIn EdleTIbegIbputBIaBexcxaMedaysarsg:am nTajykpl
cMeNjBIkMeNInBaNiCk melIplitplsMxan@ mYycMnnY dUcCa eAsU sMNahaMg eRbga nigeRbgat
EdlplitplTaMgenmantRmvarnigtmx<s...> CaBiess RbeTsmaLaya (maLayU) nighVIlIBIn
nTajykplcMeNjCaeRcInBIarp:tp g: sm
aryuTs
asnanakg sg:amkUer. .> kbEu n plcMeNj
EbbenminmanaByUrGEgVgdUcEdleKndwgaMgBIsm&ymunsg:ammkem. .> RbeTskgtMbnGasIu
GaeKy_EdlkMBugBRgwgneyaykraCrbsxn hakdUcCaminnerobcMxn[lkgarERbayxn
BIRbeTsplitnUvplitplvtSatuedIm eTACamhaGMNacsahkm ehIyEfmTaMgminnerobcMbr
muxmatrbsxn [eTACaRbeTsenAkg cMeNamRbB&nmU lFnniymBiPBelak EdlRttRaedayshrd
GaemrikeTotpg.. >
sanuBlsRmabarGPivDrbsRbeTsGasIGu aeKyTaM_ gena khakdUcCararaMgedaysarkMeNIn
RbCaCnyagrh&s rYmTaMgbBHaaGyutFi mnigarGPivDanRbsiT aBenAamtMbnCnbT Edlnbnl
TukaMgBIsm&yGaNaniKm...> arfycuyagxaMgnUvGRamrNedaysarmUlehtuepg@ (dUcCa
arkmatstVmUsEdlCaakgarcmgCmRK
W najedayeRbIfaed
M edetCaedIm) nnaM[mankMeNInRbCaCn
nadkmrbsGasu.I
dMeNIrarGeg;tBIaBRkIRkrbsRbCaCa
13
kRmitx<sEdl
minabmanBImunmk.. > kMeNInRbCaCnenmanrhUtdl 3/5.% enAbBaRbeTsmYycMnnY
dUcCaRbeTsfnigRbeTshVIlIBIn...> eyagamGRakMeNInen cMnYnRbCaCnnwgekIneLIgeTVdgenA
kgryeBlEt 20 aMbueNa ehIynwgRsbykkMeNInesdkicesIrEtTaMgGs. .>
bBaHamYyeTot KWRbCaCnaKeRcInenAEtrsenAamtMbnCnbT ehIyBwgEpkeTAelIEtareFVI
ERscm;ar...> arBRgIkTIRkgyagabrh&s hakdUcCaminsIusgVakCamYynwgksikraKeRcIn Edl
kMBugEtmanbBaHaCamYynwgarRbmUlplmineTogTat bBaHafCYlnigBndarx<s ehIynigbBaHarMelaP
bMBanBIsMNakBYkmasdIFM@ (BYkkm )I< EdlnBRgIk}TBi labaMgBIsm&ykraCmkem . .> artva
[mankMENTRmgdIFI ekItmanenARKbkEngTaMgGs...> arTamTarEbbenGacfa CaskmaBedIm,I
bBa fCYlnigraraMgGMNacbMBarbMBanrbsBYkmasdI CaskmaBedIm,IabykdImkeFVCa
I kmsTi Rsb
i
c,abrbsRbCaksikrTaMgGsena.. > plitaBksikmkCakgVlmY yEdr xNeBlEdlRbeTsmYycMnnY
dUcCa RbeTsmaLaya nighVlI BI nI enAEtnaMGg;rcUlsRmabpt: p: gRbCaBlrd
rbsxn . .> GkRCJbsmi

RbeTsmYycMnnY rmyagxagM fa BiPBelakTaMgmUlTMngCaGacekIteRaTurki RbsinebIkMeNInRbCaCn
minmanarTbs;atena.. >
plitkmkg GMLg eBlenaaKeRcIn RtvneKkMNtEteTAelIsahUbnIykm CMns
Y arnaMcUl
dUcEdlnENnaMedayFnaarBiPBelaknigesdvTi mYU ycMnnY . .> edayeKKitfa .RbeTsttiyelak.
minGacRbkYtRbECgxagsahkmCamYybsmi RbeTs (RbeTsCbnu ) neT enaGkCMnajeCOCak
fa plitkmyagsamBasRmabTpar
I kg RskdUcCa cRkyan Bil Es,keCIgeAsU KWCaplitkmEdl
GacTTYlplcMeNj CaBiessRbsinebImanarrwtbnwg BnnaMcUl dUcEdlrdaPilkraCnasm&y
enakMBgu Etbeg;tI RbB&nen
eLIg. .> sahUbnIykm .CnM sY arnaMclU . nTTYleCaKC&yKYrsmnaedIm
sm&yeRaysg:am CaBiessenAkg RbeTshVl
I BI nI . .> enAcugTsvtr_aM 1960 RbeTshVl
I BI nI KWCa
RbeTsEdlmansahkmeRcInCagRbeTssigbH ru I ehIymancMNl
U CamFmsRmabmnusmak.@ x<s
CagtvannigkUerxagt,geTAeTot.. > bEu n minyUrbnu a n sahUbnIykmdUcen nCYbRbTnUvbBaHamYy
cMnnY EdleCosminrYc CaBiess KWbBaHaTIparcegtkg Rsk sUm,IEtRbeTsEdlmanRbCaCneRcIn
dUcCaRbeTscin RbeTs}Na nigRbeTs}QensIu kRtvCMnnUvbBaHaenkg eBleRayEdr.. > sahUbnIykmEbben TMngCaanRbsiT aB eRBaCasahkmekgxI kbEu n}Lven vanrIkFMat ehIy
bnbBabBal[manarakEtgc,ab edIm,IdakkMhitarRbkYtRbECgBIplitplbreTs.. >
eKeXIjmanTaMgarlMknigTaMgplcMeNj kg areFVCaI RbeTssahkmf.I @. .> RbeTsEdl
nTTYleCaKC&yRtecRtcgrYcehIykg sahkm KWCaRbeTsEdlmanTwkdITUlTUM lay (TahrN_
shrdGaemrik nigshaBsUevot) kCaRbeTsEdlabndakGaNaniKmelIRbeTsdTeTot
(bBacRkPBenAGWrubnigGaNacRkCbun)...> sSanaBEbbennplplRbeyaCn_dlRbeTs
sahkmTaMgena kg arCYyGkeRbIRskM[u xatbgarcMNayepg.@ elIplitplsahkm dUc
14
CMBUkTI.1
CaareealnUvaksMNl nigareFVI[tbgnUvFnanFmCatiCaedIm...> sahUbnIykmrbs

tMbnGasIGaeK
u y_ sSti enAeRam}TiB ldeRcInrbslkNPUms
i asnigsg:msas ehIyFnanFmCatirbsGasIuGaeKy_minmanRbeyaCn_dUcEdlvaabmanBImunmkeT..> abBIaM 1950 mk bdivtn_
beckviTanigesdkci Bi PBelak EdlnaMmuxedayTMnji eGLicRtnki masInu LandTMenIb ngi CIKImI ehIy
eRaymk arrIkceRmInepg.@ dUcCa eRKgdMeNIrarkMBu Tr& kuBM Tr& nigBnvi skV m (beckviTakeRmIknigpasBn) nsbBaakyagc,asfa viTasasehIynigbeckviTa nayCakmaMgdsMxan
sRmabCMruj[manarrIkceRmIn..> QancUldlstvtr_TI 21 GasIuGaeKy_nabRBeQIRbNIt
edIm,IeFIVarbn ehIyeRadIedIm,IykEr...> buEn plkRmEdlnmkBIsahkmTaMgen n
cMeNjEteTAelIRkmhunEdlBakB&n (nigmnIBukrlYybueNa) eBalKWvaminCYydlarpasbr
arEfrrkasSiraBesdkicCatirbsRbeTsnImYy.@ enaeT.. >
bBaHaGsTaMgennKMramkMEhgdlbBaemdwknaMRbeTsGasIGu aeKy_ cMeBavismaBBiPBelak
EdlsUm,IEtelak GUgsan (Aungsan) elak sU arNU (Sukarno) kesrI EtminGacnwkKitdlbBaHaGs
TaMgenEdr.. > cUlrYmkg BiPBelakmYy EdlarRbmUlnigeRbIRsB&tm an arbeg;tI cMeNdwg nigar
TajRbeyaCn_BIsaksBaa mansarsMxanedIm,IbegIt; [manaBsm,rsb,aynigGMNac ehIyrYmTaMg
arEbgEckFnanena.. > cMNcu xagM rbsGasIGu aeKye_ nAkg aM 1960 dUcCakmagM BlkmEdlanCMnaj
nigvtSatu
edImepg.@ nfycuKYr[ktsm:al. .> (enAcugstvtr_TI 20 manTMBr& GaMgETrENt RbmaN
Cag 80.% kg RbB&nGaM gETrENt nsresreLIgCaasaGgeKs ehIykg cMeNamTMBr& GaMgETrENt
Edlsm,rGkTsnaeRcInCageK cMnYn 100 manTMB&rGaMgETrENtcMnYn 94 manRbPBmkBIshrd
Gaemrik...>) aBeaEpkesdkicEdlCasubinGaRkkfImYy anEteFIV[manGarmN_P&yxackgar
ayCaRbeTsBwgEpkelIGaNaniKmekItmaneLIg. .>
py eTAnwgGIEV dlhakbIdUcCabsK:FM.@ bBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKy_ aKeRcInmanarrIkceRmInEpk
sahkmKYr[ktsm:alabaMgBIaM 1965 mkem . .> ehIyTsvtr_bnab KWCaRBwti arN_narpas
br dsMxanmYyenAkg Rbvts
i asesdkci k g tMbn eTaCaminTanmanlTplmkbBaakenAkg dMNakal
enkeday.. > arGPivDRsbTisaCaeRcInnbeg;tI [mannUv TRmgesdkci Gn
rCatif.I mYy Edl
pl{as
[RbeTsGasIGu aeKymY_ ycMnnY pasbr nUvtYnaTIrbsxn eLIgvij edIm,I[RsbeTAamRbB&n
mUlFnniymBiPBelak.. > arrIkceRmInmYykg cMeNamarrIkceRmInTaMgen nekIteLIgedaysarar
akcurbsshrdGaemrik BIzanCaGkelceaEpkesdkic anKURbECg EdlabseRmcnam.@
eRaysg:am.. > mYyEpknarrIkceRmInen KWedaysarEtRbeTsepg.@ eTot CaBiessRbeTsCbnu
nigGalmW g nayeTACaRbeTsRbkYtRbECganEtxagM eLIgenAeBlEdleKnsSabnaRbeTsTaMg
eneLIgvij bnabBsg:
I amnbBabeTA.
. > mYyEpkeTot KWmkBIarcMNaydsnwk snabrbsshrd
GaemrikelIsg:amevotNam rYmCamYynwgarRbwgERbgkg eBlCamYyaedIm,Iksag[nnUv .sg:mmha
15
Gsar. mYyEdlanarykBn. .> mYyEpkepgeTot KWbBalmkBI .vbi teRbg

i }nn. EdlnekIt
eLIgdMbgU bgsk g aM 1973 enAeBlEdlGg:arnbBaRbeTsnaMeRbgatecj ehA .GbU cui (OPEC).
nbeg;InfeRbgatBiPBelakeTVdgedayeCaKC&y...> edaybdiesFealnUvGIVEdlGtSbTrbs
TsnavdI
(Time Magazine) ncupayfa Ca .stvtr_rbsshrdGaemrik. kMBug
cbeTAena shrdGaemrikmanaByWtyavkg arlbgealnUvviFs
I asnarRKbRKganRbsiT aB
nigenAEteRbIrfynsIsaM
u geRcInenAeLIy. .> Et srGa ndkxn ecjBIarebCaJ citcM eBatMbnGasIu
kgxNEdlRbeTsennseRmccitdkxnfyBIsg:amevotNamCaedIm. .> arennGnuBaat[
RbeTsCbun EdleTIbnwgegIbeLIgena ayeTACadKUesdkicdsMxan nigCaKMrUdlRbeTsGasIu
GaeKy_TaMgLay.. >
kg eBlCamYyaEdr arsikaRsavRCavelIvisy
& ksikm EdlmYycMnnY neFVeLI
I gaMgBIsm&y
GaNaniKm nabepmI hucpl.. > arsikaRsavRCaven neFV[I sahkmeAsniU gdUgeRbgrbs
RbeTsmaeLsIu abmandMeNIrareLIgvij. .> lTplrbssahkmenpldltMbnTaMgmUl n
ekIneLIganEtRbesIrEfmeTot edaysararbegI;teLIgnUvdMNaMRsvEdlplTinplx<senA
viTasSanRsavRCavdMNaMRsvGnrCati GIu EGrEGrGIu (IRRI) EdlsitS enAkg tMbnLsjs
(Los Baos)
Ek,rTIRkgmanIl. .> enKWCaeCaKC&yFMmYykgcMeNameCaKC&ynarGPivDnanaCaeRcInkgryeBl
50 acuM geRayen.. > ealbMNgrbs GIu EGrEGrGIu KWbeg;tI FnaarBUCRsvdFMmYy nigeRbIRsnUv
viTasasTM enIbedIm,Ibeg;nI Tinp l.. > enAkg aM 1966 GkviTasasnbg;atBUCRsvetOrbscinnig
}QensIu edIm,Icbeg;tI CaRbePTRsv GIu EGrEGrGIu -8 EdlmanedImxCag
I mun ehIygayRslkg ar
arBarvaBIareTarTnEmkeTAelIdI enAeBlEdleKeRbIRsCIfeFV
I [I vamankYrFMCagmunena.. > enAkg
aM 1982 eKknbegI;tRbePTRsv GIuEGrEGrGIu-36 Edlbg;atecjmkBIRsv 13 RbePTepg.@
a. .> RsvRbePTenmanaBFnxaMgCagmunkgararBarTbTleTAnwgstVlitcRgepg.@. .> elIs
BIen vdnarrIklUtlasrbsRsvRbePTen kmanryeBlxICagmun KWfycuBIRbmaN 180 f
mk 110 fvij. .> RabRsvRbePTenGacTMn
u eTaminmanBnW fRKbRankI bEu naMcRtveRbIRs
CIbEnSm. .> RbePTRsvEdlplTi np lx<s GacpllT
aBdlksikrnbBaRbeTsGasIGaeK
u yTaM_ g
Lay beg;nI nUvTinp lRsvrbsBYkeKneTVdg.. > enAkg ryeBlbnu a nafM .I @ en GkviTasasenA
GIuEGrEGrGIu neRbInUvbeckeTsbg;atBUCRsvedaykgena man Rsvmas RbePTfImYy man
EhnEkERbcMnYn 3 RbePT ehIymansarCativIamIn ebaarUETnbEnSm EdlGacCYyatbnSynUv
CmBiW arEPkrbskumarn.. > RsbeBlCamYyaena arsikaRsavRCavf.I @ eFIeLI
V g edIm,IeFVbEnS
I m
nUvCatiEdkkg edImRsv kg ealbMNgRbyuTRbaM
geTAnwgCmxVW QamRkhm EdlRbEhlCaCmkgV
W
CIvCatidsahavbMputenAelIBiPBelakeyIgen.. >
.bdivtn_ btg. (bdivtnksi
_ km) enkCYbRbTnUvbBaHaEdr edayminGacdMeNIrareTAn ebI
Efmmah:ahIn
16
CMBUkTI.1
anTunsRmabcMNayeTAelICI dUcCa CI fasm

M abstVlti nigRbB&nRKb
RKgTwkRbkbedayRbsiT aB
ena...> l&kx&NTaMgen neFVI[manplBikdlRbCaksikrRkIRk nigRbeTsRkIRkenAkgGMLg
Tsvtr_aM 1970 nig 1980...> bdivtn_btgkdUcCabeckviTaCMnYyksikmfI.@ epgeTot dUcCa
RakT&r masIunbUmTwk nigmasIunRctat CaedIm anEteFVI[KmatRTBFnrvagRbCaBlrdenAam
tMbnCnbT mansaBxusaxaMgeLIg...> eTabICabdivtn_btgenminnedaRsay .bBaHarbs
ksikr. enAGasIGu aeKyTaM_ gRsgkeday kbdivtn_enBitCanCYyTbs;ateRaTurki enAkg tMbn. .>
kg eBlenaEdr kMeNInRbCaCnknabepmI fycu edaysarkmvFi RKb
I RKgGRakMeNItEdlbtSm
edayrdaPil (CaBiessenARbeTssigHburI nigeRaymkenARbeTsf) arrIkceRmInRBmarvag
TIRkgnigesdkci . .> eKenAEteXIjmannUvaBGyutFi m nigarberrbsRbCaCnenAamCnbT.. > bEu n
aBP&yxacGMBeI RaTurki enAtMbnGasIGu aeKyena
_ ElgmaneTotehIy. .>
eTaCayagNakeday arGPivDdsMxannesdkicGasI
uGaeKy_ nabepImecjBIelTpl
Rbeyalnneyay eday}teRagTuk. .> arpacecjrbsRbeTssigbH ru BI RbeTs
I
maeLsIenA
u kg aM
1965 nCMrju [RbeTsenBiarNaeLIgvijyagabrh&sGMByuI Ts
assahkmrbsxn Edlmk
TleBlena sahUbnIykm CMns
Y arnaMcUl nje<aeTArkEtTIparmaeLsI.u .> naeBlena
TIparkg RskrbssigbH ru I manlkNtUccegt edaysarmanRbCaCnEt 2 lannak. .> dUec ksgw
I m
EtmYyKtrbssgi bH ru I KWarseRmc[nnUvsahUbnIykmsRmabarnaMecjCMnsY vij edayarBayam
begtI; nUvsahkmeRcInRbePT EdlGacRbkYtRbECgCamYyRbeTsdTeTotenAelIBiPBelaknTaMg
KuNaB nigtm edayminKitGMBpl
I cMeNjnBnelITMnji naMecjnignaMcUleLIy. .> yuTs
asen
nplnU veCaKC&yyagFMeFgdlRbeTssigbH ru I ehIynighugkug tvan RBmTaMgkUerxagt,gEdlCa
.knU naK. dTeTotpgEdr.. > kg ryeBlmYyTsvtr_en FnaarBiPBelaknigbBaesdvTi aK
U eRcIn
nsnidanfa cMeBayuTsasn
arGPivDsahUbnIykmsRmabarnaMecj man}TiBlxaMgCag
sahUbnIykmCMnYsarnaMcUl...> buEn TsnEbben minGaclakbMMgEl,gdFMmYy Edl
RbeTssigHburInelgTaMgRbfuyRbfannaBakkBalTsvtr_aM 1960 eLIy. .>
dUec enAkgTsvtr_aM 1950 RbeTssigHburIEdlhakdUcCaRtvBYkkumynislakxnmYyRkm
GukLkraleBlena neFVI[bBaesdviTUEdlRbannUvTsnasKMril nigskmCnsiTimnus
esIcsresIryagxaMg cMeBaGRakMeNInesdkicdKYr[ktsm:aldlkRmitmYy EdlmanGRasnM
x<sbMputenAelIBiPBelak.. > eKnERbayvallicTwk Edlsm,redayedImeagag [ayCadI
sRmabGPivDn_sahkm rIdgvifp;I aeksrkUl nayCaviflk
I TMnji dmanRbCaRbiyaBnigTMenIb
bMput...> mkTlnwgBakkBalTsvtr_aM 1990 RbeTssigHburInayCaRbeTsEckayeRKg
beckviTadFMmYykg BiPBelak edaynplitnUvDIs (fas) pk Tinn y
& kg masInu kMBu Tr& RbEhlCit
BakkBalnplitplTUTaMgBiPBelak...> mkTlnwgcugTsvtr_aM 1980 RbeTsfnsSitkg
17
cMNatfakelx 4 enAkg TVbI GasIu (bnabBIRbeTsCbnu tvan nigkUerxagt,g) CaRbeTsnaMecjnUv

plitpltm,aj ehIyrkcMNl
U nBIarnaMecjsemkbMBakeRcInCagarnaMecjGg;reBlmun.@ eTA
eTot...> RbeTsfknabepImnaMecjnUvrfynFuntUcmakmitsuybsIuLgs&r (Mitsubishi Lancer)
EdltemgI enAkg RbeTspal ehIybr eQaeTACa dUdC_nigPeI mas xUlf_ (Dodge and Plymouth Colts)
vij (edIm,IeCosvagrMgBnKy) eTAanRbeTsaNadaenAaM 1988...> kgTsvtr_aM 1970 nig
1980 RbeTshVIlIBInnGPivDnUvesdkicnaMecjEpkelIplitplmYycMnYn dUcCa semkbMBak
esoKVeGLi
I cRtnci kg kMBu Tr& nigeRKgeGLicRtnki epg.@ eTot.. > enCaehtubBal[arakcunUv
fdMNaMksikmrbsxnmYycMnYn minEmnCaeRafakGaRkkdUceBlmunbunaneLIy. .>
enAkg Tsvtr_aM 1990 RbeTsmaeLsIRbEhl
u
CaRbeTsEdlmannUvTsnIyaBsahkm
EdlTakTajcitbM putkgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgGs edaymannUvGareTIsemXdx<sbM putenAelIBiPB
elak.. > TsnIyaBsMNgpv shB&nBI kMBgEpkWLageTAanTIRkgkULaLMaBYr sSti enAaKxaglicn
bTVbI maLayU neFV[I mnGaNani
I
KmGgeKscMNas.@ JakeplI CaxagM enAeBlEdlBYkeKRtLbmk
TsnamgeTot bnabBIRbeTsmaeLsITTY
u lnkraCBIrbITsvtr_kngeTA.. > eragcRkeGLicRtlcu
dhatsuw nigmUtUrULa (rYmCamYynwgeragcRkEkcmHbGahar eragcRkeFVIeRsamsMbuRt eragcRkeFVI
rfyn nigeragcRkeFVsm
I arRbB&nT kw ) naeBlbcb ,nen ayCamansarsMxanCagviharGs
i a m nig
cm;ardUgeRbgmYycMnYnEdlenAslrbsRbeTsmaeLsIueTAeTot...> mkTlnwgcugstvtr_TI 20
RbeTsmaeLsIunnaMecjeRKgGKisnInigTMnijeGLicRtnik mancMnYneRcInCagBakkBalnTMnij
naMecjrbsxn. .> RbeTsmaeLsuIayCaRbeTsnaMecjnUvmasIunRtCak nigmasIunakaEstvIedGU
dFMCageKenAelIBiPBelak.. >
cMENkRbeTsPUma evotNam km<C a niglavvij nsSti enABIeRaynerOgeCaKC&yTaMgGs
en.. > kg bribTtMbn bdivtnsahkm
_
epg.@ rbsbBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKy_ nbBal[manaB
xusayageRcInnarrIkceRmIn EdlminabmanBImun kg cMeNamsg:mGasIGu aeKyT_ aMgLay.. > enA
edImstvtr_TI 21 tmsrubnarnaMecjrbsRbeTssigHburI maneRcInCagtmsrubnarnaMecj
rbsRbeTs}QensIu cMnnY 2 dg nigesInw g 3 dg ebIeRbbeFobCamYyRbeTshIl
V BI nI . .> rItm
srubnarnaMecjkg mYya.M @ rbsRbeTsf eRcInCagtmsrubnarnaMecjrbsRbeTsevotNam
esrI Et 5 dg.. > bEnSmBIelIen GayuCvI ti CamFmrbsRbCaCnmaeLsIu KW 73 aM EvgCagGayuCvI ti
CamFmrbsRbCaCnnRbeTskm<CaEdlmanRtwmEt 54 aMena...> enAkgaM 1970 plitaBnig
kRmitCIvaBrbsbBaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_TaMgLay manaBRsedogaeRcIn. .>
KMrUrbsbUBaRbeTsnigbsimRbeTs
etIbdivtnsahkm
_
TaMgGsennekIteLIgyagdUcemc. ? enAkg krNImYycMnnY ehtuGVn
I Cabdivtn_
18
CMBUkTI.1
sahkm minGacekIteLIg..? GsryeBlCayUr aBGnGEngrbsbBa}srCnGasIuGaeKy_

EdlcgseRmc[nnUvsahkmTMenIbdxaMgmYy minGacTTYllTplCakEsgdUcEdlBYkeKcg
n.. > enAkg aM 1957 esdvTi }QensI
U
u mhamat sadlI (Mohammad Sadli) nTatealnUvRTwsI
sg:m EdlmanRbB&nesd
kci BI ryagEdlminGacpacecjBIan rbselaksasaar bUk eday
GGagfa RTwsIenanbgHajGMBInirnraBGaNaniKmniymrbsBYkbsimRbeTs ehIyfa anehtu
plNamYyEdlbgHajfa RbeTs}QensImiu nGacayeTACaRbeTssahkmnenaeT.. > enAkg
aM 1965 muneBlEdlelakRbanaFibtI sUarNU RtveKbeBjecjBItMENg atnbkRsay
bEnSmGMBIbBHaaen...> atnEfgRbeTAdlRbCaBlrd}QensIufa bBaesoveAesdkicrbs
bsimRbeTsRKbRbePT minEmnCak,nc,abdl}texaenaeT ehIycMeBaareFVIbdivtn_Cati dUc
}QensIuCaedIm minGacvasEvgnamsgdaresoveANamYyneT .eTabICaesoveAenan
niBnedaysasaark,alTMEBkmkBIsaklviTal&yGkhVd (Oxford University) saklviTal&y
XrEnl (Cornell University) keday.. .>
cMeBabBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKyT_ aMgLay EdlxVarGtFt k g arGPivDnaTsvtr_aM 1950 nig
1960 ena esdkci Ebb
EpnarRbmUlpRTg
M RTayFMrbsshaBsUevot nigRbeTscinkumy
nIs hak
dUcCaCeRmIsfImYydsmehtupl edIm,ICMnYsesdkicEbbmUlFnEdlgayakcudundabrbsbBa
RbeTsEdlabndakGaNaniKmmkelIbBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKyTaM_ gena.. > eRaysm&yGaNaniKm
shaBsUevotnCMrju bBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKy[_ eCOCakfa shRaskCn nigTIparesrI minCab
TakTgnwgsuxmu alaBCatieT ehIyCnCaticinnig}Na EdlCaGkanabnUvBaNiCk maKeRcInenA
kgtMbnGasIuGaeKy_ena minKYrrabrkeT...> cMNgcgayCardsg:mniymKMrU manlkNxusaBI
RbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy. .> vNbBavnrbsRbeTs}QensIu EdlekIteLIgedaysarGaNaniKm
hULgena KWkUnrbsGPil kkUnrbsRKsasnaGisam ehIyBYkeKmanTsnaMRTcMeBaar
RKbRKgesdkic nigemIlgaycMeBarbbmUlFnniym EdlBYkeKKitfa .manlkNbreTs. Ca
.GMeBIb. ena sSitenACabCamYynwgCIvRbvtRK
i sarrbsBYkeKCanic. .> CnCatihVlI BI nI EdlsSti kg
vNx<s. @ ehIyEdlRkmRKsarrbsBYkeK mancMNlU citeFI
CMV njY elIvisy& ksikmena minmancMNabGarmNcM_ eBaTsnrdsg:mniymeLIy. .>
manEtRbeTsevotNam EdlCardkmu y
nIsmY yKt enAkg tMbnGasIGu aeKy_ nGnuvtamTaMg
RsgnUvsubinesdkicEbbsUevot...> edIm,IGnuvtdUcen RbeTsevotNamneFIVxn[XatayGs
ryeBlyagyUrBIbdivtnsahkm
_
dmaneCaKC&yrbsRbeTseTotenAtMbnen.. > cMeBaemdwknaM
kumynIsevotNam enArvagaM 1954 nigaM 1986 Bakfa .sg:mniym. mann&yfa sahkm
FunFnRTg
RTayFMEdlRKbRKgedayrd. .> TRmgnKeRmagsahkmEbben mandUcCa sMNgGar
eragcRkeFVIEdknigEdkEfbfayegVn (Thi Nguyn) EdleKnsagsgeLIgenAkgaM 1960 Ca
19
edIm. .> saarNCnevotNammanaryldwgtictYcNas GMBKeRmag

I
en bEu nKeRmagenRtvcMNay
edImTuneseTA
I nwgTinp lRsvTaMgGskg ryeBlmYyarbs
M RbeTsen edIm,IksagnUvsMNgeragcRk
eneLIg. .> amBit KeRmagenhYsBIlTaBrbsRbeTsevotNameTAeTot EtnRbeTsrusIni g
RbeTscin CYyplC aCMny
Y kg arcMNayeTAelIarsagsg. .> edaysarEtardwknaMxs
u amTsn
.Bgw elIxn g. rbssa lIn nigedaysarEtarbeg;nI arBwgBakeTAelICMnyY BIbBaRbeTskumy nIs
ena GkariyalyaFibetyRkghaNUy nbgHajcMNabGarmNti_ ctYcelIvisy
& BaNiCk mGnrCati
nigarBRgIknUvarnaMecj eTabIRbeTsenenAEtRtvarcMNayyageRcIneTAelITMnji naMcUlkeday.. >
CamYyaen GkniBnRbelamelakevotNamCaeRcIn nbeRmI[kIRfarbsshaBsUevoteday
neBumnU< vRbelamelakTakTgeTAnwgCIvti vNGFn mandUcCaRbelamelak
niBneday
eva hVItwm (V Huy Tm) Rbelamelak
niBneday hVI epOg (Huy Ph#jng) kgealbMNg
edIm,IsEmgesckGb
I GrcMeBa .RbCaCnf.I EdlevotNamcgn.. > enKWCaarxitxMRbwgERbgmYy
dKYr[ktsm:al edIm,ICMrju tfaBesdkci GasI
Gu aeKy_ [dUceTAnwgtfaBrbsCIvti kmkrenAkg TVbI
GWrubxagekIt. .>
eTaCayagNakeday RbeTsenenAmanbBaHalMkessslmYycMnYn...> enAkgaM 1980
RbeTsevotNammanRkcMNUlCamFmsRmabmnusmak.@ mineRcInCagmYyaKdb ebIeRbbeFob
eTAnwgRkcMNl
U CamFmsRmabmnusmak.@ enAkg RbeTsbl
u arInigrUma nI naaM 1960 pg.. > eTa
bICabBHaaen bBalmkBIsg:amdsahavCamYynwgraMgnigshrdGaemrikkeday kmenaKmviCa rbs
rdevotNamneFIdMV eNIrelIpv mYy gakecjBIRbvts
i asrbsxn nigBIbBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKydT
_
eTot.. > mkTlnwgTsvtr_aM 1980 RbeTsevotNamnxitxMlkkmaMgBlkmEdlanargareFVI
rabEsnnakrbsxn eTA[bBaRbeTsnanaenAkg bk sUevot.. > BlkrTaMgena RtvnbBan [eTA
eFVar
I enAkg GIgEr nabBaRbeTsGWrbu xagekIt nigeragcRkeFVrfyn
I enAkg shaBsUevot.. > kg
dMNakalena emdwknaMevotNamTaMgLaynabepImylanEtc,asfa RbeTsmhaGMNacenA
Citxagxn EdlecjdMeNIrmunCaeRcInaena
M maneRbbelIxn rYceTAehIy. .> kg aM 1957 elak emA
esTug ndwknaMRbeTscin edayGnuvtnUvKMresd
U kci TM enIbkmamTsndasKMrli rbssalIn ehIy
nebCJafa RbeTscinnwgykQelIplitkmEdkEfbGgeKsEtkgryeBl 15 aMeTotbeu Na.. >
cMENkRbeTsCbnu vij kndakeRbInUvc,abBiessmYy[GnuvtCabnan nUvKeRmagGPivDn_sahkm
eGLicRtnki fakCatirbsxn . .> aM 1991 CaaEdl
M shaBsUevotndYlrlM. .> RkghaNUymanar
yWtyavkgarerobcMxn edIm,ITTYlykdMbUnanrbsRbeTsCbun EdlrYmmanKeRmagmitsuybsIu
sRmabbeg;ItnUvsahkmrfynrbsRbeTsevotNamCaedIm. .>
eyIgeXIjfa eCaKC&ynareFVbdi
I vtnsahkm
_
rbsbBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKy_ eRaysm&y
GaNaniKm BitCaminGacelcecjCarUbragneT RbsinebIanRbeTsCbnu ena krNIenelIkElg
kmkrEr
sIumgt_
20
CMBUkTI.1
cMeBaRbeTsevotNam.. > areQVgylrbsbBaRbeTsGasIu GaeKyf_ a }TiB lrbsRbeTsCbnu Gac

CYy[BYkeKrwgmaMnena nabepmI enAcugTsvtr_aM 1890 KWenAeBlEdlGkbdivthVlI BI nI CaeRcIn
rUb nes[I CbunCYyeRCamERCgBYkeKkgartsRbaM
U geTAnwgRbeTseGs,ajnigshrdGaemrik. .>
Tsnvisy& dUcen abrIksayayaMgBIeBlEdlCbnu yknC&yCmelIRbeTsrusIenA
kg aM 1905
mkem . .> }riyabfQanBanrbsCbnu mkelITVbI GasIrvag
u aM 1931 nig 1945 nbBal[manRbtikm
RbaMgtbtBIsMNakbBaRbCaBlrdGasIGu aeKyTaM_ gLayCaeRcInEdlP&yxac.. > bEu n abaMgBIeBl
enamk eKenAeXIjmannUvaBzitefrrbsRTwsesd
I kci mY yrbsesdvTi U Gaamatswu aNamui (Akamatsu
Kaname) Edlfa arTamTarrYmamYyrbsbBaRbeTsGasIuTaMgLay edIm,ITMenIbkmena KWeRbb
dUceTAnwgarehaehIrrbsstVan 1 hVg GcI gw . .> RbeTsCbnu EdlhakdUcCaemhVg ena neFI[V
RbeTsrbsxn ayCaRbeTssahkmmuneKbgs ehIyTuk[bBaRbeTsGasIepg.
u @ eTot eha
enABIeRayxnkgTRmgCarUbaB edaypl[bBaRbeTsGasIuTaMgena nUvbeckviTaepg.@ Edl
xn abnTTYleCaKC&yrYcmk ehIynigsahkmhYssm&yTaMgLayNaEdlanlkNsm,tki g
arRbkYtRbECgteTAeTotn.. >
enATsvtr_aM 1960 bBaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_TaMgLaysuTEtnyldwgfa }TiBlTakTaj
rbsCbunnEpkelIKMnitmYyEdlfa RbeTsennrkeXIjnUvKMrUmYynarGPivDesdkic edIm,I
ykeRbbelIesdkicTIparesrIEbbbuK:lniymrbsshrdGaemrik nigRbB&nRKbRKgesdkicdrwg
tgw niganareqy
I tbamtRmvarrbsRbCaBlrdnshaBsUevot.. > kg n&yneyay KMrn
U ar
GPivDesdkci Ebb
en manlkNRbCaFibetyEtrUbragxageRAbeu Na EtamatuBit KMren
U man
lkNpacareTAvij...> kgena eKeXIjmanKNbkneyaymYyEtbueNa EdlnRKbRKg
RbeTsCbnu GsryeBlCaeRcInTsvtr_ KWabaMgBIaM 1955 mk.. > kg n&yesdkci vi j KMren
U n
bgHaj[eXIjBIarTTYlyk nigarEklMGbeckviTaTMenIbx<srbsbBaRbeTsenATVIbGWrub nig
shrdGaemrikeTAvij. .> eKnbeg;ItmasIunkMuBT&reLIgdMbUgbgsenAbsimRbeTs buEnvaCaKMnit
rbsCnCatiCbuneNavijeT EdlEsVgrkTIparnlbMputsRmabmasIunkMuBT&rTaMgena nign
beg;It[manBakmYyehAfa .sg:mB&tman. eLIg. .>
GsryeBldyUr bBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKyTaM
_ gLay minGaceFI[V RbB&nesd
kci rbs
xn [dUc
eTAnwgRbB&nesdkicrbsRbeTsCbun dUceTAnwgGVIEdlbBaRbeTsGsTaMgenarMBwgTukeLIy...>
bEu n BYkeKenAEtTTYls:alCbun fa CaRbeTsEdlTTYlneCaKC&ydGsarmYyenAGasI.u .> enAkg
aM 1974 GkCMnajxagyuTsas edad yUsUhV (Daud Jusuf) nesI[manarbeg;ItnUv RbeTs
}QensIuEbbRkmhun. edaysgwmfa nwgGacTTYlnnUveCaKC&ysRmabGnaKtnesdkicrbs
xn enAelImUldannGg:aBBaNiCk mCatiRTgRTayFM eRamkicshRbti
bti ardsti lt kg cMeNamGk

neyay GkariyalyaFibety GkbecaFibety nigshRKinTaMgLay.. > RbeTsCbun Bit
21
CaGkaMRTKMnitenABIeRaysMeNIen...> enAkgaM 1982 elaknaykrdmnI maeLsIu mhaeFor

mhamat nbeg;tI nUvkmviFI .arsmgw e<aeTATisxagekIt. eLIg EdleFV[I eyIgnwkeTAdl .clna
eTATisxagekIt. rbsGkCatiniymevotNameTAsikaenACbunkgaM 1905.. > naykrdmnImaken
neFIVarGGagfa KuNtmrbsCnCatiCbun manlkNRsedogeTAnwgRkmsIlFmEdlCnCati
maeLsIman
u .bRmgnwgman.. .> enAsm&yeRayGaNaniKm bBaRbeTsGasIGaeK
u yTaM_ gLayn
ykKMram
U rUbaBdlRbBntmargarCashKmn_ CaBiess dUcCa arshardmutmaMkg argarCa
Rkm TMnakTMngdsti lt nigaBesas&R KcMeBaRkm. .> enAkg aM 1994 KNkmarsRmabTVbI GasIu
fImYyEdlmanTIatarenARbeTsmaeLsIu nelIkeLIgfa RKsar nig bgbn EdlCa .TIsak
GaRs&ydBisdi . RtvnbMpa jedayTsnbuKl: niymrbsbsmi RbeTs.. > GK:rdTtU sigbH ru mI akeQa
elak fmI kUh_ (Tommy Koh) nbeBajeyablfa eBlenCaeBlsRmabbsimRbeTseronsURtBI
bUBaRbeTs nUvarearBsiTiGMNacnigkicRBmeRBgkgareFVIesckIseRmccitehIy. .>
arsEmgeLIgnUvarpasbr lTaBRbkbedaylkNsuTdi ni y
i mcMeBaKuNtmrbsGasIu n
eFIeLI
V gedayEpkCamUldanelIbTBiesaFn_CaRbvts
i asrbsRbeTsCbnu EdlmandUcCakMeNInRbCa
Cntic raCarmanRbsiT aBnigsVy
& aB GRasnMkg Rskx<s nigararBarrbsshrdGaemrikkg
sm&ysg:amRtCak. .> kaTaMgenCYyRbeTsCbnu [epatelIarGPivDesdkci CaCagarcMNayeTA
elIvis&yeyaa...> eTamuneBlEdlesdkicrbs
RbeTsCbun nrIkceRmIndlkRmitkMBUlenAkg
Tsvtr_aM 1990 keday RbeTsGasIuGaeKy_xndwgyagc,asBIdMeNIrarrIkceRmInen...> enA
kg aM 1988 rdmnRksY
I gsahkm}QensIu GaEGr sUh dU (A. R. Soehoed) ntj Etrfa RbeTs
}QensIuminGacamTanannaMmuxCbunenaneT ebI}QensIRan
u EtehIramlMnaMrbsCbunena.. >
sSanaBenminEmnmkBIRbarEdlfa RbeTs}QensIu annUvbuK:lik edIm,IatEcgkicarRksYg
BaNiCk m EdlyklMnaMamRbeTsCbnu enaeT bEu n bBaHacm,g KWenARtgfa Rbvtsi asTaMgmUlrbs
RbeTs}QensIu EdlCaRbeTsmanCatisasn_cRm RBmTaMgmannUvEdnsmuRTEvgena gayTTYlrg
nUv}TBi lGriyFmepg.@ Edlbg;arlMkdlRbeTs}QensI.u .> sSanaBenxusBIRbeTsCbnu Edl
gayRKbRKgTMnakTMngrbsxn CamYynwgbBaRbeTsnana.. > rIGkRCJhVlI BI nI CaeRcIn manarRBy
rmfa arearBGMNacfakelIxagM eBk amrebobCbnu nwgeFV[I arRKbRKgEbbpacardBukrlYy
rbsRbanaFibtI ehVrDINg markUs (Ferdinand Marcos) aymkCaRtwmRtvRsbc,abvij...> enABak
kBalTsvtr_TI 1990 GkCMnajevotNam EdlrsenAkg RbeTsmYyEdlRbanyknUvlTxui gCWaMg
BIyUrlgNasmkehIyena nsresrGMBaB
I rwgbwgu rbsCnCatiCbnu edayq bBaagM fa lTxui gCWrbs
Cbnu manlkNxusBIeK edaysg;tF nelI
niymn&ynaBesas&RKxaMgCagRbeTsdTeTotEdl
GnuvtamlTidUcaen.. >
kaEdlminGaceFIV[RbeTsCbunpacecjBIdMeNIreFVIbdivtn_sahkmrbsGasIuGaeKy_ KW
CMnYyGPivDn_nigarvinieyaK...> eyageTAelIarKnKUrmYy CMnYyrbsRbeTsCbunmanBI 15.% eTA
22
CMBUkTI.1
20.% narcMNayfviarbsRbeTsnImYy.@ esIrEtTaMgGsenAkgGasIuGaeKy_ enAcugTsvtr_aM

1980.. > enAGMLgTsvtr_aM 1980 nig 1990 RbeTsCbunkCaRbeTsvinieyaKbreTsnaMmuxeKEdr
enAkg tMbnen.. > arvinei yaKrbsCbnu manTRmgCashRassm<n& GaCI
vkmCamYyRbeTsmasRskkg
tMbn ehIydKUvinieyaKaKeRcIn KWCasmaCikrbsRkmvrCnesdkic. .> ebIanRbmaNeTA enAcug
Tsvtr_aM 1970 dKUvinei yaKCnCatihl
IV BI nI rbsRbeTsCbun enAkg shRassm<n& GaCI
vkmCbnu hVlI BI nI cMnnY 77 man 46 ecjmkBIRKsarhIlV BI nI Edlmanzanx<gx< g. .> dKUvinei yaKkg Rskrbs
Rkmhnu BhuCatiCbnu KWGacCardaPilrbsbBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKyp_ alEtmg. .> Rkmhnu mitsyu bs uI
np:tp:gnUveRKgrfynnigk,nrcnamUtCaeRcIndlarplitrfynmakRbtunsah:a (Proton Saga)
eRamarCYybtSmplitedayrdaPilmaeLsIu...> dUcEdlCnCatiCbunmYycMnYnnriKnxng
plitkrCbnu neFVviI nei yaKkg tMbnGasIGu aeKy_ edaymanbMNgcgbeg;tI esdkci tM bnmy
Y Edlman
arEbgEckvNEtbueNa...> kgena rcnasm<&nRkQleTVaKEbbRbBNI abnGnuvtkg
RbeTsCbnu EdlnkMNtfa kmkrNaEdleFVI arenAkg eragcRksahkmFM.@ ehIymanarerob
cMatEcgnlena nwgGacTTYlnRkQleRcIn ehIykmkrNaeFVIarenAkgeragcRkemAbn
niganarerobcMatEcgnlena nwgTTYlnRkQl
ticena RtvnsayaymkTisxagt,g
edaykg ena tMbnGasIGu aeKyman
_ zanCaGkemAarbndefakTabbMptu . .> RbsinebIbBaRbeTsGasIu
GaeKyTaM
_ gLayNa eFVRtw
I mEtCaGkemAarbnrbsCbnu ena anTaMgLayEdlehIrBIeRay Rkd
CaRtvarcMNayryeBlyagyUr edIm,Iam[TanemhVgrbsva.. >
eTaCayagNakeday TMnakTMngCitsTi rvag
tMbnGasIGu aeKye_ TAnwgRbeTsCbnu enAEtBik
Bnlfa etIehtuGIVnCabnabBITTYlnkraCmk bBaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_mYycMnYn Gacman
lTaBeFVGVI mYI yn EdlbBaRbeTsenATVbI GahVci nigmCimbUBa minGaceFVn.
I . > TahrN_dUcCa
areronplitrfynnigesoKVkMI Tu Tr& edIm,IlkecjeTAanbsmi RbeTsCaedIm. .> GaNaniKmniymbsmi
RbeTsnbnlTuknUvBYkvrCnsMxan.@ mYycMnnY tUc enAkg bBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKy_ EdlBYkTaMgena
manKMnti cRbDitx<sRbesI
rCag ebIeRbbeFobCamYynwgBYkvrCnenAGahVki GaemrikLaTIn nigmCimbUBa . .> kaTaMgenkMBgu EtRtvneKRsavRCavbneTot.. > eRABIskmaBRbaMgnwgGaNaniKniymvij
bBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKyT_ aMgLay kmanGarmNfa_ xn RtvnKMramkMEhgedayRkmberkumy
nIs
EdlCaeRafakmYyyagFMenAkg tMbnGasIGu aeKy_ CagenAtMbnGahVki enAGaemrikLaTIneTAeTot.. >
BYkeKkmanarrmpgEdr cMeBaarRbQmmuxeTAnwgarKMramkMEhgrbsGkneyaynbBaRbeTs
GasIGu aeKymY_ ycMnnY dUcCaBYkExrRkhmEdlnbMpa jealnUvralsSab&nTMenIbepg.@ dUcCaFnaar
nigrUbiyvtSCaedIm...> BYkvrCnTaMgena KWCaGkanGMNacedIm,IksagesdkicrYmsRmabGnaKt...>
BYkeKnRbfuyRbfanGnaKtrbsxn edayGnuvtnUvrbbesdkci EdlrYmmanarbeg;nI nUvarnaMecjnig
shRaskCnCaedIm. .> mhaGMNacshrdGaemriknrYmcMENkCamYynwgkgVlrbs
bBaRbeTs
23
GasIGaeK
u yTaM
_ gena minneFIV[bBaldlRbeyaCn_rbsBYkeKeLIy eRBabBaRbeTsTaMgenk
sVEsVgrkmUlFnvinieyaKnigTIparsRmabnaMecjplitplEdr.. > emdwknaMbBaRbeTsTaMgenaaK
eRcIn RtvnGkmakniymehAfa .KhbtIkg sm&yGaNaniKm.. .> GkTaMgenanTTYlesrIaBnig
GMNacam.@ eRaysm&yGaNaniKm ehIyBYkeKCatYGg:neyaydsMxan.@ rbsRbeTsTaMgena.. >
GkneyaysMxan.@ TaMgena manaMgBIelak lI VanyU (Lee Kuan Yew) naykrdmnRbeTs
I
sigbH ru I
abBI aM 1959 dl 1990 nigelak mhaeFor mhamat naykrdmnRbeTs
I
maeLsIu abBI aM 1981
dl 2003 rhUtdlbBaesdvTi }QensI
U
u EdlRtvneKdakrhsnamkg n&ycMGkfa .smaKmCn
GnBalsmatbreXy_ (Berkeley Mafia). edaysarEtBYkeKaberonenAsaklviTal&yalIhVr eno.. >
eRaysm&yGaNaniKmbnic KWkg aM 1955 manarCECkEvkEjkdl,ImYyenAsaklviTal&y
nRbeTs}QensIu edIm,Ibeg;tI [mannUvBakfa .ts.U CafeLI
I g. .> arCECkEvkEjkena cgsMedA
eTAelIRbeTsGasIGu aeKyB_ rI yag EdlkMBgu EtrkarkekIteLIg. .> GtItnaykrdmn}I QensIu elak
vILbU (Wilopo) nef;aleTasTsnesdkicesrIniymrbsbsimRbeTs fa vabBal[mannUvar
ekgRbv&BaRsbc,abnigmanKmatxusayagFMenAkg arEckrMElkFnan.. > atnGGagfa lTpl
dGaRkknTsnen neFV[I xUcRbeyaCn_dlbBaRbeTsGasITaM
u gLayNa EdlabTTYlrgnUv
GaNaniKm eRcInCagarxUcRbeyaCn_rbsbsmi RbeTs.. > elak vIdyUyU nItsa
i s (Widjojo Nitisastro)
EdlCakUnRbsmYyrUbkg RKsarrbsRKbeRgnCnCatiCVa nigCanisitEdlnykGavuFRbaMgBYkGgeKs
nighULg muneBlEdlRbeTs}QensITTY
u lnkraCena nbenaselak vILb U fa minnKitKUr
BIaBaMckg arbeg;tI nigarEbgEckFnan.. > elak vIdyy
U U nrMlkw elak vILb U fa .shRas
esrI. KWmanrYmTaMgmasdI EdlCaksikrtUcac nigRkmhnu eRbgsaMgEslry
U aldacq_ (Royal Dutch
Shell). .> atelIkeLIgeTotGMBlT
I aBnarbegIt; RbB&nesd
kci Edl
.RbaMgnwgRbB&nesd
kci e srI.
Edlkgena ynartmGaceqIytbeTAnwgarRKbRKgrbsrdEdlrvlnwgRbCaseg:a.. >
TRmgesdkicesrI
niym EdlminyklMnaMambsimRbeTs enAkgRbeTsCbunnigkUerxagt,g
ehIynigaBvwkvrnigeRaTurki EdlnbBaldlRbeTscinenAkg Tsvtr_aM 1960 edaysarEtrbb
kumy
nIsp acarrbselak emA esTug neFI[V Tsnrbselak vIdyUy
U sIBI GasIGu aeKy_ nTTYl
araMRTeRcIn. .> sUm,IEtGkdakecjnUvealneyaynbBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKym_ y
Y cMnnY dUcCa Gk
eRbIGMNacpacarEbbeyaarbsRbeTsf kg GMLg Tsvtr_aM 1960 nig 1970 knpasbr nUveal
neyayrbsrdaPilGaNtmui n.@ ehIyabepmI TTYlsVaKmn_arvinei yaKsahkmBIbreTsEdr.. >
BYkeKnGnuBaat[mannUvkaGaTiaBmYycMnnY dUcCa siTan
i abaKhnu FM arminykBnelIRkcMeNj
rbssaCIvkmTaMgLayNaEdleTIbebIkdMeNIrardMbgU arelIkElgBncMeBaarnaMcUlnUveragcRkBI
breTs nigarGnuBaat[GkbeckeTsbreTscUlkg RbeTsedayesrIkg kRmitlm. .>
.
24
CMBUkTI.1
arcUlrYmcMENkrbsCnCaticinrsenAtMbnGasIuGaeKy_
eRABIRkmGkanGMNacEdlmansmtSaBRKbRanmYyRkmtUc eyIgsm:aleXIjfa bBaRbeTs

GasIuGaeKy_mYycMnYn EdlnayeTACaRbeTssahkmdmaneCaKC&yenAkgsm&yeRay
GaNaniKmena mannUvFnanmYyepgeTot.. > enaKCa
W RkmCnCatiaKticEdlmanKMnti cRbDitEpk
esdkci . .> Rbvtsas
i nsbBaakmgehIymgeTot GMBsar
I sMxanrbsRkmmnusaKticeBareBj
edayKMnitcRbDitTaMgena...> BYkeKRtvneKraraMgmin[maneRbbelITegVIepg.@ rbssg:mEdl
BYkeKrsenA...> TahrN_dl,ImYy KWhirBaaFiarICnCatiCVIhVenAGWrubnamCimsm&y EdlCaFma
RbkbmuxrbrrksIucgarRkenAkgsg:mRKissasnaTaMgLayEdlatTukarcgarRkdUcCa
bkm. .> BYkansasnaRKis EtgEtdkhUtCnCatiCVhI ecj
V BIskmaBneyayskmaBeyaa
rbsRkmvrCn.. > edayehtuen BYkCIhV Rt
V vEtaMgcitbeg;
nI nUvTMnakTnM gEpkelICMenOTukcit a rvag
CnCatiCIhV dUV ca edIm,ICameFaymYysRmabedaRsaybBaHaCamYynwgCnCatiaKeRcIn EdlEtgEt
eRbIRsnigekgRbv&BaelIBYkeK.. > enAkg tMbnGasIGu aeKy_ tYnaTIen KWtRmveTAelICnCaticii n ehIy
kg cMeNamBYken eyIgmannayTunkg Rskdl,Il,ajCaeRcIn EdlnbgHajxn eLIgenAkg sm&y
eRayGaNaniKm.. > TsnavdI
(Forbes Magazine) nanRbmaNenAkg
aM 1994 fa
mhaesdIGasIuGaeKy_EdlmanCabExRsLaycinmancMnYn 86.% kgcMeNammhaesdIGasIuGaeKy_
TaMgGs. .> amBit enAmunaM 1986 bnu a nacuM geRaynrbbsg:mniymEbbsalInniym rvagaM 1975
nig 1980 mUlehtumYyaKneRamhnrayesdkic EdlnekIteLIgenAkgRbeTsevotNam KW
bBalmkBIarbeBjGkCMnYjCnCaticindeRcIn. .>
manmUlehtuCaeRcInEdlnaM[Catisasn_cin ayCaGkmantYnaTIsMxankgareFIV[manbERm
bRmlkgesdkicGasIuGaeKy_. .> araMgcitseRmcealedAsmUhaBdrwgmaMmYy KWCamUlehtumYy
kg cMeNammUlehtuGsTaMgena.. > CnGenaRbevsn_cinmkBIexthukekon nigVagTug neFVdMI eNIr
mkEsVgrkCIvaBrsenARbesIrCagmun enAkgtMbnGasIuGaeKy_nastvtr_TI 19 nigedImstvtr_TI
20.. > BYkeKaKeRcIn KWCaksikr ehIyGacCaRbCaBlrdRkIRk bEu n edaysarBYkeKmancitema
mut
kgareFVIGenaRbevsn_ nigmanCMnajEpkshRaspgena neFVI[BYkeKmaneRbbelIGkCitxag
rbsBYkeKEdlminakecjBIRskcin. .> enAkgTsvtr_aM 1980 masRkmhunksiBaNiCkmFMCag
eKmYyenAkg RbeTsf elak Fnin ecorvnn (Dnindr ecIyrvnndr Dhanin Chiaravanont) Canaykn
shRas .ceRmIneaKP&N. {ecriYoBqB&N# Charoen Pokphand) manedImkMeNItBI]BukEdlCaCn
GenaRbevsn_cinetoCIv EdlabCamashagdtUcmYyxagGaCIvkmnaMcUlnUvRabBUCBIRskcin nignaM
ecjvijnUvsutBIRskf alBITsvtr_aM 1920.. >
lTixugCW EdlCaRbB&nCMenOburaNmYy EcgBIarRKbRKgamzananuRkmRsbampvc,ab nig
hVbs_maahn
I
25
sg;tFneTAelIsarsMxanEpksIlFmnTMnakTMngjatisnan kCaCMnYymYyyagRbtkkgarCYy
CMrju [GaCIvkmrbsCnCaticinTaMgena TTYlnnUvplcMeNjdeRcInpgEdr.. > lTxui gCWennCYy
sRmldlareFICMV njY CaRkmmanRkExtic nigardwknaMamEbbRKsardrwgmaM. .> .jatisnan. enA
kgen sMedATMnakTMngmnusEdlmkBIextdUcaenARbeTscin CajatisnanEmnETnkI minEmn
ETnkI...> enAkgaM 1982 sigHburInGnuvtnUvarpBVpayrbsrdaPiledIm,IelIktem;IgCMenOelI
TsnxugCW enAamsalaeron.. > buEn yuTnaarennTTYlarriKnyagxaMg ehIyksabrlab
bnci mg.@ kg GMLg eBlEtmYyTsvtr_beu Na.. > RbarenmkBImUlehtufa CnCatisigbH ru I Edlmin
EmnCakUneAcin natTukyuTn aaren CayklmYybg[M BYkeKeCOnigRbtibtieTA
amealarN_
nigCMenOrbsCnCaticin. .> enAeBlena CnCatisigbH ru edI
I mkMeNItcin EdlnTTYlarGbram
M Ebb
GgeKs kneaTRbanTsnxugCWen fa anlkNRbCaFibety nigmanlkNbiaFibety
RCleBk.. >
amarviaKcugeRay TaMgTsnxugCW nigTaMgaraMgcitkgarseRmceCaKC&yrbsCnCati
cinaKxagt,g deBareBjeTAedayaBcgmancgnena hakdUcCaminnBnl[nc,asGMBI
eCaKC&ynGaCIvkmrbsCatisasn_cinrsenAkgEdndIGasIuGaeKy_eT.. > amBit kaTaMgBIrxagelI
en manbnrhUtmkenAkgRbeTscinGsryeBlCaeRcInstvtr_mkehIy...> buEn RbeTscinmin
EdlbegIt; nUvBYkmUlFnl,Il,aj dUcenAbBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKymY_ ycMnnY nasm&yeRayGaNaniKm
eT.. > brisSanRbvtisasEtmYyKtrbsGasIuGaeKy_ EdlEtgmanarerIseGIgnigarRttRaelICn
CaticinTaMgena ntRmv[BYkeKxitxMbeBajkmagM famBlesrI EtTaMgGs cMeBakic arBaNiCk m. .>
enCakrNImYyEdlCMruj[BYkeKmanaraMgcitCaklakmYysRmabxng.. >
RbeTsGasIuGaeKy_mYycMnYnenAsm&&ymunGaNaniKmnigsm&yGaNaniKm minGnuBaat[CnCati
cineFICaV emdwknaMneyayeyaaeLIy. .> RbeTsTaMgenanbgakdlksgw
I mrbsCnCaticinEdl
cgpasbreTArkzanx<s.@ enAkgsg:m...> TegVIerIseGIgcMeBaCnCaticin mansaBanEtGaRkk
eLIg.@ enAkg edImsm&yeRayGaNaniKm.. > enAkg RbeTsfBIaM 1938 nig 1957 rdaPilEdl
dwknaMedayelak Ebk PibUlsg:am (eeplk bixUlsgqram Plaek Phibul Songkhram) nhamXatmin[
mansalaeronasacin nigbg[M CnCaticinTaMgenaykmnneyay
I
eyaaf CaGkQreQaCYs
BYkeK.. > minRtwmEtbeu Na eKminGnuBaatkUneAcin[cUlsikaenAsalaeyaafeT.. > enARbeTs
hIVlIBIn naaM 1957 vij eKnbeg;IteLIgnUvc,absIBIareFIVCatUbnIykmelIGaCIvkmlkraymYy
kgealbMNgbBabElg[manGklkrayCnCaticin dUcEdlneFVIeTAelIGkCYjGg;rBImunmk
GcI gw . .> .ealneyayesdkci f .I rbsRbeTsmaeLsIna
u aM 1970 EdlmanealbMNgplp l
RbeyaCn_dlGkRskedIm (ehA .PmU bi Ru t.) RtveKemIleXIjfa CayuTn aarRbaMgnwgCnCaticin. .>
cMENkenAkg RbeTs}QensIku g Tsvtr_aM 1950 vij eKminRtwmEteXIjnUvarGnuvtc,abRbaMg
26
CMBUkTI.1
nwgkUneAcinbueNaeT eKEfmTaMgeXIjmanarsmabCnCaticin yagrg:alCamYynwgGkCabsg&y

fa CaCnkumy
nIsenA
kg rdRbharaM 1965.. > ehIymYyCMnaneRaymk arvayRbharelIxn RN
nigRTBsm,tirbsBYkcin nekIteLIgmgeTot (EbbTRmgRsal) kg GMLg eBlmanvibtei sdkci n a
cugTsvtr_aM 1990.. >
eTaCayagNakeday eKsegt; eXIjfa TegVerII seGIgRKbrUbaB nsitS enACamYynwgRbBNI
buraNrbsGasIGu aeKy_ EdlmanaMgBIsm&ymunGaNaniKmmkem . .> kg ena GkCMnjY CnCaticin n
beRmIescTaMgLayEdlCaBuTs
asnikCnGkansasnaGs
i a menAtMbnGasIGu aeKy_ amryEtaB
pacmxu kg areFVCMI njY arCIkrukrkErt,gfepg.@ karRbmUlBnCMnsY fVayescTaMgena.. > ehIyBYk
eKabmanRTBsm,tBIi kic arTaMgeneLIg. .> bBaemdwknaMGasIGu aeKy_ nasm&yeRayGaNaniKmn
plnU varGnueRaEpkesdkci CaBiess (dUcCaarnaMcUlpacmux) eTA[KUknEdlCaGkCMnjY CnCaticni . .>
TegIen
V KWeFI[V anEtTMenIbeLIgnUvTRmgargarEdlabnGnuvtkg RBraCvaMgGasIGu aeKyB_ sm&
I ymun
dUcCaneRbIGkCMnjY raCvgcinmkeFIar
V kg namCaksikrEdlmansiTBii esscMeBaBndarkCaGkCMnjY
eRARbeTs.. >
nacugTsvtr_TI 20 RkmGaCIvkmKY k (Kuok Group) EdlCaGaCIvkmcRmCatisasn_FMCageKbgs
RKbRKgedayCnCaticinenAmaeLsIu nbgHajGMBviI Fs
I askg arRccbBa
l arvagTRmgGnuvtrbs
raCvaMgGasIGu aeKysm&
_ yasnigsm&yfI edIm,Ibeg;tI nCaTRmgdmanRbsiT aBBiessmYy. .> elak rbU tW
KYk (Robert Kuok) KWCakUnRbsrbsCnRkIRkmakEdlneFVGen
I aRbevsn_BIexthukekoneTA RskmaLayU
kg cMNu GgeKs (maLayaRbI anik) nacugTsvtr_aM 1800.. > atnsikaenAviTal&yGgeKsenAcUhrU
ru (English College of Johor Baru) (mankUnsisenAkg viTal&yenmak CasSabniknGg:arCatikaB
maLyU) ehIynignsikaenAsaklviTal&yrahVhlV s_ (Raffles College) enAsigbH ru I (elak mhaeFor nig
elak lI VanyU kneronsURtenAkg saklviTal&yen).. > edaysaratmannUvCMnajepg.@ Epksg:m
nigmancMNgTakTgCamYyGkdTaMgBImunmk elak KYk manlTaBERbayBaNiCk ms;rTaMglkray
niglkduM EdlCamrtk]Bukat [eTACaBaNiCk mGnrCatidFMmYy manTaMgesvakmanarabrg TIparTMenIb
RbB&nbBaj
TUrTsn_ nigsm<n& GaCI

vkmsNaarsaMgh:La
I (Shangri-La). .> CnCatimaLayUdman}TBi l
mYycMnnY rYmbBal TaMgsmaCikrbsraCvganuvg burW lIs (Perlis) n gi cUhrU (Johore) KWCaGkeRCamERCg
nigCadKUBaNiCk mrbselak KYk aMgBIdMbgU mkem . .> arerobcMeLIgEbben RtveKTTYls:alEbb
kMEbgfa CaRbB&n .GalI. enAmaeLsuI EteKeXIjmansm&n< en
enAambBaRbeTsepg.@ eTot
kg tMbnGasIGaeK
u yeRam
_ TRmgngi eQaepg.@ akeday.. > Cafr nwgarGnuBaat[BYk .. (CaGk
CMnjY Caticin) TTYlnnUvGaCJab&Nr daPil nigCMny
Y BIrdena BYk .GalI. (EdlCanayk GkcUl
hunCatimaLayU) knTTYlplcMeNjBIeCaKC&yrbsBYkEdr.. >
arpasbresdkicEdlndwknaMeday .KUknniym. rbsvrCnTaMgena minnTTYlnUvar
27
eatsresIrCakcn TaMgenAkgnigeRAtMbnGasIuGaeKy_eLIy. .> elak yUsIuhara KUnIGu (Yoshihara

Kunio) CaGkriKnCnCatiCbundmWugmatmYyrUb nbriharCasaarNcMeBaarekIteLIgnUv .rbb
mUlFnniymEkgay. enAkgtMbnGasIuGaeKy_...> cMeBaTsnrbsat rbbmUlFnniymenAkg
tMbnen KWCarbbmYyminBit BIeRBarbbenenAEtBwgelIbeckeTsrbsdKUsahkmbreTsmk
BIRbeTsCbnu nigRbeTsepg.@ eTot ehIyBYknayTuncinenAtMbnensuTEt
CaGkEsVgrkarCYl eday
rsnedaysarEtarEsVgarbtSmni gGaCJab&Np acmuxBIrdaPil.. > arriKnenmanaByutFi mx
Edr eRBaRbB&nGb
rrbs
M bBaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_ minGacplitGkviTasasnigGkbeckviTaEpk
sahkmenAkg Rsk sRmabeRbIRsnRKbcMnnY eLIy. .> py mkvij arriKnmYyeToteTAelInay
TunbsimRbeTsnignayTunCbun fa CaKMresd
U kicBw gelIxngnehIynigminaMcEsVgrknUvar
arBarBIrdaPil edIm,ITbTlnwgarRbkYtRbECgrbsbreTsenaeT minsUvCasmehtupleLIy. .>
BIeRBaarriKnennTatealnUvRbvtisasmineccbrbsnayTunnaRKbkEng EdlTamTar[
rdaPilCYyp:tp g: Ca fvia cMeBashRasTaMgLayNaEdlTTYlbraC&ykg GaCIvkmrbsxn . .>
amBiteTA eKeXIjmannUvrbbmUlFnniymEdlniymbkBYkCaeRcIn enAtMbnGasIGu aeKy._ .>Et
minsuTEt
CaCnCaticineT.. > TahrN_delceamYy KWCaKeRmagCatiplitrfynmYyrbs}QensIu
EdlmanGayualnEtRbEhlCamYyaM (1996-1997).. > elakRbanaFibtI}QensIu nplnU v
siTiplitrfyn .fakCati. dMbUgeKbgs [RkmhunmYyEdlnsSabnanigRKbRKgedaykUnRbs
rbsat KWelak htu mU U (fm)I shU artU (Hutomo Suharto). .> eTaCaanbTBiesaFn_kg arplitrfyn
kelak fmI nTTYlsiTipacmuxedIm,IsharCamYyRkmhunplitLanamUtUrs_ (Kia Motors) rbs
RbeTskUerxagt,g EdlnwgplitamKMrUrfyndMbUlCitrbsRkmhuna ehAfa makTImrs_ (Timors)
enAshRassahkmfmYI y EdlsagsgenAEk,rTIRkghaara.. > atnxRk
I BIFnaarrbs
rd amarENnaMBI]Bukrbsat edIm,IcMNayeTAelIarsagsgen.. > bnabBIrbbRKbRKgpacar
rbselak shU artU dYlrlMenAkg aM 1998 RbCaBlrd}QensIu Edlmanrfynma ken nRbjab
RbjaledasakmakenecjBIrfynrbsBYkeK.. >
kbuEn RbsinebIemdwknaMnbBaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_ EdlminEmnCaCnCaticin CaGkbeg;It
[mannUvl&kx N
& nana edIm,I[rbbmUlFnniymcinkekItnigrIkceRmInnena KWkedaysarEtedIm,I
eqIytbeTAnwgsSanarN_l&kx&NGnrCatiCaklakEtbueNa.. > GkriKnbreTsaKeRcInEtgEt
emIlrMlgcMeBasSanarN_en.. > enAedImsm&yeRayGaNaniKm RbePTGaCIvkmlkNRKsarenA
bBaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_ enAmanRTgRTaytUc minGacRbkYtRbECgCamYynwgRkmsaCIvkmBhuCati
FM.@ EdlkMBugmanRsabenaeLIy...> enAaM 1993 areFVIGeg;tmYynbgHajfa manRkmhun
BaNiCkmFM.@ bMputrbsCbunnigkUerxagt,g cMnYn 47 kgcMeNamRkmhunBaNiCkmFM.@ bMput
TaMgGscMnYn 50.. > kgena manRkmhunRbECgRbaMtMbnGasIuGaeKy_dFMCageKmYy KWRkmhuneRbg
28
CMBUkTI.1
rbsrd}QensIu eQa buWramINa (Pertamina) EdleKnatkgcMNatfakTI 39 bueNa...>

edIm,IRbLgRbNaMgCamYynwgrbbmUlFnniymBhuCati CadMbUg bBaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_TaMgLay
RtvEsVgrknUvvis&yBaNiCkmNa Edlmanaranac,aslas eTabICaBYkeKRtvarBwgEpkeTA
elITMnakTMngCamYybreTsTaMgEpkbeckviTanigTIparkeday.. > bEu n eTaCayagNakeday rbb
mUlFnniymenAGasIuGaeKy_minmanTRmgrYmEtmYyrhUteLIy...> mkTlnwgTsvtr_aM 1990
RkmhunBaNiCkmcinmYycMnYn nvivDBIRkmhunEdlmanlkNCaRKsar mkCasaCIvkmRTg
RTayFMEbbbsimRbeTskEbbCbun...> buEn BYkeKRtvtbgnUvGtsBaaNnigvb,Fmrbscin
yageRcIn. .> RkmhunTaMgenanyklMnaMEdlabGnuvtenAkgRbeTshVIlIBInnaTsvtr_aM 1800
KWCadMeNIrarmYyEdlkUneAcinTaMgLaynERbayxneK [eTACaRkmmnusfakkBal ehIy
ElgKitfa BYkeKElgCaCnCaticin...>
tmnareFVIbdivtn_sahkm
EpkminlnRbvtRbkb
i edayeCaKC&ynesdkci na
sm&yeRayGaNaniKmrbsGasIGu aeKy_ minman
EtbkBYkniym eragcRkEdlCiCankmkr nigarbg;abshCIBrkraCbueNaeT...> GasIuGaeKy_
enAeBlena nGnuvtKMrUGaRkk.@ CaeRcIn ambdivtn_sahkmrbsbsimRbeTs eTaCakmkr
enAGasuIGaeKy_GacmankIsgwmcMeBaGnaKtalx<sCagkmkrGgeKsnastvtr_TI 19...> enAkg
sunr kfamYyeTAannaykFnaarnana naaM 1974 elakRbanaFibtI ehVrDINg markUs nGYtGag
fa tmBlkmenAhIl
V BI nI mankRmitTabbMptu enAGasI.u .> EteTaCayagNa atebCaJ minbeBay[
manartemgI RkQl kmkrxagM eBk edIm,Iku[M raMgsdlkmvFi naMI ecjrbsatEdr.. > emdwknaMbBa
RbeTsGasIuGaeKy_dTeTot knRbanyknUvarcgndUcaenEdr eTabICakmkrx lTaB
kg arTijplitplepg.@ edaysarEtRkkRmminRKbRan ehIyeFI[V TMnji rbsBYkeKBwgEpkan
EtxaMgeTAelIGkTijbreTskeday.. >
enAkgaM 1944 elak eceGs hVWrnIvl (J.S. Furnivall) nerobrabenAkgesoveA
(Netherlands India) fa enAkg
sm&yGaNaniKm GtulaBdFMmYyrvagmUlFnnigkmagM BlkmenA
kgbBaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_EdlsSitenAeRamGaNaniKmbsimRbeTs maneRcInCagenAbBabsim
RbeTspal...> bBaRbeTsGaNaniKmTaMgen RtvneKerobcMeLIg eRbbdUcCaeragcRksRmab
plitkmGIcwg KWmindUcCardEdlbeg;IteLIgedIm,I[RbCaBlrdxnmanCIvaBRbesIreLIy...> arxV
nUv .qnrYmmYy. kg cMeNamRbCaBlrdnsg:mcRmCatisasn_ EdlabTTYlrgnUvGaNaniKm n
bBal[rbbmUlFnniymhUrcUltmktMbnenedayesrI}tmankMhit. .>
sRmabehtuplpalxnrbsBYkeK bBaemdwknaMGasIuGaeKy_sm&yeRayGaNaniKmTaMgena
nxitxMERbaysg:meK [dUcCaeragcRkdTMenIb edayminaMcEkTRmgsg:mTaMgenabun a neLIy. .>
hULg
}Na
29
edaysarEtarCMrju [el,nnigcMnnY cracrrUby

i b&N ehIynigFnanhirBav tSBi PBelak ekIneLIg
yagsem,Imena arGPivDEpkRbB&nTM nakTMngnigRbB&nk BuM Tr& nasm&yeRaysg:amelakelIkTI
2 nbeg;nI plcMeNjyageRcIndlnieyaCknigvinei yaKineTAelIkmkrenARKbkEng. .> Tunvinei yaK
manaBcl&tanEteRcIn EtkmkraKeRcInenAmYykEng. .> eTabICashCIBkmkrrbsbsmi RbeTs
pal kRtvtbgnUv}TiBlkgartfCamYyGkatEcgvinieyaK EdlGacedIrrkTIparBlkmBI
kEngmYyeTAkEngmYyeTot.. > cMeBaGasIGu aeKyvi_ j }TiB lsSanaBenmansaBanEtGaRkkdUc
Edlelak hVnW vI l neFVar
I KitTukGcI gw . .> aranRbmaNmYyeFVeLI
I genAaM 1992 nbgHajfa Rkmhnu
plitEs,keCIgmakNXI (Nike) EdlplitEs,keCIgrbsxn eRcInCageKenARbeTs}QensIu n
cMNayfviayageRcIn[kILakrdl,Il,ajeQa mxwl credn (Michael Jordan) edIm,IpBVpay
BaNiCk mrbsxn . .> RkEdlelak credn nTTYl mancMnnY eRcInCagfQl kmkreragcRkTaMg
GscMnYn 25000 nak kgryeBlmYyaMeTAeTot.. >
enAtMbnGasIu kg GMLg eBlsg:amRtCak arRttRaarbg;abeTAelIsi hCIBkmkr mansaB
xus.@ aBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYyeTot.. > enARbeTsfmunaM 1972 shCIBkmkrminRtvnTTYl
s:alfaRsbc,abeT.. > abBI aM 1972 mk shCIBshRasrbsrd (RbmaNmYyaKbYnnshCIB
TaMgGs) kenAEtRtvnhamXatmin[eFVkUI dkm. .> shCIBNaEdleKGnuBaat[eFVkUI dkm kRtvsSti
enAeRamkicGn
raKmn_rbskgkmagM nKrlf nigGg:arbreTsEdlmanTMenarRbaMgnwglTik mu y nIs
mandUcCa viTasSanBlkmesrIGasIu-Gaemrik EdlmanmUldanenAshrdGaemrik saBlkmGW rub
(EdlCYybtSmCa smatdlshCIBfnanaenAkg El,gmYyEdlehAfa bMEbkbMkedIm,IRKbRKg) Ca
edIm. .> cMENkenAkg RbeTssigbH ru viI j KNbk .skmaBRbCaCn. EdlCaKNbkanGMNac
nRKbRKgelIsaBaNiCk mCati nigxitxMelIktem;gI nUvTsnmYyfa nieyaCknigkmkr KYrEtshar
aeTAvijeTAmk edIm,IrkanUvsirS aBsahkm ehIyRkmRbwkaTTYlbnk RkExCati kndakecj
nUvealarN_mYycMnnY edIm,IkMNtRkQl epg.@. .> enAkg RbeTsmaeLsIu naBakkBalTsvtr_
aM 1980 RbEhlticCagdbaKrynkmkrTaMgGsnrYbrYmabeg;tI CashCIBeLIg. .> ehIykmkrenA
kg tMbnBaNiCk mesrITaMgLayEdlbeg;tI eLIg CaBiessedIm,ITakTajTunvinei yaKbreTsena minRtv
neKGnuBaat[cUlrYmCamYynwgshCIBTaMgeneT...> RsedogaenEdr smaCshCIBEdlbtSm
edayrdaPilrbsRbeTshVlI BI nI nGnuvtambBaRbeTsEdlnerobrabxagelI edayRbwgERbg
RttRaelIkmkr.. > bEu n kicRbw
gERbgenminsUvmanRbsiT aBeT.. > mkTlnwgTsvtr_aM 1980 RbeTs
hVlI BI nI RtvRbQmmuxnwgshCIBkmkrkraCmYyeTot KWclnaEdlmaneQafa .clnafmYysa.
(KIls
u aMgmayUG N
u )U . .>
cMENkRbeTs}QensIEdl
u dwknaMedayelak shU artU vij eKemIleXIjyagc,asfa Rbsin
ebImanGMeBIBukrlYyenAkg rdaPilanEtxagM dUcCatRmvarsUkanBIRkmhnu BaNiCk mnana eTA[
30
CMBUkTI.1
mnrd
I arnignayTahanepg.@ ena Cafr mkvij Rkmhnu BaNiCk manEt[RkQl
ticdlkmkr
rbsxn . .> cMNcu ennbgHaj[eXIjfa sahkmEdlplRk
Ql tictYcdlkmkr nigeragcRk
Edlmanl&kx& NGaRkkcMeBakmkrena KWbBalmkBIkabkBYkniymRCl. .> ankUdkmNamYy Gac
eFVeLI
I gnedayRsbc,abeT RbsinebIanarGnuBaatBIRksYgargarena.. > Gg:arRsbc,ab manEt
RkmsURtFmfVayRBkgsasnaGisamkgeragcRkEdlmanEtkmarinIbueNa.. > buEn mkTlnwgedIm
Tsvtr_aM 1990 shCIBkraCmYycMnnY Edlncgsm<n& CamY
ynwgKNsasnaRbetsgr bsCati
ak dman}TBi lena GacerobcMbeg;tI RkmkmkreragcRkatedrrabBannak edIm,IeFVkUI dkmxusc,ab
epg.@ enATIRkgemdan (Medan) neasUm a Ra.. > rUbaBc,asnwgEPknarabBRgt rMelaP nig
eFVXatkm
I
BIsMNakBYkTahan}QensIeTA
u elIrUbnag marsIN
u (Marsinah) CaskmCnCatiCVav&yekgmYy
rUb edaysarEtnagnBayamerobcMnUvRkmkmkrEdleFVar
I CamYynagenAeragcRknaLiadmYyenA
aM 1993 ena nsbBaak[eXIjBIarP&yxacrbsGkdwknaMpacar.. > mtisaarNnbg[M rbb
enTTYls:alnUvmrNaBrbsnagfa CavIrnarIkmkr.. >
arGPivDEbbenminEmnCaarrMBgw TukrbsbBaemdwknaMGasIGu aeKyEdl
_ nRKbRKgRbeTs
rbsBYkeKamEbbmUlFnniym edayepateTAelIarnaMecjaMgBIdMbUgenaeT bnabBIabyknUv
CeRmIsepgeTot KWesdkci Ebb
ariyalyaFibetysg:mniymenAkg RbeTsPUma evotNam km<C a
nig Lav (lav) kElgmaneKabGarmNeTA
_ eTot.. > citKM nti rbsBYkeKmindUceTAnwgGVEdl
I sasaar
esdkci esrI
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vamanlkNneyayEdlRbeTseRaysm&yGaNaniKmTaMgena nsarnUvesckIf
fr rbsxn
eLIgvij kgnamCatYGg:GnrCatikraC.. > sg:amRtCaknbegI;t[manaBRsBicRsBilBIaBxus
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EbbRkmhun cRmCatisasn_. .> sMNrY EdlEtgEtelceLIgkg Rbvtsas
i GasIGu aeKyna_ edImstvtr_
TI 21 KWfa etIsaCIvkmBaNiCkmbreTsFM.@ EdlCabEgknarrIkceRmInEpkesdkickgtMbnena
BitCacg[rdeRayGaNaniKmTaMgenxagM kGt. .> RbEhlCaBYkeKRtvar[mannUvrdexay Edl
mansmtSaBGacRtwmEtrkanUvkgkmagM nKrl nigRbmUlsMram edayminaMcmanGMNacEdlGac
raraMgnigkMNtnUvesrIaBndMeNIrarvinieyaKrbsBYkeKeLIy. .>
vibtiesdkicaM 1997 niglTplrbsvibtien
vibtesd
i kci GasI
Gu aeKy_ aM 1997 nbnSyTsnmYycMnnY rbselak Ganva r GIRu hImu (Anwar Ibrahim)
EdleRaymkelaknayCabnaykrdmnn
I RbeTsmaeLsIu Edlnniyaykg aM 1994 fa Ca
.arabepmI CafIrbs
Gasu.I ena.. > vibten
i hakdUcCaRtvnbBaakBIarP&yxacrbsRbeTsenAkg
tMbnfa saCIvkmqgEdnnigRkmGkaMRTsaCIvkmTaMgLayen BitCamincg[rdenAtMbnGasuxI agM aena
31
eT.. > enABakkBalaM 1997 FnaarkBalrbsRbeTsfnbeBajRkTCaeRcIn EdlCaehtu

eFV[I rUby
i vtSrbs
f EdlabmancMNgTakTgCamYynwgdula rshrdGaemrikaMgBIaM 1984 mkena
akcuyagxagM . .> arN_enbegIt; [manareaTsYrmYyfa etIshRasBaNiCk mfnwgRtvsgbMNlu
deRcInrbsBYkeKeTA[bBaRbeTsnana Edlxn CMBaknyagdUcemc RbsinebIRbeTsfCYbRbTnUv
naBBaNiCkm nigslnUvrUbiyb&NbreTsEdlbRmgTuktictYcbMputena.. >
bBaRbeTsGasIuGaeKy_dT.@ eTot knCYbRbTnUv{naBBaNiCkmdUcRbeTsf ehIy
nTTYlrgeRavibtiesdkicdFnen
Edr.. > eTabICamannUvarCECkEvkEjkGMBIsarsMxannka
BakB&nmYycMnYnkeday kbribTTUeTAbgHaj[eXIjfa {naBGasIuGaeKy_rYmmandUcCa..
arakcuEdlekItyageTogTat nUvtRmvarBiPBelakcMeBaTMnijeGLicRtnik Edl
shRasplitkgRskaKeRcInnepatelI. .>
arekIneLIgyagabrh&snUvarRbkYtRbECgCamYynwgarnaMecjrbsRbeTscin eRBa
RbeTscin eRaysm&yRKbRKgrbselak emA npasbr yagsnwm.@ eTArkealneyay
GPivDn_EpkelIarnaMecjCacm,g.. >
arakcunUvarvinei yaK rYmTaMgarbdiesFrbsRbeTsCbnu (EdlCaRbeTsGkmanbMptu enA
GasI)u kg arTTYlyknUvarnaMclU TMnji BGI asIGu aeKyb_ neTot.. > (eyageTAelIaranRbmaNmYy
shrdGaemriknTijTMnji plitkmnaMecjrbsbBaRbeTsEdlminEmnmkBIRbeTselakxag
licTaMgLaycMnnY 70.% nacugTsvtr_aM 1980 cMENkRbeTsCbnu Edlmanesdkci y agehac
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bueNa.. >)
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1997.. > bBaHaennbBal[manarbiTTVareragcRk nigaBGtargareFVy
I agFn. .> edaysarEt
fTMnji naMcl
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rbsshrdGaemrikenAkgTsvtr_aM 1940 edIm,IelIksyKMnitesrIavUbnIykmEpkesdkic n
plCM ny
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& bBabElg[manarRKbRKgpacmux nig
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rh&sen RanEteFVI[esdkicdYlrlMamenabueNa.. > enAeBlelakRbanaFibtI sUhartU ncu
htSelxaelIkicRBmeRBgmYyenAExemsa aM 1998 (bunanExmuneBlCIvitneyayrbsatRtv
nbBab) maneKnftrUbnaykRKbRKgmUlniFrUi by
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rCati KWelak mIEsl aMdsuW y
s_ (Michel
32
CMBUkTI.1
kMBugQr{bdEk,relak sUhartU...> atemIleTAdUcCaGktMNagGPilGaNaniKm

RKbRKg}QensIu EdleTIbrseLIgvijCafIGIcwg. .>
munnwgeBlEdlvibtiesdkicennekIteLIg eKeXIjemdwknaMGasIuGaeKy_mYycMnYnFM enAEt
bnarTajykRbeyaCn_BIkMeNInesdkicEdlman...> BYkeKminnKiteTAdlarakcupn.@ nig
saBminnwgn EdlabnekIteLIgedaysarEtrbbmUlFnniym EdlmanaMgBIeRamhnraykg
arvinei yaKp;aTuylIbrbsRbeTshULg enATsvtr_aM 1600 rhUtdleTAarreg:aregITI: paraKhnu
rbsshrdGaemrikenAaM 1929 CaedIm...> enAkgaM 1994 elaknaykrdmnImaeLsIu mhaeFor
mhamat nsharniBnesoveAmYyk,al CamYynwgGkCatiniymCbnu EdlmanciteRkv
eRaFmYy
rUb mancMNgeCIgfa .GasIuEdlGacniyaybdiesFcMeBabsimRbeTs.. .> kgena atnTsn_
Tayfa aBf;Mef;IgrbsshrdGaemrik KWCaerOgGtItal buEnarrIkceRmInrbsGasIuGaeKy_ KWCa
erOgbcb ,n. .> vibtesd
i kicGasI
Gu aeKyenA
_ aM 1997 EdlmanTMnakTMngnwgvibtesd
i kci Cb
nu eFI[V man
arJakepl
I dFMmYy edaymincMeBaEtbBaBlrdGasIuenaeT EfmTaMgbBaCnbreTsCaeRcIneTot
(rYmTaMgvinei yaKinenAkg TVbI GasI)u pgEdr.. > bBaHabnanenAtMbnen KWfa etIRtveFIyV agNaedIm,Iksag
rdrbsxn [nrwgmaM mansSab&nhirBavtEdl
S dMeNIraryagRtwmRtv nigmanyutFi mkg arykBndar
kg Rsk edayminepatxagM eBkeTAelIEtarbEnSmTunvinei yaKanEteRcIn BIsMNakvinei yaKinbreTs
EdlcgTTYlnplcMeNjx<skgryeBlxIBICMnYjTijlkdIFICaCagBIsahkmkgRsk. .>
Camdessus)
RbvtiRbkbedayeCaKC&yrbsGasan
etIbBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKyEdl
_ manesdkci rw gmaMTaMgGs ehIynigTRmgnkicshRbti
bti arGnrrd
kgtMbn EdlnabepImbegI;tenAkgTsvtr_aM 1960 ena manaBRsbaeTAnwgTsnmUlFnniymesrI EdlnrIkceRmInedayanbsK:raraMgenAkgBiPBelaksm&yeRaysg:amRtCakena
EdreT..? enAaM 1967 manRbeTs 5 enAtMbnGasIGu aeKy_ minRbanykrbbsg:mniym (RbeTs
TaMgena KW RbeTsf }QensIu hVIlIBIn sigHburI nigmaeLsIu) nrYmabeg;ItnUv .smaKm
RbCaCatiGasIuGaeKy_. eLIg (EdlehAatamasaGgeKsfa .Gasan.)...> enAkgTsnrbs
rdmnar
I breTs}QensIna
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BYkcRkBtiniym KW .BYkEs,kelOg. (CnCaticin) nig .BkY Es,ks. (BYkbsimRbeTs) ehIynig
raraMgmin[mannUvTsnCatiniymRbaMgnwgCnCatisasn_nanaenAkg tMbnGasIGu aeKy_ amrykicsh

Rbtibti arGPivDn_esdkci k g tMbn [nanEtRbesIr. .>
arbegIt; smaKmGasan mansaBmineTogTataMgBIdMbgU . .> smaKmennrYmbBal CasmaCik
TaMgRbeTstUc.@ mYycMnnY EdlmanarrIkceRmIneCOnelOndUcCa RbeTssigbH ru I (nigRbeTsRby
eN
kgaM 1984) EdlminsUvmanarRByrmcMeBaBaNiCkmesrIkgtMbn rYmnwgRbeTsRkIRk buEn
33
manpdIFM.@ ehIyminmansmtSaBc,aslaskgarbRgbbRgmEpkneyaynigesdkicCatirbs
xn dUcCaRbeTs}QensICaedI
u m. .> bEu n eRaymk GasannTTYleCaKC&ydFMeFgCagbBaRbeTs
nanaenAeRAtMbnGasIuGaeKy_nKit...> GasanminRtwmEtnCYybBabnUv .arRbQmmuxdaka.
rvagRbeTsmaeLsIniu g}QensIu naTsvtr_a M 1960 (EdlCaealbMNgmYykg cMeNamealbMNg
edImdMbgU TaMgLayrbsGasan) beu NaeT EfmTaMgnCYyppaKUsRtvdyUrlgdUcCaRbeTsfnig
evotNam (EdlncUlCasmaCikGasan enAkg aM 1995) nigCYyatbnSynUvsSanarN_dtwgEtg
rvagRbeTsmaeLsIu }QensIu nighVl
I BI nI enAelIeabUreNGUeTotpg.. > enAkg aM 2003 Gasan
khakdUcCacgCYyedaRsaybBaHaRbTUsrayEpksiTmnu
i senAkg RbeTsPUma EdlncUlCasmaCik
GasanenAkgaM 1997.. > mkTlnwgarRrBeLIgnUvBiFIbuNxYb 30 aM GasannayCaGg:ar
kg tMbnmYy EdlnTTYleCaKC&yyagFMeFgenARbeTsnanaeRAbsmi RbeTs.. > GasanmanRbCaCn
RbEhl 500 lannak. .> Gasan KWCabk BaNiCk mFMbMptu TI 4 elIBiPBelak.. > ehIyGasannrYm
bBalRbeTsTaMgGsenAkgtMbnGasIuGaeKy_ elIkElgEtRbeTskm<Ca EdlCacugeRay RbeTs
ennayCasmaCikTI 10 (enAkg aM 1999) edaymannimti sBa
akYrRsvcMnnY 10 CatMNagrbsxn
munarcUlCasmaCikrbskm<Ca.. >
GasanEdlCaRCgmYynBiPBelak minRtwmEtRkCagshaBGWrbu beu NaeT EtEfmTaMgCatMbn
mYyEdlxVnUvlkNrYmxagvb,Fm sasna nigmrtkc,abmYy EdlshaBGWrbu man.. > kaTaMgen
CaehtuEdlGasanminGacseRmceCaKC&ynelOn.. > bBaRbeTsGasIGu aeKyTaM_ gLayminsUvyl
BItmnarseRmcnnUveCaKC&yTaMgeneT.. > enAkg aM 1995 eBlEdlRsIbeRmIampCatihVlI BI nI
mak eQa hVLr kuntima sn (Flor Contemplacion) RtvneKateTassmabedayBrkBIbTmnus
XatenAkgRbeTssigHburI manbuNsBdFMmYysRmabnag RrBeFIVeLIgkgRbeTshIVlIBIn ehIy
EfmTaMgmanarakpayamrybBajTUrTsn_CatieTotpg.. > GkcUlrYmbuNsBen nbgHaj
[eXIjBIarGaNitGasUrBImhaCndlCIvitdlMkrbsnagnigkmkrGenaRbevsn_CatihVIlIBIndT
eTot.. > krNIenEdr eKGaceRbbeFobeTAnwgBiFbuI NsBCasaarNdKYr[esakseRggCUncMeBa
Rkmkmkr EdlRtvneKsmabenAkg RbeTsGgeKs nadMNakaldMbgU nareFVbI divtnsahkm
_
edaysarEtBYkeKanargareFIV ehIyberRbaMgeTAnwgbeckviTaTMenIb edaybMpajealnUv
eRKgmasIunepg.@ enAkgeragcRk.. >
kgcMeNamGksarB&tmaneqIm.@ TaMgLay elak mucar lUbs (Mochtar Lubis) EdlCaGk
aEstmanedImkMeNItmkBIeasUmaRa nsresresoveAmYyk,al EdllkdacbMputrbsat
enAaM 1983 eRamcMNgeCIgfa .
uI .. > atntj
Etrfa TMenIbnIykm KWCaGb,iyCMenOfImYyrbsRbeTs}QensIu eBareBjeTAedaymnGaKmnigmnafaepg.@
aBTalRckrbsRbeTs}Qens.
34
CMBUkTI.1
ehIymanEtmnusEdlCa .Gkbeg;ItnUvnimitsBaa manCMnajc,aslas. bueNa eTIbGacbeg;Itva

eLIgn.. > bEu n aBxusarvagTsnen ehIynigTsnrbselaksasaarbUk Edlfa RbeTs
}QensIuminGaceFVITMenIbkmneLIy BIeRBaEtvb,Fmmincgman ehIyEdlcgrsenAamEbb
RbBNIena KWCargVasmYyGac[eKdwgnBIrebobEdlRbeTs}QensIniu gbBaRbeTsGasIGaeK
u y_
CaeRcIneTot eFVIdMeNIrnaybuNaabaMgBITTYlnkraCmk.. ^
CMBUkTI 2
}TiBln GBtehtu esdkiceTAelImnus
c,abedImnGtSbTen. sresrCaasaGgeKs eRamcMNgeCIgfa..Human Consequences of the

Economic Miracle
GtSbTendkRsge cjBIesoveA.. . .arkekItGasIGaeK

u
yTM
_ enIb.
rkasiTi Ks 2005 edayRKwsSaneBumsaklvi
<
Tal&ysigbH ru .I
eBum<elIkTI 1 Ks 2005 enA.shrdGaemrik edayRKwsSaneBum<saklviTal&yhav . .>
CHAPTER 2
Human Consequences of the Economic Miracle
(The emergence of Modem Southeast Asia)

bkERbeday.
PI suada
CMBUkTI.2
eTabCI abdivtnsahkm
_
enAkg tMbnGasIGaeK
u y_ minmanlkNrlUneTAmux kareFVbdi
I vtn_dyWtyav
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buEn RbsinebImanRbvtisasNamYyTTYls:alfa manaBf;Mef;IgdUcanigesIa enAkgRbeTsn
tMbn CnCatiNakedayena vakCakMhusmYyEdr.. > srubeTA edIm,IvaytmGMBI .GBtehtu. enA
GasuIGaeKy_ eyIgRtvviaKGMBIGBtehtuen.. >
}TiBlviCman
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mFmkgmnusmak.@ rbsRbeTsen (RbEhl 23000 dularshrdGaemrikenAkgaM 2000) man
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shvstr_fI GayualmFm KWRbEhl 80 aM (dUcEdleKanRbmaNTUTaMgBiPBelak sman
I Gayu
EvgCagburs 5 a)M ehIymrNRbmaNrbskumarvij manarfycurhUtdl 3 aKBannkMeNItTark.. >
tYelxenGaceRbbeFobeTAnwgteY lxdRbesIrbMptu kg BiPBelakn.. > GRamnuseBjv&yEdlec
GkrmanelIsBI 90.%. .> elIsBIen kmvFi ksag
I CRmksaarN nbeFV[I sMNgGnaFibety nig
aBanTICRmk ntbgeTAswgEtTaMgGs. .> TIRkgmansaBsatt BIeRBaEtardakecjnUv
bTbBatiepg.@ dUcCa arhamRmmin[esaaks;reAsUepspas...> cracrenAamTIRkgman
lkNrlUn edaysarEtmanareRbIRsbkrN_eGLicRtnikedIm,IykBn (minelIkTwkcit) yanyn
RKbRbePTEdleFVdMI eNIrcUleTAkg tMbnBaNiCk mkg TIRkg ehIykedaysarEtmanesvarfynRkg
nigrfePgI eRamdI RbkbedayRbsiT aB.. > nisitsigbH ru aK
I eRcIn EtgEtTTYlnBanrgVankg ar
RbkYtRbECgCalkNGnrCati. .> dUecehIy RbeTssigbH ru hI akdUcCanerobcMya glkg dMeNIre<a
38
CMBUkTI.2
eTArk .esdkci Ep
kelIcMeNdwg. naeRaysm&ysahkm. .> cMENkGkriKnvij nelIkeLIg
fa FmCatinarRKbRKgpacarkgRbeTssigHburI KWCabsK:raraMgcMeBaRbeTsenpal...> ehIy
GkriKnmYycMnYnnehAkrNIen dUcCaXadKYr[cgaMmYyrbselak vIelm h:ibn (William Gibson) Edlfa Ca .sYnkmanDIsIELnd_ eBareBjedayardakeTasRbharCIvit. CaedIm. .> kbuEn
hakbIdUcCaRbCaBlrdsigHburIaKeRcIn nGt{ncMeBaarRKbRKgpacaren BIeRBaEtBYkeKn
TTYlnUvplRbeyaCn_CaeRcInBIrdaPilBYkeK.. >
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I yEdr.
_ . > TIRkgTaMgenman
lkNdUcaeRcIn BudUM cCnbTrbsRbeTsnImy
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EsgCaeRcIncMeBaarKitdUcen dUcCaeK[maneragcRk nigsaklviTal&y GarBaNiCk mdTeM nIb
EdlmanTaMghaglkray nigGahardanlkGaharTancit bk Garariyal&ynigGaartWmg x< s. @ ar
kmanepg.@ EdlmanaMgBIelan nigrMburaN rhUtdlrg:salsEmgrMRsat nigRBwtiarN_
RbkYtkILadGsarepg.@ BnWePIgdPWciEBagciBaac paMgpayBaNiCkmFM.@ CaedIm ehIyeRABIen
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desa KeRak nigarscracr EdlmanaBrejrjepg.@ eTotpgEdr.. > TIRkgkULaLaMBrY eRbb
dUcCaTIRkghaaradtUcmYy EdlEsgeLIgamrykMBlU GareadGsar.. > cMENkTIRkghUCmI ji
(RBnKr) vij enAkgTsvtr_aM 1990 nykKMrUamTIRkggkknaTsvtr_aM 1970.. > RbCaCn
npaslenA
M yageRcInminRtwmedIm,IEsVgrk{asesdkci b eu NaeT buE nEfmTaMg[EsVgrkCIvti rs
enAkgTIRkgpgEdr.. > krNIeneRbbdUcnwgbTkMNaBrbskvIPUma 1 rUb EdlEcgfa..
enKWCaaBrMeCIbrMCYlcMeBaCIvti rskg TIRkg etImankEngNaeTotEdlGkGacedIratenAelIdgvifI
dGUGrmYynena ehIykMue<aeTArkmagepgeTotGI nigsUm,IEtenAPUmikgRB Edl|sUrsraMePIg
enAeBlraRtI KWCIvitantmGVITaMgGs ehtuenehIyxJMCaGkpgeRBgv&yekgmYyrUb xJMsb,ayePIt
ePIneBlEdlxJMkMBugEtsSitenAkgTIRkgrgh:n.>
smamaRtrbsRbCaCnGasuGaeK
I y_ EdlrsenAkg TIRkg nekIneLIgBI 15.% eTA 24.% abBI
aM 1950 dl 1980 ehIynignbnekIneLIgrhUtdl 37/5.% KitmkTlnwgaM 2000...> mkTl
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TMhTIM RkgTaMgLayvij nBRgIk 3 dgeRcInCagkMeNInRbCaCnen.. > TIRkghaara manIl gkk
nighUCmI ji nayCaTIRkgFM.@ EdlmanRbCaCneRcInCag 5 lannakebIKitmkTlaM 2000 (cMENk
TIRkghaaraRBmTaMgCayRkg manRbCaCnCit 17 lannak)...> sUm,IEtRkgrbsbBaextmYy
cMnnY EdlnGPivD[ayeTACacMNcu RbsBVGnutMbnena knTTYleCaKC&ynigRbCaRbiyyagrh&s
pgEdr CaTahrN_dUcCaarsSabnaeLIgnUvsYnsahkmEdleKneRagTukCamun ktMbn
BaNiCkmsRmabdMeNIrarnaMecjTMnijCaedIm. .> cMeBaTIRkgeQogmvij KitmkTlnwgaM 1970
39
manRbCaCnticCag 100000 nak nig 350000 nak enAkg aM 1990 ehIymkTlnwgaM 2000 man
1/5 lannak. .> GarBaNiCkmnTIRkgesbU (Cebu) EdlmanTIaMgsSitenAcMkBalRbeTshVIlIBI
manTaMgTwkp;aQUknigTUdakGvI an edIm,Iplpasu
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sEmgsil, nigCaGkeFVar
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aM 1997 rbsRbeTsf ntRmv[smaCikfn
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40
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41
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42
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rlYynrIksayay CaBiesscMeBaTMnakTMngrvagBaNiCk mnigrdaPil..> mnusesrI EtRKb.@
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43
GMeBA nigRkmhnu TijdIedIm,IGPivDn_sahkmCaedIm GacrkkgkmagM TahaneskBakCaksNan

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44
CMBUkTI.2
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45
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46
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47
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48
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49
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51
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sIvu li arGPivDbrisaS n cm;armIn nigsI CaedIm. .> GkrtMNagnana nelceLIgenAkg tMbndUcCa..
GaErNa (Arena) (.arpasbrkgtMbnGasuIedIm,ICeRmIsfI. Asian Regional Exchange for New Alternatives) rhUtdl htU (ZOTO) .Gg:artundUtMbnmYy. (Zone One Tondo Organization). .>
Gg:areRArdaPilkmanyuTs
asxusapgEdr.. > Gg:arxmanmuxgarcm,gCaRkmdaksm<aF
Epkneyay edaytvabBa bBal
smaCikrdsa[eFVarp
I asbr c,ab tvaedIm,IsiTmnu
i s nigtva
RbaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy nigaBhYskRmitnsaklavUbnIykmCaedIm. .> CaTUeTA Gg:arTaMgenman
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brenAfakPUmi fakexteTAvij dUcCa..
1- arbeg;It[manshkrN_ksikm sib,km kRkmCnCYyxngEdlmanCMenOeTAelI
sasnamYydUcCa .shKmn_RKissasnamUldan. nRbeTshVIlIBIn. .>
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GkksagTMnbTwk. .>
3- arbgHataeTAvijeTAmk[ecGanGkr.. >
4- arplRkkmIkgbrimaNtictYc.@ EdlmanRbeyaCn_. .>
arberRbaMgRbQmmuxdaka edayGavuFCamYynwgrdaPilpal KWCameFayycugeRay
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I ysm&
_ yTMenIb. .> mkTledImstvtr_TI 21
arberRbaMg RtvneKlbgealesrI EtTaMgRsgsRmabGkEdlmanealbMNgEpkesdkci
c,aslas elIkElgEtsRmabbBaHaarBarpalxn (nigGVEdl
I enAessslrbsKNbkkumy
nIs
nRbeTshVIlIBIn).. > sahUbnIykmminRtwmEtBaMnaMnUvaBceRmInrugerOgmk[RbeTsGasuIGaeKy_
CaeRcInenaeT bEu narGPivDenAkg RbeTscinnigGtItshaBsUevot eFI[V ElgmanaraMRTsRmab
arclnabereqVgniym nigneFV[Elgman
I
ealneyayTaMgenkg RbeTsTaMgBIreTotpg.. >
52
CMBUkTI.2
eTaCayagenkI TamkmenAEtCaCeRmIsdrsrevIkmYysRmabBYkpacxn. .> mUlehtunkIQW

abCaeRcInrbsBYkeK EdlnbBaakenAkgBakeBcn_TakTgeTAnwgsasna CatiBn KWCaGarmN_
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meFaysRmabbBabaB
mincusRmgaEpksg:mnigesdkci epg.
@ enAminTanmansaBc,aslas
enAeLIy...> sMNYrfa etIaBceRmInrugerOgenAkgtMbnGacnwgbnrIkceRmIneLIg nigRbEhlCa
RbCaCnGacTTYlnaBrIkceRmInenes.I @ a Gt kGVnI gw RtvnbMpa jealTaMgRsgena kman
saBminc,aslasEdr.. > bEu n GVEdl
I TMngCamanlkNCaklakena KWfa eBlen RbCaCnGasuI
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naMBIcmayedaymhaGMNacepg.@ ena.. ^
CMBUkTI.3
raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj nigbaBRsbc,ab
enAkgRbeTsf
niBneday... dwgxin. makxarh:

c,ab edImnGtSbTen ..sresrCaasaGgeKs eRamcMNgeCIgfa..Network Monarchy and
Legitimacy Crises in Thailand
GtSbTendkRsgecjBIRBwtibRt
rkasiTi. Ks. 2005. edayRkmfl&rnighVgsIus
asIuhVik
CHAPTER 3
Network Monarchy and Legitimacy Crises in Thailand
( The Pacific Review, Vol. 18 )
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group.
bkERbeday.
mYg Naert nig PI suada
CMBUkTI.3
raCaFibetyGaRs&ybNaj nigbaBRsbc,ab
enAkgRbeTsf
segb.
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TRmgneyay. minnkMNt[RtveTAnwgcritlkNneyay EdleTIbekIteLIgfenA
I kg RbeTs
fneT.. > py
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ehAfa raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj.. .> raCaFibetyRbePTen manarBakB&neTA
nwgGnraKmn_yag
skmrbsRBmhakRtf nigGktMNagrbsRBGg: CaBiess GtItnaykrdmnI eRbm tiNsUlann.1
(eprm tiNsUlannd Prem Tinsulanond) enAkg
dMeNIrarneyay.. > raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajn
beg;tI }TBi lKYr[ktsm:al bEu nminEdlseRmcnnUvl&kx N
& sRmabeababGMNaceLIy. .> CMnsY
mkvij raCvaMgmanatBVkci shar
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eat...> eTaCaraCaFietyGaRs&ybBajmanlkNGPirkbnickeday kraCaFietyEbbenn
RbanykealarN_esrIkgGMLgTsvtr_aM 1990...> abaMgBIaM 1992 mk RbeTsfnCYb
RbTvibtaB
i Rsbc,abbIdMNakalsMxan.@ ehIykg dMNakalnImyY .@ elakeRbmCaGkedIrtYtMNag
[RBraCvaMgkgarsartulaBneyay.. > buEn GnraKmn_TaMgennbgHajnUvarcuexayrbs
raCaFibety CaBiess bnabBIeCaKC&ydFMeFgrbselaknaykrdmnI TkiN (faksniu ) Cinv&Rt.2
(d&k$iN jinv&tr Thaksin Shinawatra) elIareeatnaaM 2001 nigaM 2005...> elak TkiN n
beg;tI bBajfpI alxn mYyeLIg edIm,ICMns
Y [raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj.. > GtSbTenes[man
I ar
eQVgyleLIgvijGMBIGMNacrbsraCaFibetyenAkgRbeTsf.. >
BakKnwkgGtSbTen.. RbeTsf/ raCaFibety/ bBaj/ kMENTRmg/ eRbm tiNsUlann/ nig TkiN Cinv&Rt.. >
esckIepIm
nafTI 28 Exkum aM 2005 ariyal&yRkmRbwkaRBmhakRtrbselak eRbm tiNsUlann Rban

Gg:mnrbs
I RbeTsf nEfgsunr kfaCasaarNdsMxanmYyenAkg TIRkggkk GMBsS
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Catisasn_GisamrsenA...> kgGMLgeBlmYyaMcugeRayen manmnusRbmaNCag 500 nak n
sabenAkgbTvehtuhigaenATIena...> elak eRbm nCMruj[elaknaykrdmnI TkiN Cinv&Rt
56
CMBUkTI.3
TTYlykRBraC{vaTrbsRBmhakRtnigRBbrmraCinInaf edayrkdMeNaRsayEbbsniviFI nig

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anareQVgyl[nRtwmRtvGMBsSI anarN_Camun. .> elak eRbm nEfgdUecenAkg Gg:sia sala
mYy eRamRbanbT .rYbrYmkmaMga edIm,IdMeNaRsaybBaHaenAambBaextaKxagt,g EpkelI
RBraCbnl
rbsRBmhakRt.. .> esckIEf
garN_rbselak eRbm eyagpaleTAelIRBraCbnl
rbsRBmhakRtnafTI 24 Exkum aM 2004 EdlaMRTeyaKyl (asaesomfa eK(a%c /exAc/

mann&yfa yl) GaccUleTAdln (asaesomfa eK(aTwg /exAFwg/ mann&yfa cUldl) nigarGPivD
(asaesomfa b&Ona /patfNa/)...> elak TkiN manvtmanenAkgarEfgsunrkfaen buEnmin
nGnuvtamesckIEfgsunrkfaenaeT.. > elak eRbm nBnlfa mnusRKbrUbabaMgBIemdwk
naMshKmn_ rhUtdlmnrd
I aPil sasaar nigGg:areRArdaPil KYrEteQVgylGMBRBraC
I
{vaTrbsRBmhakRt nigTTYlykasarYmmYysRmabeRbIRs (ryarN_aEstf/ 3 mIna
2005).. > bnu a nfeRaymk raCrdaPilnbeg;tI RkmRbwkasRmsRmlCatimYy edIm,IedaRsay
CamYyclnaberenAaKxagt,g. .> enCaarecjdMeNIrmYyBIealneyaysnisuxnIykmman
BImunmk.. >
GnraKmn_rbselak eRbm kgvibtienAaKxagt,g KWCaTahrN_yagc,asGMBITRmgRKbRKg
KYr[ktsm:altcU mYy GMBGPi
I lkicr aCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj EdlkMBgu dMeNIrarenAkg RbeTs
f.. > eBlx eKTTYls:alfa RBmhakRtfneFVGn
I raKmn_palkg Epkneyay.. > TahrN_
dl,Il,aybMptu mYy KWareFVGn
iI raKmn_rbsRBGg:EdlbBal[mantukmbgHr Qam naExsa aM
1992.. > enAeBlena RBGg:ndasetOndlnaykrdmnI anRbCaRbiymYyrUb nigemdwknaMRbaMg
mYyrUb ehIyndakRBraCbBaadlBYkeK[ppanUvTsnpyarbseK...> buEn GnraKmn_Ca
saarNdkRmdUcen nbgHaj[eKdwgnUvbBajdFMTUlaymYyrbsRBraCvganuvg Edl
BakBn& n gw clnaneyay ehIyaKeRcInRtvnlakkMgM yagCitBIRkEsEPkmhaCnTUeTA.. > teTA
en eyIgnwgbkRsayGMBItuPUtnigdMeNIrvivDnrbbraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj.. >
arkMNtn&yelIneyayf
GsryeBldyrU mkehIy eKmanarBikkg arkMNtnUvTRmgneyayenAkg RbeTsf.. > elak

ehVd rIKs
: _ (Fred Riggs) enAaM 1966 nGGagfa RbeTsf KWCaRbeTs ariyalyaFibety.
fa GkariyalyaFibetynigmneyaa
I
nRKbRKgRbeTsf edIm,IEtealbMNgpalxn rbsBYk
eK.. > elak ehvisnu (Hewison) nriKnyagRtwmRtvcMeBaarbkRsayRClniymxagelI. .> atelIk
eLIgfa vaCaarbkRsaygabRkLa ehIyminngakemIlelIRkmRbaMgnwgRkmGktsepg.
U @ ehIy
EfmTaMgminniyayGMBarkekI
I
tclnamhaCnenAkg Tsvtr_aM 1970 eTotpg (1996. 75).3. .> eRay
raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj nigbaBRsbc,abenAkgRbeTsf
57
mkeTot arBiakaGMBneyay
I
fCajwkjab RtveKniyayEtBIarpasbr lTRi bCaFibetynigar
pasbr neyay (C&yGn&n 1990).. > bnabBrd
I RbhareyaaenAkg aM 1991 nbdiesFarsndi a n
minc,aslas GMBRbCaFi
I betybnIykmenAkg RbeTsfmk manarRsavRCavmYycMnnY FM nsg;t
Fne lIarpasbr esdkci neyay
nigarkekIteLIgnUvsg:msuvI li EdlnaMmkCamYynUvKeRmagEkERb
neyaybnic bnc (kuNr s_ 1999 nig makxarh: 2002).. > GtSbTeneRbIRsnUvviFsas
I mYyEbb
epg ehIynigelIkeLIgfa TRmgneyayrbsRbeTsf KWCaTRmgmYymanlkNCaneyay
EpkelIbBaj...> abBIaM 1973 mk dlaM 2001 bBajdwknaMneyayrbsRbeTsf KWCa
bBajrbsRBmhakRtesayraC RBTsemcRBbrminr mhaPUmBi lGtuletC.. > abaMgBIaM
2001 mk tmaBnbBajrbsRBraCvaMg RtvnRbECgCamYynwgarkekIteLIgKYr[ktsm:al
rbselaknaykrdmnI TkiN Cinv&Rt EdlCamhaesdIdman}TiBlEpkRbB&nTUrKmnaKmn_. .>
abaMgBIbeBjelak fm kitixr.4 (TnGm kittiKcr Thanom Kittikachorn) nigelak Rbas
aruesSr.5 (prABas caruesTIyr Praphas Charusathien) ecjBItMENgenAkgaM 1973 mk RBeA
PUmiBl nRBraCGaNacRkf nedIrtYelIsBIGVIEdleKehAfa RBmhakRtRKgraCbuEnminan
GMNac nighakdUcCaminEmnCaRBmhakRtGaRs&yelIrdFmnuBadUcEdlnEcgenAkgc,abeT...>
mageTot manGkniBnmYycMnnY CaBiesselak ehvisnu (1997) sasaar kbekO (2002-2003)
nig elak kWrsHv_ (Kershaw) (2001) nBayamvaytmcMeBatYnaTIneyayrbsRBraCvganuvg
f edayepatCacm,geTAelIEtRBmhakRtbueNa.. > arBiakaenAkgGtSbTenxusBIeK.. > kg
en RBmhakRt KWCatMNagnTRmgGPilkicdfIsnagmYy EdlGacylnyagc,asfa Ca
bBajneyay...> .raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj. rbsRbeTsf nRbmUlpMEteTAelIelak
eRbm RbanKNGg:mnI (KNTIRbwkanRBmhakRt) EtbueNa.. > raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj
KWCaTRmgdkw naMBakkBalraCaFibetymYy edaysarEtRBmhakRtfnigsm<nm ti r bsRBGg: n
RbDiteLIgnUvTRmgraCaFibetyEbbTMenIbmYy CasSab&nneyayminpv ar (Para-political institution). .>
elak EGBWrsun (Anderson) nerobrabyaglGMBrbbraCani
I
ymrbsraCGaNacRkf fa .Carbb
RKbRKgEdlasKMrilehIyEbk. (1978. 209)...> buEn raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj KWCaar
kekIteLIgTMenIbCagTRmgedIm. .> raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajenAeBlbcb ,n rMlkw eLIgvijGMBraCani
I ym
pacar (sm,Na CJasiTri aC) munsm&y Ks 1932.. > raCaFibetybcb ,neneFI[V manarTTYls:al
TaMgsakesrI fa anRBmhakRtfGg:sm&yTMenIbNamYyGacCaGkdwknaMpacareLIy. .> bEu n .Gk
beg;tI erOgRBraCeTvkfa npBVpayedaycitRfax<snUvareRbbeFobrvagRBeA RBram TI 5
CamYyRBmhakRtEdlkMBgu esayraC. (ebeLCI (Peleggi) 2002. 167) ehIyelak PIfrW haksnu
(Peter Jackson) nelIkeLIgfa arearBbUCadsk
&s
i Ti cMi eBaRBeA RBram TI 9 (KW RBeA PUmBi l)
RtvneKdakbBalkgeTvkfaenaEdr (haksun 1999. 301-4).6...> elaknaykrdmnIf
58
CMBUkTI.3
TkiN Cinv&Rt EdlnCab eatcMnYnBIrdgenAkgaM 2001 nigaM 2005 edaysar araMRTBI

RbCaCn nsVEsVgedayRbgRby&t edIm,IpasbrbBajnGMNacRBraCvaMg edaydakCMnYsvij
nUvbBajfImYy. .>
lkNBiessnrbbraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajrbsRbeTsf abBI aM 1980 dlaM 2001
mandUcteTA.
1.-. RBmhakRt KWCaGaCJakBalcugeRay kg areFVesck
I seRmc
I
BakBn& nw gneyay enAkg
sSanarN_manvibti. .>
2.-. raCaFibety KWCaRbPBdsMxannaBRsbc,abrbsCati. .>
3.-..RBmhakRtmantYnaTICaGkplRBraC{vaT cMeBabBaHaCati edayCYybeg;ItnUvrebobvar
Cati CaBiessamryRBraCsunrkfarbsRBGg:kgeBlbuNceRmInRBCnCaerogralaM. .>
4.-..RBmhakRtmanraCsiTieFIVGnraKmn_yagskm enAkgdMeNIrvivDneyayy edayeFVI
arCamYyGktMNagrbsRBGg: dUcCasmaCikRkmRbwkaRBmhakRt nigemdwknaMeyaasMxan.@
EdlRBGg:TukRBT&y. .>
5.-. GtItembBaaarkgT&B nigCanaykrdmnI eRbm tiNsUlann tMNagdcm,gbMputrbsRB
Gg: CaGkCYykMNtnUvlkNsm<&nraCrdaPilTUeTA RKbRKgdMeNIrareyaa nigartemIg
zanepg.@ eTot.. >
cMNcu sMxanena KWfa GPilkicGaRs&
ybBajRbePTen EpkCamUldanelIareceRbImnus
[RtvamtYnaTIargar.. > aratEcgnUvmuxtMENgsMxan.@ KWCatYnaTIdcm,grbselak eRbm CaGk
tMNagdsMxanbMputrbsRBmhakRt.. >
rbbraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajminmanlkNesrIniymeT BIeRBarbbenBwgEpkeTAelIGVI
EdlehAfa .mnusl. nigaratbnSynUvGMNacrbssSab&nneyayRsbc,ab nignItiviFIpvar
epg.@. .> rbbenplGaTiaBtictYcdlealarN_RbCaFibety dUcCa nItirdnigGFibetyrbs
RbCaras. .> bEu n saRBhssMxan.@ rbsRBeA PUmBi l RtvneKelIktemIg; kg ealbMNgelIk
sVy
& aBrbsRBGg:rwtEtx<s kg rbbdwknaMBhubkniym EdlkMBgu EtekIneLIgenAkg raCGaNacRk
f.. > krNIykicen
py
eTAnwgarRKbRKgdtwgrugw EdlnkMNtelIraCaFibetyGaRs&yrdFmnBu a
dUcmnusTUeTAabnyl. .> cMeBamtirbselak rbU tW dah (Robert Dahl) eKGacs:alraCaFibety
fyagc,asfa CaGg:arataMg GnuRbB&n (dah 1982. 27-8) KWminEmnCasSab&neT.. > Gk
naMmuxdsMxanbMputrbsbBajen KWKNGg:mnI (RkmRbwkaRBmhakRt) EdlCYbRbCuMaBIrdgkg
mYysah_ edIm,IBiniteLIgvijnUvralnItiviFITaMgLay nigplCaGnusasn_cMeBabBaHaepg.@ dl
RBmhakRt (ehvIsun 1997. 72)...> RBraCakGacBieRaeyablCamYynwgemdwknaMnanarbs
KNbkneyayn eBlRbeTsmanvibti (1997. 73).. > elak ehvIsun nelIkeLIgfa..
59
RBmhakRtnigTIRbwkarbsRBGg: manRBraCtRminigeyablfa RBGg:KYrEtmanraCsiTieFIV

GnraKmn_kg dMeNIrarneyay RBGg: eRcInhakdcU CaeFIRB
V raCskmaBhYsBItYnaTIEdleKat
fa smrmkgRbB&nraCaFibetyGaRs&yrdFmnuBa (1997. 72-3).>..
hYsBIGVIEdlehAfa .enABIelIneyay. RBmhakRtGg:en amBit ncUlrYmyageBj

TMhwgkgneyay.. > arcUlrYmrbsRBGg: nn&yfa RBGg:KWCa .RBmhakRtskm. (1997.
74).. > enAkg aM 1989 RBmhakRtnerobrabtYnaTIEpkneyayrbsRBGg:ya gc,as enAkg
kicsmasdkRmmanmYyCamYynwgsarB&tman
_ (New York Times) fa..
jykEfms
.xJKiM tfa eyIgnrkeXIjviFs

I asdlbM ptu mYy.>. RBGg:RTgbEnSmeTotfa enAkg tMENgrbsRBGg:
mankaRClniymBIr EdlRtveCosvag TI 1 KWarcMNu TaMgRsgeRamGkneyay nigTI 2 KWarman
RBraChT&ycecs.> RBGg:manRBbnl
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M seRmccitsS
ti enAkg rgVgc,ab
xJGac
M eFVnUI v
GVEdlc,ab
I
nEcgEtbeu Na.> RbsinebIxJniM yayGVmYI y naykrdmnI krdmnIRt
vEtcuhtSelxaGm
ehIy RbsinebIanvtmanrbsBYkeKkg arcuhtSelxaGmeT eyIgminGacniyayneT.> enaCapv
mYy KWminneFVGVI TaM
I gGs anGVekI
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I neBk edayeRbIRs}TBi l
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I RKb
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.[rCalRBeA PUmBi l.]. jykEfms_ 21 sa 1989).>
TsnEdlfa .RtvEtsSti enAkBal nigeFVar

I RKbEpkTaMgGsamreboben. KWCaesckIseg
b
dc,aslasmYynGPilkicraCaFi
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aM 1973 mkem . .> sRmabRBraCvaMg arEckrMElkGMNac KWCaareqy
I tbdsmehtuplmYyenAkg
lMdabfakneyay.. > arRKbRKgrbsRBmhakRtmankRmitkMNtedayxanminn dUcEdlelak
Guln (Olson) elIkeLIgfa .Gk dwknaMEdlminGacayCaGkpacarEtgEtmancitcg
sharCamYynwg
GkdTepgeTot edIm,Ibeg;tI raCrdaPilminpacarmYy. (2000. 33).. > elak Guln nEvkEjk
fa enAeRamsSanarN_dUcen CaTUeTA GkdwknaMcgbeg;tI raCrdaPiltMNagrasmYy. .> eTaCayag
enkI CeRmIsdlcMeBaraCaFibetyrbsRbeTsf KWGnuBaat[manarbeg;tI nUvraCrdaPiltMNag
ras[manCarUbrageLIg ehIykgeBlCamYyaenaEdr RtveRbIRsbBajneyayedIm,IbMpaj
nigplrMlMBYkeK...> EtKYr[GssMeNIc manGkraCaniymEdlmanKMnitesrIniympg dman}TiBl
mYycMnnY naMRTmeFayEbben dUcCa bNit Rbevs vsI.7 (prAevS vAsI Prawase Wasi) nig elak
Gan&n b&narCun.8 (Gan&nd p&nyarjun Anand Panyarachun). .> BYkeKnbeg;ItbBajariyalyaFibetybEnSm Edlkg cMeNamena buKl: mak.@ GacGnuvtnUvGMNacnig}TBi lrbseKerog.@ xn (BYk
eKGaceRbbdUcCaescRaj). .> BIeRBaEtneyayRsbc,ab RtvnRKbdBbedaytYGg:ykRk
CaFMena nCabBajraCaniymnigesrIny
i mpg nplnU vmeFaymYyeTot edIm,IeFI[V rebobvar
60
CMBUkTI.3
neyaymanlkNeCOnelOn.. > sRmabGkesrIny

i m rbbraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj KWCaTRmg
GnrkmmYynarRKbRKg EdlmanmuxnaTIpleyabl
smRsbkgarbeg;ItnUvTRmgneyayesrI
mYy. .> RsbeBlCamYyaenaEdr BuEmn
M CabBajraCaniymTaMgGsrbsEdlmanlkNesrIniym
ehIyraCaFibetynrkaTMnakTMngyagCitsTi Ca
mYynwgRkmGPirkniymRCl EdlmanarTakTg
CamYynwgkgT&B RksYgmhap nigsSab&nmYycMnYn dUcCa RkmayTiamPUmiCaedIm...> GPilkic
GaRs&ybBajrbsRBmhakRt minmanTMnakTMngCamYyTsnvisy
& neyayCaklakNamYyena
eT BIeRBaEtGPilkicen
manaBbtEbn GaRs&yeTAnwgehtuarN_CakEsg. .> ebIamelak edvid
Nk (David Knocke) raCaFibetyrbsRbeTsf man}TBi leBjsnkw bEu nminRkdfa Gaceab
abGMNacnenaeT.. > dUec rbbraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajRtvEteFVar
I edayRbgRby&tbM ptu . .>
GMNackgareFVITMnakTMngrbsxn RtvEtmanaBCaklakeTAamsSanarN_ (1994. 2).. > eal
bMNgsMxanrbsbBajen KWedIm,IelIktem;IgGMNacnigkitanuaBrbsraCbl&g;...> Cafrmkvij
kitanuaBenmantYnaTIbeRmIGtsBaaNCati ehIyeFIV[GkEdlncUlrYmCamYybBajen maneK
TTYls:alfa Rsbc,abyagTUlTUM lay.. > areQVgylBIrbbraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj RtvCYb
RbTnUvarlMkeRcIn BIeRBaEtc,absIGMBIarRbmafRBecsa ehIynigarRttBinitCuMvijsSab&n
RBmhakRt mansaBtwgrwgu (eskhVs
w (Streckfuss) 1998).. > arXaemI
M len vadUceTAnwgGVEdl
I
elak kuNrs_ nelIkeLIgfaCa .bUMncMeNdwgrbsGkenAkgRBraCvaMg. EdlCacMeNdwg
neyayEbbmYy GnuBaat[GkenAxagkg EdlmanksiTi TakTgCamYyGkxageRAn EteKmin
mansmtSaBbkRsaynUvRBwtiarN_epg.@ [nRtwmRtvc,aslaseT (2003. 130-1).. >
dMeNIrvivDrbsraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj
raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajminEmnCaRbB&nEdlenAnwgf;lenaeT buEnCaviFIRbtibtimYyEdlman
lkNTnPn ehI
yERbRbleTAamsSanarN_nana.. > edaysarEtGkRsavRCav manarBikkg ar
yl nigareFVIbMENgEcknUvrbbraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj nCaeKeRcInEtemIlrMlg bMePc
ealnUvraCaFibetyEbben...> kgCMnanelak ss# Fnr&Ct_.9 (s$ti DnAr&jz Sarit Thanarat)
(1958-63) GMNacpacareyaanCYyelIktem;IgraCaFibetyedIm,ICYy[eKTTYls:alrdf/
GMNacpalxn rbselak ss# nigartsRbaM
U gnwgBYkkumy nis fa RtwmRtvEmn (T&k 1979. 30125).. > raCaFibetyEdltRbCaRbiyaBnasm&ymun@ bnabmk nelceaeLIgvij. .> mkTl
nwgcugTsvtr_aM 1960 RBmhakRtnEfgRBraCsunrkCasaarNyageTogTatTakTgnwg
bBaHaneyay...> mkTledImTsvtr_aM 1970 RBGg:nayCa}srCndmanGMNacbMputenA
kgraCGaNacRkf (mUerl (Morell) nig C&yGn&n 1981. 66-8)...> RBGg:knbgHajnUvaraMRT
cMeBayuTn aardwknaMedaynisitRbaMgeTAnwgTMnji Cbnu naaM 1972 pgEdr (RBIeh (Prizzia) 1985.
61
51)...> ehIysUm,IEtenAmunRBwtiarN_aM 1973 RbCarasfmYycMnYneCOCakfa RBmhakRtn

.sSitenAkgCMhrEtmYyKtkgarCMrujnUvviFIepg.@ edIm,IEkrTRmgsg:mnigrdaPilCaaMcnigCa
bnan. (ruN
I lu d_ (Reynolds) 1978. 108).. > enAkg aM 1973 edaysarRBGg:minsBVRBraChTy
&
nwgardwknaMEpkneyay ariyalyaFibety nigeyaa EdlRbkbedayKuNvibti RBGg:nedIrtY
yagsMxanenAkgaraMRTnUvskmaBplrMlMbursxaMg eBalKWelak fm kitixr nigelak Rbas
aruesSr.. > enAeBlena .RBGg:nayCanimti r bU bRgbbRgmmYynesckIRf
arbsRbCaBlrd.
(bUvI (Bowie) 1997. 97)...> RBmhakRtnplRBraC{vaTdlemdwknaMnisit munRBwtiarN_Ex
tula aM 1993 ekIteLIg (kuNrs_ 2003. 130).. >
sasaar kbekO nRbemIlemIlfa arminsBVRBT&yrbsRBmhakRtCamYynwgrbbdwknaM
mYyEpkTMngmkBIelak Rbas nriKnRbaMgeTAnwgelak ss# EdlCaGkplRbwkanigCadKU
dsMxanrbsRBGg: (kbekO 2003. 177)...> bnabBIaM 1973 raCGaNacRkfminGacRtLbeTA
anEbbraCaniympacardUcsm&ymunaM 1932 neLIy...> buEn GkraCaniymTaMgLaycg[man
nUvTRmgRbtibtimYyEbbeTot Edlkgena RBraCvaMgGacRbtibtiedIm,IeFVIGnraKmn_ nigtRmgTis
neyayfedaypalnigedayRbeyal...> CMnYs[raCaFibetyamzananuRkm etIraCGaNacRk
fGacbeg;ItnUvTRmgRKbRKgEbbrbbraCaFietyGaRs&ybBajCMnYsmkvijneT..? enAkg
raCaFibetyamzananuRkm RBraCbl&g;GacTTYlnnUvKuNbMNacnigarsresIrcMeBaeCaKC&y
rbsxn buEn RBraCbl&g;RtvneKbenaspgEdr enAeBlEdlmanbBaHaxusq:gNamYynekIt
eLIg...> enAkgraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajvij raCbl&g;GacTTYlnnUvkitiKuNGMBIeCaKC&y buEn
arbraC&yrbs .RbB&nGnfy. RtvneKTmakkMhuseTAelIGkepgvij CaBiessdUcCaelIGk
neyayBukrlYy nigEdlRtveKeaTRbanfa KitEtBIplRbeyaCn_palxn CaedIm. .> enAkg aM
1981 elak meU rl nig C&yGn&n neRkInrMlkw fa .neyayUny
I kmrbssSab&nRBmhakRt Edl
kMBgu ekIneLIgenAkg bnu a nafM .I @ en eFI[V eKmanarbTg:ci dlsavrbsvb,Fmbru aNrbsesom.
(1981. 313)...> edayeFVIaramrybBaj yagehacNas kraCaFibetyGacbgHajTRmgxag
eRArbsxn EbbminBakB&neTAnwgneyay edIm,Ip:abcitsaarNCnEdr.. > elak kuNrs_ n
riKnyagRtwmRtvcMeBaGkraCaniymKMnti GPirk EdlBayamBiBN
& n aRBeA PUmBi l fa Ca .Gk sRm
sRmlBYkGkEdlCasRtvnwgaenAkg sg:m.. .> bEu n rUbaBen KWCaarabepmI nrbbraCaFibety
ambBaj (kuNr s_ 2003. 131).. > bBaHafa etIarbeg;tI raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajeLIgCaKeRmag
rbsBYk}srCn fa etIraCaFibetyEbbennvivtedaycdnyagNaena enAEtCaRbanbT
sRmabarBiaka.. > EtPsagGBaRkwtnaM[Kitfa manEpnarnigarKitTukCamun. .>
samsibaeRay
M mk eKGacemIleXIjkicRbw
gERbgCabnbnab edIm,IeFV[I raCaFibetyGaRs&y
bBajTTYlneCaKC&ykg eBleFIV arkg Rkbx&NneyayrbsCati. .> manarbeg;tI nUvRbB&nmY y
62
CMBUkTI.3
EdlTTYls:altYnaTIviCmannigskmrbsRBmhakRt (kbekO 2002. 62-3) EtarBarmin[man

arriKn. .> elak kWrsHv_ nelIkeLIgfa raCaFibetyenAkg tMbnGasuGaeK
I yGacp
_ l .meFay
Biess. edIm,ITnM ku bRmgGnrkmRbCaFibety (2001. 159-60).. > py
eTAvij GtSbTencgbgHaj
fa raCaFibetyfnRbaMgeTAnwgarpasbr RbCaFibety GseBlCayUrlgmkehIy ehIyn
ylRBmTTYls:alarEkTRmgneyayyagsakesIrbMput nigyagyWtyav.. > RkdNas eyIg
GacBiakalMGitnfa edaysar .arCYyseg:aRbeTs. kgsSanarN_manvibti raCaFibety
naMRTrdaPilansmtSaBCaeRcInCMnan nigGacBnareBledaRsaybBaHaneyayrbsRbeTs
fn.. > abaMgBIaM 1973 mk dlcN
M cu EdlRbeTsfnabepmI GnuvtnUvrbbBhubkRbkYt
RbECg (dah (Dahl) 1971. 40-7) raCaFibetynbBalxngCafIeTAkgzananuRkmneyay
edayeFVCa
I GkdwknaMeK.. > RBraCvaMgnsVEsVgbeg;tI nUvlkxNrbsxn edaypaledayRbeyal
sRmabneyayBhubken.. > dUcelak biNci (Bendix) nviaK .CaargayRslbMpa jetCanuaB
Bisdi Cag
arksageLIgvij. (1978. 17-18).. > bEu n GsryeBl 3 Tsvtr_eTAehIy raCaFibety
fmansaBpy RsLBITMenaren edaysareLIgvijnUvGMNacrbsxn amryarRKbRKgRbkbeday
viarNjaNnUvbBajTaMgLay.. >
RbsinebIRkeLkRtLbeTAeRayvij RBwti arN_Extula aM 1973 nbiTMgedayatumni Bit
nGnraKmn_eBareBjedayFmkruNarbsRBmhakRt EdlenCameFaymYykg arbg;[manar
pasbrEpkneyay...> RBmhakRtneFVIGnraKmn_pgEdr enAkgaM 1974 edayraraMgcMeBa
ardakbBalbuBVsiTimYycMnYnrbsRBmhakRteTAkgesckIRBagc,abrdFmnuBa (kuNrs_ 2003.
130. kbekO 2003. 59).. > mkdlaM 1976 RBraCvaMgmanTMenareTAxagsanM y
i m nignplar
aMRTdsmat cMeBaRBwti arN_bgHr Qam fTI 6 Extula.. > GtItemdwknaMpacar elak fm kitxi r n
TTYlarGnuBaat[cUlmkRbeTsfvij nig[cUlbYsCasameNrenAkg vtbvrnievsvihar (Cavtkg
raCUbtSm) ehIyRBmhakRtnigRBraCinn
I escyageTAsYrsuxTuk (bUvI 1997. 129. kbekO 2003.
172).. > ryeBlBIrfbnabBIarsmabns
i ityagrg:al RBmhakRtnEfgpBVpayamviTaMRT
yageBjTMhwgdlBlRbhar fTI 6 Extula...> semcRBnageA sirikit# CaRBbrmraCinInaf nig
RBraCbuRtITaMgLayneFVIRBraCTsnkicenAsaklviTal&yFmsas (DrrmSastr Thammasat)
edayRTgraCRbTanmHb GaharcMeBaRkmayTenA
i amPUmi (ehA lUkesWGjavx(an .lkU esOavn. Ca
asaesom bkERbfa .knU xaGkRsk.) EdlneCMrenA
M TIvalena (kbekO 2003. 174).. > dUc
GkRsI bUvI nEvkEjken KWCayuTsasdeRafakmYy edayRBmhakRtsSitkgTIaMgEdlman
suvtSi aB EtenAeBlEdlRBGg:naMRT .GarmNrbs
_ mnusaKeRcIn. enAkg aM 1973.. > bEu n
.RBGg:nbg;eRafakdlRBraCtMENgrbsRTg enAeBlEdlmaneKKitfa RBGg:ncUlRbLk
mYynwgRkmaKtic EdlmaneKTasETgExVgKMnti . (1997. 14).. > enAkg arBiesaFfmYI y RBmhakRt
63
neRCIsaMgelak anin Rk&yvieCor.10 (Danindr kr&yviejIyr Thanin Kraivixian) CanaykrdmnI eday

sgwmfa eARkmtulaarCanx<sEdl
eBareBjedayKMnti GPirkniym minsUvmanRbCaRbiyaB nigCa
sMNBVRBraChT&yrbsRBraCinrUI ben GacCaGktMNagrbsRBGg:n.. > arBiesaFennTTYl
braC&yyagGssgwm edayRBmhakRtminGacRbtibtiamrytYGg:eanigRtvneKCMTasrUb
enneT.. > elak anin RtvnbeBjecjBItMENgenAkg aM 1977 EtneLIgzanam.@ Ca
smaCiknKNGg:mn.I .> enKWCaviFRbti
I btFm
i arbsraCvaMg edIm,IbBaakBIaBminsBVRB&ycMeBarebob
EdleKnRbRBwteTA
elImnussMNBVrbsRBraCvganuvg (kbekO 2003. 175).. >
RBraCvganuvgnbnbgHajnUvaBlMeGoghYsRbmaN xagareRbIRskmaMgeyaa CaCag
arppanigkaB...> buEn CabeBIr.@ RBmhakRtnRBraCtRmiemerondsMxanmYyEdlkg
ena raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajaMcRtvsnid a nBITRmgxageRArbsdKUCaeRcIn ehIyeRCIsaMg
nigsharCamYytYGg:neyaymYycMnnY FMeTot.. > raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajRtvEtBwgEpkelIar
sRmsRml edayTTYls:alEpkTaMgLaynsg:mfTaMgmUl. .> CageneTAeTot raCaFibetyGaRs&y
bBaj RtvEtCabTakTgeTAnwgarRsRsl EpkelIsSanarN_CakEsgCamYynwgGkneyayKYr
[sg&ymnil RtvEteRbIRsEpknkmaMgT&BamlMdabCanfak nigRtvEtCabTakTgeTAnwg
neyaynarksagsm<naB...> eTaCayagenkI arksagsm<naBTaMgen KWminEmnCatYnaTI
rbsRbmuxrdEdlCaRBmhakRtenaeT.. > RBmhakRtRtvarGktMNagmakEdlGacRKbRKgbBaj
rbsRBGg:n.. > amBit RBmhakRtminaMcmancMNgTakTgedaypaleRcInenAkg arRKbRKg
RbeTsenaeT.. > raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajGacdMeNIraredayxn g GaRs&yedaymanemdwknaM
RtwmRtvantEM Ng ehIyRBmhakRtRtvareFVGn
I raKmn_edaypalRBGg:enAkg sSanarN_manvibti
kenAeBlEdlRBGg:manRBraCsarBiessedIm,IplCa
dMNgw Etbeu Na.. > atumYynraCaFibety
ambBaj KWclnaayTiamPUmi EdlRbanneyaysaMniym...> GkRsI bUvI nelIkeLIgfa
GkEdlncUlrYmkg clnaayTi amPUmman
i .ksgw
I mRseBcRsBilfa RbsinebImanbBaHaanEt
eRcInnekIteLIg BYkeKGacman{asRbesIreFIV[RBmhakRtGanlixitrbsBYkeK nigTTYln
areRCamERCgBiessBIRBGg:. (1997. 253).. > arcUlrYmCamYyraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj Gac
TTYlnnUvGtSRbeyaCn_KYr[ktsm:alaMgBIarbeg;nI kits
iu B edIm,IrMBgw TuknUvartemgI zan nigar
beg;InnUvlTaBkgarTTYlnnUvB&tmannigGMNacpgEdr.. >
elak ehvIsnu nktsm:alfa RBmhakRtnGGagxn RBGg:Ca .RBmhakRteRCIsaMg.
ehIynesIeLIgfa RbCanurasGacTmakRBGg:ecjBIRBraCbl&g;n RbsinebIBYkeKmineBjcit
(1997.. 60).. > raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajEpkelIaBRsbc,abepg.@ CaeRcIn rYmTaMgRbCaRbiyaB
dFeFg
M rbsraCaFibety Edlpl[RBraCvaM
gnUvsiTBi ei sskg areFIGn

V raKmn_bEnSmelIrdFmnBu a
kg dMeNIrarneyay.. > RBmhakRtbBaakGGagGMBI .sTi Bii ess. BIsMNakRbCanuras Edl
64
CMBUkTI.3
CasiTimanGanuaBCagsiTirbsemdwknaMneyayTTYlnBIareeateTAeTot.. > RBGg:manar

earBtictYccMeBaGVEdl
I elak meU rl nig C&yGn&n nehAfa .deM NIrartMNagsMeLgneyay.
(meU rl nig C&yGn&n 1981. 271).. > dUcEdlelak ehvIsnu neFVar
I EvkEjk raCaFibety .mni
nbgHajGMBar
I ebCaJ citNa
mYykg kMENTRmgRbCaFibetyenaeT. (1997. 63).. > dMeNIrarEk
TRmgneyaynaTsvtr_aM 1990 manGanuaBeFVI[GnraydlsiTiBiessrbsRBmhakRt...>
enAeBlNaneyayeeatenAkg RbeTsf manlkNBukrlYy RbLkRbLak nigminl}texa
RBmhakRtmansiTGMi NacbdiesFam.@. .> ehIyCaTIbBab RBmhakRtnRbTannUvdMeNaRsay
bBaHa EdlGnuBaat[raCGaNacRkfGacrkpvecjn eBlmanaBvwkvrxagneyay...> buEn
RbsinebIRbeTsfnBRgwgRbB&nneyay
rbsxn edayeCaKC&y nignbeg;tI ynarsSab&nepg.@

eTot edIm,IRKbRKgvibtini ganasirS aB enatYnaTIBiessrbsraCaFibetynwgRtvnatbnSyCakCa
minxan.. > niyaymagvijeTot RBraCvaMgmankIrMBwgfa nwgnplcMeNjmYyEpkBIarrkarebob
rbbneyay EdldMeNIrarN_minc,aslas EdlRanEtGnuBaatnUvGnraKmn_mankRmitRtwm
RtvmYyrbsraCaFibety edIm,IrkanUvkitisBnRBmhakRtEtbueNa..> RBmhakRtkaBeTA
nwgTsnkaBCati EdlBakBn& n gw arsRmsRml (ehvIsnu 1997. 65) CaCagdMeNaRsay[
dacRsLnUvbBaHavivaTepg.@. .> krNIennbgHajamryarelIkElgeTasnRBmhakRt cMeBa
GkCabBakB&nnw gtukmExsa aM 1992 EdleFV[I aresIbu Geg;tyagRtwmRtvcMeBaRkwdk maK
eRcIn EdlRbRBwteday
Tahan RtvGakxan.. > dUcEdlemdwknaMRbaMg elak cmg RsIemOg.11 (cMalGg
SrIemWGg Chamlong Srimuang) nniyaybnabBIars[
I rbsRBmhakRtnafTI 20 Exsa aM 1992
mk .enAeBlEdlRBGg:RTgmanRBraCtRmas GkRtvEt{nk,alnigGnuvtRBraCtRmasen.
(mtiCn 22 sa 1992).. > raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajmanarBakB&nCamYynwgneyayRbkb
edayl,icedaxn nigminc,aslas ehIynelIkRBraCskmaBrbsRBmhakRt [sSti enABIelI
arriKnrbsmhaCnTUeTA.. > Tid aBsMxanmYyrbsraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj KWbBaHaasadUcEdl
nbgHajenAkg sunr kfaExkum aM 2005 rbselak eRbm fa CasMxanNasEdr EdlarBiakaCa
saarNneRbIRsasaEdlecjCabBatnii gGnumt& edayRBmhakRt edIm,IerobrabnigkMNtnUv
erOgravnigbBaHaepg.@...> arRttRarbsRBmhakRtedayasa KWCaTRmgsMxanmYynGMNac
neyay nigRtvnEfgenAkg RBraCsunr kfaCaRbRktI CaBiess KWRBraCsunr kfaerogralfTI 4
ExF mYyfmunfceRmInRBCnRBmhakRt.. > sunr kfadUcen .nayCaealarN_kaBCanirnr_
nigCaesckIRtvarmnuslsRmabdwknaMRbeTs. (ebkWr (Baker) nig pasuk 2005. 237).. >
abaMgBIaM 1980 mk emdwknaMraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajrbsraCGaNacRkf KWelak eRbm
tiNsUlann. .> elak eRbm neRCIsaMgyagRbgRby&teday
RBmhakRt [eFVCa
I embBaaarkg
T&B nigeRaymkCanaykrdmnI. .> areLIgzanCanaykrdmnIrbselak eRbm hakdUcCaeFVIam
65
lkNRbCaFibety buEnarBit KWCa .rdRbharedayRBmhakRt. vij.12. .> elak eRbm min

GacCMns
Y tMENgrbselak ss# CaTIRsLajrbsRBGg:neT bEu n RBmhakRtnRbTanarTuk
RBraChTy
& cMeBaelak eRbm yagdacGhg;ar edayTteXIjelak eRbm CaemdwknaMsMxanesaRtg
mYyrUb EdlnEckrMElknUvviFIsasTnRCayniglakelomrbsRTg EtkCaGkecksagnUv
sm<n aBdmanCMnaj nigCaGkecRKbRKgarRbB&nem
kmagM . .> ryeBl 21 abM nabmk elak eRbm
nbeRmIar GacTukdUcCa .RbanRKbRKgFnanmnus. yagmanRbsiT aBrbsRbeTsf CaGk
epmI KMnti cMeBaarEtgaMg arepr nigartemgI zan.. > GMNacrbselak eRbm minEdlmanlkN
pacareT eTabICaatmanGMNacsem,Imkeday.. > elak eRbm antMENgCanaykrdmnIrhU
tdl
aM 1988 ehIybnabmk am.@ nayCasmaCikKNGg:mnI (KWCaKNTIRbwkanRBraCa) man
zanCardburs ehIynTTYltMENgCaRbannKNGg:mnIenAkgaM 1998...> enAExemsa aM
I GmdMeNIrelak eRbm eTAextearaC (nKrraCsIma) edIm,IbgHaj
1981 RBmhakRtnigRBraCinn
nUvaraMRTrbsRTgTaMgBIrRBGg:cMeBaelak eRbm kgsSanarN_manarbunbgeFVIrdRbhar ehIy
sUm,IEtRBraCinkI neFVRB
I raCRbasamviTaMRTelak eRbm pgEdr.. > dUcEdlsasaar kbekO
nEvkEjk araMRTrbsRBmhakRtcMeBaelak eRbm enAkgaM 1981 nbgHajdMNakalfI
mYyenAkg arvivtnGPilkicraCaFi
bety rab aMgBIarcUlrYmenAkg neyayTaMgGskmnigskm
BImunrbsRBGg:mk ehIyRBmhakRtnabepmI edIrtYCa .Gk cUlrYmGnuvtCamun. (2002. 67).. >
aMgBIeBlenamk elak eRbm nigRBraCvaMg nrkasm<naBdrwgmaM. .> aBCadKUen maneal
bMNgedIm,IsSabnaTRmgraCrdaPil.13. .> elak C&yGn&n smuTv NiC. 14 (j&yGn&nt smudvNij ChaiAnan Samudavanija) nBiBN
& n aelak eRbm fa Ca .bru sxagM . (1997. 56) edayatnantMENg
CaGkeFVIarCMnYssRmabRBmhakRtpalRBGg:. .>
enAedImTsvtr_aM 1980 elak eRbm nigraCaFibety KWCaGkTTYlpldcm,gBIRbB&nBhu
bk
EdlBikRKbRKg EdlnGnuBaat[elak eRbm nigraCaFibetyGacrkaTuknUvaBmanGMNac
elIseK.. > elak eRbm RbwkaCamYyRBmhakRterogralsah_ beg;tI CaTmabsRmabmnfI akx<sni g
emdwknaMneyayCMnaneRay...> enAeBlEdlelak eRbm nCYbRbTarriKnCaeRcIn cMeBa
arakcu tmrUby
i vtST
enAkg aM 1994 mk RBrCTayaTnebIkyneharbselak eRbm CUnat
eTAanTIRkggkk ehIybnabmk nebIkraCrfdwkateTAanvimanrdaPil EdlTaMgen edIm,I
bgHaj[eXIjGMBIarsBVRBraChT&yrbsRBmhakRteTAelIlak eRbm.15...> CaarBikBnl
emdwknaMbkRbCaFib&t (KNbkRbCaFibety) elak BiCy
& r&tk l
u .16 (bijy& r&ttkul Pichai Ratakul)
nylRBm[elak eRbm sSti enAkg tMENgCanaykrdmnI bnabBIareeataM 1986 mk.. > en
RbEhlCamanGnraKmn_BIRBmhakRt.17. .> enATIbpM tu elak eRbm nakBIGMNacenAkg aM 1988
bnabBIcMNayGsryeBl 8 akM gmuxtMENg .edaytsUedIm,IrkanUvGMNac nigarBarraCaFi-
66
CMBUkTI.3
bety..18. .> enAkg dMNakalsMxannmI y

Y .@ dUcCaaM 1980/ 1983 nig 1986 araMRTrbsRB
mhakRt KWCaKnw edIm,IrkatMENgCanaykrdmnrbs
I at. .> kg ryeBlen elak eRbm edIrtYCa
QjkBal CaGkehtuarN_niym EdlmanqnkgareFVdMI eNaRsayNamYyEdlGactem;Igpl
RbeyaCn_ rUbaB nig}TiBlrbsRBraCvaMg. .> KuNaBTaMgenneFI[V elak eRbm ayCatMNag
RBmhakRtdlvi essvisal nigCasSabtkrnraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj.. >
ryeBlBIaM 1988 dl 1992 KWCaryeBlmYyBikedaRsaysRmabRBraCvaMg. .> emdwk
naMKNbkCatif (atf) elak CatiCay CuNHv&N.19 (jatijay juNhAv&N Chatchai Choonhawan)
EdlCaGksgtMENgCanaykrdmnIbnabBIelak eRbm KWCamnusEdlmanKMnitkraC...> elak
CatiCay nBayamruerIma sunI EdlRBmhakRtnigelak eRbm nbeg;tI eLIg.20. .> elak ehvIsnu
elIkeLIgfa RBmhakRtatTukelak CatiCay fa anlTaBkgarRKbRKgrdaPil.. > elak
ehvIsun kKitfa RBraCvaMgnaMRTrdRbharTmakrdaPilen ehIysUm,IEtRBmhakRtkn
RbTanarGnuBaatcMeBaGkbeg;tI rdRbharCamunpgEdr (1997 70).. > CaarBit arriKnrbsGkbeg;tI
rdR bhar dUcCa kRmitnGMeBIBukrlYy nigarkekItnUv .GMNacpacarrbsrdsa. KWRtvrUvnwgar
eXasnarbsRBmhakRt.. > RBmhakRtnaMRTCasaarNnUvrdFmnBu aaM 1991 EdleBareBj
eTAedaybBaHa. .> arRbaMgtvaeTAnwgesckIRBagc,abrdFmnuBafI nekIteLIgenAkgTIRkggkk
kg GMLg Exvici a aM 1991 BIeRBaEtrdFmnBu aennGnuBaat[GkEdlminEmnCatMNagras eLIg
CanaykrdmnI...> buEn arriKnrbsmhaCnTUeTAGMBIesckIRBagc,aben RtvnbBabenAeBl
EdlRBmhakRtnEfgRBraCsunrkfakgBiFIceRmInRBCnnaExq edaysMukMu[RbCanurasman
eyablExVgacMeBardFmnBu a EdleKGacnwgeFVviI esaFnkmnaeBleRay (makxarh: 1997. 241).. >
amarBit RBmhakRt KWCaGkTTYlplcMeNjcm,gbMptu BIrdFmnBu aaM 1991 Edlbeg;nI GMNac
rbsRBGg:amviFIepg.@ CaeRcIn. .>
RBraCvaMgminnsanRbmaNCamunnUvartvaEdlnekIteLIgenAExsa aM 1992.. > GnraKmn_
yagyWtyav nigeFVeLI
I gedayRseBcRsBilrbsRBmhakRt EdlnbBabCem
abgHr Qama nig
bBal[elak sucina RaRbyUr.21 (sucinza qraprAyUr Suchinda Kraprayoon) laElgBItMENg
naykrdmnI nERbayeTACaC&yCMnsRmabraCaFibety...> kbuEn BuMEdlmanarBnl[n
ek,ak,ayKYr[Tukcit GMBar
I BnareBleFIskm
V aBrbsRBmhakRtryeBl 3 fenaeT.22. .>
mUlehtusmRsbbMptu KWaBP&yxacrbsRBmhakRtfa elak sucni a nwgbdiesFminsuxcitlaElg
BItMENg.. > RkdNas elak sucina minlaElgBItMENgam.@ enaeT bnabBIRtvRBmhakRt

s[I enAeBlateLIgeTAalRBraCa ehIyEdleKnpayamkBakTU rTsn_mk bEu natnrgaM
GsryeBl 4 feTot...> dUcEdlsasaar kbekO nelIkeLIg enAeBlEdlRBmhakRt
manRBraCskmaB CaaraMcNasEdlGnraKmn_RBGg:RTvEtTTYlneCaKC&y (2003. 179).. >
67
fVIebITsnTUeTAGMeBIhigaExsa aM 1992 nplsBaaNfa dleBlRtvbBabarBwgBakelI

eyaanigraCaFibetyehIy ehIynKUsbBaaknUvtRmvarsRmabdMeNIrarkMENTRmgrdFmnuBa
nigneyay[nhtctkeday kPsagTaMgGsbgHajfa RBmhakRtpalRBGg:minneQVg
ylBIbBaHaeneT.23. .>
GnraKmn_elIkTI 2 rbsRBmhakRtnaaM 1992 KWarEtgaMgelak Gan&n b&narCun CanaykrdmnI
sTI I naExmifnu a nbgHajBIkitsi BekIneLIgrbsraCblg& .; .> arEtgaMgen hakbIdUcCatYyagnar
ekIneLIgGMNacrbsraCaFibety nigGarmNmi_ neBjcitBI sMNakmhaCncMeBaKNbknigsSab&n
neyaymYycMnnY (kbekO 2002. 65).. > enAeBlEdlKNbkRbCaFibt& rbselak QYn lIkP&y.24.
(jvn hlIkB&y Chuan Leekpai) EdlGacTukcitn
nigRbkbedayarRbgRby&t nbeg;tI sl nrdaPil
enAExkBaa aM 1992 (CaCagKNbkBlMFm (pLaMgfaM) rbselak cmg RsIemOg EdlecEtbg;bBaHa
sK saj) qnnRBmhakRthakdUcCanseRmc.. > elak QYn lIkP&y nRbasCasaarNenAkg
sunr kfanayuTn aarExkBaaaM 1992 fa atnTakTgnwgelak eRbm nafTI 18 Exsa aM 1992
edIm,Isu[M atBgw RBmhakRteFVGn
I raKmn_bBabGMeBIhigaBakBn& nw gartvaRbaMgelak sucni a .25. .>
GtSbTrbsaEst
(KavbieS$ .dN
M gw Biess.) EdlneBumbn
< abBIareeat n
EvkEjkfa RkmRbCaFibt& nTTYlC&yCMn BIeRBaBYkeKneRbIRsedayeCaKC&ynUvaraMRTnig
hirBavtS BIRkmesasR& KcMeBaelak Gan&n BImnu EdlrYmmanTaMgsmaKmBaNiCk m mnrI daPil nig
bBavnepg.@ (
25 kBaa-1 tula 1992. suri n 1992. 43).. > GtSbTennEfgbBati
beBagfa RBraCvaMgnaMRTBYkRbCaFibt
& Casmat. .> enAkg yuTn aarnatMbnaKxagt,g elak QYn
neRbbeFobxn ateTAnwgelak eRbm ehIysUm[GkeeataMRTxn CardmnIelI
kTI 2 EdlekIt
enAaKxagt,g (elak eRbm abCanaykrdmnIelIkTI 1 EdlekItenAaKxagt,gEdr).. >
GMeBIhigaExsa aM 1992 nbnlTku [RBmhakRtnUvtMENgyagBitRkd.. > RBGg:
nayCaRBGaCJakBalneyayCanx<s bnabBITTYlneCaKC&yRbpitRbepIykg aredaRsay
vibti. .> buEnGnraKmn_en knbgHajnUvkRmitdx<snGMNacrbsRBGg:. .> araMRTdmWugmatrbs
RBGg:cMeBaBlTahan nbBaak[eXIjGMBI areyaKylhYssm&ynlMdabfaksg:mnigneyay
f.. > ryalmanvibti aM 1991-92 neFV[I tYGg:neyaysMxan.@ mYycMnnY ragalcit. .> Gkaj
manTaMgGtItnaykrdmnI CatiCay CuNH v&N TIRbwkarbselakCaeRcInEdldwknaMedayelak Bansk& i
viBart& n_.26 (b&nS&kzi viYYr&tn Pansak Vinyarat) ehIynigGtItGPilRkggkknigemdwknaMarRbaMg
KW elak cmg RsIemOg pgEdr.. > minEmnCaarabCYnenaeT Edlelak Bansk& i nig cmg eRay
mkncUlrYmkmaMgCamYynwgelak TkiN Cinv&Rt rYmCamYynwgGtItskmCnnisit nigsmaCik
KNbkkumy
nisB Tsvtr_
I
aM 1970.. > sRmabBYkeKTaMgGsa raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj KWCa
EpkmYynbBaHarbsneyayf CaCagEpkdMeNaRsaymYy...> bnabBIExsa aM 1992 mk
xavPiest
xavPiest
68
CMBUkTI.3
RbB&nf n
I GPilkicraCaFi
bety RtvneKEklMGeLIgvij[eTACaRbB&nmY yminsUvepatelIskmaB
paleT.. > GkraCaniymmYycMnnY dUcCa elak Gan&n nigelak Rbevs eFVary
I agmmajwkkg arbeg;tI
eLIgvijnUvraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj [manlkNesrICagmun edaymin[CabaMgedayTahan
nigariyalyaFibetyhYssm&y edIm,I[mansSiraBnigreboberobry.. > ebeRbb
I eFobCamYynwg
mnusCMnti CaeRcInrbsRBmhakRt elak Gan&n nigelak Rbevs KWCaGkesrIny
i m bEu nebIniyay
[Rkd elakTaMg 2 nakkCaGkGPirkniymdxagM aEdr.. > GsryeBl 9 abn
M abmk RBmhakRt
nigsm<nm ti rbs
RBGg: nEklMGKMrfU mYI y[manlkNRbesIrCagmun edaybnSyarTakTgpalrbs
RBGg: edayRTgneFVar
I amryelak eRbm elak QYn nigGkepgeTotCMns
Y edIm,IerobcMeal
edArbsRbeTs.. > GtSbTenAkg sarB&tm an
(Envhn(a .CrY mux.) aM 1993 nbgHajyagl
GMBITMnakTMngrvagelak eRbm nigrdaPildMbUgrbselak QYn lIkP&y naaM 1992-95..
ENvNa
eTabICaanarbgHajCapv areT mnusmak.@ GacXaemI

M ltmesnIy_ eRbm tiNsUlann n BI
eRBaRbsinebIeyIgRkeLkemIl[anEtc,as abaMgBIeBlEdlrdaPil QYn eLIgantMENgmk
elak eRbm KWCamnussMxan EdlKNbkRbCaFib&tplarearB
nigsudMM bUnanCabnbnab.>..an
nrNaGacbdiesFfa ralareprnigtemIgzannrs&kcMi eBanayTahan RtvEtBinitedayelak eRbm
munnwgRbasCasaarN.> (rayganENvNa [rayganeenvhn(a] .ryarN_ENvNa. Ks
1993.>)
krNIenminEmncgniyayfa RBmhakRt elak eRbm cUlcitelak QYn krdaPil

RbCaFib&t EdlBYkeKnplnUvmuxmatfI .EdlGaRkktictYcbMput sRmabsBababneyay
fenaeT.. > ehIykrNIen kmni cgmann&yfa tYnaTIeRAakrbselak eRbm GacananUvsirS aBrbs
rdaPil QYn nEdr...> naExF aM 1994 rdaPilcRmdwknaMedayelak QYn lIkP&y Rban
KNbkRbCaFibt& ndYlrlMenAedayehtufa KNbk .ks
I gwmf.I (brrqqvamhv&g%hm New Aspiration Party) rbselak Cvlit yug
cyuT. 27 (jvlit yg%cyudD Chavalit Yongchaiyudh) EdlCadKUd
FMbMptu ndkxn fyedIm,IRbaMgtvaGMBkMI ENTRmgrdaPilkg Rsk EdleBareBjeTAedayaBcRmg
cRmas.28. .> arrMlayrdsa TMngCaminGaceCosrYc EtKNbkCatiBD& na (atpatfNa Chart
Pattana) rbselak CatiCy
& CuNH v&N EdlabnbdiesFminCYyanacMeBaBYkRbCaFibt& nCMnsY
tMENgKNbkkIs
gwmfI neFI[V elak QYn antMENgryeBl 6 ExeTot.. > GK:elxaFiarrbs
KNbkRbCaFib&t nigGkEklMGneyay elak san xrRbsasn_.29 (sn&n KcrprASasn Sanan
Kachornprasat) nGGagfa atnpcepImarTakTgenedayBuMnCRmabelak QYn ehIyn
RBlyBakfa manmnussMxanenAkg sg:mfnCMrju at[eFVdUI ec (KCsIh_ 1994).30. .> mnus
CaeRcIneCOCakfa elak eRbm neRagerobcMnUvartERmtRmgrYbrYma edIm,Ip:abp:nRBmhakRt
edaysarEtmineCOCakelIelak Cvlit eTIbRBGg:EbreTAsBVRBraChTy
& nwgelak QYn vij.31. .>
69
enAeBlelak QYn RtvbgM[cuecjBItMENgenAkgExsa aM 1995 dMNakallMk

mYyepgeTotnbnekIteLIg...> RBmhakRtRTgmanarRByRBhT&yyagxaMgcMeBardaPil
rbselak b&nHar sil,GaCa.32 (xrrhar SilpGaja Banharn Silp-archa) Edlnbeg;IteLIg Rsb
eBlCamYynwgaresayTivg:tRBvrraCmaaRBGg:. .> rdaPil brrhar KWCatfaBEpkneyay
EdlRtvneKBnar KWCaareLIgantMENgnaykrdmnrbs
I GkCMnjY cinfakTabmkBIexteRA.. > enA
eBleKkMNgu eRagTukerobcMBiFbuI NRBsBrbsRBvrraCmaayagGkw Fwk RBmhakRtnbgHajRB
P&kamrykBakTU rTsn_esrI Etralybkg GLM g ExsIha aM 1995 ehIynbriharcMeBaGkneyay
GMBar
I susMI NkU nigarekgcMeNjpalxn . .> bBaHacracrnigTwkCMnnenAkg TIRkggkk KWbBaHariKn
BIryagrbsRBGg: cMeBaGkneyayBukrlYy bEu nenABIeRayarriKnena KWCaaBP&yxacnigaB
sbe x<mI mhic aGkTaMgena.. > areLIgbuNs&krbs
i elak brrhar nbBaak[eXIjfa raCaFibety
xVGMNac edIm,IraraMgGkneyayEbbena kM[u ayCanaykrdmn.I .> EteTaCayagenkI raCaFibety
minsakesrI kg arTmaknaykrdmnICab
eat Edlxn mineBjcite naeT ehIyEfmTaMgnpMKMnti
beBjnaykrdmnITaMgena ecjBItMENgGsRbEhl 3 4 nakrYcmkehIy.33. .>
raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj nigvibtiaBRsbc,ababaMgBIaM 1992
RbeTsfnCYbRbTvibtineyayFM.@ cMnYn 3 abBIaM 1992 mk.. > vibtiTaMgbIen KWCavibtiaB

Rsbc,abEpkneyay.. > dMbgU bMptu KWvbi ti aBRsbc,abnrdaPilelak Cvlit bnabBImanar
bnSytmRkTenAExkk;darYcmk...> etIrdaPilmYyGacbnargarrbsxnnyagdUcemc ebI
enAeBlEdlxn eLIganGMNac cMeBlEdlvibtiesd
kci Gasu
ekI
I teLIgyagdUec. ? vibtiT I 2 KWerOg
kIRbasRTBsm,tirbselak TkiN aM 2001 EdlvinwgeFVI[elaknaykrdmnICabeatfI.@ rUb
en RtveKhamXatmin[eFIneyay
V
rhUtdlcMnnY RMaM eNa.. > KMnti naBRsbc,abxagare
eat nl,gkmagM aTlnwgbBatrd
i FmnBu aaM 1997 Edlkg ena buKl: manGMNacRtvEtCamnus
ffrearB .c,abEl,gkILa. (rules of the game). .> vibtiTI 3 KWCaardYlrlMnaBRsbc,abrbs
rdenAkgextCayEdnenAaKxagt,g naaM 2004...> vibtiTI 3 en KWCaeBldMbUgbgskgeBlCa
eRcInTsvtr_ EdlRkggkkntbgarRttRaelIGaNaextsMxan.@ rbsRbeTs.. > ralvibti
nImyY .@ TaMgen elak eRbm KWCabkrN_sMxanmYyrbsraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj edayelakn
cUlRbLkyagskmkg aratEcgsMxan.@ enAxageRayak.. > vibtiaKxagt,
gbgHajfa raCaFibety
GaRs&ybBajkMBugabepImTRmgfI...> dUcnCRmabCUnxagelIrYcmkehIy elak eRbm neFIV
sunrkfasaarNsMxanmYy edIm,IsIbenasrdaPil nignTMnaseTAnwgealneyayrbs
rdaPilEfmeTotpg.. >
70
CMBUkTI.3
elak eRbm nigvibtinaBRsbc,ab aM 1997
enAeBlelak b&nHar RtveKbeBjecjBIGMNackgExtula aM 1996 rYcmk rbbfIeRaykminman

aBRbesIrCagrbbmunenaEdr eRBaelak Cvlit ygu cyuT EdlCaerOy.@ l,Ifa minsUvmansnan
citcM eBaRBmhakRt neLIgantMENgCanaykrdmnIn
RbeTsf.. > enAeRamarXaemI
M lrbs
elak Cvlit CMhresdkci rbs
RbeTsncuexay rhUtdlarbnSytmdGaRkkbMptu nRkTf
enAkgExkk;da aM 1997.. > hakbIdUcCaannrNamakecjmuxfVaydMNwgCamundlRBraCvaMgeLIy
ehIy .Tat
I arRTBsm,tiRB
mhakRt. xatbgRTBsm,tirbs
xn esrI EtTaMgGs. Rkmhnu suei mnt_
f (samsumI g t_) rgnUvarxatbgGsTwkRkcMnnY 190 eadidula rGaemrik (1900 landula r) nigenA
CMBakbMNulcMnYn 400 eadidularEfmeTot...> cMENkFnaarfBaNiCvij nCabkunCamYynwg
TwkRkkmI EdlminnplcMeNjcMnYn 5 eadidular (kbekO 2003. 261 kMNtelx 30).. >
enAmanarvivtdsMxan.@ CaeRcInepgeTot.. > arvivtmYybnabBIvibtienamk KWeKeRbIelak
eRbm [CYy kuM[rdaPilelak Cvlit dYlrlMaBRsbc,abenAkgRkEsEPkrbsmUlniFirUbiyvtS
GnrCati (GayGimeGhV) edayEpkelImUldanmYy KWfa arrsranmanCIvitrbsRbeTsCatinig
esdkic KWCacMNucGaTiaB...> mgen manarCECkaCasaarN cg[elak eRbm eFVICanayk
rdmnIs
TII (aEst
16 tula Ks 1997).. > enAfTI 6 Extula aM 1997 elak eRbm
neaehAniBnnaykaEstmkaneKhdanat edIm,IpBVpaynUvKMnitcgbeg;ItrdaPilbRgb
bRgmCatimYy...> RbsinebImanRbsiTaBEmn raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajGacnwgRttRaRbeTs
edaypal...> cugbBab elak eRbm minneFVICanaykrdmnIeT ebIeTaCaatnsuM[mitPkiCMnit
nigCaTIRbwkarbsat rYmmandUcCa GtItrdmnIhirBavtS elak vIrBg ramag;r.34 (vIrbg$ ramagkUr
Virabongsa Ramangkura) [cucUlCamYyelak Cvlit nigbEnSmaBeCOTukciteTAelIrdlCvlit
(sUmemIlaEst
15 sIha 1997 nig
24 sIha 1997).. > buEn enAeBl
Edlelak Cvlit abepmI niyayfa cgRbasaBGasn ehIyneaehAembBaaareyaa edIm,I
BiakaaGMBIGVIEdlGacnaMeTArkarerobcMrdRbharRbaMgnwgrUbat amena raCaFibetyGaRs&y
bBajbg;arRByrmam.@ eTAdlrdlrbsat.35...> eyaanbdiesFeTAnwgaresIena
ehIyenAExvicia elak Cvlit RtvnCMnYsam.@ edayelak QYn lIkP&y. .> GMNacnpasbr
a anabedaysarEtlTplBI}TiB lnarRBmeRBgadsaMjaniM gEbkrbs}srCn (RBwTs
i aN
1998. 280-9). .> elak QYn RtLbeTAanvimanrdaPilvij edayminaMcmanlTplareeat
GVeI LIy. .> eKeCOfa arN_enekIteLIg edayEpkeTAelIarerobcMeRayak EdleFVeLI
I gedayRkm
mnusenAkg bkRbCakrf EdlmansMeLgtic ehIyEdlminsb,aycit nigxUckitanuaB.. > clna
Edlbeg;IteLIgesIrEtTaMgRsg edayGK:elxaFiarBYkRbCaFibt
& eQa elak san xrRbsasn_
gkkbs
u #
dweNan
gkkbus#
71
(aEst
6 vicia 1997 nigaEst
17 vicia 1997) enmanarlUkdcUl
rbselak eRbm esrI RKbcMNcu TaMgGs. .> bEu n QutakTaMgRsgnsacerOgena RtvneKbMePc
ealyagabrh&skgaBeRkmRkMesAhgrbsRbeTsCati EdlekIteLIgbnabBIvibtienamk...>
elak eRbm neFVrd
I RbharmYyeTot edayesmsat niganarbgHr Qam edIm,IbeBjrdaPil
EdltbgekreQ
# a ehIydakCnM s
Y vijedayrdlmYyEdlRBraCvaMgTTYlykn.. > alBImnu
eyaakRmCMTasnwg{aseFVIrdRbharyagNakeday buEnGVI.@ nERbRblbnabBIsSanarN_
neyayeRayaM 1992 kngmk...> elak suryuT culann.36 (suryudD culannd Surayud Chulanont) enAeBlena KWCaembBaaareyaaTI 2 (mUldanasnGMNacrbselak eRbm) nbdiesF
enAkg bTsmasn_mYyenAaM 1996 fa emeyaa}Lven RtvEtbeg;tI sm<n aBEpkneyayCamYy
Gkneyay kgeBlEdlxnkMBugbgHajxngfa anarBakB&nnwgneyay anlMeGogena
(C&yGn&n 1997. 55).37. .>
enAaM 1997 eKeXIjmanarGnum&trdFmnuBafImYy EdlCalTplmkBIsm<aFrbsmnus
sMxan.@ dUcCaGtItRKeBTrbsRBmhakRt elakevCbNit Rbevs vsI nignaykrdmnIas
elak Gan&n b&narCun...> elak Rbevs nBiBNnaGMBIviFIsasmYy KWerobcMbeg;ItclnamYy [
manarEkTRmgamrydMeNIrar .arBRgwgGMNacsg:m. arsVEsVgrkarykcitTukdakBI
saarNCn nigeFVar
I bBa bBal
eKgedaypalxn nigedayanarGamasmux (2002. 22-4).. >
enrYmbBal pgEdrnUvGVEdl
I atehAfa .yTu s
asRKsarnigPriya. edIm,Idakarabsg;telI
elak
naykrdmnI b&nHar sil,GaCa kg arbnarEkTRmgneyay edayepatelIealKMnti nKuNtm
RKsarrbsatTaMgen.. > elak Rbevs nktsm:alpgEdrfa rdFmnuBafen
I nayCasmrPUmi
edIm,IkMNttYnaTIrbsRBmhakRt.. > RkmGkGPirkniymnGGagfa GkEkTRmgcgeFVI[Gnray
dlCMhrmhakRt ehIyGkGPirkniymnKMramkMEhgekNkmagM ayTiRbaM
PUmi (BYklUkesOav
n) edIm,ICMTaseTAnwgesckIRBag
rdFmnBu aenaeTotpg (2002. 25).. > matabmatRBabfa elak
GtItnaykrdmnIelak
Gan&n b&narCun nRBmhakRtsu[M eFVCaI RbanKNkmaFiarRBagrdFmnBu a
en (kuNrs_ 2003. 130).. > elak Gan&n nigelak Rbevs TaMgBIrnaken KWCamnussMxanEdl
enABIeRaybBajesrIniymnskmCnxagEkTRmgmYy EdlbBajenmanaBRsbanigRttsuI a
CamYynwgbBajrdaPilraCaFibetyrbselak eRbm.. > ebIeTabICaelak Rbevs kRmTTYlan
abmuxnaTIGMNacCapv arNamYykeday katKWCakmagM clkrenABIeRayKeRmagnigyuTn aarmYy
cMnYnFM enAkgGMLgTsvtr_aM 1990 rYmmanarEkTRmgEpkGbrM arEkTRmgEpksuxaPil ar
RKbRKgfaCM k nigarEkTRmgarsikaRsavRCav.. > viFRbti
I btrbs
i elak Rbevs dUcanwgviFRbti
I bti
rbselak eRbm Edr eBalKWvaEpkmYyaKFMelIneyaynbBajbuKl: . .> elak Rbevs Camnus
EdlkRmrkndUcat EdlTTYlnarearBBIxagkg EpkariyalyaFibety nigkg cMeNamGk
dweNan
gkkbus#
72
CMBUkTI.3
dwknaMGg:arminEmnrdaPil nigskmCnsg:mpgena.. > elak Rbevs KWCaGkCMnajnRkmEdl

BakB&nneyay nigarksagRkmcRm...> edaysarEtzanrbsatCaRKeTBrbsRBmhakRt
eKGacsandwgnfa elak Rbevs edIrtYCMns
Y [RBraCbrmraCvaMg (makxarh: 2001. 94-8).. > enA
kgsunrkfaEdlminnrayarN_mYy elak Rbevs nbBaakyagc,asfa arbeg;It[man
sBaba bneyayrbsRbeTsf KWBitCamansarsMxanxagM Nas RbsinebIRbeTsCaticgeCos
[putBIvibtihi gaeTAGnaKt enAcMeBlEdlmanarsgraCsm,timY yekIteLIgena.38. .> kgVls GMI BI
bBaHasgraCsm,ti ekIteLIganEtxagM enAkg GMLg Tsvtr_aM 1990 mkBIRBsuxaBRTDeRTamrbs
RBmhakRtnigRBCnrbsRTg. .> dUcelak ehvIsun elIkeLIgfa .arbeg;ItRbB&nrdFmnuBamYy
GacarBarGg:RBmhakRtEdlTnexay minsUvmanRbCaRbiyaBn. (1997. 74) ema ehIy
eTIbbBal[manaraMc[manarEkTRmgneyayeTAkgTsvtr_aM 1990...> dUcsasaar
kbekO GGagfa RbeTsfman .TRmgraCaFibetyGaRs&yrdFmnBu aEbbburaN EdlepatelIGMNac
eRArdFmnBu a nigGMNacamRbBNIrbsRBraCblg& .; EdlCaTRmgmYyBwgEpkyagxagM elI .aB
GsarrbsbuKl: EdlCaGkRKgraCbl&g .; (2003. 29).. > rdFmnBu afeI n KWCavianarbg;armunedIm,I
CYyarBarraCaFibety.. >
KeRmagEkTRmgEpkneyayybgHaj[eXIjBIynarrbsraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj...>
mundMbUg RBraCvaMgnigelak eRbm minsUvCamanarabGarmN_bunaneT buEneRaymk manar
beg;tI nUvRkmcRmnplRbeyaCn_mYyen.. > eKkGacbkRsaypgEdrfa rdFmnBu a .edIm,IRbCaCn.
aM 1997 amBiteTA EbrCa .rdFmnBu aedIm,IRBraCvaMg. vij KWCaksarmYyEdleKRBageLIgedIm,I
CYyanaaBKgvgnigsSiraBeTAfmuxnraCvgcRkI (makxarh: 2001. 97-98)...> eKkGac
niyaynfa elak Rbevs nlkarEkTRmgEpkneyayeTA[RBraCvaMg amryarsg;tF n
elItRmvaraMckg arEsVgrkmeFayedIm,IelIkkm<sGayu
CvI ti neyay CaBiessamryar
GnuBaat[mnusl.@ (dUcCa elak eRbm nigelak Gan&n) ncUlkg akneyay.. > Tsnvisy& rbs
elak Rbevs xitxMerobcMlkNRbesIrbMptu nraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj[mansaBCapv ar eday
beg;tI [manCa{assRmabmnusEdlmaneTBeaslnigmansmtSaB edIm,IcUlrYmakneyay
edaymin[manarRbLakdenAkg kll,icxagareRbIRssnkw eat nigskmaBdTepgeTot.. >
arbeg;tI [mannUvRbB&nbBa
KNbk
I
KWCaTahrN_CakEsgmYynKMnti en rYmTaMgKMnti [manRBwTs a
nRkmasRBwTaarRbkbedayKtibNit EdlminEmnCasmaCikrbsKNbkNamYy (sUmemIl
makxarh: 2002).. > elak Rbevs eCOfa RbeTsfsm,reTAedaymnusmansmtSaB EdlCaGkEk
TRmgedaysavKti. .> RbsinebIeKdakmnusTaMgen[RtvkEngGMNac enaanafa nwgmansirS aB
neyay ehIymanarEkTRmgvivDniym kGacvivDeTAmuxpgEdr...> amryarbeg;ItsSab&nfI
epg.@ dUcCa KNkmareeat nigKNkmarCatixagsiTmi nus Gacnwgananfa vtmanrbs
73
mnusEdlRbkbedayKuNFmTaMgen BitCabnmanenAkgdMeNIrarneyay.. > Gacniyayn

mageTotfa eKGacerobcMraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajeLIgvij[manmUldanmaMTaMCagmun EdlelIsBI
GnuRbB&neRAp
v arEdlbnmanrhUtdleBlbcb ,nen.. > kmvFi Ek
I TRmgneyayen q bBaagM BI
artTlarvagBYkesrIniymnigBYkGPirkniym edIm,IqnnraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj.. > enAcug
aM 1997 xagKMnitesrIny
i mCaGkQ. .> minEmnCaneyayEdlminBakB&nnwgRkas EtKWCa
vibtiesdkicnigrdFmnuBafIvij EdlnRtsRaypv[elak TkiN Cinv&Rt reLIgnEdr.. > enA
kg areeatsaklenAExmkra aM 2001 KNbkEdleTIbEtbeg;tI fI eQafa .frakf. (fRsLaj
f) EdldwknaMedaymhaesdxag
I TUrKmnaKmn_dmanGMNac eQa elak TkiN Cinv&Rt nQeatyag
elIslbelIRkmRbCaFibt& .. > eCaKC&yrbselak TkiN nmkedaygay amryareRsacTwk
Rkyagsnwksnab nigmYyEpkeTot edaysarEtmuxmatrbsatCaemdwknaMnaykRbtibtiEdl
mWugmatmYyrUb EdlcUlcitedaRsaybBaHaam.@ nigmYycMENkeTot nmkBIl,icevaharsas
RbCaPifutiEdlmanRbCaRbiyrbsat nigealneyayakEtgeLIgedIm,ITakTajRbCaBlrdCa
eRcInenAamTICnbT (makxarh: nig Rkws 2005).. > elak TkiN tMNagKMrmYU ynkmagM neyay
fI EdlEpkelITwkRk Edlminsb,aycitnw graCaFibetyGaRs&ybBajenaeLIy. .> naykrdmnI
EdlanaraMRTBIRBraCvaMgmYycMnnY naeBlf.I @ ena dUcCa elak b&naH r sil,GaCa nigelak Cvlit
yug cyuT GaccUlantMENgnRtwmmYyaM minelIsBIhgw pg Etelak TkiN manaBrwgmaMxagM
rhUtdlminGacbeBjat[ecjnyaggay.. > elak TkiN nabepmI erobcMCaRbB&nmY y edIm,I
bMEbkbBajneyayEdlesaRtgnwgelak eRbm enAkg EpkCaeRcIn kg ealbMNgdakCMns
Y Gk
TaMgenaedaymnusEdlaMRTat KUknrbsat nigjatisnanrbsatvij. .> elak TkiN sVEsVg
plrMlMbBajraCaFibety ehIyCMnYsbBajenedaybBajesdkicneyaymYyEdlelak
arecr_eRbsg (Cartier Bresson) (1997) BiB&Nnafa CabBajmYyEdlmanmUldanelITMnakTMng
xagkg nigGMeBIBukrlYyEbbCarcnasm&n< . .> enAkg Tsvtr_aM 1990 manartTlayagsMxanmYy
rvagRkmGPirkniym EdlmanTMnakTnM gaCamYyeyaanigariyalyaFibety nigGkEkTRmgEbb
esrIniymEdlsVEsVgedIm,IBRgwgsg:msuIvilnigsSab&nneyay...> buEn elak TkiN EdlCa
nKrlmunnwgayCamhaesdI eRaymk ayCanaykrdmnI nelgeTAamk,nnigKMnitfITaMg
RsgmYy eBal KWk,nnigKMnitdwknaMEbbBisBulmYyEdlTukRcktictYcbMput sRmabGkelgEdlCa
KURbECg (libman-bEmn (Lipman-Blumen) 2005).. >
elak eRbm nigvibtitulaarFmnuBa aM 2001
alBIdMbUg elak TkiN TTYlnaraMRTBIRkmGkEkTRmgneyayrbsraCaFibetyGaRs&y

bBaj CaBiess KWelak Rbevs vsI palEtmg. .> vaCaarhYscitmYy Edlelak Rbevs Ebr
74
CMBUkTI.3
CaaMRtelak TkiN EdlCaGktMNag[cMNucRbsBVamYynTwkRknigneyayalBIenAkg

erOgkIt l
u aarFmnBu arbsatenAaM 2001 ena.. > enAExsIha aM 2001 elaknaykrdmnI TkiN
Cinv&Rt (EdlnCabeatPk TwkPk dInrdsaenAkg ExmkraedImaena)
M nRbQmmuxnwgareaT
RbanGMBar
I lakbMgM RTBsm,t.i .> RbsinebItulaarFmnBu arkeXIjfa maneTas atGacnwgRtv
eKhammin[eFVneyay
I
ryeBlcMnnY RMaM nigRtvbeBjecjBIvimanrdaPileTotpg.. > elak
TkiN minsUvnbnu bgbdiesFeTAnwgbTeaTTaMgenabun a neT bEu natTTYlnRbCaRbiyaByag
FMeFg ehIymanmnusCaeRcInsmgw emIleXIjrUbatfa CaemdwknaMmYydskis
mbMptu sRmabRbeTs
f enAkgRadlMkTaMgEpkesdkicnigneyayen...> cugbBab elak TkiN rYcputBIarrk
eXIjfamaneTasyagRbpitRbepIyenAkgaleTsEdleBareBjedaybBaHaen (sRmabB&tman
Bisar sUmemIl Niln (Nelson) 2002. 380-8. Exn (Klein) 2003. 71-6. nig sureFor
2003).. > salRkmena beg;tI [manCacmly ageRcIn ehIyaEstgkkbus
cu# paynUvRbPBmYy
Edlniyayfa eARkmBIrrUbelIkElgareaTRbanelIelak TkiN .eRBamanaresmYI yBImnus
makEdlmanTwkmatRbxagM .. .> RbPBdEdlndkRsgsmeARkm
I
makfa .eKbgxM [MJ elbQamxn
genAeBlEdlxJMkMBugsresrdUec. (
4 sIha 2001)...> mnusaKeRcIneCOfa ar
eFVdI eU c KWedaysarGnraKmn_rbselak eRbm edIm,IBgVagaBcRmgcRmasEpkneyaycMeBasalRkmBirTu aBNamYy. .> kg eBlkMBgu CMnCRmkI
uM manarerobcMeFVyuI Tn aarEckxitb& NmY y EdleaT
Rbanelak eRbm fa nlUkdcUledaRsayedIm,Ianafa elak TkiN nrYcxn BIareaTRban
(
(AFP) 2 sIha 2001).. > eTabICaarGGagEdleaTRbanfa elak eRbm ncMNay
RkedIm,IedaRsayerOgen TMngCaarBenIssuTsaFkeday kmanxitb&Nsmehtupl
mYyeTotpgEdr GGagfa elak eRbm nRBmeRBgbBa bBal eKedIm,IarelIkElgareaTRban
elak TkiN Cafr nwgarrkaTukelak suryuT cula nn EdlCamnusesaRtgngw elak eRbm enA
kgmuxtMENgembBaaareyaaenAaMteTAmuxeTot (
2 sIha 2001)...> eKdwgfa elak
eRbm nigelak TkiN nCYbTakTga. .> enAeBlEdlelak TkiN eTAelgelak eRbm enAfTI
1 Exmifnu a elak eRbm nelIkTwkcitelak
TkiN ku[M raymayedaysarEterOgkItu laarenaeFVI
GVI (
2 mifnu a 2001).. > eKminGacdwgRkdfa etIelak eRbm BitCaneRbI}TiB lNamYy
elIkrNIRTBsm,tien
yagNaenaeT bEu nmanBakcamGaramCaeRcInelIkeLIgfa manGkseg;t
arN_neyayCaeRcIn eCOfa elak eRbm nBakB&nkgerOgenEmn...> GnraKmn_EdleKn
RbemIlemIlen nqbBaaMgnUvKMnitlTplniymnigRbtibtiniymEdleFVI[raCaFibetyGaRs&y
bBajmanaBrsrevIkn.. Cayfaehtu elak eRbm cgbnr bnSysSanarN_antwgnvibtiEdl
GacekIteLIg edayarCYyarBarelak TkiN ebIeTaCaarbeBjelak TkiN GacnwgeFV[I elak

eRbm eBjciteBj
efmI palxn xyagNakeday.. > elak eRbm c,asCansanTukfa elak TkiN
gkkbus#
GaEGhVeb
gkkbus#
gkkbs
u #
75
nwgtbsgKuNcMeBaareFVIGnraKmn_en edayTuktMENgsiTix<smYyenAkgkicarneyay Ca
Biess KWarRttRarbsatelIarataMgemT&BsMxan.@ nigtMENgmnI rYmTaMgtMENgGPilext
TaMgLayenAtMbnaKxagt,gpgEdr...> buEn elak TkiN anbMNgeFVIamk,nelgEl,gkILa
EdlRbkbedayesckIffrTaMgeneT...> enAeBlEdlerOgkIRTBsm,tiencbeTA elak TkiN
nbndakelak eRbm [enAeRArgVgnareFIVesckIseRmccitsMxan.@ dEdl enbgHaj[eXIj
nUvarseRmccitrbsatedIm,Ibeg;ItbBajGsarfImYy eBalKWGVI.@ TaMgGsRtvEtseRmcecjBI
rUbatTaMgRsg nigCabBajmYyEdlmanrcnasm&<nzananuRkmxaMg...> eTaCayagenkI kelak
suryuT nrkaTuktMENgCaembBaaareyaamYyaMeTotEmn.. > ehtuarN_ennbgHajnUvrebob
EdlBYkeyaa (EdlGkxneCOfa GacrMlgBYkeKn) EdlamBiteTA nparabenAkg RkLa
nbBajRbB&nemkmaMgnigkUneA dQasvnigmanRbsiTaBrbselak eRbm edaymanarCYy
eRCamERCgBIRBraCvaMgnigRkmRbCaFib&t (makxarh: nig Rkws 2005. 156-7).. >
raCaFibetynigtMbnaKxagt,g
extCayEdnaKxagt,grbsRbeTsf EdlmanRbCaCnmusmi rsenAeRcInCageK nCYbRbTnUvar

ekIneLIgnUvGMeBIhiganeyayabaMgBIExmkra 2004 mk EdlBakBn& a eTAnwgclnaGkcgbMEbk
rd nigarekIneLIgnUvarminGt{nxagsasna.. > enARsbeBlCamYyaenEdr kaneyaykg Rsk
kCabBaHacm,gpgEdr (makxarh: 2006)...> elak TkiN nemIleXIjfa tMbnaKxagt,g KWCa
EdndIRbkbedayeRafakmYysRmabKNbkfrakfrbsat eBalKWCaaKmYynRbeTs Edl
sm,reTAedaymnEdl
I esaRtgeTAnwgelak eRbm RBraCvaMg nigKNbkRbCaFibt& .. > enAkg aM
2002 elak TkiN nrMlayealrcnasm&n< sn
si xu EdldwknaMedayeyaa CaBiess .mCmNl
atEcgarbriharextCayEdnaKxagt,g. Edlbeg;tI eLIgedayelak eRbm nigsm<nm ti rbs
at
enAedImTsvtr_aM 1980.. > elak TkiN nGagelsfa arberEdlmanena KWRanEtay
CaGMeBIqkbn Rbdab
GavuFbeu Na rYcehIyatndaknKrl[TTYlxusRtvxagarrkasBabab
CMnYsvij. .> ebIeTabICaelak TkiN manbMNgcgRbiteRbbkgBlTI 4 EdlRbanc,abedayxn
gCayUrmkehIyenAtMbnaKxagt,genakeday kTegVrbs
I atneFI[V cuexaynUvbMNgnkics na
sg:m ehIyminyUrbunannnaM[manarsmabeRAtulaarCaeRcInbEnSmeTot rYmTaMgartxnpg
Edr.. > enAkg b,tie htuhigananaenAtMbnaKxagt,grvagExmkra aM 2004 nigBakkBalaM 2005
manmnusCag 450 naknsabtbgCIvit (sUmemIlRkmvibtiGnrCatiaM 2005). .> b,tiehtuFn
bMputekIteLIgenAfTI 28 Exkum aM 2004 enAeBlEdlskmCnEdlBuMsUvmanGavuFarBarcMnYn
108 nak nigakgarsnisuxcMnYn 5 nak nsabkgGMLgeBlnigeRayeBlvayRbharpn.@ a
eTAelIbs
u E# qkeqr.. > arbgHr QamenAfena bBabeTA
edayareLamB&TBI sMNakeyaaeTAelIvihar
76
CMBUkTI.3
musimmYyeQa RKWsi (krWGeJA Krue Se) CaburaNsSanenAkgextbanI EdleFVI[bursansasna

GisamcMnYn 32 nak RtvneKPgcugaMePIgjsmab...> sSanarN_GabGYnekIteLIgdlkMBUl
KWenAfTI 25 Extula aM 2004 enAeBlEdltukrmusimcMnYn 84 naknsabenAakb (tak%x
Tak Bai). .> BYkeKTaMgenaaKeRcIn sabedayfbdegHm
I bnabBIeKabdakKrelIa enAkg rfynFMrbs
eyaarYcmk.. >
RBraCanigRBraCinIRTgmancMNabGarmN_CaBiesseTAelItMbnenGsryeBlyUryarmk...>
amFma RBraCinIcMNayeBleRcInsah_erogralaM enARBraCdMNakTkiNraCnievsn_enAkg
extnraFivas ehIyntkstCaBneBkcMeBasaBKYr[JakepIlnRBwtiarN_TaMgen.. > enAfTI
3 Extula mnI 2 nakEdlCirfynrbsRBraCdMNak RtvnBiXatenAkg extnraFivas enAeBl
EdlBYkatTaMgBIrTMngCakMBgu TijEpeQIedIm,IfVayRBraCinena
I g (TIa kgarsarB&tm an
15
tula 2004 nig 17 vici a 2004).. > kg arEfgeTAanRbCarasCag 1000 nakenARBraCvaMgciRtla
M
yTmayar
enAkg Exvici a RBraCinn
I manRBsvnIyfa_ RBGg:RTgeQVgylfa RtvEtbgRBhT&
smatrbsRTg bnabBIneTAeFVITsnkicenAtMbnaKxagt,gGsryeBlBIrExrYcmk EdlCa
TsnkicdyUrmYy GseBleRcInaMkngeTA (
17 vicia 2004)...> RBGg:nriKnBYk
sasn_musimEdl .RBGg:minEdlndwgBImunmkesa. fa CnTaMgenaCaXatkrdsahavRBp
EdlnsmabmnIrdaPilnigRbCarassamBaGsCaeRcIn...> RBGg:nGMBavnavBuTsasnikCn
fTaMg 30 mWnu nakenAkg tMbnena[manCMhrrwgbwgu nigminRtvakecjBItMbnenaeLIy. .> RBGg:n
bEnSmeTotfa RbCarasfGaceron[ecjaMePgI edIm,IarBarxn edayRBGg:manRBsvnIye_ Tot
fa .kuMfaeLIyRBCn 72 vsaehIykeday kxJMnwgeron[ecrebobjaMePIgedayminaMcBak
EvnaxJMpgeT.. .>
enAfbnab RBmhakRtRTgRBraCanuBaat[mnIeyaanignKrl EdleTIbTTYln
zannrskifI.@ cMnYn 510 nakcUlaleFVIsvnaar...> enAkgsunrkfaEdlpayamviTpgEdrena
RBGg:GMBavnavsUm[manaBnigkicshRbtibtiaradmaMmYnrvagnKrlnigeyaa edayRBGg:
Rbasfa kicshRbtibtiaraenGacnwgeCosvagnnUvarrMeCIbrMCYlnigaBRcbUkRcbl .Edl
RBraCinI sirikit# nTteXIjGMLgeBlRBGg:KgenAtMbnaKxagt,gena. (
18 vicia
2004.
18 vicia 2004)...> esckIEfgarN_CasaarNdkRmmanrbsRBmhakRtnig
RBraCineI n bgHaj[eXIjGMBviI salaBnsSanarN_GabGenA
Y tMbnaKxagt,g Edlbg;CaeRaKMram
kMEhgdlaBRsbc,abrbsrdf.. >
edaysarEtmanRbBNIGnraKmn_eRArdFmnuBaedayraCaFietyf eTIbnCaskmCn
BuTsasnanigskmCnmusimsMxan.@ mYycMnnY abepmI GMBavnav[manGnraKmn_dUcenmYy edIm,Ieda
RsaybBaHaenAaKxagt,g (Rassgt_ (Croissant) 2005. kMNtcN
M aMelx 62).. > manmnusmYycMnnY
sun
i hY
gkkbus#
GaEGhVeb
Gaeb
77
sgwmfa RBmhakRtGacbeg;tI raCrdaPilbeBaGasnedIm,IarbRgbbRgmCatimYy dUcanwgrdaPil

mYyEdlabmanbnabBIExsa aM 1992.. > enAExtula aM 2004 aEstgkkbs
u n
# ecjpay
elITMB&rmuxnUverOgmYyeRamcMNgeCIgfa .CnmusimsuM[RBmhakRtpasbrrdaPil. (29 tula
2004).. > ebIamsacerOgena KWmanelak datU eNed va (Dato Nedeh Waba) EdlCaRbansmaKm
salaeronkCnbeRgnsasnaGisamenAkgextCayEdnaKxagt,g nigGnuRbansaarsasna
musmi nGMBavnaveTARBmhakRt[beg;tI rdaPilmYyEdlEtgaMgedayRBmhakRt...> eKn
dkRsgsmIrbselakdUecfa..
eyIgxJM anCeRmIsGVeI pg eRABIGgVrRBmhakRtCaTIRsLajrbseyIgxJM EdlCaRBbiarbseyIgxJM
[RBGg:RTgRBemaeRsRBraCTanmkdlBYkeyIgxJM nUvraCrdaPilmYy edIm,IedaRsaybBaHa
EdlmanenATIen .> kg sSanarN_dmaneRafakEbben etI[BYkeyIgxJeTA
M BwgBaknrNaeRABIGg:
RBmhakRt EdlCakIsgwmTaMgRsgrbseyIgxJM eRBaRbCarasmusimenATIenaTaMgGs atTuk
RBGg:CaTIearBdx<gx<sbMput (gkkbus# 29 tula 2004).>
eTabICaEpnarGMBavnavnanaminnTTYlplGVIesaena TaMgskmCnxagBuTsasnanigxag
musim enAEtbnCECkBiakaaCakCnGMBIcMNgcgnRBraCGnraKmn_. .>
RBmhakRtnbgHaj[eXIjBIarminylRsbrbsRBGg:eTAnwgealneyayrbselak
TkiN amryarelIkeLIgGMBIarriKnrdaPileTAanKNGg:mnI (EdlCaRkmRbwkan
RBmhakRt) nigamryardasetOnelaknaykrdmnIx n gpalyagsmat[GnuvtnUvealCMhr
bRgbbRgmamYy...> pyeTAvij elak TkiN aMRTvianartwgruwgmYyeTAvij manCaGaT# areRbI
c,abGaCJaswkEdlrwtEtbEnSmsaMgeTAelIePIg EdlkMBugEteqRsab...> cugbBab eRayBIare
eatExkum aM 2005 mk elak eRbm neFVIGnraKmn_CasaarNEdlKYr[abGarmN_mYy dUc
nCRmabmgrYcmkehIyalBIxagedImGtSbTen.. >
lTplKWCaarseRmccitd KrY [JakeplI rbselak TkiN edayatnbeg;tI [manKNkmar
sRmsRmlCatimYy ehA .KNkmar}sredIm,Iescksmanc
I
nCati
. (K}s) (qNAkrrmkarGisrA
ebWG qvamsmanC&ndEhgjati National Reconciliation Commission) edIm,IedaRsayvibtienA
tMbnaKxagt,g. .>
KNkmarfImYyen dwknaMedayelak Gan&n b&narCun nigelak Rbevs vsI eFVICaGnuRban...>
RBwti arN_enbgHaj[eXIjfa enAeBlEdlbBaHaNamYyQandlkRmitFnx agM sUm,IEtnaykrdmnI
EdlmanGMNacxaMgnigmanFnansem,Im dUcCaelak TkiN keday kRtvEt{nlMeTancMeBaRB
raC}TiBlEdr.. > edayRbCaRbiyaBrbselak TkiN nakcuCabnbnabeRayBIareeat
Exkum aM 2005 mk .KNkmar}sredIm,Iescksmanc
I
nCati
. (K}s) esIrEtayCanimitrUb
nrdaPilbRmgmYyeTAehIysRmabRbeTsf Edlkg ena manmnusRbkbedayKtibNit niym
raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj naMaeFVIBlikmedIm,IbnnirnraBnsartIrdFmnuBaaM 1997...> aB
78
CMBUkTI.3
xusaen eXIjmanyagCakc,asenAkg kicBi akayagsMxanmYy enAamTUrTsn_alBIfTI 28 Ex

kk;da aM 2005 sGMI BRbanbT
I
aKxagt,g rvagelak Gan&n nigelak TkiN paybnpa lecjBI
vimanrdaPil. naykrdmnI 2 rUb (1 rUbCaGtItnaykrdmnI nig 1 rUbeTotCanaykrdmnIkM Bug
anGN
M ac) KMnti 2 TakTgnwgaKxagt,g (sni aBTlnwgsnsi xu ) nigTRmgneyayepgacMnnY 2
(viarNkmTlngw arRttRa).. > bEu n amarRbasCapv aram.@ nUvGMNacvisamBa (GMNackg aB
Gasn) yagtwgrugw edayRkwtrbsKNrdmnIenA
Exkk;da aM 2005 manarekIneLIgnUvarsg&y
fa elak TkiN anaBesaRtgkgarEsVgrkarsRmsRmlNamYyenAkgtMbnaKxagt,g
eLIy...> pyeTAvij eKKitfa elak TkiN beg;It .KNkmar}sredIm,Iescksmanc
I
nCati
.
(K}s) (KNkmaarsRmsRmlCati) eneLIg RanEtedIm,ITbTlnwgarriKnmkelIxn atbeu Na
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79
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nraCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj EdlmandMeNIrarkgRbeTsfGseBlbITsvtr_eTAehIyena
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CMBUkTI.4
rebobEdlCnCaevotNamsmwgemIlBiPBelak
c,abedImnGtSbTen. sresrCaasaGgeKs eRamcMNgeCIgfa.How the Vietnamese See the World

GtSbTendkRsgecjBIesoveA.. eQVgylBIevotNam
rkasiTi Ks. 1993 eday DI rIhint_ GhV DI yUnIvWursIuFI GhV xalIhVreno
CHAPTER4
How the Vietnamese See the World
( Understanding Vietnam)
Copyright 1993 by The Regents of The University California.
bkERbeday.
mYg.Naert
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U NamnamdanrkemIlsaksamedImkMeNItRbCaCnTaMgen rhUt
dltMbnTMnabEdlelcrUbeLIgnigenAkgsm&yalRbvtisaspgEdr.. >
maneBlmYyena enAkgGMLg sv TI 7 munRKisskraC enAkgnigenAmMtMbnEdlTenRkhm
88
CMBUkTI.4
hUrcumkBItMbnPM atamvalTMnab manarkekItnCanKrmYyeQa vanLag (V@n Lang) Edl

RttRaedayraCvg hug (Hng).7. .> raCaNacRktUcmYyEdlmanvtmanRbEhlCag 2500 aMmk
ehIyen KWCaEpkmYyyagsMxannGtItaldrsrevIkmYyrbsRbeTsevotNambcb ,n. .> buraNviTUevotNameTIbEtRbTeXIjnUvburaNdan EdleschugabRKbRKg (raMgEssnRaneal
raCaNacRkvanLag edayatTukfa enaKWCaerOgeRBgniTanbueNa) }Lven KWCa TanCatimYy
mansaksamEdlmanGayualeRcInCagBIrBanaM. .>
ebIamerOgeRBg CnCatievotNamCabExelahitmkBIstVnaKnigeTBFIa.. > enAeBlEdlesc
naKsmuRTLak (Lc) nbuRabuRtI 100 RBGg: CamYymaskRtIPM EdlmanQamC&rCaeTva RBnam
GUvkW (u Cj) rYcmk RBGg:nyagRtLbeTAsmuRTvij edaynaMbuRtcMnYnBakkBaleTACamYypg
cMENkmaskRtIvij naMglMenAenAkg dItMbnkBalnTenRkhmCamYybuRtcMnnY BakkBaleTot.. >
buRtmYyRBGg:nayCaescdMbgU rbsRbCaCnevotNam.. > escGg:dMbgU en kg cMeNamescraCvg
hug TaMg 18 Gg: nedIrtYCaeRcInenAkg erOgeTvkfanigerOgeRBg nigCaTIs;arearBbUCakg PUmrhU
i t
mkdlRKiss
tvtr_TI 20.8. .> manerOgtMNalfa RBraCahug cugeRay eK neFVGt
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haNUyeBlbcb,nen edaymanarCYyeRCamERCgBIRBGeBIkmasmYy. .>
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GGagfa xnmanTMnakTMngBiessCamYyGarkGkamYy ehIyBYkelakmanmhiTiTixaMg GacbBa

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[GarkGkaenamkeFVCa
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raCvghug nig esc Gan eyOgevOg nbnBICMnanmYyeTACMnanmYyeTot ehIynniTant.@ a min
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eQaCaasaevotNamfa Namevot (Nam Vit) nelcrUbrageLIgenAeqrsmuRTcinaKxagt,g. .>
minyUrbnu a n Namevotc,aMgdeBImnGUvLak ehIydIsBTenRkhmnigvalTMnabtMbneqraKxag
89
eCIgrbsRbeTsevotNamsBVf kRtvnRKbRKgedayNamevotEdr...> eRaymk raCvghan

nbRgbbRgmRbeTscin ehIyenAkgaM 111 mun Ks NamevotnsSiteRamarRKbRKgrbs
cin...> valTMnabaKxageCIgnevotNam nayCaextGaNaniKmrbscin EteBlena TRmg
vb,FmRbCaCnmasRsksSitenAdUcedIm ehIyardwknaMkgmUldanTTYlrgarrMxantictYckeday.. >
enARKisstvtr_TI 1 enAeBlEdlBYkrdlcinmkBIxageCIgmancMnYnanEteRcIn ehIyan
EtmanaBeCOCakelIxng rcnasm<&nGaCJaFrmasRsknbTg:icayagRscRsaleTAnwgarTam
Tar[manaBdUcarbsBYkcin...> mansIekgEdlmincujmmakeQa RTwg Rak (Tr#ng Tr_c) n
Bn[manartvaRbaMg rYcehIybereLIg. .> nagKWCasmaCikmaknvNvrCnmasRskBIkMeNIt
nigamryarerobGaBarh_BiBarh_rbsnagCamYyvrCn.. > ]BuknigsVamIrbsnag KW elakmasLak
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& RbCaCnkg RskpgEdr.. > Bn (Ehn) nig
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jab ehIyvb,FmnigRbBNIkgtMbn kabmanrUbrageLIgvijpgEdr.. > edayRbeTscinanEtcu
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TTYlnkraCenAkg Ks 939...> enAbunanaMdMbUgnkraC minTanmanescGg:NamYyGac
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90
CMBUkTI.4
Ebben RBBuTsasnamantYnaTIyagsMxankgareFVI[sg:mevotNammansiSraBn.. >

rhUtmkdlraCvglI (L) (Ks 1009-1225) eTIbmanarGPivDecjCarUbrageLIg nUvGVEdl
I
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nUvvb,FmBgw BakelIBFi Esn
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Ts
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kgT&B ariyalyaFibety nigRbB&narRbLg nlUtlasbEnSmeTot.. > buEn escraCvgRtwn
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nwg
91
arKMramkMEhgBIaKxageCIg. .> enAkg aM 1284 RbeTsevotNamTMngCaabcUlkg eRakmnar

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dav (Trn H#ng Zo) BYkQanBanRtvnbeBjecjBITwkdIvij. .>
kg GMLg raCvgRtwn lTxi gu CWenAkg menaKmviCa rd enAEtbnvivDxNEdlRBBuTs
asnaenA
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i kicni garb
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EdlminmanRbCaRbiyaBen RbeTsevotNamnakcUlkg nwmRttRarbscinsaCafmI geTotenAaM
1407.. > kg ryeBlmYy manakgarrdlraCvgmig mkBIRbeTscin nerobcMyagtwgrugw nUvrdl
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EdlsMxanepg.@ eTot TakTgnwgvb,Fm esdkic neyay...> TaMgraCvgmig nigGkdwknaM
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elIKMnti rbsCnCatievotNam.. > enAkg GMLg 37 aM (Ks 1460-1497) narRKgraCrbsesc
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ena vb,FmburaNRtveKelIkykmkbBaakyagrsrevIkkgGkrsil,_asaevotNam...> mUlehtu
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(ehAfa
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enATsvtr_cugeRayn sv TI 18 RbvtisasevotNameBareBjeTAedayarberrbs
BYktsWn ( tIsWn) (Ty Sjn) EdlnabepmI dMbgU CaarerIbRmrbsksikr RbaMgeTAnwgsSanaB
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mUl. .> yuKsm&yrbstsWn manarCECkEvkEjkeRcInnigBikylnNas. .> clnabdivten
bBaaknUveTamnsyagxagM EdlkbeRCAkg RsTabsg:mCnbTevotNam bEu nkmanarBakB&n anwg
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rsraneLIgvijnRbBNIRbCaCnmasRsk EdlnaM[xUcRbeyaCn_dlatupMbreTs CaBiess KW
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92
CMBUkTI.4
ar.. > eKnrMlwkeLIgvijnUvbgbnRsIRtkUlRTwgfa CavIrnarInvb,FmlMdabTImYy. .>

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ena manaBakcunigxVsBabab escraCvgegVnnxitxMyagxaMga edIm,IeFVI[lTixugCWEbb
fI nakRKwenAkgvb,FmCati. .> enAeRamarRKbRKgrbsraCvgegVn vb,FmRbBNIevotNam
nzitenAkg TRmgcugeRay EdlCavb,FmmYyGacsSti enAbndl sv TI 20 n edIm,IeFVGn
I rkm
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mYyyagrbsCnCatievotNam.14...> enAcug sv TI 15 lTixugCWEbbfIayCasasna Edlman
}TiBlRKbdBb ehIyanEtmansnxaMgenA sv TI 19.15. .> lTixugCWEbbfIen epatelITMnak
TMngsmRsbenAkg sg:m bEu nebIeyagelIFmCatintfaB KMnti GMBTRmg
I RtwmRtvnTMnakTMngsg:m
manmUldanelIealKMnitTUlMTUlay.. >
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sKlnTsnEdlCa}TiBldcMNas nigcm,grbscin manmkelIevotNam nayCarebob
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mann&ysmehtupl.. > GVmYI ykeday kCaKMrU CarUbag[GVmYI yepgeTotEdr.16. .> edayEpkelIar
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CeRmA nigdwgGMBIviFITbTlCamYynwgrcnasm<&nFmCatinelakatu. .>
enAkg RKbvisy
& TaMgGs enAeBlNaeKGacrka[mantulaBsmrmmYyrvagatuyinnigatu
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Edr...> RbarenvaBitdUcaenAkgragayrbsmnusmak.@ kgRKsarnImYy.@ kgPUmiRsk nigenA
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ebIamCMenOrbsGkRsk ralcMNIGaharTaMgGs eKeCOfa man .FmCatisMxan. mYy EdleAxaMg
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93
Edl .RtCakxaMg. nig .RtCaklm. KWCaatuyin...> dUec rbbmHbGaharGaceFVI[mantulaB

GtulaBrvagatuyinnigatuyuMagenAkgxnmnusn.17. .>
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mnus nigtulaBdsmrmmYyrvagxn mnusnigbrisaS n Gacbeg;tI [mansuxaBlenAkg xn mnus
n dUec TMnakTMnglrvagRkmmnusxus.@ a kngw Gacbeg;tI nCaaBcusRmgkg sg:mmYy ehIy
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rMCapv
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sg:mevotNamCaRbB&nmYYynatuyinyuaMg
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94
CMBUkTI.4
RbRBwtEpkelItYnaTIsg:mmYy. .> eKsm:allkNrbsatuyin edayvamanninaareTArkaBesIa

aBecbtEbn arcUlrYmBIsI aBminsUvmanarRbkYtRbECg aBminsUvmanCema epataKeRcIn
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vb,FmevotNamburaNaKeRcIn Gg:arsg:m nig}riyabfrbsCnCatievotNam nbgHajfa
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nigvianarRbtibti >l>).. > ebIamGrUbkI mlMdabx<sen
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mnus nCYyeFV[I lkNGrUbkm
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m ehIyarpasbr sg:mk
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BiPBnImy
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TI 20 dUcCakrNImYynTRmgarERbRblenACuvM ji tulaBrvagatuyinnigatuyuagM . .> GkRCJsm&y
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nsg:mevotNamburaN Edlmankg RKsar kg Gkrsil,_ kg sasna kg rcnasm<n& esd
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RByenAkg sg:m ehIyeBlena nwgmanRbtikmBIbuKl
: nigsSab&n edIm,IEsVgrkbriyaassg:mEdl
suxRslCagen...> elak eh:h:rI bItn (Gregory Bateson) neRbbeFobdMeNIrareneTAnwg
95
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A.21. .> atnelIkeLIgfa cMNcu sMxanbpM tu enAkg Rbvtsas
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BImun.. .> atnbEnSmeTotfa GVEdl
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EmnEtenAkg RkmeT bEu nCYnalmanenAkg buKl: xn gpgEdr.. > enAkg xn burs sI nigsg:m man
cMNcu ElgGtFtcM eBaaBantwg ehIyeBlEdleLIgdlcMNcu en GacnaM[manskmaBmYycMnnY
sRmabbg;ar...> lTplGacCaarERbRblxagvb,Fm sg:m rYmTaMgbdivtn_pgEdr...> RbeTs
evotNamna sv TI 20 nbgHaj[eXIjnUvkrNIcRmgcRmasdRscRsalmYykg sg:m sGI BM ar
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sarEtKuNtmasrbseK enAeBlEdlmanarkekItenA}riyabffIen.. >
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KWCabUMnKuNtmEdlbuKl
: nwgRbRBwtam.
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: TaMgenaeFVGn
I rkmngi TMnakTnM gCamYya Rsb
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edIm,Ibeg;tI B&tm anfmI y
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nRsbamarBiB&NnanigarviaK rbsealKMnitatuyinnigatuyuaMg. .>
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.RbB&n. .vs
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minabeFVIRsmena.. > enAkgCMBUken xJMeRbIBakyinnigyuaMgkgn&yeFobbueNa.. >
vK:bnabeToten nwgBiB&NnaGMBIsSanaBrbsRbB&nsg:mvb,FmevotNam dUcEdlmanenA
eBlEdl}TiBlGaNaniKmraMgEssabepImdaksm<aFelIevotNamkg sv TI 19 nigedIm sv
TI 20.. > enKWCacMNucabepImdsMxannRbvtisasevotNamEdlnwgRtverobrabkgCMBUken.. >
KuNtm nigTMenomTmabburaNrbsCnCatievotNam
vb,FmevotNamburaNmanaBsaMjaMnigmanardwg|TUlMTUlayBItmTaMgen...> enAkgarsabsg
96
CMBUkTI.4
Rts.@ bnaben xJMaMcRtvbgHajCUnnUvrUbaBnRbBNIevotNam EdlxJMnsRmitsRmaMgyag

Rby&tRbEygni
gEdlgayyl. .> vaEfmTaMgeFV[I eyIgdwgBIKuNsm,ti EdlmaneRbICacm,genAtMbn

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elIvb,FmeRcInCag}riyabf.. > xJkM epatpgEdrelIbTdannigrMlgealaBminRsbaCaeRcIneTot.. >
arCECkGMBIFmCatiBitRkdnsg:mevotNamburaN enAmanarcRmgcRmasaenAeLIy. .> dUec
niyay[gayRslyl KWfa manTsnFM.@ cMnYnBIrGMBIRbeTsevotNamburaN.. >
cMeBaGkRsavRCavCaeRcIn CaBiess GkRCJraMgCMnanmun.@ EdlnabepImsikaRbeTs
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BiesslTixugCWEbbfI KWCaRbB&nvb,FmburaN...> ehIyeKylfa GnuRbB&natuyin KWCaaturMxan
EdlnaM[manaBantwg aBRcbUkRcbl nigbg;[aMgdMeNIrarenAkgRbB&nTaMgmUl.23. .>
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I bkrN_ekg
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sasnaeRBgburaNrbsCnCatievotNam EdlRCtRCabRKbTid aBnCIvaBrbsCnCatievotNam.. >
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: RKsar
sg:mpal nERbRblkg CMhrnmenaKmviCa TaMgBIren EdlxJn
M dakeQaBYkvafa atuyni nigatu
yuagM . .> enAkg Rkbx&NEbben nigenAkg areqy
I tbeTAnwgRbvtisas
nigaleTsena vamanar
vivDnUvKuNtmslmYy Edlbeg;ItnCaebdUgnvb,FmCnCatievotNamburaN Edlena KWCa
.bgc. EdlCnCatievotNamemIleXIjBiPBelak nigbkRsaynUvGVIEdlBYkeKnqgat. .> viFI
narKit nigareFVI RtvnbUCaKMnitdlkUnekg abaMgBIBYkeKekItmkem ehIyRtvnrMlwk
bEnSmamviFsas
I eRcInEbbyagenAkg akCIvti nignRKbdBbelICMenOrbsCnCatievotNamcMeBa
97
BiPBelak fa manrUbragyagdUcemc nigfa etIBYkeKKYrRbRBwtxnyagNa[smrm...> erOgbnab

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TaMgeneT.. > eyIgnigBiB&NnaGMBIKuNtmTaMgenRts.@ enATIen.. >
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(asaevotNamehAfa .lI. l)
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edayeFV[I zananuRkmenag CaEpkmYynrcnasm<n& sM
xanrbsBiPBelak EdlCasSanaBmYyman
lkNFmCatinigminGacEkERbn.. >
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(asaevotNamehAfa .ehov. hi+u nig
.GWn. jn)
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RbB&n suTEt
nsg;tF n elI
arGbrMcriyasm,ti [RbRBwtsmrm
cMeBasmaCikRKsareTot.. > Ca
dMbUgnigsMxanCageKen KWeKbeRgnkUnekg[eceatxacRsLaj]Bukmay [ecsabbg:ab nig
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RtvxitxMeFV[I ]Bukmaysb,aycitRKb
eBlammeFayNakeday [EtGaceFVeTA
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RfarbsBYkat edIm,IsRmalbnk argar nigkgVlrbs
BYkat ehIynigedIm,IeFI[V RsbambMNg
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EdlmaneRcInelIslbelIGVI.@ epgeTot.. >
TMnakTMngrvagbgbnRbs
(asaevotNamehAfa .ed. z)
98
CMBUkTI.4
EbbbTsRmabtYnaTIsg:msMxanbnabmYyeTotKWTMnakTMngrvagbgbn Rbs. .> bgRbsRtvbeRgn ciBamw

bIcEfrkanigarBarbn Rbsrbsxn . .> bn RbsvijRtvearBeFVam
I nigaMRTbgRbsrbsxn . .> TMnak
TMngRtwmRtvrvagbgRbsnigbn Rbs RtvnbkRsaybBaakamrysuasitnigerOgeRBgniTanCaeRcIn. .>
ebIamerOgeRBgTaMgen cMNgrvagbgbn Cajwkjab mindUcanwgcMNgbRbBn
I eT.. > bgbn Rbsmin
KYr[mannrNamak GVmYI y CaBiess sI GacmkeRCtERCkeLIy. .> manerOgRbCaRbiyCaeRcIn elIk
tem;gI EfmeTotnUvRbarsMxannmenaKmviCa rbscMNgsacsaelahit edaybBaakyagc,asnUvareFVI
py
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xusBIkUnekg.@ enAbsmi RbeTsaKeRcIn kUnekgEdlFMdwgkenA
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I
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eCOCakelIxn geT.. > TahrN_CaKMrsRmab
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bgbnRbseng...> mnusmakRtvearBGkmanGayueRcInCag manzanx<sCag [dUceTAnwgar
earBbgRbsrbsxn. .>
bn RbsRtvTukRbeyaCn_xn mYyGenI nigRtvmancriyamaryaTkg TMnakTMngCamYybgRbsxn . .>
eTabICayagenkI ebIamerOgeRBgniTanevotNam manbnRbsxEdr GacrksuImann eTaCaxn
minnearBsBVRKbamcriyamaryaTEdlnkMNtkeday.. > BYkeKTTYlneCaKC&yBitRkd
edaysarBYkeKneFVam
I tYnaTInarRbRBwtEdl
c,abkMNt ehIyEdlsmrmeTAamsSanaBCak
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bgRbs dUcaeTAnwgcMeBa]BukmayEdr eTabI
CamanarelIkElgxyagNakeday.. > kg arEdlsuxcitRBm
cMNu eTAamaresrbs
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neCaKC&yenaeT RbsinebIBYkeKmanaBahan aBQasv kareCOCakelIxngeBk...>
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tYnaTIrbsePTnImYy.@
sIekItmk nwgrsenAkgKMnitmYy EdltRmv[atbMeBjtYnaTICakUnRsI Priya nigmaayagman

reboberobry.. > tYnaTIrbssI KWCaRbPBnaBantwgenAkg sg:m. .> CaerOy.@ manaBxNEck
dacayagxaMgrvagealarN_menaKmviCanigtfaBsg:m...> enAkgerOgeTvkfa erOgeRBgniTan
99
nigRbvtisasevotNam maneBareBjeTAedayerOgniTanGMBIsIEdlxaMg Qasv nigmuWgmat...>

enAkg lMdabx<sbM ptu nsg:m bursnigsICaerOy.
@ eFVI arCamYya. .> sn

I bMeBjargarlMkCa
eRcIn edayeRbIkmaMg ehIyGkxeTotRbkbrbrCYjdUrtictYc nigeFVICasil,arinICMnaj.. >
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sVamIrbsxn . .> sVamIrbsBYkat RtvbeRgnigRKbRKgPriyaxn [dUceTAnwgareFVcMI eBabn Rbsnig
kUnrbsxndUecEdr.. >
manninaarbnmYy EdlaksKlenAkgTsnEbbzananuRkmnatuyinnigatuyuaMg edIm,I
niyaybnabzanrbssI nigdakGMNacBYkat[enAeRamarRKbRKgrbsburs.. > sIRt
vEtec{n
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: melIseK anEtman}TBi lxagM eLIg. .> .manekgRbsmak RbesIrCagmanekg
26
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EfrkakUnRsI buEnCakEsgBYkeKeBjcitkUnRbsCag.. >
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citrbsBYkeKn nigGacedIrehIreTANamkNanesrICagekgRsI....> ekgRsIvij eK[enAaMp
manarkicCY yeFVI argarpsEm,g nigsSti eRamarRKbRKgtwgrugw CagekgRbs.@. .> RbsinebIRKsar
manRkastictYc RkTaMgenanwgRtv[eTAkUnRbs edIm,IeronsURt cMENkkUnRsIRtvenAp...>
RbsinebIkUnRsIhanCCIksYrfa .ehtuGbgb
IV n RbsrbsnagGaceFVn
I bEu nnageFVmI ni ndUcGcI gw . ?.
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RbECgeRCIserIsrkGnaKtkUnRbsaRsI EdlmansVamIPkicMeBakUnRbsBYkat. .>
pvRtv
(asaevotNamehAfa .ego. ngha)

ealarN_RbRBwtEdl
epatelItYnaTITaMgenrYmCamYy .ehov. nig .ed. EdlCasl nigcgabCamYy
ealKMnti rbs .GnW . pgena nbUenAkg CnCatievotNamnUvRkmsIlFmtwgrwgu mYy nigatBVkci
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nUvKuNtmsMxanrbsatuyuaMgTaMgen...> KtibNitarecdwg asaevotNamehAfa .RTI. (tr)
100
CMBUkTI.4
aBsmrm asaevotNamehAfa .El. (l) nigaBesaRtgscFm asaevotNamehAfa .Tni .

(tn) rYmTaMgaBahan asaevotNamehAfa .yg
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(ch) TaMgGsenKWCaKuNtmcm,g EdlnCYyaMRTnigGnuvtatBVkiccm,g
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.ehov. cMeBaTMnakTMngnvtSmYyeTAnwgmasrbsva.. >
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tbeTAnwg .ehov. nig .ed.. .> .ego. TamTarviarNBaaNsbs
atenAkg rcnasm&n< rbs
.l.I
EdlCaFmCatinvtSTaMgLay ehIyTamTar[mnusmakrsenAeRamc,abTmab EdlminGaceCos
n minfaaleTsNaehtuplbuK:lyagNaenaeT.. > ealKMnit .ego. EpkTaMgRsgelIar
RbRBwtenAkgtYnaTIsg:msMxan.@...> TahrN_ .ego. kMNtbBaa[kUnRbsKYrRbRBwtyagdUcemc
cMeBa]Buk bnRbsKYrRbRBwtyagdUcemceTAanbgRbs RbCanurasKYrRbRBwtyagdUcemceTAan
esc CaedIm >l> .ego. nePcealTMnakTMng nigarRbRBwtEdl
minmanTMnakTMngCamYynwgtY
naTIyuTsassg:m. .>
GarmN_nigmenaseBatna
(asaevotNamehAfa .Tij. tnh. nig. .jwn.. nhn)

enARtgslnRkbx&NdtwgrwugrbsatuyuaMg KWCaealKMnitEdlpkeTAedayKuNtmrbs .lI.
.ehov. .ed. nig .GnW .. .> Rkbx&Nsg:men KWCalTxui gCWEbbfdI m tu maM epatelIbru sCaFM epat
elItYnaTICaCagepatelImnus epatelIsuxmu alaBrbsshkrN_ (RKsar PUmi Rsk RbeTsCati)
CaCagepatelIGarmN_ bMNgRfa bBaHarbsbuKl: . .> enARsbeBlEdl .l.I TTYlnnUvtMENg
nRbB&nEdlRKbelIeKmYy CaBiess kgcMeNamvrCn nigman}TiBlxaMgenAkgtMbnaKxageCIg
nigEpkaKkNalnRbeTsevotNam...> aBxaMgnigaBscesIgrbs .lI. nbeg;ItCaarCYy
axaMgmYy eTAnwgKuNtmnwgealKMnitepg.@ CaeRcIn...> arBiteTA yinnigyuaMg manaBRbaMg
aGcI gw Emn bEu nvisy
& TaMgBIrenminGacxVmYyNaneT eRBaCavisy
& bg:b aeTAvijeTAmk.. > kg
cMeNamvisy
& TaMgBIren ebIalNamYyNamanaBelIslbeRcInCagmageTot enac,asCamanbBaHa
ehIy. .>
vis&yyuaMg KWCal&kx&NEdleFIV[mnusmak.@ minGacTTYlnnUvesckIRtvarpal. .> enk
edaysarEtmanealarN_earBamTMenomTmabyagtwgruwg edayriKnminRtwmRtveTAelIGkmin
earBTMenomTmab karriKnelIsI ehIykedaysarEtealarN_enepatyagsMxanelItYnaTI
101
GtcritCaCagmnus nigepatelIRkmCaCagmnusmak.@. .> manmtiriKnmYycMnnY ehAealarN_Ebb

enfa .Gavkutcegt. ehIysnidanfa ealarN_EbbenneTArk .aBcUlmincu..29...>
BuTsasna sasnaav nigRbBNICnmasRsk rYmTaMgatupMnKMnitrbselak xugCW nplnUv
KuNtm TMenomTmab nigarGnuvtyagTUlMTUlay Edlbg;beg;ItnCalMnwgrbsatuyin tTl
nwgbrircnasm<&nsg:mdFMsem,ImnatuyuaMg. .> GVIEdlCaarpyayagxaMgenAkgvb,FmevotNam
eBalKWkgCIvaBRbaMfrbsCnCatievotNam KWrvag .ego. nig .Tij....> enARsbeBlEdl
.ego. KWsIBIsIlFm GPismaar nigkrNIykic .Tij. eNavij KWsIGMBIGarmN_. .> .Tij. KW
CaGIEdl
V ekIteLIgedayxn g manaBeTarTneTAamarKitrbsbuKl: EdlekItBIsavKti minGac
sanTukmunn nigabrMClY cit. .> eKEtgEtsMedA .Tji . eTAnwg esckIes
ha ehIyminEtbeu Na
eKeRbI .Tji . en edIm,IbBaakn&yGMBtNH
I a menaseBatna bMNgRfa arrMCl
Y cit niymGVEdl
I
eyIg GacehAnfa CaarbBaarbscit. .> .Tij. CaatusRmsRmlrbs .ego. Edr.. >
KuNtmEdlRsedoganwg .ego. bEu nman
aBaBpy
aBI .ego. ena KW .jnw .. .> .jnw .
KWCaKuNtmnemaFm sb,rs
i Fm KuNFm mnusFm esckIRsLaj
cMeBamnuselak.. > .jnw .

dUcanwg .Tji . EdlmanaBBakB&neTA
nigsaBFmCatingi GarmN._ .> .jnw . tRmv[manarcUl
hYsBIbBatirbscit edIm,IRbRBwtGMeBIleTAeTot eRBamnusmanarGFaRs&yylcitylefIm
nigemaFmenAkg citrbs
xn . .> CakEsg .jnw . bUkcUlaCamYyarTUnanRbedArbsRBBuTsasna
edIm,IrMlkw mnusedayeFI[V eTAana [mancitem

aFm nigmancitsb,
rs
i Fm. .> .Tji . nig .jnw .
plnUvtulaBxagpvGarmN_TlnwgaBsmehtuplnaBRtwmRtvenAkg .ego.. .>
aBsuxdumminCaklak ehIynigaBsuxdumeBjelj
(asaevotNamehAfa
.lI. l nig .edov.. ziu)
RbPBnaBantwgxagM mYyeTot rvagKuNtmrbsatuyni nigatuyau gM KWaremIleXIjBIaBsuxdum

rmna nigaBsmehtupl amrebobBIrepga. .> aBsuxdumrmna KWCaealKMnitsMxanEdlman
KuNtmsMxanTaMgkgvis&yatuyinnigvis&yatuyuaMg...> aBsmehtupl KWCamUldanaMcedIm,I
QaneTArkarsuxRslmYyn.. > bEu n aBsuxRslnatuyuagM Canic alsMedARtLbeTArkeal
KMnit .lI. eBalKWealKMnitTUlMTUlayrbsRkwtRkmFmCati EdlrYmmanbBalTaMgBiPBelakFm
BiPBsg:m nigBiPBFmCati. .> .lI. KWCaGVIEdlnwgn aBfavr EdlbuK:lnigsg:mRtvEteFVIam.. >
CMenOxagelakatuen aMRTealKMnti atuyuagM TaMgRsg. .> mancemy
I EdlRtwmRtvEtmYyKt manpv
RtwmRtvEtmYyedIm,InwgeFVGVI .I @ ehIyaBsuxdumrmna KWnmkBIarGnuelameTAamGVEdl
I .Rtv. KW
GVIEdlRsbaeTAnwg .lI.. .>
bEu n manBakmYyEdlmann&yEbbmagepgeTotcMeBaBak .smehtupl. EdlmanenAkg
102
CMBUkTI.4
vis&yatuyinen...> enARbeTsevotNam enKWCaKuNtmrbs .edov....> Baken eKeRbIkg

smasnamEdlsMedAeTAelIB&NcRm arpMsemg[BIerakgtnI arsRmsRmleyablpya
areFIVCaGaCJakBalkgerOgCema...> .edov. EtgEtsMedAeTAelIGnrkmnigqn edIm,ITTYlyk
EksRmlCMhrskmaBNamYyrbsxn edIm,I[vasuIaeTAnwgsSanaBmYy eBalKWedIm,I[cUlnwg
eKcu...> edIm,I[gayyl KWarbnnCMhrrbsxn edIm,IRbeyaCn_narRsRslarbssg:m...>
.l.I kMNtn&yrbsbTdanEbbdacxatmYy CaRkbx&Neyag rICMenOelIarbtEbneTAamal
eTs KWCaxmw sarsMxanrbs .edov.. .> .edov. kg namCaKuNtm mann&yfa .smehtusmpl.
KWlm ecCakBal.. > cMeBaGkEdlminylBakfa lm ehIyEdlmanmhicaelaPlnxaMgeBk
twgrwgu eBk keCOCakelIxn gxagM eBk GacnwgnaM[manarvinasdlxn . .> arrirk[mantulaB
arvagatuyinnigatuyuagM rvagatBVkci n gi menaseBatna CYyksagCIvti [smlmTakTinnwgCemanig
arvinic&y. .>
GnubvaTehIynigarcUlrYm
visalaBFMmYyepgeTotnaBantwgen KWaBpy
arvagarcUlrYmyagskmkg sg:m nigarmin
cUlrYmeFVGVI esa
I dkxn ecjBIsg:m. .> ebIamKMnti nBuTs
asnacin .arcUlrYmkg kic arelakiy.
nig .armincUlrYmkgkicarelakiy. KWEpkEdlEckdacBIanigEdlminGacppaan.. > buEn
CnCatievotNamCaeRcInnxitxMyagxagM edIm,IbBal
KMrTaMU gBIreneTAkg CIvaBnigkg sg:mrbsBYk
eK.30...> lTixugCWEbbfI nigvis&yyuaMgTaMgRsg elIkTwkcit[manaBskm nigbeg;It[manar
RbkYtRbECg...> arbeRmIdlRbeyaCn_saarN eKemIleXIjfa CakitiysnigatBVkic...> buEn
atupMrbsBuTsasna
nigsasnaav elIktem;gI araMgsmaFingi GkmaB RBmTaMgminn[tm

EfmTaMgcMGkcMeBaarts}t
U n&ykg ardakkMhti qnrbsxn eTAelItfaBmYy EdlminmanarBak
B&nnwgqnrbsmnusmaena.. >
bBatrbs
i .GnW . eFV[I arEbgEckrvagarcUlrYm nigarmincUlrYmen manfamaBxusBIFma
ehIyCaerOy.@ eFV[I manarbBaldlpv city agxagM enAkg RbeTsevotNam.. > mnusEdlmantRmi
viCa kmanbMNgdkxnecjBIarbMBul nigareFIV[rMxannaBvwkvrrbselaken.. > atcgdkxn
ecjBIarRbkYtRbECgsg:m edIm,Iluvimtu i EsVgrkaBsbs
at nigarGPivDxn g.. > bEu n eKan
siTieFVIGIcwgnCanicalenaeT...> bMNulRtvEtmanarTUTatsg atBVkicRtvmanarbMeBjenA
eBlkrNIykictRmv. .> mnusffrmak RtvEteqIytbeTAambTbBaarbs .ego.. .>
mageTot CYnal enAeBlEdlBiPBelakpacarTMnakTMnga enAeBlEdleKminGacseRmc
naBRtwmRtvnigaBsmrm enAeRaml&kx N
& naeBlbcb ,nena burssIf
fr Rtvdkxn ecj
BIelaken CameFaynarbBaakGMBKuI Ntmdx<gx< s CaCagcUlrYmkg bribTEdlnaM[KuNtm
103
TaMgenRtvxUcvij...> mnusCMBUken KWGkEdldkxnecj edIm,IrgaM{asmkdl....> edayman

TsneTAelIeBlevlafa CakgvilCMu ena BYkeKrgaMarvilRtLbmYynzananuRkmRtwmRtvmYy
rbssg:m EdlBYkeKcUlGacrYmCamYyedayesckIffrnigkitiys.. >
GMNacnRkwtRkmFmCati
arvilRtLbmkvijnUvl&kx N
& smrm nanaedaydMeNIrnyutFi mRtwmRtv amsIlFmEdl
manenAelIBiPBelakeyIgen.. > CaarCakEsg RbCaCnevotNamTaMgGseCOfa eBlevlaKWvilCuM
ehIyareFV[I xusBIRkwtRkmFmCati GacnaM[manGayux.I .> RkwtRkmFmCatinigsBababsmrm nwg
bgHajxn vijminxan.. > areRbnRbedAkg rgVgRK
sar arGbrdMM bgU erOgeRBg suasit nigGkrsil,_
rbsGkRsk nbgHatbeRgnekg.@ nUvareCOt.@ a GMBIsuBlaBnealarN_RkwtRkmen.. >
ekg.@ nTTYlTsnEbbelakatumYy EdlbgHajGMBITMnakTMngrvagarRbRBwtniglTplCamYy
Gakb,kiriyanigsMNag...> RbCaCnnigsg:mEdlRbRBwtsmRsmeTAamRkwtRkmFmCati nwgTTYl
rgVan ehIycMeBaCnEdlrMelaPbMBanRkwtRkmFmCatiena nwgCYbnUveRamhnray.. > CaarBit ar
EdlBYkeKCYbeRamhnrayen KWminEmnmancMeBaEtxneKbueNaeT KWmandlRkmRKsar ehI
yarEdleFVI[manbBaHaGaRkkdlRkmRKsar KWmann&yfa CabkmGaRkkbMput. .>
RKsar.. RkwtRkmFmCatienAkgGtisuxumelak
RKsarevotNamKWCaBiPBelaktUcmYy. .> GVEdl

I BYkGkbsmi RbeTsehAfa .RKsarrgVgtU c. (RKsar
EdlmanEt]BukmaynigkUn) RtvnbBal eTAkg RKsarrgVgF .M (jatisnan/ bgbn ) nigRKsarEdl
ykamxagEx]Buk. .> arecRsLajjatisnan manrYmbBal TaMgGkEdlnTTYlmrNaB nigGk
EdlBuMTanekItenAeLIy edaydakp:MenAkgcMNgsamKI: xagaBsuxdum xagsartInigsmar.31. .>
CadMbgU nigsMxanCageK eKbeRgnekg.@ GMBI .ehov. EdlCaKuNFmsMxanrbssg:m. .> esckI
xVlsIGMBIarcgtbsgn .GWn. (artbsgKuN) eTAdl]BukmaynigbuBVburs KWCakmaMgdman
mhiTiTixagKuNFm nigsmiTpl.. > amryarRbwgERbgnigBlikm nigamryKuNFmrbsBYkeK
buBbuV rsnRbmUlkusl EdlCaEpkmYynmtkrbsRKsar edaymanarRbemIlemIlBIsMNakBBYk
eTva.. >
mnusNaEdlenArsranmanCIvti KWRtvCabbMNlu buBbV ru srbsmnusena mincMeBafa mnus
enanbMeBjsadFMeFgbunNaeLIy nigmincMeBafa mnusenargTukevTnaFnbunNaeLIy...>
mnusenaRtvEtGrKuNcMeBabuBVburs cMeBamHbGaharEdlmnusenabrieaK cMeBaeKhdanEdl
mnusenarsenA bIRbBnrbsmnusena dIFIrbsmnusena smaCikaBenAkgPUmirbsmnus
ena BiessCageneTAeTotena KWceM BaCIvti mnusenapal. .> mnusenaTTYlnpl kedaysar
104
CMBUkTI.4
EtarRbmUlkuslplbuN EdlsmaCikRkmRKsarnxitxMeFVGs
I eBlCayUrNasmkehIy nigBI
kitisBrbsRKsar...> eCaKC&yanEtbEnSmTRmgbMNul EtminGacsgrYcTaMgGseLIy...> RKsar
nImYy.@ RtvxitxMeFVIarFn edIm,IrkacMNgTakTgCamYyGkCitxag CamYyeRBglan nigCamYyGk
PUmiTaMgGs...> bBajTakTgen eFIV[mnusRKbrUbTuksRmabplRbeyaCn_rbsRkmRKsarerog.@
xn...> atBVkicmancMeBaGkEdlminTanekItnigGkEdlsabeTAehIypgEdr.. > atBVkiccm,g KW
mancMeBaRKsarpal ehIyenKWCakicarEdlanTIbBabeLIy. .>
ealarN_vb,Fm KWepateTAelIRkmRKsarEdlmansmaCikeRcIn EdledIrtYtMNag[Gg:aB
EtmYy manareFVsmahrNkm
I
ayagl nigmanarerobcMrcnasm<n& Ebb
BIelIcueRampg.. > GMNac
TaMgGs rYmTaMgkmsiTiRTBsm,tipg KWCarbs]Bukmay ehIykUneARtvEtsabamGVIEdlBYkat
cgn.. > arrMelaPbMBaneTAelIarearBkrNIy
i kicCa kUn EdlEsg[eXIjc,asena nwgxusc,ab
ehIynwgRtvTTYlTNkmyagdMNMBIGaCJaFr RbsinebImannrNamakrayarN_[dwg...> FnCagen
eTAeTotena KWfa nrNamakRtvneKrkeXIjfa mankMhusBakB&nnwgcriyamaryaTEbben enA
kgRkEsEPkrbssaarNCn GkenagnwgTTYlrgnUvTRmgnaBGamasGsmYyCIvit. .>
arearBbuBVburs (dUna) KWedIm,IBRgwgnigeprKMnit edIm,Ibeg;ItnCacMNgsamK:IaBrwgmaMn
RKsarmYy. .> critlkNnsg:mRbBNIevotNam mansKlmkBIbMNgRKsareng.. > aBCa
smaCik nigTIaMgNamYyenAkg RKsarrbsnrNamak KWCaatupMsMxannGtsBaaNbuKl: nigsg:m. .>
arRrBBiFenA
I kg RanRKevotNamburaN KWmanaBsm,rEbbnigEbk.@ a bEu nBiFEbb
I en ebIeKeFVI
cMeBabuBbuV rsBiessNamYyena KWaMcRtvmanarcUlrYmBImnuseRcIna edIm,IeFV[I BiFena
I manaB
GFikGFmnigsMxan. .> buNxYbrMlwkbuBbuV rs EdlnEckzaneTAehIyena RtveKeFIeLI
V gCaerograla M
ehIykg BiFIen manarerobcMCarbsrbrsRmabEsnCalkNpv areTotpg.. > GkcUlrYmkg BiFen
I
GacmancMnnY CamFmeRcIn KWGaRs&yeTAelIaBCitdit kzanrbsbuBbV ru sena ehIykGaRs&yeTA
elIRTBFnrbsCnEdlCabExxag]Buk. .> GkRsI eL FIekV (L Th* Qu+) niyayfa..
elakGkRtvEtcUlrYmkg BiFCYI bCuRK
M sarNamYy edIm,InyldwgGMBGarm
I Ndl
_ CnCatievotNamman
cMeBaRKsarBYkeK.> enAkgbriyaasEdleBareBjeTAedayarcgaM RbBNInigTMenomTmaben
zananuRkmRKsar RtvneKesuIbsYremIlyagykcitTukdak.> smaCikmakmincMeBafa zansg:m
atCaGVena
I eT kmankEngrbsatmYy enAcMBImuxGasndUna (kEngkugma) nigenAtuCbelog eTA
amlMdablMedaynCMnanmnus nigamGayukgcMeNamsmaCikRKsarrbsatenaEdr.> enAkg
briyaasEbben buKl
: maktbgnUvaBCaxn g nigmanGarmNFU_ rRsalenAkEngenag.> enA
TIenaehIy EdlatEsVgrknUvkmaMgCaRkm.> GkenagnwgminpasbrTIkEngrbsatenAkgRkm
eneT eTabICaTIkEngdTeTotlRbesIryagNakeday.32.>
ExRsLayxag]BukEdlmansmaCikCaeRcIn nigmanaBFUrar GacmanarRbmUlpMEbben
105
yagehacNas rabsibdgkg mYyaEdr

M cMENkRKsardTeTot kmanarCYbCuM aEbbeneRcIndg
kgmYyaMEdr...> buEn cMnYnmnusEdlmkcUlrYm aBerobcMlitlnnBiFI cMnYnmHbcMNInigePsC
EdlykmkEsnen KWmanaBxus.@ axagM . .> eday}texa RKsarnImy
Y .@ Kb,IEtmandImYycMENk
edIm,IRrBeFIVBiFIen...> dIenaeK[eQafa .dIFUbnigePIg. ehIydIds&kisiTien TTYlararBar
edayc,abnigTMenomTmab. .> BiFIEbben KWCaEpkmYynTMnakTMngdrwgmaMrbssg:mEdlmancMNg
GngGarmN_nigkiriyamaryaT enAkgptKMnitGkcUlrYmTaMgGs...> arEdlRKsarmkCYbCuMaeFVIBiFI
rMlwkxYbGkEdlEckzaneTAehIy KWedIm,I[RkmRKsarndwgBIsKlnsacsaelahitrbsxn
nigrwtcMNgsamK:IaBakgRKsar nigbeg;ItectnaRsLajcMeBaRKsar...> enAkgRKsarnImYy.@
GkEdlenArs GkEdlnTTYlmrNaB ehIynig GkEdlminTanekItpgena ncgabakg
cMNgEdlzitenAkgRkebdUgmYynarBwgBakaeTAvijeTAmk.. >
buBbV ru senAEtCaGkcUlrYmyagskm enAkg CIvaBrbsRKsar eBalKWcUlrYmEckrMElkesckI
suxnigTuk eRkInrMlwkkuM[eFVIGaRkk nigTUnankuM[elaPlnRTBsm,ti...> dUnaTaMgenaeFVIarenA
zaneRam edIm,ICYyRKsar[mansuxumalaB...> dUnaenAaMXaMemIlnigaMCYykUneA....> enAeBl
RbQmmuxnwgarseRmccitsM xanNamYyena manCnCatievotNammYycMnnY eRCIserIsarniyayCa
mYysmaCikRKsarEdlsabeTAehIy edIm,ICYyareyabl. .> buBbuV rsGacCYynigpldM bnU a n ehIy
maneBlx dakTNkmdlkUneAxneTotpg buEnTaMgGsenKWsuTEtedIm,IRKsarbueNa.. >
ebITukbICaRKsarnImy
Y .@ suTEt
nRbwgERbgCYyxn g edayminaMcBwgBakGkdTkeday k
BYkeKenAEtKitBIarRbkYtRbECgkg sg:m CaCagEsVgrkaBea.. > arRbkYtRbECgrvagRKsar ekIt
maneLIgenAkg .RbB&nvN
. mYy EdlebIkcMh eFV[I RKsarmankitanuaBamzananuRkm Edl man
EtsaarNmtibue NaCaGkatesckI. .> GkPUmeFI
i ar
V vinci y& edayEpkelIsmaBnzannigCMhrRKsar
eTAamGakb,kiry
i arbssmaCikRKsar.. > RTBsm,ti kRmitvb,Fm zan nigkitanuaB kCakmbT
nar[tmelIRKsarEdr buEnvaminEmnCakakMNtEdleKniymenaeT.. >
mnusktsm:alGMBIkMhusnigKuNvibti ehIyBYkeKnCECkGMBIerOghwg. .> mnusmanarP&y
xaccMeBaaresIccMGknigarniyayedIm...> dUec mnusRtvbgMcitEsVgrkzanx<gx<s EtBYkeKk
RtvcMNayeRcInEdr...> CaBiess TMnakTMngaeTAvijeTAmkeBlmanBiFIbuN rvagRKsarnig
shKmn_PmU i KWCa{asEdlsb,rsCnRtvEtbgt bgr edIm,IbBaakBIaBmanzanrbsBYkxn nigFn
anrbsRKsar.. >
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BiFIbuNsBcMNayGsRkaseRcInCageneTAeTot.. > RKsarEdlFUrar cMNayRkasyag
eRcInsnwksnab sRmaberobcMBiFIanTuknigbuNsB...> GaBah_BiBah_manaBsaMjaMeRcIn nig
ayluykeRcInEdr...> eBleKBinit[nditdleTAelIarerobGaBah_BiBah_ eKrkeXIjyag
106
CMBUkTI.4
eRcInGMBIvb,FmRbBNInigrebobRbRBwteTArbssg:mevotNam CaBiesscMeBavrCnnigGkEdl
manmhicasg:m. .>
GaBah_BiBah_
eyIgGacTukarerobarfa mundMbgU CaarcranigarsRmsRmlarvagRKsarBIr. .> dUec areRCIs

erIsKURskr KWminEmneFVeLI
I gedaybuKl
: makeT KW]BukmayCaGkerIs[ edayCaerOy.@ manasTuM
enAkgRKsarCYypgEdr.33. .> kUnRkmuM eRcInEteTArsenACamYy yagehacNas krsenAEk,r
]BukmayxagbIrbsnag ehIynagRtvearBRbNib&tn_]Bukmayekkrbsxn [elIsBI]Bukmay
beg;ItxneTAeTot...> edaysarnageTArsenAkgRKsarxagbI kgnamCaGkeRAmak dUec nagRtv
p:abcit minEmnRtwmEtbrbs
I nagEtmakenaeT KWRKsarTaMgmUl ehIyCaBiessena KWmayekkrbs
nag.. >
cMeBaRKsarTaMgsgxag RbarsMxanEdlRtveCosvag KWareFVI[RKsarkmux edayrgnUv
aBGamasNamYy dUcCaamryarRbEkkminRBmTTYlykGaBah_BiBah_enAkBalhVgmnusma
CaeRcIn dUecehIynCaerOy.@ eKRtveRbIGkEccUv[CYykgerOgen...> eKmanarKitKUrlitln
Nas munnwgseRmcerIsGnaKtKURskrNamak KWeKRtvemIlGMBIFnan crit suCIvFm ekr#eQa
}TiBlGMNac nigarrMBwgTukEpkhirBavtSeTAfxagmuxrbsKURskrrUben nigRKsarrbsat. .>
RbBNIrbsGkRsk eRcInEteFVar
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sajamEbbcinealx) Etsg;tF ne lIBiFI abBak.. > rebobeRCIserIsKURskrTaMgen eKykmk
GnuvtCasaarNeTAehIy nignayCaTMenomTmabrbsCnCatievotNamanEtc,as niganEt
cMNayRkaseRcIn. .> eKerobcMBFi I abBakeLIg CalkNbgHaj[dwgCapv ar [eKTTYls:al
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107
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108
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110
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111
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112
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117
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119
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elIaKImageTot EdlTTYlC&yCMn nigEdlneFVI[excxaMnUvGtsBaaNCatinigesckIffrrbs
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rIksayayrbskgT&BevotNammkkg TwkdIkm<C akg sg:amevotNam (Ks 1945-1975).. > mun
ena RbCaCnabrgeRaBIarbgitbgMyagsahavRBp [CIkTMnbERBkvijet (aNl&r 2005.
129) edayenAeBlena TahanyYnnebIkTVarTwkyagtkRkhl edayBMn
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ceRmInxagM eKknbnarQanBanRbeTsExrBITisbUBa mk.. > kg cenaaM 1835-1840 Gug eRTg
.
129
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M sarsg:ameKvayCamYyesomenaeT ehIyRBBuTsasna
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eRakeLIgvayRbaMgnwgsRtvyYn (aNl&r 2005.. 129-45).. > arbMpci bMpa jelIsasnanigar
absg;tGsIlFmTaMgen Rtvnas.@ CMnanmunniTant.@ a nigarenAkgesoveARbvtisas
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raMg
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I
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sb,aycitenaeT.. > CnCatiExrEdlrsenAkgRbeTskm<Cabcb,n nigGkrsenACaCnCatiaKtic
elITwkdIrbsxn enAkUsaMgsInu minnylRsbnwgarseRmcEdlmanlkNneyayenaeT bEu n
BYkeKBMumanCeRmIsGVIepgeToteLIy...> pllMknmrtkGaNaniKmTaMgena enAEtmanCIvityag
RbtkrhUtmkdlsBVfen.. >
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eRamesrIaBdtUccegtkgarRbtibtisiTinigCMenOsasna.. > BYkeKRtvsSiteRamarRKbRKgdtwg
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ctBIsMNakmnbk.
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minRtvnGnuBaat[RbtibtiCMenOdUcExrkBaleLIy.4. .> CakEsg enAcugTsvtr_aM 1920 kg
dMeNIrTsnkicrbs
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1929).. > kgkicxitxMRbwgERbgtvaedIm,IesrIaB siTimnus
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130
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i xu nigGriaBkg RbeTsbeu Na (
elx 24 cuf 13 mifnu a
2002).. >. .
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eTayagNa neyayRbaMgevotNamrbsrdaPilExrcugeRayen minmanGayualEvgeLIy
eRBaarcUldrbsevotNamCafImgeTotenAkgneyayrbsExr...> Gkxniyayfa arBakB&n
rbsevotNam KWCaarQanBan (mUrIs 1999) cMENkGkxeTot EbrCaplnUvktBaaFmcMeBa
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u aBc,aslas. .>
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ecjkgsm&y bul Bt nigGkcMNUlfIanEtgayRsl (EbrRtgd_ 1996)...> tfaBen KWCaar
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131
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bBal[tbgTwkdIyageRcIn (san ebgEs 2002.. 1-124)...> faetIarGGagenRtwmRtvdl
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u n&yerIseGIgNamYyeLIy bEu n
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132
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GtSn&ylGaRkkenaeT.. >
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Y .@ snafa nwgedaRsayRbkbedayRbsiT aBCamYynwgbBaHa
en eBlEdlQeat (
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a tEtdMbgU
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134
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I xn sRmabsns
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palxn . .> RbCaCnExrrsenAamRBMEdn Etgxkcitnw gGVEdl
I rdaPilevotNamnigkm<C aedaRsay
GMBbBaH
I aRBMEdnsBVfen.. > eBlmanCemadIFCaI mYyevotNamEdlCaGkCitxag GkmkBITIaykg
RbeTsevotNam RbCaCnExrBMudwgfa eFVIGVIenaeT eRABIakecjBIdIrbsxn. .> bursExrGayu 66
aMmYyrUb EdlEtgdaMduelIdIrbsat nigabTaMgbgBndIeTA[rbbsg:mrasniym (Ks 19541969) RtvnCnCatievotNambgM[akecjBIdIena.. > enRanEtCakrNImYy kgcMeNamkrNI
yageRcInsnwksnabEdlrdaPilExrminmansmtSaBedaRsay (eyagdUcxagelI).. >
RbCaCnExrCaeRcIneTot kEckrMElknUvTukeRkmRkM
dUcaenEdr.. > eKminEdlmanKMnti cg[

manartbgGtsBaaNrbseKbnci NaeLIy GarmNTU_ eTAEdlbkRbaMg EtgelIkykmksEmg
nigaMRT...> RbCaCnEtgmanbItiesamnsnwgsunrkfaneyayCatiniym...> eBlsemcRkmRB
neratm rNTi Rbasfa .eeat[hVn sInu bicu KWdUcCaeeatedIm,IedaRsaybBaHaTwkdI. ksikr
135
Gayu 25 aMmak EdlmanarebCJacitdUcaen nbnWtbvijfa .cgndIEdltbgmkvij.

(
1998 areeat).. > enAmankrNICaeRcIneTot EdlRbCaCnkm<C aEtgajeK krNI
TaMgenrdaPilRbeTsTaMgBIrRtvTTYlxusRtv. .>
PeM Bjbs
u #
GsmtSaBrbsrdaPilkm<CakgaredaRsayralbBaHaxagelI
rdaPilkm<C aminEdlmansmtSaBedaRsaybBaHaGenaRbevsn_nigCemaRBMEdnCamYyevotNamena
eT...> kgVealneyayrbsrdaPil nigGMeBIBukrlYyenARBMEdn neFVI[cMnYnGenaRbevsn_
evotNamEdlminncubBaekI
I neLIg (migs&nB_ nig eDar 2003. 233-34).. > eBlEdlbBaHaan
EteFVI[mansaBtwgEtg edayarerobGaBah_BiBah_qgsasn_ nigkgVarabGarmN_BIrdaPil
GenaRbevsn_KWBitCaarRByrmrbsGkneyaymYycMnYn EdlxactbgGtsBaaNCati...>
elak sun q&y GktMNagrasmkBIbksmrgI CaTahrN_ nEfgfa..
RbsinebIanvianartwgEtgBIrdaPileTena km<C akg eBlab.@ xagmux nwgQaneTArkbBaHamYy
anEtFn. > eyIgnwgayCaCnCatiaKticelITwkdIpalrbsxn (km<C aedlI 6-7 kk;da 2002).>
BitNasfa KNkmaFiarCatimYydwknaMedayelak va Kwmhug smaCikKNbkRbCaCnkm<C aRtv

nbeg;tI eLIgkg bMNgedaRsaybBaHaRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsCitxag.. > eTaCayagNa RbCaCnCaeRcIn
nigbkRbaMg mineRtkGrnwgGVEdl
I sSab&nennnigkMBgu eFVena
I eT.. > niyayBIEpkneyay KN
kmaFiaren CaerOy.@ RbaMgnwgesckes
I epg.
I @ BIbkRbaMg cMENkbkRbaMgkBMTuu kcitvi jEdr eTa
aeTArkplRbeyaCn_Cati. .>
CamantfaBneyayen KNkmaFiarEtgsakesrI kg arebCaJ cite<
eKminEdlTTYlyksMeNIrbsbkRbaMgeTABiarNaenaeT CakEsg sMeNIsMu[eFVInirakrN_nUv
sns
i BaanigGnusBaaeTVaKITaMgLay EdleFVeLI
I gkg ryeBlRKbRKgrbsevotNamkg Tsvtr_aM
1980 (san ebgEs 2002 nig 2003) EdlneFVI[tbgTwkdIrbsExryageRcInena.. >
kgVsmtSaBrbsrdaPilkm<C a artbgTwkdIkg bnu a nTsvtr_kngeTA nigarrMelaPmineccbBI
sMNakevotNamelIGFibetynigbUrNaBkm<Ca minelIkTwkcit[RbCaCnExrmanTMnakTMngeday
emRtIaBCamYyevotNameLIy. .> TahrN_ kg cenaaM 1998 nig 2002 nisitmhaviTal&yyageRcIn
EtgcUlrYmeFVI tukmGhiganigdutkgLanenAmuxsaklviTal&y kEngdTeToteBlRbtiPevotNam
U
mkPMeBj...> eTaCanisitTaMgen RtvneKs:aledaysarclnaRbaMgevotNam BYkeKminEdl
eBjcitnwgdMeNaRsayrbsraCrdaPileLIy...> pyeTAvij BYkeKRtvnTTYlTNkmBImnI
saklviTal&y Caareqy
I tbnwgarBakBn& nw gneyayrbseK EdlCamnusmanbMNgedaRsay
aBxwkxlCatibeu Naena.. > clnadUcaen minRtvneKGnuBaat[manenaeT abBman
I kubkm
RbaMgfenAedImaM 2003 mk.13. .>
elIsBIeneTot rdaPilkm<C aminnRBegIykeny
I enaeT bEu nminmansucn nigsmtSaBkg
136
CMBUkTI.5
aredaRsayTukevTna
rbsRbCaCnEdltbgdIeTAxagevotNam arhUrcUlGenaRbevsn_xs
u c,ab
evotNam nigaBkeBackEBgnartbgGtsBaaNena...> eTaCamanarbeg;ItKNkmar
CatiTTYlbnkEpkRBMEdn TwkdIkm<CaenARtvnRbeTsCitxagrMelaPminecQb...> vahakbIdUcCa
BYkeKmanesckIlMeGog sSiteRam}TiBlrbsevotNam.. > ebImindUeaeT arBRgwgc,abminRtv
neKbMeBjenAkgrbbeneLIy...> TahrN_ GkensaTevotNam 43 nak nigTUkensaTcMnYn
15 eRKg EdlcUlensaTxusc,abkgEdnTwkkm<Ca RtvnedaElgeTAvij...> eRayBIarbgaMg
TukmYyryeBlxmI k BIeRBanKrlKitfa BYkeKTaMgenaRanEtmkrkamxgbeu Na (
k,al 20 elx 62 fBuFTI 9 sa 2001).. > kgbBaHaen GkensaTExrmaknniyayedaytUc
citnwgrdaPilfa..
km<C
aedlI
FmanavanigTUkensaTevotNamGaccUlkgEdnTwkkm<Can buEnRbsinnavakm<CacUleTAxagevotNamvij EtgmanerOgFMCadrab (km<C aedlI k,al 24 elx 53 fTI 15 sIha aM 2002).>
kgVsmtSaBenneFVI[RbCaCnmanGarmN_xkcitnwgrdaPilrbsxn nigsbGkCitxag
EdlGacqk{asenmkeFVICaRbeyaCn_n.. >.
eRABIkgVsmtSaBen KNbkanGN
M ac minEdlnbMeBjarsnarbsxn eFVeI LIg ralmnu
eBlareeat kg erOgedaRsaybBaHaGenaRbevsn_. .> rhUtmk RksYgmhapneaRbCMGPi
u l
ext mkBiakaerOgCnGenaRbevsn_rskg EdndIkm<C a bEu nkicRbCM
elI
u kTI 3 enAedImExkk;da 2002
minnplEpp;aeLIy...> vaEbrCanaM[manareqdMusbex<ImeTAvij...> enAeBlena elak sU Pirin
EdlCaGPilextkMBgaMg nmanRbsasn_fa..
.xs
MJ b Cn
GenaRbevsn_EdlrsenAelIpbEBtTwkambwgTensab eRBafa BYkeKnbMpa jbrisaS n dUec
eyIgBayamedaRsaybBaHaen [atmanRbsasn_sMedAelICnCatievotNamEdlrsamdgsgw ] cg
[GenaRbevsn_breTsTaMgGs earBc,abGenaRbevsn_rbseyIg. (km<C aedlI k,al 24 elx
26 fTI 9 kk;da 2002).>
suxumalaBrbsRbCaCnRtvEtCaatBVkiccm,grbsrdaPilnImYy.@ buEnRbEhlCatictYc
bueNasRmabrdaPilkm<Ca.. > KeRmagsgTMnbvarIGK:isnIyalIkgaM 1993 nigessan 3 kgaM
2002 edayBMunsikaCamunBIplbBalGviCman neFVI[RbCaCnkm<CarsenAeRamExTwk CYb
pllMkCaeRcIn. .> RbCaCnnigstVBahnRtvqgeraKCaeRcInRbePT TwkbwgRtvbMBul RtIsab nig
TwkCMnnCaedIm. .> arsikamYycMnYnrbsGg:areRArdaPilnbgHajfa..
TMnbessan 3 seK
I enanTTYlarRbaMgyagxagM BIsMNakGg:areRArdaPilnigGkPUmenA
i ext
sgw ERtgnigrtnKirI edayGkTaMgenanGGagfa TMnbmYyeTotenAamdgTenessaneRtIyxagevotNam neFV[I manTwkCMnnnigeFV[I xUcKuNaBTwk (km<C aedlI k,al 24 elx 28 fTI 11 kk;da
2002).>
137
pllMkEdlnmkBIKeRmagsagsgTMnbvarIGK:s
i nIen BitCaGnuplnkicRBmeRBg
eTVaKI
nrdaPilTaMgBIr EdlRtvTTYlxusRtvcMeBaCnrgeRakm<Ca.. >
arEsVgrkRbCaRbiyaBnigGMNacneyay
KNbkRbaMgatlmnwgGacsg;tFnelIkgVsmtSaBrbsrdaPil nigarKMramkMEhgEdlCa
lTplcMeBabUrNaBnigGFibetyCati. .> RbCaCnRKbrUbambBaMrbsRkmRbaMg KYrRtvdwgnigyk
citTu kdakelITMnakTnM grbsRkmbkanGMNacCamYyevotNam nigvtmanrbsCnCatievotNamelI
TwkdIExr. .> eTabI 10 aeRay
M BIardkT&BevotNamecjBIkm<C a naykrdmnEx
I r elak hnu Esn
enAEteRbIGg:rkevotNamdEdl.. > arhUrcUlanEtekIneLIgnTahanevotNam Gacnwgmann&y
fa sg:amnwgekIteLIgkg RbeTsrvagExrnigyYn EdlnwgebIkarvayRbhar edIm,IelbykTwkdIExr
amry hnu Esn (
k,al 2 elx 51 fTI 9-10 mifnu a dkRsgkg
f
TI 8-14 mifnu a 1997).. > mYyExeRayBIarcupaymk sg:amnekIteLIg BitEmnEtminEmnrvag
RbCaCatiTaMgBIrenaeT KWrvagExrnwgExrbueNa.. >
mYyabn
M abBICemaRbdabGavuF manarerobcMareeatsaklCaelIkTI 2 EdlRKbKNbk
neyayTaMgGsRtvrYcraledIm,IeXasna.. > CYnal GkneyayRanEtcgsbI enas[rdaPil
kgarbraC&yykc,abGenaRbevsn_eTAGnuvt buEn EbrCaneFVI[manarkeRmIkBIGkEdlmincUl
cits
abBak .ynY . eTAvij. .> amskmCnsiTmi nusx areRbIRsBakeCrRbmafen GacbMPit
bMPy
& GkEdlmanRsLayevotNam.. > elak sm rgI RbanKNbkRbaMg nbdiesFfa elak
minnbnacGkmanCabExRsLayyYnTaMgena edaymanRbsasn_fa..
KMnt
i kUnExr
kBaksg:
manbMNgsMedAelIEtrdaPilbcb ,nbeu Na EdlxkxanminarBarkraC GFibety nigbUrNaB

TwkdI.> minmanbMNgsMedAcMeBaRbeTsNabuK:lNaenaeLIy (PMeBjbus# f 17-23 kk;da
1998).>
sUm,IeRayBIareeat CnCatievotNamEdlmindwgGVIesakgdMeNIrarrabsnwkeatena
RtvTTYlrgeRa edaysarGkneyaynigRkmtukrmYycMnYn. .> tukmennTakTajmnusCa
eRcIn[cUlrYm EdlenAeBlCamYyena evotNamRtvneKeaTRbanfa nbMBl
u Twk nigRtvn
vaysmab RBmTaMgeCrRbeTcnwgBak .ynY . eTotpg.. > tukrxehAelak hnu Esn fa .Gayg
I Bn& k g erOgenkeday
yYn. cMENkGkxeTotERskfa .vyYn.@.. .> eTaCaevotNamminmanGVBak
eKnTTYlnUvareCrRbmafyagxaMg. .> elIsBIeneTot sbmitaBkm<CaevotNam.14 enAPMeBj
RtvnvaybMEbkx nigdutkg bMNgsgswknwgarRKbRKgrbsevotNamBIGtItal.. > tukrn
Kitfa elak hun Esn CaGklYcbnMkgareeat nigRtvcuecjBItMENgnigRBmTaMgneaT
Rbanfa..
138
CMBUkTI.5
hnu Esn kMBgu nwgsgKuNyYn.> mincg[breTs [evotNam] rsenAkg RbeTs edayanc,abeLIy

(eyagdUcxagelI).>
minRtwmEtCnCatievotNambueNaeT EdlRtvrgeRaedayneyaykm<Caena RbCaCnExr

xn gmYyKreak kRtvnGkneyayeRbIRsedIm,Ibg;[manarP&yxacnigkMhgw . .> kMhgw Edl
mankg ptKM nti RbCaCnrYceRsceTAehIy GacRtvbBaanyaggay edayevaharsasneyayEdl
GkneyayyleXIjfa sMxankgebskkmEsVgrkRbCaRbiyaBnigGMNacrbsxn...> GMBIbBaHa
en elak cUGli arnI (Joel Charny) GkaMglMenAenARbeTskm<C ayUramk
M ehIy nGGagfa vb,Fm
neyaykgRbeTsen KWGMBIhiga ehIyGkneyayEtgeRbIRsRbCaCnsRmabesckIelaP
GMNacneyayRClrbsxn edaymanRbsasn_fa..
aBantwgrvagRbCaCnkm<CaaKeRcInnwgshKmn_CnCatiaKticenABMuTannedaRsayenAeLIy.>
arcgaMrbsExrGMBIarRttRarbsevotNam GacbgHajamryarabsmabRbanBUCsasn_Ca
erOy.@ EdlEtgelIkTwkcitedayevaharsasrbsGkneyayExrkg arEsVgrkRbCaRbiyaBnig
GMNacrbsxn (PMeBjbus# 18 kBaa - 1tula 1998)..>
lkNsm:alxrbsevotNamenAkm<Ca
aBxusaEpkvb,Fm KWCakamYykg cMeNamkaCaeRcIn EdlbNal[manarylRcLMrvagmnus.. >

CMBkU ensikaelIfa etIaBxusbIyag Epkasa areskBakrUbragay nigarrsenAEdleKeXIj
c,asrvagevotNamnigExr bBalyagNaelIGnrkmRbaMfrvagRbCaCnExrCaRkmaKeRcIn nig
CnCatiaKticevotNam.. >
asa
asaevotNamEdlmansMenog (semgeLIgcu) minneFVI[RtecokExrRsNukRslenaeT...>

evotNamkmanGamN_dUcaEdr eBlsabnigeRbIasaExr...> minrabbBalnUvaBxusaEpk
evyakrN_nigasasas el,nnasaniyayrvagasaTaMgBIrxusayagxagM . .> sIevotNam
mak
manGayuRbmaNCag 40 aM EdlCaQj exaGavCCuqgEdn GacniyayExrnx CaTahrN_ n
Rb[dwgfa atenOyhtnwgniyayExrNas eRBafavayWteBkeRbbeFobnwgasaevotNam.15. .>
dUcaenEdr RbCaCnExraKeRcInmanGarmNdU_ ca eBlsabevotNamniyayasarbseK.. > kgV
arGt{n[aeTAvijeTAmk GacnwgnaMmknUvlTplGaRkkyaggay.. >
arecniyayasakg Rsk RbEhlCaTunmYyyagRbesIrsRmabCnGenaRbevsn_kg arbBal
xneTAkg nigRbkbrbrciBawmCIvitkgRbeTsmYyeTot...> CnCatievotNamkgRbeTsExr kminCa

krNIelIkElgEdr.. > GenaRbevsn_evotNam EdlakecjBIRbeTskMeNItxn kg bMNgEsVgrk
139
plRbeyaCn_esdkic KYreronasaGkRsk ebImindUeaeT BYkeKminman{aseRcInnigTTYls:al

BIsMNakRkmaKeRcInenaeT (EbrRtgd_ 1996).. > CYnal RbsinebIeKGacmanlTaBp:tp:gn
eKGacykcMeNjkgarrksIu minRtwmEtCamYysmaCikTaMgLayrbsRkmaKticrbseKbueNaeT
bEu nCamYyRbCaCnGkRskGaypgEdr.. > CnCatievotNammYycMnnY RtvCYbbsK:Epkvb,Fmnigasa
kgarrsenArbsxnenAkgsg:mmYyfI (
fTI 6-7 kk;da 2002).. >
eRABIbNal[manarxkxankg areFVsmahrNkm
I
CnCatiaKticeTAkg sg:m aBxusaEpk
asa kgVarGt{n nigKMnitcgx<selIseK KWCakamYycMnYnEdlnnaMe<aeTArkCIvitminman
suxdumrmnakg aBCaGkCitxagnwga. .> minmanRbCaCnExreRcIneT EdlcgaMglMenACitshKmn_
CnCatievotNam ehIyarrsenAkg pCamYyaanEtminGaceTArYceTot.. > eBlEdlsYrfa etIat
GacrsenACamYyevotNamkgpCamYyaneT sIExrmakeqIyfa enaCaerOgEdlminGaceTArYc
enaeT eRBafaasaevotNamrejrjnigdMbdMI .16 (BakevotNamEdlmann&yfa .qt; .).. > dUc
aenEdr evotNamkminRkdCamanaBRsNukRslCamYyBakeBcn_CaasaExrenapgeT dUc
EdlsIevotNammak[dwgfa..
Exrminsb,aycitnwgBYkevotNamniyayasaevotNam EdlCaasaeKminyl.> BYkeKcgdwgnUvGV.I @ Edl
km<CaedlI
evotNamniyaya nigxacevotNamniyayGaRkkBIxn.> BYkExrcg[eyIgeronnigniyayExr cuehtuGVIn

CaExrmineronevotNamvijeTA.?.17.>
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rsenAkgRbeTskm<Ca eronasaExrCakrNIpyRsLBIena.. >
arRbkbrbrciBawmCIvit
xusBIasa aBxusakg arRbkbrbrciBamw CIvti rvagCnCatievotNamnigExrminGacEckdacBIaRsLn

eT bEu nCaerOy.@ eKGacsm:aln. .> CaCnGenaRbevsn_Rsbc,ab minRsbc,ab nigCaevotNam
ekItenAkm<C a BYkeKkRmerIseGIgargarNas. .> argarrbseKsRmabburs GacmanBIarrksICMu njY
fakmFm nigsRmabsI BIseBsa
I dleTAarerIssMram sRmabmnusTaMgBIrePTen minniyaydl
GkCMnYjFM.@ TaMgLay EdlmanExRsLayCamYyGkneyayExrCanx<s GkebIkshRasFM.@
eLIy. .> ehIyenkminmann&yfa BMumanExrNamakRbkbrbrdUceBalmkxagelIenEdr.. >
CMnjY xattUcmYycMnnY kg cMeNamena. RtvnTTYlaremIlrMlgedayRbCaCnExr eRBaeKKit
fa eKBMuGacrknluyeRcIn GkdTGacemIlgayeKedaysarCMnYjen...> pyeTAvij CnCati
evotNamRbkbrbrciBamw CIvti BImuxrbrtUcacTaMgen nRbesIrCagGkRsk. .> argarTaMgen rYm
man arerIseGtay aredIrlkTMnji bnci bnc ampv eFVkUI nesaamtUb akkgsMGatEs,keCIg
eFVRkck
I dRkckeCIg nigedrEs,keCIgCaedIm. .> vaminGaceTArYcenaeT sRmabR bCaCnExryageRcIn
140
CMBUkTI.5
[RbkbrbrKYrxaseGonTaMgen.18. .>
CMnjY mYycMnnY eTot RtvndMeNIraraKeRcInkg shKmn_evotNam EtCYnalkkg cMeNam
shKmn_ExrpgEdr...> skmaBCMnYjRbaMfGacgayemIleXIjnigsm:aln rYmmandUcCa lk
semkbMBak EpeQI nigaehV cMENkxeTot eFVICaCageQI kmkrsMNg nigCagmasIun CaedIm. .>
plitplrbsBYkeK eTaKuNaByagNakeday mansaBeRAsatTakEPk ehIyEtgmantm
efakCagTMnijExr...> esvakm KWBitCaRtvnGkCitxagnigGtifiCnExrsresIrRkdEmn ehIy
CYnal RcENnnwgaBbuni RbsbrbsevotNamTaMgenapg.19. .> CnCatievotNamenATIRkgcUlcit
RbkbrbrxagelIensRmabciBawmCIvit EdlaKeRcInxusBIevotNamEdlrsenAamCnbT.. >
RbPBmYyeTot EdleBjniymsRmab[GenaRbevsn_evotNamenACnbT rkluyciBawmCIvit
KWarensaTenAamdgbwgTensab.. > Catisasn_en EdlbBal
xn CamYyvb,Fmam manCMnajeFVI
arenAkg Twk xusBIRbCaCnExrEdlcUlcitargar
elIeakeRcInCag (arbeRgnrbselak DIhLV f
i
Twk EdleFVI
Exkk;da 2005 enAmCmNlexmrsika esomrab).. > GkTaMgenarsenAamPUmbEBt
[xUcbrisSannigbMBulTwk[kxVk. .> aren GacTaMgpl{asl[GaCJaFrmUldanabsg;tykluy
BIRbCaCnbEBtTwkTaMgenapg (
6-7 kk;da 2002).. >
kgkrNIen vb,FmxackmuxrbsExr (emeronrbselak PIfWr haMmWur 18 kk;da 2005 enA
mCmNlexmrsika esomrab) amryarbMeBjargarnigRbkbrbrtUcac KYr[xaseKTaMgen n
eFV[I manaremIlgayelIRbCaCnevotNam EdlRbkbrbrciBamw CIvti edaymuxCMnjY en.. > amBiteTA
CnCatiaKticevotNam KYrRtvnGbGrsaTrnigCUnrgVanCaGarmNs_ Ti s
a lcMeBaeTBeaslEdl
eKman...> evotNamTaMgen BiesssInigekgRsI minTaMglakbMMgnUvGtsBaaNrbseK edIm,I
beBatxnanEtRslcUleTAkgsg:mfIpg...> BYkeKenAEtbnrsenACaCnCatievotNamenAkg
RbeTskm<Ca.. >
GVEdl
I anEtKYr[abGarmNeTot
_ ena KWfa RbCaCnExrmYycMnnY BitCabenSaktmvb,Fmrbs
evotNam edayeFVIarsnidanCaTUeTAfa ekgRsIevotNamdlGayu 15 aM EtgrksIuciBawmCIvit
ciBamw RKsaredayeFVCaI RsIeBsa.20. .> KMnti en eTayagNa minRtvnaMRTedayRbCaCnExraK
eRcInenaeT dUcEdlRBsgmYyGg:BiakaCamYyenaEdr nRbaMgfa..
km<CaedlI
arGGageneFVIeLIgedayminmanPsagGVITaMgGs.> minEmnekgRsIevotNamGayuelIsBI 15 aM
TaMgGsciBamw CIvti edayeFVCI aRsIeBsaenaeT.> arBitKWfa EtgmanmUlehtuCaeRcInenABIeRay Edl
nbgMeK[eTArksIuenAbneBsaar dUcCaRsIExrmYycMnYnEdr.21.>
eyablen nbgHajyagc,asnUvaryleXIjGviCm ancMeBaekgRsIevotNam EdlcUlcit

esksemkbMBakedkmag edaysnidanfa BYkeKCaRsIbeRmIpvePT.. > manExrmYycMnYneRbIBak
.RsIeBsa. RbdUcnwgRsIevotNam (
km<CaedlI
141
fTI 6-7 kk;da 2002).. >. .
semkbMBaknigrUbragxageRA
kg BiPBelakEdlmanarpasbr yagelOnen rkaBxusarvagExrnigevotNam EpksemkbMBak

nigsMbkeRA minEmnCaargayRsleT edayehtufa vb,Fmrbssasn_TaMgBIrennC}TBi l[
aeTAvijeTAmkrabstvtr_mkehIy. .> Gnr}TBi lEpkvb,Fmen BMGac
u bdiesFneLIy eRBafa
areFVIdMeNIrrbsvb,FmqgatTVIb ekItmanrabstvtr_muneTAeTot (arbeRgnrbsGkRsI FINa
GUleI yr_ enAmCmNlexmrsika esomrab 2005).. > ExrnigevotNamkqgaEdr.. > semkbMBak
kg krNIen EdlCaplitplnBiPBelak EdlmanTMnakTMngEpksahkmanEtxagM RkdCa
minEmnCasBaaNlmYyedIm,IGGagfa GkBakvaCaGkNaenaeT.. > ehIyvaanEtlMkelIseneTA
eTot kgarrkaBxusarvagRkmCatisasn_TaMgBIredaysMbkeRAena.. > elIsBIeneTot vaan
EtlMkeTVeLIgeTot sRmab[mnusmakpacecjTaMgRsgBIsKlrbsxn BIGtsBaaNpal
rbsxn. .>. .
sIevotNamaKeRcIn RKbRkmGayuTaMgGs EdlrsenAkgRbeTskm<Ca hakbIdUcCaman
emaTnaBnwgGtsBaaNrbsxn kg arBaksemkbMBakRbBNIrbseK kg TIsaarN EdlGac
eFVI[xusEbkBIGkRskTUeTA...> sIevotNammakeCOfa RsI.@ evotNamcUlcitQuteKgena minfa
plitenAkm<Ca naMcUlmkBIevotNamenaeT eRBafavaCasemkbMBakRbBNIevotNam Edlyk
KMrUamcin.22. .>.
eTaCaevotNammYycMnnY GacniyayExryagsatdcU Exrkeday BYkeKCYnalenAEtRtvRbCaCn
Exrsbe x<mI dEdl eBlEdleskBaksemkbMBakRbBNIena.. > sevotNam
I
makenAPeM Bjesk
QuteKg RtvnGklkRtIExreCrfa .emyYn.23. eBlsYrfehIyminTij. .> eRayBIenaeTot
atRtvnGkrtmtU DuU bExrmakdwkeTAdakbs
u n# Krl eRBaGkmtU DU bu eXIjeskBakQutedk san
fa CaevotNamrsenAxusc,ab.24. .>
KMnti Edlfa kMNtGtsBaaNevotNamedaysMbkeRAgayRslena minRkdfa RtvTaMgGs
enaeT.. > CYnal eKGacs:alevotNamnamrymux RtbkEPk nigsm,r.25. .> RbsevotNamk
sSti kg buKl
: ki lkNdUcaenEdr RBmCamYysBaaBiessmYycMnnY eTotenAelIsk. .> eKcUlcitTu k
& argarrbs
skEvgedaymintRmgsitenaeLIy EdlCamtU mYyEdlRbEhlCaTuk[smnwgl&kx N
eK...> ehIyRbsinebIeKatxI CYnalmanmUttRmwmeCIgEbbevotNam.26...> srubesckImk eTa
yagNa eKTTYls:alCasaklfa buKl
: ki lkNTaMgen minGacykeTAeRbIcMeBaRKbbuKl
: TaMgGs
CaevotNamenaeT eRBafaBYkeKmanExCIvitxusanigaMgenAkgsSanaBxusaeTotpg.. > eTaCa
142
CMBUkTI.5
manarlMkkgarkMNtGtsBaaN aBxusaEpkvb,Fm KWBitCasKlmYykgcMeNamsKl

CaeRcInEdlnaMmknUvGarmN_mincUlcita (fg 1993. 225-235).. >
atubIkgcMeNamatuCaeRcIn Edlbeg;It[manaBxusaEpkvb,FmrvagCnaKticevotNam
nigCnaKeRcInExrbeu Na RtvelIkykmkBiakaenATIen.. > asaGacatTukCasBaasm:alcm,g
bMputsRmabCnCatievotNam cMENkatuBIreTot manarRbkbrbrciBawmCIvit nigsMbkxageRAman
tYnaTIbnab. .> elIsBIeneTot tYnaTIEdlkaepgeTotdUcCa sasna nigceRmgePg CaedIm Gac
mankgbBaHaGriaBrvagaen GacCaRbanbTRsavRCavmYyedayELkeTot.. >
esckIsnidan
GVEdl
I KYr[JakeplI enaKWfa GnrTMnakTnM grvagRbCaCnExrnigevotNamrsenAkg RbeTskm<C a nig
hYsBIen Rtv{nlMeTaneTAamarbkRsayRbvtisasnTMnakTMngrvagRkmGMbUrCatisasn_TaMg
BIr. .> kgbBaHaen ExrRbanyagxabfa evotNamRtvTTYlxusRtvyagehacNasnUvEpkNamYy
sRmabarakcurbsGaNacRkExrnasm&yGg:rrhUtmk (
2001) nigarabEdndIaKxag
t,gnGtItGaNacRken eTAeRamarRKbRKgrbsxn rhUtmkdlsBVfen.. > GVEdl
I RbCaCnExr
neronsURtamRbvtisasrhUtmk mingaynwgrlubtBIebdUgeTAvijenaeT elIkElgEtRkm
Catisasn_TaMgBIrRBmrYmaedaRsayGriaB Edlmanrabstvtr_mkehIyen.. >
TMnakTMngnigCemayUrGEgVgmkehIyena nplCalTpldlevotNamnUvGMeNaymYyd
GesacmaneQafa .yYn.. .> eTabICaBakenRtvneKeRbIRsBIdMbUg edaymann&yminlMeGog
sMedARtwmelICnCatibreTs RkmmnusRBPMenAtMbntugkwgkeday k}Lven n&yenanRs
aksaBedImrbsxnGseTAehIy...> eBlNaEdleKeRbIBakyYnen RKbaEtgylnUvn&yeCr
Rbmafrbsva ehIybriyaasminsb,ayrIkraynwgelceLIgyagRkELtcMeBaTaMgExr TaMgevotNam.. >
dUec RbsinNaebImansmaCikNamakecjBIRkmGMbUrExrcgrabGanCamYyRkmCnCatievotNam eK
RtvRby&tx acERkgBakGBmg:lenhUrecjg.@ BIbbUrmatrbseK EdlnwgGaceFV[I xUcmit aBrbs
eKCayfaehtu. .>. .
eTayagNa mit aBrvagaqgsasn_mingayRslnwgmanenaeT eRBafavaminGaRs&yTaMgRsg
elIkicxi txMRbwgERbgrbsbuKl: beu NaeT bEu nkGaRs&yelIkasg:mneyaypgEdr.. > sSanaBan
EtmansaBFn edaybBaHamYycMnnY kMBgu bn nigEdlminnedaRsay kg ena rYmman GenaRbevsn_
evotNam arrMelaPRBMEdnBIsMNakevotNam nigneyaykg Rskrbskm<C a EdlCalTpln
bBaHaTaMgBIrxagedIm...> edayehtufa bkanGMNacminTMngCamanarebCJacitmutmaMnwgedaRsay
bBaHaExVgKMnti TaMgenab.@ bkRbaMgbnTTYlnbriyaasanEtFM edIm,IbMBgsMeLgevaharsas
rskm<
I
C
a
143
RbaMgnwgevotNam sRmabbMNgneyayrbseK.. > CalTpl smaCiknRkmGMbrU TaMgBIrnwglMk

rk[eXIj nUvmeFayRbesIr edIm,IrwtcgTMnakTMngrbsBYkeK EdlCaRbarmYyRtvrdaPilTaMg
BIrTTYlxusRtv. .>
rdaPilCaakgarEtmYyKt EdlmanmeFayKtiyutnigGaCJaFrRKbRan sRmabkmatbg;
nUv.bBaHasg:mTaMgen.. > c,asNasfa areRbIRsRbvtisassRmabneyaylMknwgRsmfa
CamUlehtucm,g EdleRbbdUcarykeQIakdMeasnaBmineCOCaknigarsbex<Im EdlRbCaCnExrmanCamrtkrhUtmk bEu nenCaarBit. .> eTayagNa GtSbTenminmanbMNgbn bgab[
bMePcRbvtisasenaeT ehIyelIksresIr[manareRbIRsRbvtisasGaRkk.@ amGMeBIcitkg
akneyayenakeTEdr.. > rdaPilenAEtCamK:e Tsk_FMbMptu kg aredaRsayRbkbedayRbsiT aB
GMBbBaH
I aRBMEdnnigGenaRbevsn_xusc,ab EdlCabBaHaanrdNamYybeBay[enAeRAc,abenaeT.. >
RbsinebIbBaHaEdlekIteLIgmgehIymgeToten RtvnedaRsayRtwmRtv GkneyayRkd
CanwgElgman{asbeBajareXasnaCatisasn_ny
i m edIm,IeaTRbanrdaPilneTotehIy. .>
RbvtisasnbgHajnUvPsagRKbRanfa GkneyayCakacm,gGuCGal[manGriaBdUcEdl
elak ag sug rdmnIRksYgB&tmankgrbb ln nl (Ks 1970-1975) nmanRbsasn_fa..
eKRtvsIbenasGkneyay[eRcInCagRbvtisas eRBafaGkdwknaMExrCaeRcInnelIkTwkcitExr[
sbGkCitxagdFMrbsxn [evotNam] (PMeBjbus# fTI 12-17 kBaa 1998).>
niyaymageTot dMeNaRsayRsbc,abRtwmRtvmYyelIbBaHaevotNamrsenAkm<CanigRBMEdn
mann&yfa CaarplyutiFmdlTaMgGkkgRsk dlTaMgGkcMNUlRskCaevotNampgEdr.. >
elIsBIeneTot eKkRtvykcitTukdakedaRsayaBxusaEpkvb,FmpgEdr eRBafavakBit
CanedIrtYnaTImYykgareFVI[aBsuxdumrmnaRtvreg:areg:IpgEdr.. > asa semkbMBaknigsMbk
eRA ehIynigarciBamw CIvti cMNcu bIkg cMeNamaBxusaCaeRcInEdleKGacrkeXIj BitCanpl
nUvemeronl.@ [ylBItYnaTIEdlvb,Fmmankg bBaHaen.. > edIm,I[cMNgrvaganwgamansuxdumrmna
Biess GkrsenAkg RbeTskm<C axusc,abRsbc,ab minEmnCabBaHaabsmabRkmGMbrU sasn_dT
dUcEdlRbvtisasnbeRgnenaeT EtCaarxitxMRbwgERbgEsVgrkmeFaypvc,ab edIm,IeFVI
smahrNkmGkmansiTiRKbRan kgarrsenA nigdMeNaRsayarTUt sRmabGkdTeTot.. ^
kMNtcMNaM
145
CMBUkTI.1. sahUbnIykmnigarC}TiBl
GMNanepgeTotEdlTakTgnwgRbanbTen
.xs
W EH mn/ ecnh
I rWV (Cushman, Jennifer) nig vagKugGU (Wang Gungwu) (bNaFiar) Ks 1988 Changing Identities of
the Southeast Asian Chinese since World War Two [bERmbRmlGtsBaaNrbsCnCacinenAGasIuGaeKy_
abaMgBIsm&ysg:amelakelIkTI 2] hugkug. .>
.dUNWr/ rIad (Doner, Richard) Ks 1991 Approaches to the Politics of Economic Growth in Southeast Asia
.[dMeNaRsaycMeBaneyaykMeNInesdkc
i enA
kg
tMbnGasIGaeK
u
y]_ . Journal of Asian Studies [RBwb
RtsikaGasI]u
50/4 (viciaKs 1991) T 818-849.. >
U inehVld_ eshaV nI (Rosenfeld, Stephanie ) Ks 1990 Dragons in Distress:
.EblL/ vle dn (Bello, Walden) nig rh
Asias Miracle Economies in Crisis [BYknaKenAkgeRafak. GBtehtuesdkicrbsGasIuenAkgaBman
b]. sanhVansIus;. >
.eGWr/ cUeGn (Bauer, Joanne) nig Ebl edenol (Bell, Daniel) (bNaFiar) Ks 1999 The East Asian Challenge for
Human Rights [arRbQmrbsGasIubUBaedIm,IsiTimnus] exmRbdh_ (Cambridge). .>
.Rbk
/ TImF
U I (Brook, Timothy) nig elOg vanhuI (Luong Van Hy) (bNaFiar) Ks 1999 Culture and Capitalism: The
Shaping of Capitalism in Eastern Asia [vb,FmnigmUlFnniym. arkekIteT,IgnUvrbbmUlFnniymenAtMbn
GasIubUBa] GanGarbr (Ann Arbor). .>
.makvuI/ rUF (McVey, Ruth) Ks 1992 Southeast Asian Capitalists [CnmUlFnniymGasIuGaeKy_] GIufaa.. >
.yUsIuhara KunIGU (Yoshihara Kunio) Ks 1988 The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in Southeast Asia arkekIteLIgnUv
rbbmUlFnniymKuNaBefakTab kgtMbnGasIuGaeKy_] sigHburI. .>
.ehl/ RKIsh
rWV (Hale, Christopher) Ks 2001 Indonesias National Car Project Revisited: The History of Kia
Timor Motors and Its Aftermath .[arBiarNaeLIgvijGMBK
I eRmagplitrfynfakCatirbsRbeTs}QensI.u Rbvti nig
plseRmcrbsRkmhunplitrfynekoTIm&rmUtUrs_]. Asian Survey [RBwbRtGeg;tGasIu] 414 (kk;da-sIhaKs

2001) T 629-649.. >
: m
Y buKl
: k
i rbsGg:aB
.hd
W g
t
/_ hVgs
r& (Godement, Franois) Ks 1999 The Downsizing of Asia [arbnSycMnn
GaCIvkmntMbnGasIu] jyk. >
.hs
: g
I / PIfrW (Gosling, Peter) nig lIm lIBa (Lim, Linda) (bNaFiar) Ks 1987 The Chinese in Southeast Asia [Cn
CacinenAGasIuGaeKy_] GanGarbr. .>
.h:d
I rW / vielm (Greider, William) Ks 1998 One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Magic of Global Capitalism [BiPB
elakEtmYyeRtmrYcCaeRscehIyenA. evTmndmmajwknrbbmUlFnniymBiPBelak] jyk. >
I I dUNald._ (Nonini Donald) (bNaFiar) Ks 1997 Ungrounded Empires: The

.Gg
u / Gh_va (Ong, Aihwa) nig NUnn
Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism [cRkPBanP&sag. neyayvb,FmnGnrGenaRbevsn_rbsCnCacinsm&yTMenIb] jyk. .^
146
kMNtcMNaM
CMBUkTI.2. }TiBln. GBtehtu .esdkiceTAelImnus
GMNanepgeTotEdlTakTgnwgRbanbTen
.eRad/ rb
U n
(Broad, Robin) Ks 1993 Plundering Paradise: The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines [ar
bnzansYK. artsUedIm,IbrisSanenAkgRbeTshVIlIBIn] bWreXy_. .>
.Bineqs/ mxwl (Pinches, Michael) (bNaFiar) Ks 1999 Culture and Privilege in Capitalist Asia [vb,Fm nig
buBVsiTi nbBaRbeTsmUlFnniymGasIu] LgRd#. .>
u exvIn (Hewison Kevin) nig rIad rb

U n
i n (Robison Richard) (bNaFiar) Ks
..reU dn/ eh:rr_ I (Rodan, Garry)/ ehvIsn
i neyay
ntMbnGasIGaeK
u
y._ ar
1997 The Political Economy of South-East Asia: An Introduction [esdkc
bgHaj[s:al] muilbn (Melbourne). .>
Emn edvId eGs eh (Goodman David S. G.) (bNaFiar) Ks 1996 The

.rb
U n
i n/ rIad (Robinson, Richard) nig h:d
New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, McDonalds and Middle-Class Revolution [BYkGkmanfIenAGasIu. bdivtn_
TUrs&Bcl&t makdUNald_ nigvNfakkBal] LgRd#. .>
..vUlhV_/ dayeGn (Wolf, Diane) Ks 1992 Factory Daughters: Gender, Household Dynamics, and Rural Industrialization in Java [kUnRsIkg
eragcRk. eynD&r famBlfakRKsar nigsahUbnIykmenAtMbnCnbTenA
kgeaCVa] bWreXy_. .>
.s;t/ ecms_ es (Scott, James C.) Ks 1995 Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance [GavuF
rbsGkTnexay. TRmgRbaMgtbterogralfrbsksikr] jehvuin (New Haven). .>
.sn
i n/ mxl
W (Stenson, Michael) Ks 1980 Class, Race and Colonialism in West Malaysia [vN BUCsasn_ nig
GaNaniKmniym enAmaLayaxaglic] sint_lUeso (St. Lucia) XVIns_eLnd_ (Queensland). .>
.hWsF_/ hVIlIB (Hurst, Philip) Ks 1990 Rainforest Politics: Ecological Destruction in South-East Asia [eal
neyayRBsk. arbMpicbMpajRbB&neGkUT,sIuenAGasIuGaeKy_] LgRd#. .>
..ehnn/ maero RKisINa bgk_ (Szanton, Maria Cristina Blanc) Ks 1972 A Right to Survive: Subsistence Marketing in a Lowland Philippine Town [siTikgarrsranmanCIt. arRbkbrbrrksuIciBawmeBaenAkgRkgdI
TMnabmYy enARbeTshVIlIBIn] yUnIvWusIFIpak rdEBnsuIlvanI. >
..Gug/ Gh_va (Ong, Aihwa) Ks 1987 Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia
[sartInartsUGtFt nign&ykgrbbmUlFnniym. kmkrsIeragcRkenAkgRbeTsmaeLsIu]
GalnI. .>
.GU eyOnlI (Wu, Yuan-li) nig Qun sIuGU (Chun-Hsi Wu) Ks 1980 Economic Development in Southeast Asia: The
Chinese Dimension [arGPivDesdkicenAkgtMbnGasIuGaeKy_. salaBrrbsCnCacin] esnhVd. .>
i enA
kg
tMbn
.Gs
U m
uI a / har_rI et (Oshima, Harry T.) Ks 1987 Economic Growth in Monsoon Asia [kMeNInesdkc
GasIuxlrdUv] tUk. .^
kMNtcMNaM
147
CMBk
U TI.3. raCaFibetyGaRs&ybBaj nigvibt
i aBRsbc,abenAkg
RbeTsf
kMNtcMNaM
(1)
. .eRbm tiNsUlann (eprm tiNsUlannd Prem Tinsulanond) eRbm tilsUlann (eprm tilsUlannd)
(GkraviruTTI 2 en minsmRsbamGkraviruTCapvar) amasaesom fa /eRbm Tin-sULaNun/ /eRbm TinLsULaNun/. .>
(2). .TkiN Cinv&Rt (d&k$iN jinv&tr Thaksin Shinawatra) amasaesom fa /faksuin Qin-Nvat/. .>
(3). .neyayfnpasbr eTArkaBebIkcMheRcInCagmun edaysarEtmanarber dwknaeday
M nisit
RbaMgnwgrdaPileyaanaf 14 tula aM 1973...> arebIkcMhneyay enAryeBlena Rtvn
bBabeday
sarEtmanarbg;abyagygXgeTAelIclnanisit nafTI 6 tula aM 1976.. > sRmabB&tm an
lMGit sUmrkemIl mUerl (Morell) nig C&yGn&n (Ks 1981).. >
(4). .fm kitixr (TnGm kittiKcr Thanom Kittikachorn) amasaesom fa /fNm Xit-Tixcn/. .>
(5). .Rbas aruesSr ( arusSir) (prABas caruesTIyr Praphas Charusathien) amasaesom fa /Rbpat
arusefon/. .>
(6). .RBram TI 5 KWCaRBeA cuLalg;rN_ EdlnTTYlRBbrmnamkg
raC fa RBTsemcRBculc m
eAeAyUhY . .> RBGg:nesayraCBI Ks 1869 dl Ks 1910.. > eKTTYls:alRBGg:fa Caesc
dGsarbMputrbsRbeTsf ehIykCaKMrUsRmabRBeA PUmiBl (RBram TI 9).. >
(7).. evCbNit Rbevs vsI (prAevS vAsI Prawase Wasi amasaesom fa /Rbevt vsu/I ) KWCamnusEdl
KYr[ktsm:almak. . > eQarbselakl,IxrxarenAkg cMeNamrdbru sTaMgLay.. > elakCaevCbNit nig
CaGkRsavRCav EdlTTYlnemday .maKss (Magsaysay). ehIykzitenAlMdabx<skgbBaj
sSab&neRArdaPil nigsSab&nariyalyaFibety.. > elakEfmCamnusdsMxanCMrju BIeRaynUvarbegIt;
rdFmnuBa aM 1997.. .>
(8).. Gan&n b&narCun (Gan&nd p&nyarjun Anand Panyarachun amasaesom fa /GaNan anyarQun/). Ca
GtItkGK:raCTUtfRbaMenAshrdGaemrik nigGg:arshRbCaCati. .>elakayCanaykrdmnI minam
ryareeat cMnnY BIrdgkg GMLg eBlmanvibti aM 1991-1992.. > eRaymk elak Gan&n eFICaV Rban
KNkmarRBagrdFmnBu anaaM 1996-1997 ehIyneFIar
V enAkg RkmargarGnrCatidwknaMedayelak
kUhIV GaNan edIm,IesIsuM[manarEkTRmgGg:;arshRbCaCatikgaM 2004.. >
(9).. ss# Fnr&Ct_ (s$ti DnAr&jz Sarit Thanarat) amasaesom fa / srit fNrat/. .>
(10).. anin Rk&yvieCor (Danindr kr&yviejIyr Thanin Kraivixian) amasaesom fa /fanin RkvieQon/. .>
(11).. cmg RsIemOg (cMalGg SrIemWGg Chamlong Srimuang) amasaesom fa /aMLg suIemOg/. .>
(12)...cMNucennmkBIesoveACitecjpayrbselak bUl Ehnd_ely_ (Paul Handley) sIGMBIRB
mhakRtf EdlnwgeBumeday
< eragBumsaklvi
<
Tal&yeyl. .>. .xrIMJ krayNasedaynTTYlarGnuBaat
[eyageTAesoveAen.. >
148
kMNtcMNaM
(13).
. kgesoveArbselak Ehnd_ely_. .>

(14).. C&yGn&n smuTvNiC (j&yGn&nt smudvNij Chai-Anan Samudavanija) amasaesom fa /qGNan
smut-vnit/. .>
(15).. sasaar kbekO (2003. 257) EpkelIkMNtcMNaMdkecjBITIakgarB&tm
anraMg (GaEGhV eb
Agence France Presse) 26 vicia aM 1984.. >
(16).. BiC&y r&tkul (bij&y r&ttkul Pichai Ratakul) amasaesom fa /Piq rattKun/. .>
(17).. enAkgesoveAEdlnwgecjpayab.@ rbselak Ehnd_ely_. .>
(18).. dEdl.. >
(19).. CatiCay CuNH v&N (jatijay juNhAv&N Chatchai Choonhawan) amasaesom fa /at-ay Qun-hvan/. .>
(21).. sc
u ni a RaRbyUr (sucni za qraprAyUr Suchinda Kraprayoon) amasaesom fa /suC B
i a RxaRbyUn/. .>
(22).. GeM BIhiganekIteLIgenAkg
raRtIfTI 17 sa bEu nraCvaMgminneaehAGkbg;erOgrhUtdlf
TI 20 sa.. >
(24).. QYn lIkP&y (jvn hlIkB&y Chuan Leekpai) amasaesom fa /QYn lIk-p/). .>
(25).. dkRsgecjBIarktRarbsxJM (GkniBn) BIarpaysunr kfabnpalamTUrTsn_elx 7 nafTI 2
kBaa aM 1992.. > manarsg&ymYycMnnY cMeBaGMNGMNagrbselak QYn Edlfa arTakTgrbsat
nbBal[manarGnraKmn_edaypalBIraCvaMgenAfTI 20 sa.. > BIeRBaelak QYn minEmnCamnus
EtmakKtEdlaMRTGnraKmn_enaeT..>
(26).. Bans&ki viBar&tn_ (b&nS&kzi viYYr&tn Pansak Vinyarat) amasaesom fa /pansak vin-yrat/. .>
(27).. Cvlit yug
cyuT (jvlit yg%cyudD Chavalit Yongchaiyudh) amasaesom fa /qvlit yug -cyut/. .>
(28).. KNbk .kIsgwmfI. hakdUcCasgwmbegI;t[manareeatCaTUeTAmYy EdlkgenaKNbk
xnGacnwgQ. >
(29)...san xrRbsasn_ (sn&n KcrprASasn Sanan Kachornprasat) amasaesom fa /sNan xcnRbsat/. .>
(30).. sm
U GanaEst
(enj&n suzs&pzah Nation Weekend eNancugsah_). GtSbTrbs
elak KCsIh_ GMBar
I viaK EdlsMedAsntfa CaGnraKmn_rbselak eRbm.. > elak san nbBaakCa
mYyrUbxMJfa atminEdlnBiakaCamYynwgelak QYn GMBIclnaeneT.. >
(31).. elak Cvlit KWCaGtItGkdwknaMRkmeyaamYyehAfa .TahanRbCaFibety.. > raCvaMgnatTk
u
Rkmenfa CaGkeTarTneTAanrbbsaarNrd. .>
(32).. bn
& aH r sil,GaCa (xrrhar SilpGaja Banharn Silp-archa) amasaesom fa /nhan sinu -L-bGaa/. >
(33)...CaarN_hakdUcCac,asNasfa raCvaMgBakB&nkgarbeBjelak CatiCay (1991) nigelak
Cvlit (1997)...> vadUceTAnwgkrNIelak b&nHar (1996)..> GkxeToteCOfa raCvaMgkaMRTardkelak
QYn kgaM 1995 Edr eTabICakrNIen xMJminylRsbkeday..>
eNansut
sah_
kMNtcMNaM
149
(34).
. vIrBg ramag;r (vIrbg$ ramagkUr Virabongsa Ramangkura) amasaesom fa /vIrpug ramag:n/. .>
(35).. sRmabB&tm
anlMGti sUmGanGtSbT PM pulled back from the brink? .naykrdmnRI tveKTajecj
cufTI 22 tula aM 1997.. > mxl
w vaTIKy
I TU s
I (Michael VitikioayBIRaMg.?. aEst
tis) Democracy first .cUrmanRbCaFibetymuneK.
(Far Eastern
Economic Review) cufTI 6 vicia aM 1997.. >
(36).. suryuT culann (suryudD culannd Surayud Chulanont) amasaesom fa /suryut CuLaNun/. .>
(37).. BaksmIen KYr[abGarmN_EmnETn CaBiessenAeBlbcb,nen...> BakenneFIV[elak
suryuT eLIgtMENgCabnbnab eTACaembBaaarkgT&B nigeRaymkeTot CasmaCikRkmRbwkaRB
mhakRt (KNGg:mnI) naeBlelak suryuT cUlnivtn_. .> .KYr[sayNasEdlelak C&yGn&n pl
arsegbTsnrbsatEtmYyXaenAkgkicsmas ehIyminnplesckIeyageLIy. >
(38).. xJMncUlrYmkgBIFIEfgsunrkfaenedaypalenATIRkggkk nafTI 2 vicia aM 1995.. >
(39).. ekm vDnC&y (ek$m v&Onj&y Kasem Watanachai) amasaesom fa /kesm vatfNq/. .>
(40).. Blakr suvNrd (blakr suvrrNr& Palakorn Suwanarat) amasaesom fa /pLkn suv a nNrat/ . .>
(41).. kN
M tbNaFiar.. GtSbTen sresreLIgkg
aM 2005.. > enARbeTsf sSanaBminsuxRsl. .> elak
TkiN manRbCaRbiyaBkg tMbnCnbTaKeRcIn EtCaTIsmbr bsRbCaCnansasnaGsi a menAaKxagt,g
nigGkgkkmYycMnnY (vNkBalminTukcitat
eLIy). .> enAExkum aM 2006 elak TkiN nrMlay
rdsa ehIymanareRCIserIseeateFVeLI
I genAExemsa EtKNbkRbCaFibt& KNbkCatif nig
KNbkmhaCn minRBmcUlrYm. .> KNbkfrakf (fRsLajf) dwknaMedayelak TkiN nQar
eeat.. > enAExsa tulaarrdFmnBu anRbasfa areeateRCIserIstMNagrasExkum mun
en minRsbc,ab ehIyeKneRagTuk[manareeatsaCafenA
I Extula.. > Et enAfTI 19 ExkBaa
aM 2006 kgT&BfdwknaMedaytmesnIy sni buBayr&tklin (snDi xuYyr&tklin Sonthi Boonyaratkalin)
neFVrd
I Rbhar.. > GkeFVrd
I Rbharen nbeg;tI .KNbdirbU arRKbRKgkg RbCaFibety EdlmanRB
mhakRtRTgCaRbmux. eRaymk ehAfa .KNmnaB
I zitefrrbsCati.. .> enAeBlekItrdRbhar elak
TkiN sSti enARkgjyk srGa eRaymk neTAePosxn enATIRkgLgRd# RbeTsGgeKs. > enA
I Rbharndakelak suryuT cula nn CanaykrdmnsI TII . .> enAcugaM 2006 nig
fTI 1 Extula GkeFVrd
enAaM 2007 manGMeBIePrvkmCaeRcInnekIteLIg edaymanRabEbkp eRcInkEng. .> enAExsIha aM
2007 RbCaCnfnylRBmnwgrdFmnuBafImYyamryRbCamtiCaelIkdMbUgkgRbvtisasf.. >
gkkbs
u #
TsnavdIhVarGuIesIneGkUNUmicrI=yU
ksarBieRa
.kbekO suvNTt-eBor (kGxekWG
suvrrNd&t-ebIyr
Kobkua Suwannathat-Pian) Ks 2002 The monarchy and
constitutional change since 1972 .[raCaFibetynigarpasbr rdFmnB

u aaMgBIaM 1972]. dwgxin makxarh: (bNaFiar)
Reforming Thai Politics [arEkTRmgneyayf] kUeBnhak RKwsSaneBum< GinGeGeGs (NIAS Press) T 57-
71..>
150
kMNtcMNaM
.kbekO suvNTt-eBor Ks 2003 Kings, Country and Constitution: Thailands Political Development 1993-2000
[RBmhakRt RbeTs nigrdFmnuBa. arGPivDneyayf Ks 1993-2000] LgRd#. rUtLidh_. >.
.arTIeyr_-eRbsg/ hg (Cartier-Bresson, Jean) Ks 1997 Corruption networks, transaction security and ili aBkg
kic
arCMnj
Y nigarbr Epksg:mxusc,ab]. Political Studies [ar
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..kWrsHv_/ rUhWr (Kershaw, Roger) Ks 2001 Monarchy in South-East Asia [raCaFibetyenAkgtMbnGasIu

GaeKy_] LgRd# rUtLidh_. >
.ku N r s_ / m x W l ex (Connors, Michael K.) Ks 1999 Political Reform and the state in Thailand
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.kuNrs_/ mxWl ex Ks 2003 Democracy and National Identity in Thailand [RbCaFibety nigGtsBaaN
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.RkmvibtiGnrCati (International Crisis Group) .Ks 2005 Southern Thailand: Insurgency, Not Jihad [RbeTsf
aKxagt,g. arber minEmnCaCihad (sg:amsasna) eT] ryarN_GasIu elx 98 cufTI 18 sa
ykecjmkBI. www.crisisgroup.org. .>

..xavPiest (KavbieS$ [dMNwgBiess]) cufTI 25 kBaa dlfTI 1. tula aM 1992.. >
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u arbsRbeTsf. aratEcg nigareFIar
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garrbstulaar] gkk
rdFmnuBasRmabsg:mRbCaBlrd T 34-90..>
.KCsIh_ EdgdaM (qjsIh
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[.a cUlmk BUesotdIm,ICati.] (elak eRbm eKeRcIndakeQafa .a eRbm. elak CatiCay CuNH v&N eKehAfa .BCati
U ./
.Na. asaesom mann&yfa BUmIgxagmay) sarB&tman eNansutsah_ [eNancugsah_] 16-22 F. >

.RK&ssgt_/. GUErl (Croissant, Aurel) Ks 2005 Unrest in South Thailand: Contours, causes and conseU ehtunigplvik]. Strategic Insights [aryldwgamyuTs
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.dah/ rUbWt eG (Dahl, Robert A.) Ks 1971 Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition [rdaPilBhubk. ar
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Bhubk. s&VyaBTlnwgarRttRa] jehvuin rdkuNiTixwt RKwsSaneBum<saklviTal&y eyl. >
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Tsns&yEbbrcnasm&<n] . exmRbidh_ RKwsSaneBum<saklviTal&yexmRbidh_. .>
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i n/ mxl
W G&s (Nelson, Michael H.) Ks 2002 Thailands house elections of 6 January 2001: Thaksins
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bsRbeTsf. esoveARbaMaM 2001 GMBsn
I
sn_sBaaKnw sRmablTpl]
gkk vayt_Ltws T 283-441..>

.Tk
& eqm
I etorN (d&k$
eClimetIyrN
Thak Chaloemtiarana) Ks 1979 Thailand: The politics of Despotic Paternalism
[RbeTsf. neyaybianiympacar] gkk smaKmviTasassg:mnRbeTsf nigviTasSanfk.I .>
.bvU /I afWrn
I eG (Bowie, Katherin A.) Ks 1997 Rituals of the national Loyalty: An Antropology of the State and the
Village Scout Movement in Thailand [BiFIebCJaaBesaRtgcMeBaCa. arsikaGMBIsaBnrd nigclna
ayTiamPUmikgRbeTsf] jyk RKwsSaneBum<saklviTal&ykULMebo..>
.bN
i c
i / Ernhad (Bendix, Reinhardt) Ks 1978 Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule [escRbCaCn.
GMNac nigGaNedIm,IRKbRKg] breXy_ RKwsSaneBum<saklviTal&yalIhVja. .>
.ebxW r / RKi s (Baker, Chris) ni g pasu k BgBci R t (Pasuk Phongpaichit) Ks 2005 A History of Thailand
[RbvsasRbeTsf] exmRbidh_ RKwsSaneBum<saklviTal&yexmRbidh_. .>
gLay] hUNl
U l
U U rdhav
..ebeLC/I emAritsuy
I U (Peleggi, Maurizio) Ks 2002 Lords of Things [masrbsvtSTaM
.RKwsSaneBum<saklviTal&yhav. .>
..Rbevs vsI (prAevS
vAsI Prawase Wasi) Ks 2002 An overview of Political reform .[aBTUeTAnkMENTRmg
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neyay]. enAkg
f] kUeBnhak RKwsSaneBum< GinGeGeGs (NIAS Press) T 21-35..>
.RBIeh/ rUs (Prizzia, Ross) Ks 1985 Thailand in transition: the role of oppositional forces .[RbeTsfenA
kgGnral.. tYnaTIrbskmaMgRbaMg]. mCmNlsikaGasIunigasIuhiVknsaklTal&yhav elx 32
hUNUlUlU RKwsSaneBum<paysaklviTal&yhav. .>
(bdDisaN
..RBwTs
i aN CuBl
M
jumbl
Prudhisan Jumbala) Ks 1998 Constitutional reform amidst economic
crisis .[kMENTRmgrdFmnuBaenAkBalvibtiesdkic]. Southeast Asian Affairs [kicarGasIuGaeKy_] sigHburI sSab&n
sikatMbnGasIuGaeKy_ T 265-91.. >

.makxarh:/ dwgxin (McCargo, Duncan) Ks 1997 Chamlong Srimuang and the new Thai politics [elak cmg
RsIemOg nigneyayfIrbsf] LgRd# hws (Hurst). .>
..makxarh:/ dwgxin Ks 2001 Populism and reformism in contemporary Thailand .[RbCaniymnigkMENTRmg

RtRsavRCavtMbnGasIG
u aeKy]_ elx 9 (1) T 89-107.. >
niymkg
RbeTsfbcb
,n]. South East Asia Research [RBwb
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..ma kxarh:/ dwgxin (bNaFiar) Ks 2002 Reforming Thai Politics [kMENTRmgneyayf] kUeBnhak RKwsSan
eBum< GinGeGeGs (NIAS Press). .>
.makxarh:/ dwgxin Ks 2006 Thaksin and the resurgence of violence in the Thai South .[TkiN nigarkekIt
u
edayKevcna] elx 38 (1)
GMeBIhigaenAaKxagt,gnRbeTsf.] Critical Asian Studies [arsikaGasIRbkb
ecjExmIna aM 2006 minTandwgTMB&r. .>

..makxarh:/ dwgxin nig Rkws b&Tan&n (Guk$R
p&dman&nd
Ukrist Pathmanand) Ks 2005 The Thaksinization of
Thailand .[TkiNUbnIykmrbsRbeTsf] kUeBnhak RKwsSaneBum< GinGeGeGs.. >
.mUerl/ edvId (Morell, David) nig C&yGn&n smuTvNiC (Chai-Anan Samudavanija) Ks 1981 Political Conflict in
Thailand: Reform, Reaction, Revolution [GFikrN_neyayenAkg
RbeTsf. arEkTRmg Rbkm
ehIy
nigbdivtn_].exmRbidh_ rdEmsWQUsuit GUleh:sahW:r/ h:wn EGnd_ Ehn (Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain). .>
.ra yganENvNa (rayganEnvhn(a) (ryarN_ENvNa) Ks 1993 jvn
hlIkB&y : ragdrgpaeprm ? ..QnY
lIkP&y. sgrUbaeRbm.?. .ENvNa (Envhn(a) [CYrmux] fTI 17 ExkBaa. .>

.rIK:s_/ hVid dabbwlyU (Riggs, Fred W.) Ks 1966 Thailand: the modernization of a bureaucratic polity [RbeTs
f. TMenIbnIykmnGg:ariyalyaFibety] hUNUlUlU rdhav RKwsSanpaymCmNlbUBa-bsim. .>
.ruINuld_/ EhVgk_ (Raynolds, Frank) Ks 1978 Sacral kingship and national development: the case of Thailand .[raCaFiberyBisd
i nigarGPivDCati. krNIRbeTsf]. kg
esoveAcgRkgeday redVl Gil. sF
i (Bardwell L.
Smith) (bNaFiar) Religion and Legitimation of Power in Thailand, Laos and Burma [sasna nigFmanurUbkmn
GMNackgRbeTsf lav nigPUma] aMbWrs,Wk rdhVILaEdlehvo GanIma (ANIMA) T 100-110..>
.lb
i man-bE mn/ hn
I (Lipman-Blumen, Jean) Ks 2005 The Allure of Toxic Leaders [seRmIbrbsemdwknaMRkBul
mux] jyk RKwsSaneBum<saklviTal&yGkhVd. .>
c&kDrannd) Ks 2003 nadIdIeplIynprAv&tiSastr (NaFIFIebnRb*atTisat)

[mYynaTIEdlpasbrRbvsas] gkk mtiCn (mtijn). .>
.surin hRsIRKt (surindr hmSrIqrGz Surin Maisrikrod) Ks 1992 Thailands two General elections in 1992:
.sureFor c&k;Frann (sureDIyr
Democracy Sustained [areeatTUeTABIrdgkg

aM 1992 enARbeTsf. arRTRTglTiRbCa
Fibety]
sigHburI sSab&nsikatMbnGasIuGaeKy_ kMNtcMNaMarRsavRCav nig GtSbTBiaka elx 75.. >

.eskhVws/ edvId. GW (Streckfuss, David E.) Ks 1998 The poetics of subversion: civil liberty and lse-majest in
the modern Thai state .[kvIniBnVnviTgna. esrIaBrbsBlrd nigarRbmafRBecsaenAkgrdfTMenIb]. niekbbTfak
bNitminTaneBum<pay saklviTal&yvis;nin maDIhn. .>

.ehvisn
u / exvin (Hewison, Kevin) Ks 1996 Political Oppositions and regime change in Thailand .[KNbk
esoveAcgRkgeday h:arI rd
U an (Garry Rodan) (bNaFiar) Political OpRbaMg nigarpasbr rbbenAkg
RbeTsf]. kg
positions in Industrialising Asia [KNbkRbaMgenAkgGasIuEdlkMBugeFVIsahUbnIykm] LgRd# rUtLidh_ T
72-94.. >
.ehvisn
u / exvin Ks a.M 1997 The monarchy and democratization .[raCaFibetynigRbCaFibetybnIykm]. kg
esoveAcgRkgeday exvin ehvisun (bNaFiar) Political Change in Thailand: Democracy and Participation [arpas
kMNtcMNaM
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brneyayenAkgRbeTsf. RbCaFibetynigarcUlrYm] LgRd# rUtLidh_ T 58-74..>
k
EbsIk
u buk
(Basic
.Gl
u n/ EmnxWr (Olson, Mancur) Ks 2000 Power and Prosperity [GMNacnigaBrugerOg] jy
Books). .>
.haksun/ PIfWr (Jackson, Peter) Ks 1999 Royal Spirits, Chinese gods and magic monk; Thailands boomtime religions of prosperity .[raCGka eTvacin nigRBsgRbkbedayrmI. . sasnaTaMgLayenARbeTsfnasm&y
rIkceRmInxagesdkicyagsm,rsb,ay]. South East Asia Research [arRsavRCavGasIuGaeKy_] elx 7 aKTI 3 T

245-300.. >
.EGBWrsun/ ebeNDikt_ (Anderson, Benedict) Ks 1978 Studies of the Thai State: the state of Thai studies
.[arsikaGMBIrdf.. saBnarsikaGMBIf]. kgesoveAcgRkgeday eGlIhIeyr_ bI Gayal (Elizier B. Ayal)
(bNaFiar) The study of Thailand [arsikaGMBIRbeTsf] GaETn rdeGaheya mCmNlsikaGnrCati sakl
viTal&yeGaheya kmviFIsikatMbnGasIuGaeKy_ T 193-247.. ^
CMBUkTI.4. rebobEdlCnCatievotNamsmwgemIlBiPBelak
kMNtcMNaM
(1)
..kMNtbNaFiar.. enAaM 2007 RbeTsevotNamsSitenAlMdabTI 13 kgcMeNamRbeTsman

cMnYnRbCaBlrdeRcInCageKenAkgBiPBelak.. >
(2). kMNtbNaFiar.. enAaM 2007 RbeTsevotNammanRbCaCneRcInCag 85 lannak. .>
(3). rau b
M U (Rambo) Ks 1973 plar
briyayyagek,ak,ayGMBaB
I xusaxagbrisaS nFmCati nigar
C}TiBl EdlbBal[manaBxusaCaeRcInenAkgarerobcMsg:m. .>
(4)..Epken KWarsegbyageRcIn nigarEkERbbnicbncnUvGtSbTrbselak ecmihn (Jamieson)
Ks 1981 k T 37-159 bnic bnc . .> sUmGan vitm&r (Whitmore) Ks 1986 GMBRbvt
I s
i asevotNamsegbpgEdr.. >
(5). Gs,n (Osborne) Ks 1984 T 120.. > pam DwkeyOg (Phm Zc D#jng) Ks 1982.. >
(6). sUmGan ecmihn Ks 1981 x.. >
(7). sUmGan ecrimI edviDsun (Jeremy Davidson) Ks 1975 nig egVn xakevon (Nguyn Kh_c Vin)
(analbriecT).. >
(8). sUmGan fIl&r (Taylor) Ks 1983 edIm,IylRbvtisasevotNamedImsm&ylMGit. .>
(9). sUmGan fIl&r Ks 1988.. >
(10). sRmabTahrN_GMBIkMNaBbkERben sUmGan egVn gkbic (Nguyn Ngc Bch) Ks 1985
T 80-83. egVn gkbic Ks 1975 T 4-10.. hVij sajfug (Hunh Sanh Thng) Ks 1979
154
kMNtcMNaM
T 18-20.. > erhlwV (Reffel) Ks 1968 kpl v K:arbkERbmYycMnnY Edr (T 21-23) bEu nmankMhs
u
kgesckIBnlx. .>
(11). sUmGan vitm&r (Whitmore) Ks 1985 GMBIarBiakalMGitGMBIryeBlen.. >
(12). .GMBITahrN_sIBIGkrsil,_en sUmGan egVn gkbic Ks 1975 T 92-116.. hVij saj
fug Ks 1979 T 105-15 nig 157-69.. >
(13)..sUmGan vUdsayd_ (Woodside) Ks 1971 nig Ks 1973 GMBIarBiakalMGitGMBIRbeTs
evotNamnacug sv TI 18 nig sv TI 19.. >
(14). hUay ehVtwm (H Ti Hu Tm) Ks 1985 T 25-26.. ruaMbU Ks 1982 T 407.. egVn
gkbic Ks 1975 T 24.. hIuKI (Hickey) Ks 1964 T 55-56.. >
(15). GkRCJbcb,nmYycMnYn RbEhlCaylfa RbeyaKmYyensresrbMepIsn&y. .> vitm&r (Ks
1987 T 16) EdlCaRbvtiviTUEdlmanTsnpyBIen nseg;teXIjfa .manKmatyagFMrvag
Rbvtiv Ti Rsav
U RCavGMBmuI nsm&yTMenIb (dUcCarUbxMpJ al) EdlykamarvivDnlTixu gCWedImdMbgU Edl
minsUvman}TiBleRcInbunaneT nigBYknisitEdlRsavRCavGMBI sv TI 20 CaBiessBYkGknrviTa
EdlnrkeXIjaraksyageRCArbslTixugCWenAkgsg:mevotNamsm&yTMenIb...>. atnig
xJy
M lRsbfa bBaHasMxanEdlmanenAeBlbcb ,nen KWfa .etIsg:mevotNamayCasg:mEdlan
lTixugCWnedayrebobNa..? ehIyabaMgBIeBlNamk..?.. .> sRmabCnCatievotNamEdln
TTYlarGbrM ehIynrsenAkgBakkBalTI 1 n sv TI 20 nemIleXIjmrtkRbBNIrbs
eKCalTixu gCWEbbfI ehIyekItmanenAkg rCalesc eL fajfug (Ks 1460-1497).. > xJeCO
M Cak
J GarmNCa
_ Biess
fa aryleXIjen KWminGacCECk[nBitRkdeLIy. .> cMeBaCMBkU en xMab
cMeBaTsnyleXIjTUeTA Edlman .aBBitRkd. enAkg Rbvtsi asnaTsvtr_aM 1920/ 1930
nig 1940.. >
(16). Bak .sKlnTsn. nykmkBIsadrbselak vikTr fWrNWr (Victor Turner) (Ks 1969
nig 1974)...> elak rab,aB&rt_ (Rappaport) (Ks 1979 T 97-144 CaBiess T 124/ 127/
130) BiakaGMBIRbB&nKMnitEdlfa GIV.@ KWCarUbagnGIVepgeTot.. >
(17)..elak gU DwkFij (Ng Zc Th*nh) (Ks 1989) BiakaGMBITsnrbsGkRskGMBIrbbmHbnig
I
suxaB kg bribTatuyinnigatuyuagM en.. > elak hIKu I (Ks 1964 T 7) BiakaCaTUeTAGMBeal
KMnitnaBsuxRslenAkgk,neBTrbsGkRskevotNam.. >
(18). sUmGan ecmihn Ks 1981 k T 18-29.. ecmihn Ks 1984 T 322-28.. >
(19). aryleXIjnigareRbIRTwsni
I ynsasrbsxJM KWedaysarEtnTTYln}TiB lrbselak bItn
(Bateson) (Ks 1972 nig 1980) nigelak al dWcs_ (Karl Deutsch) (Ks 1966)...> Las (Laszlo) (Ks 1972)/ bWKI (Buckely) (Ks 1967)/ nig EbraLanhIV (Bertalanffy) Ks (1968) kn
bEnSmeTAelIaryleXIjen.. > EtrebobEdlxJMykKMnitrbsBYkatmkeRbI KWmanEtxJMEdlTTYl
arxusRtvTaMgRsg. .>
(20). cMeBacMNucen sUmGan bItn Ks 1980 T 47.. >
kMNtcMNaM
(21)
155
..bItn Ks 1972 T 470-71...> sUmemIl bItn nig bItn Ks 1988 T 37-42 pg

Edr.. >
(22). bItn Ks 1972 T 476.. >
(23). enKWCaTsnrbselak bl
U mus (Paul Mus) EdlnC}TiB lyagxagM eTAelIGkRCJGaemriaMgCaeRcInenAkgGMLgTsvtr_aM 1950 nig 1960 ehIyneFIV[eKs:aleRcInenAkgTRmgEbb
samBarbs hVnis hVithWra ld_ (Frances Fitzgerald) enAkgGtSbTEdlmancMNgeCIgfa .ePIgenA
kgbwg.. .>
(24). TsnyleXIjen mansKlBIarRbwgERbg edIm,IEkERbTsnniymEtmag EdlCalkN
rbsGtSbTCaeRcInEdlsresrGMBIRbvtisasevotNam nigsadrbsGkRCJraMgEssCaeRcIn
EdlminsUv[tmeTAelIsarsMxannvb,FmedIm nigvb,FmevotNamEdlminykmkBIlTixu gCWena.. >
ehtuplmanlkNneyayCaCagmanlkNCaarsikaRsavRCav ehIyarpasbrnakecj
eTAamTismYyeTot CaBiess KWenAkg 15 aMkngeTA.. >
(25). sm
U Gan hIu vanelOg (Hy V@n L#jng) Ks 1984 T 742-44.. hIu vanelOg Ks 1989 T
742/ 749/ 752 nig 754.. Ehns_ (Haines) Ks 1984 T 312-13.. Ehns_ Ks 1986 T
208.. egVn TWCI (Nguyn T) Chi) (analbriecT) T 36-37/ 69-71/ 80-89/ 115-16 nig 118
cMeBaarBiakafI. @ GMBaB
I zitefrnealarN_RbkbedayaBpy
ayagsmehtuplTaMgen bEu n
CaealarN_bMeBjbg:ba EdleKneFVIenAkgTsvtr_fI.@ en CaBiess cMeBabBaHaarerobcM
ExRsLaynigRKsar.. >
(26). eL FIekV (L Th* Qu+) Ks 1976 T 115.. >
(27). sHalIygd_ (Chaliand) Ks 1969 T 60.. >
(28). eL FIekV Ks 1976 T 115.. > sUmGan evOg yaFVI (V#jng Gia Thy) Ks 1976 T 29 pg
Edr.. >
(29)..hVij sajfug (Hunh Sanh Thng) Ks 1979 T 41...> GMBIcMNucen sUmGan a vanay
(T V@n Ti) Ks 1988 T 147-48 pgEdr.. >
(30). esnbWK (Steinberg) Ks 1971 T 38.. ecmihn Ks 1981 k T 84-87/ 98-104.. >
(31)..sUmGan ecmihn Ks 1986 x/ Ks 1981 k T 206-68.. eL FIekV Ks 1976/ Ks
U RKsarburaNen EdlmanTaMg
1986.. nig eckn (Jackson) Ks 1987 cMeBaarGFib,ayGMBKMI rn
TahrN_bgHajCaeRcIn nigksarbEnSm. .>
(32). eL FIekV Ks 1976 T 59.. >
(33). RbEhlmanarERbRblEdlTakTgnigesrIaBrbsCnCatievotNamekg.@ kg
areRCIserIs
KURskr GaRs&yeTAelIeBlevla tMbn vN nigRbBNIRKsar.. > sUmGan a vanay (T V@n Ti)
Ks 1988 T 214-15 nig huIKI Ks 1964 T 100.. >
(34)..cMeBaarGFib,aybEnSm TahrN_bgHaj nigksarbEnSm sUmGan ecmihn Ks 1981 k
T 261-85.. ecmihn Ks 1985.. nig ecmihn Ks 1986 k.. >
156
kMNtcMNaM
(35)
. dav yVIGaj (Zo Duy Anh) Ks 1951 T 128.. >

(36). egVn xakevon (Nguyn Kh_c Vin) Ks 1974 T 39/ 167.. >
(37). erOgRbelamelakevotNamsm&yTMenIbCaeRcIn BiBN
& na
GMBlk
I Nen.. > sUmGanerOgxIrbs
(
Hai cnh try
elak xay hugw (Khi H#ng) Ks 1936..
lc) erOgrbselak fac Lam (Thch Lam) Ks 1939..
(
Nh
m L). .>
(38). vUDsayd_ Ks 1971 T 154.. >
(39). sUmGan h:rU (Gourou) Ks 1975 T 217.. >
(40). EpkenEpkyagsMxaneTAelIsadrbselak h:r .U .> sUmGan h:r U Ks 1955 T 540-83..
h:rU Ks 1975 T 127 nig 154.. >
(41). FmCatin .ya b. KWsK
sajehIyERbRbl. .> cMeBaarKUsbBaakepgeTot sUmGan Tn Gaj
(Toan nh) Ks 1968 T 142-47.. dav yVGaj
I Ks 1951 T 128.. nig CaBiess egVn TWCI
(analbriecT) T 44-59/ 68-69/ 71/ 81 nig 97-119.. >
(42). EpkeTAelIarcuRsavRCavpal Ks 1967.. > sUmGan ecmihn Ks 1981 k T 237-38..
dav yVIGaj Ks 1951 T 218-21.. Duyrgd_ (Durand) Ks 1959.. sIumug (Simon) nig sIumug
rUh_ (Simon-Barouh) Ks 1973.. egVn xakxam (Nguyn Kh_c Kham) Ks 1983 T 28.. KUeLt_
(Coulet) Ks 1929 T 19-21.. >
(43). sm
U Gan pan ekbji (Phan K+ Bnh) Ks 1970 T 178-80.. egVn TWCI (analbriecT) T
87.. >
(44). vUDsayd_ Ks 1971 T 130-32.. >
(45). makGalIs&r (McAlister) nig mus (Mus) Ks 1970 T 31-32.. >
(46). ruaMbU Ks 1982.. >
(47). sUmGan a vanay Ks 1988 T 41/ 93-94/ 217-18.. >
QutakBIrnarakcu
hayajRTLak
IV
RKsarrbsGkmayeL
jaEmeL
ksarBieRa
..KeU Lt_ hk (Coulet, Georges) Ks 1929 (?) Cultes et Religions de IIndochine Annamite [arbUCanigsasnaenA
GNamkg}Qcin] RBnKrr eragBum<BaniCkm es GardaMg. .>
..gU DwkFij (Ng Zc Th*nh) Ks 1989 Truyn thng @n vng Vit Nam vi d#ng sinh v tr* bnh .[Tmab
Phong V* Vit Nam [{CarsevotNam]
brieaKGaharrbsevotNamburaNkg
n&yrbbGaharnigarBal]. enAkg
Dij yaxaj (Zinh Gia Khnh) (bNaFiar) T 181-85 haNUy kugTIsVwtndUygVay (Cng Ty Xut Bn Zi
Ngoi). .>
kMNtcMNaM
157
..egVn xakxam (Nguyn Kh_c Kham) Ks 1967 An Introduction to Vietnamese Culture [lMnaMedImGMBvb,Fm
I
evotNam] RBnKr RkmRbwkaevotNamGMBITMnakTMngGnrCati. .>
..egVn xakxam Ks 1983 Vietnamese Spirit Mediumship: A Tentative Reinterpretation of Its Basic Terminology .[aBCasgrUbevotNam. arsakl,gbkRsayeLIgvijnUvbecksBmUldan]. Vietnam Forum [evTiaevotNam] elx 1 T 24-30.. >
..egVn xakevon (Nguyn Kh_c Vin) Ks 1974 Tradition and Revolution in Vietnam [RbBNInigbdivtn_enA
evotNam] bWreXy_ (rdxalIhVreno) mCmNlFnan}Qcin (Indochina Resource Center). .>
..egVn xakevon (analbriecT) Traditional Vietnam: Some Historical Stages [evotNamburaN. dMNakal
Rbvsasx. @] arsikaGMBIevotNam (kRmg) haNUy. .>
..egVn gkbic (Nguyn Ngc Bch) Ks 1975 A Thousand Years of Vietnamese Poetry [kMNaBevotNamry
eBlmYyBanaM] jyk GalhVid eG xbhV_ (Alfred A. Knopf). .>
In
..egVn gkb
c
i Ks 1985 Vietnamese Poetry: The Classical Tradition .[kMNaBevotNam. RbBNItn]I . enAkg
Vietnam: Essays on History, Culture, and Society [evotNam. GtSbTsakl,gGMBIRbvsas vb,Fm
nigsg:m] T 79-99 smaKmGasIu (Asia Society). .>
..egVn TWCI (Nguyn T) Chi) analbroecT The Traditional Vietnamese Village in B_c B: Its Organizational
Structure and Problems .[PUmievotNamburaNenAkbU.. rcnasm&<nerobcM nigbBaHa]. enAkg The Traditional Vietnamese Village [PUmievotNamburaN] EpkTI 1 haNUy arsikaevotNam (Vietnamese Studies) elx 61.. >
..eckn/ Gic emrl

i (Jackson, H. Merril) Ks 1987 Vietnamese Social Relationships: Hierarchy, Structure, Intimacy and Equality .[TMnakTn
M gsg:mrbsCnCatievotNam.. zananuRkm rcnasm&n
< aBsTi s
an nigsmaB]. Interculture [Gnrvb,Fm] 20 (1) (elx 94) T 2-17.. >
..ecmihn/ nIl Gil (Jamieson, Neil L.) Ks 1981 k Vietnam: A Study of Continuity and Change in a Sociocultural
System [evotNam. arsikaGMBInirnraB nigkarpasbrenAkgRbB&nsg:mvb,Fm] niekbbTfakbNit
hUNUlUlU saklviTal&yhav. .>

..ecmihn/ nIl Gil Ks 1981 x A Perspective on Vietnamese Prehistory Based on the Relationship between
Geological and Archeological Date: Summary of an Article by Nguyn Zc Tm .[aryleXIjBIsm&ybuer-
RbvtievotNam edayEpkelITMnakTMngrvagTinn&yFrNIviTanigburaNviTa.. segbrbsGtSbTmYyeday egVn Dwktwm].

Asian Perspectives [Tsns&yGasIu] elx 24 (2).. >
..ecmihn/ nIl Gil Ks 1984 Toward a Paradigm for Paradox: Observations on the Study of Social Organization in Southeast Asia .[GMBKM
I rn
U brmti. arseg;tGMBar
I sikaarerobcMsg:menAGasIGaeK
u
y]_ . Journal of Southeast Asian Studies [TsnvdIsikaGasIuGaeKy_] elx 15 (2) ExkBaa. .>
..ecmihn/ nIl Gil Ks 1985 The Traditional Vietnamese Village .[PUmievotNamburaN]. Interculture
[Gnrvb,Fm] elx 83 emsa-sa.. >
..ecmihn/ nIl Gil Ks 1986 k The Traditional Family in Vietnam .[RKsarevotNamEbbburaN]. Vietnam
Forum [evTiaevotNam] elx 8 vsanrdUv-srTrdUv. .>
158
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..ecmihn/ nIl Gil Ks 1986 x The Traditional Vietnamese Village .[PUmievotNamburaN]. Vietnam Forum
[evTiaevotNam] elx 7 sisirrdUv-niTaXrdUv. .>
(Zo Duy Anh) Ks 1951 Vit Nam v@n ha s c#jng [ealsMxannvb,FmevotNam] haNUy
..dav yVGaj
I
bUnepOg (Bn Ph#jng) eBum<elIkdMbUg Ks 1938.. >

..dc
W s_/ al dabwlyU (Deutsch, Karl W.) Ks 1966 The Nerves of Government: Models of Political Communication
and Control[srsRbsaTrbsrdaPil. KMrUKmnaKmn_nigarRttRaneyay] jyk makmilan. .>
..edviDsun/ ecermI GicsuIGis Ks 1975 Recent Archeological Activity in Vietnam .[skmaBburaNviTakg

eBlfI.@ enenARbeTsevotNam]. Journal of the Hong Kong Archeological Society [TsnavdIsmaKmburaNTa
hugkug] elx 6 T 80-99.. >
..Dy
u rgd
/_ mUr s
I (Durand, Maurice) Ks 1959 Technique et panthon des mdiums vietnamiens (Zng) [beckeTs
nigeTvarbssgrUbevotNam (dug)] arIs arpayrbssalaraMgcugbUBaRbeTs aKTI 45.. >
..a vanay (T V@n Ti) Ks 1988 The Vietnamese Tradition of Human Rights [RbBNIevotNamelIsiTi
u
t saklviTal&yxalIhrV eno kelxnaRsavRCavGMB}Q
I cin (Indochina Remnus] breXy_ viTasSansikaGasIxagekI
search Monograph). .>
..fIl&r/ exF (Taylor, Keith) Ks 1983 The Birth of Vietnam [edImkMeNItevotNam] breXy_ RKwsSaneBum<
saklviTal&yxalIhVreno.. >
..fIl&r/ exF Ks 1988 Authority and Legitimacy in Eleventh-Century Vietnam .[GCJaFrnigaBRsbc,abenA
evotNam nastvtr_TI 11]. Vietnam Forum [evTiaevotNam] elx 12 T 20-59 (eBum<elIkdMbUgkg Southeast
Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries [GasuGaeK
I
yBI
_ stvtr_TI 9 dlTI 14] bNaFar.. edviD CI mar (David G. Marr)
nig eGsuI mil&r (A. C. Milner). .>

..fWrNWr/ vikTr (Turner, Victor) Ks 1969 The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure [dMeNIrarkgBiFI.
rcnasm<&nnigbdircnasm<&n] Qiaeh:a Gldn_ (Aldine). .>
..fWrNWr/ vikTr Ks 1974 Dramas, Fields and Metaphors [nadkm TIaMg nigBakeRbb] GuIfaa RKwsSane
Bum<saklviTal&yxalIXrEnl. .>
..Tn Gaj (Toan nh) Ks 1967 N+p C: tn ng#ng Vit-Nam [rebobas. CMenOevotNam] RBnKr NamCI TugFU (Nam-Chi Tng Th). .>
..Tn Gaj Ks 1968 N+p C: lng xm Vit-Nam [rebobas. PUmievotNam] RBnKr Nam-CI TugFU. .>
..bItn/ eh:h:rI (Bateson, Gregory) Ks 1972 Steps to Ecology of Mind [CMhaneTAaneGkULsIuncit] jyk
Eblnfn_ (Ballantine). .>
ynigFmCa. kadaMcmYy] j
..bt
I n/ eh:hr: I Ks 1980 Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity [citehI
yk EbnaMbuks_ (Bantam Books). .>
n
..beW Ky/_ vallfWr (Buckley, Walter) Ks 1967 Sociology and Modern Systems Theory [sg:mTanigRTwsIRbB&
TMenIb] eGgh:wlvUd XIhVs_ (Englewood Cliffs) Ginec Rbinis-hl (N.J. Prentice-Hall). .>
k
eU TA] jy
..EbraLanh/VI ludvIK (vun

) (Bertalanffy, Ludwig von) Ks 1968 General System Theory [RTwsIR bB&nT
kMNtcMNaM
159
dabwldI (Doubleday). .>

..pan ekbij (Phan K+ Bnh) Ks 1970 Vit-Nam Phong Tc [TMenomTmabevotNam] RBnKr pgRavvanhVa
(Phong Tro V@n Ha). .>.
..pam DwkeyOg (Phm Zc D#jng) Ks 1982 The Original of Wet Rice Socio-Cultural Model of the Viets
Through Linguistic Data .[RbPBedImnTRmgvb,Fmsg:meFIVERsvsarbsBYkevot amryTinn&yasaviTa]. enAkg
Environment and Human Life: Studies on History and Culture of Southeast Asia [brisSannigCItmnus. ar
sikaGMBIRbvsasnigvb,FmntMbnGasIuGaeKy_] haNUy EpksikaGasIuGaeKy_/ KNkmaFiarviTasas
sg:mrbsevotNam.. >
U (Mus, Paul) Ks 1970 The Vietnamese and Their Revolution
..ma kGasIsr& / cn FI (McAlister, John T.) nig mus/ bl
[CnCaevotNam nigbdivtn_rbsBYkeK] jyk harpWr EGnd_ erav_ (Harper and Row). .>
/Iu GtSny
& / sasna] breXy_
..ra b,aB&rt_/ ry (Rappaport, Roy) Ks 1979 Ecology, Meaning, Religion [eGkULs
(xalIhVreno) nrF_GatgTikbuks_ (North Atlantic Books). .>

..raehVl/ bWrtun (Raffel, Burton) (bNaFiar) Ks 1968 From the Vietnamese; Ten Centuries of Poetry [BICnCa
evotNam. k=niBnn_ryeBldbstvtr_] jyk GukeabWrehAs_ (October House). .>
..ruaMbU/ eG efrI (Rambo, A. Terry) Ks 1973 A Comparison of Peasant Social Systems of Northern and Southern Vietnam [areRbbeFobRbB&nsg:
mksikr enAevotNamxageCIg nigxagt,g] xarbunEDl mCmNlsikaevot-
NamenAsaklviTal&yGilinys_xagt,g. .>
..ruaMbU/ eG efrI Ks 1982 Vietnam: Searching for Integration .[evotNam.. EsVgrksmahrNkm]. CMBUkTI 12
a
enAkg
Religion and Societies: Asia and the Middle East [sasnanigsg:m. GasIu nigmCimbUBa ] arL aldarUL
(Carlo Caldarola) (bNaFiar) T 407-44 bWrlIn mUtug (Mouton). .>
..rau b
M /U eG efrI nig ecmihn/ nIl Gil enl Gil (Jamieson, Neil L.) Ks 1973 Cultural Change in Rural Vietnam
k
{vaTGPivDn_GasIGaeK
.[arERbRblxagvb,FmenACnbTnRbeTsevotNam]. jy
GtSbTrbs .Rkm
u
y._ (SEADAG)
GMBIGasIu. .>
..vt
I m&r/ cn ex (Whitmore, John K.) Ks 1985 Vietnam, H Qu Ly, and the Ming (1371-1421) [evotNam esc
hU KVlI
I
nigraCvg mig (Ks 1371-1421)] je hvun
i mCmNleyledIm,IarsikaGnrCatinigtMbn RkmRbwka
arsikaGasuIGaeKy_ smuc&yLak-evot elx 2.. >

i as
..vt
I m&r/ cn ex Ks 1986 An Outline of Vietnamese History Before French Conquest .[ealsMxannRbvts
evotNammuneBlraMgEssmkc,aMgdeBm
I ]. Vietnam Forum [evTiaevotNam] elx 8 (vsanrdUv-srTrdUv) T 19.. >
..vt
i m&r/ cn ex Ks 1987 Foreign Influences and the Vietnamese Cultural Core: A Discussion of the Premodern Period .[}TiBlbreTsnigslvb,FmevotNam.. arBiakaGMBIsm&yalmunsm&yTMenIb]. enAkg Borrowings
w Lwm (Truong Buu

and Adaptations in Vietnamese Culture [kmni
I gaBbtEbn enAkg
vb,FmevotNam] eRTg bv
Lam) (bNaFiar) T 1-21.. >
..vUDsayd_/ GaLicsgdWr (Woodside, Alexander) Ks 1971 Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study
160
kMNtcMNaM
of Nguyn and Ching Civil Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century [evotNamnigKMrUcin. ar
sikaeRbbeFobrdaPilsIulraCvgegVn nigraCvgQig kgBakkBalTImYynstvtr_TI 19]
exmRbidh_ (rdmasWQUsit) RKwsSaneBum<saklviTal&yharvad (Harvard University Press). .>

i as]. enAkg
The Tale
..vD
U sayd_/ GaLicsgdrW Ks 1973 The Historical Background .[pxageRaynRbvts
of Kiu [erOgeRBgGMBInagekov] hVij sajfug (Hunh Sanh Thng) (bNaFiar) . .>
..evOg ya FVI (V#jng Gia Thy) Ks 1976 Getting to know the Vietnamese and their Culture [rebobs:alCnCa
evotNamnigvb,FmrbsBYkeK] jyk Gwgh:Wr (Unger). .>
u g
u -rUh/_ Gud
I a (Simon-Barouh, Ida) Ks 1973 Hu Bng: un culte viet..sm
uI g
u / BIEyr hI (Simon, Pierre J.) nig sIm
namien de possession transplant en France [hUvbg.. BiFIcUlrUbrbsevotNam 1 yagEdleKnnaMeTA
RbeTsraMgEss] arIs mUtug. .>
esnbWK/ edvID cUeGl (Steinberg, David Joel) (bNaFiar) Ks 1971 In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History
<
Tal&yGkhVd. .>
[arEsVgrktMbnGasIG
u aeKy._ Rbvsassm&yTMenIb] kULaLaMBrY RKwsSaneBumsaklvi
..saH lIyg
d
/_ ehrard_ (Chaliand, Grard) Ks 1969 The Peasants of North Vietnam [kiskrRbeTsevotNamxag
eCIg] lTIm&r pinKVin (Penguin). .>
..hIu vanelOg (Hy V@n L#jng) Ks 1984 Brother and Uncle: Rules, Structural Contradictions, and Meaning in Vietnamese Kinship .[bgbn
nig ]Bukma]BukFM. vianar ealarN_rcnasm<n
& nigGtSny
& kg
ExRsLay
evotNam]. American Anthropologist [nrTUGaemriaMg] elx 86 T 290-315/ 705.. >

..huI vanelOg Ks 1989 Vietnamese Kinship: Structural Principles and the Socialist Transformation in Northern Vietnam .[ExRsLayCnCatievotNam.. ealarN_rcnasm&<n nigarpasbrEbbsg:mniymenAevotNamxag
eCIg]. Journal of Asian Studies [RBwbRtsikaBIGasIu] elx 48 (4) T 741-56.. >

..hIuKI/ ecrald_ sIu (Hickey, Gerald C.) Ks 1964 Village in Vietnam [PUmienAevotNam] jehviun RKwsSaneBum<
saklviTal&yeyl. .>
..hUt ehVtwm (H Ti Hu Tm) Ks 1985 Religion in Vietnam: A World of Gods and Spirits .[sasnaenA
Vietnam: Essays on History, Culture, and Society [evotNam. GtSbT
RbeTsevotNam.. BiPBneTvanigGka]. kg
sakl;gGMBIRbvsas vb,Fm nigsg:m] jyk smaKmGasIu (Asia Society). .>
..Ehns_/ edvID dabwlyU (Haines, David W.) Ks 1984 Reflection of kinship and Society under Vietnams L
Dynasty .[arq bBaag
M BIExRsLaynigsg:m eRamrCalraCvgeLrbsevotNam]. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies [RBwbRtsikaGasIuGaeKy_] elx 15 (2) T 307-14.. >
..Ehns_/ edvID dabwlyU Ks 1986 Vietnam Kinship, Gender Roles, and Societal Diversity: Some Lessons from
Survey Research on Refugees .[ExRsLayevotNam tYnaTIrbsePTnImy
Y .@ nigaBEbkaxagsg:m. emeronxGMBar
I
RsavRCavEbbesuIbGeg;tGMBICnePosxn]. Vietnam Forum [evTiaevotNam] elx 8 T 204-17.. >

..h:rU/ BIEyr (Gourou, Pierre) Ks 1955 Peasants of the Tonkin Delta: A Study of Human geography [ksikrenA
tMbndIsBtugkwg. arsikaGMBIPUmisasmnus] (GtSbTbkERbBIasaraMg (Les Paysans du delta Tonkinois:
tude de geographie humaine) arIs Ks 1936) jehviun sMNuMerOgvis&yTMnakTMngmnus.. >
kMNtcMNaM
161
k
..hr: /U BIEyr Ks 1975 Man and Land in the Far East [mnusnigdIenAcugbUBa RbeTs] jy
LgEmn (Longman). .>
..hVij sajfug (Hunh Sanh Thng) (bNaFiar) Ks 1973 The Tale of Kiu [erOgeRBgGMBInagekov] jyk
raUm ehAs_ (Random House). .>
_
je hvun
i RKwsSan
..hj
iV sajfug Ks 1979 The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry [ekrdMENlk=niBnnevotNam]
eBum<saklviTal&yeyl. .>
..Las/ GWrvin (Laszlo, Ervin) Ks 1972 The Systems View of the World: The Natural Philosophy of the New Developments in the Sciences [TsnCaRbB&nn
BiPBelak. TsnCaFmCanarGPivDfIk
g
Tasas] j
yk eRbsIul&r (Braziller). .>

..eL FIekV (L Th* Qu+) Ks 1976 Changing Structure of the Vietnamese Family from 1925 to 1975 .[arpas
brrcnasm&<nnRKsarevotNamBI Ks 1925 dl 1975]. GtSbTminTaneBum<pay hUNUlUlU viTasSanRbCasas
mCmNlbUBa-bsim (East-West Center). .>
..eL FIekV Ks 1986 The Vietnamese Family Yesterday and Today .[RKsarevotNammilmijnigsBVfen].
Interculture [Gnrvb,Fm] elx 92 (vsanrdUv./.kk;da 1986) T 1-38.. >
i asevotNam
]. Encyclopedia Britan..Gs,n/ miln

(Osborne, Milton) Ks 1984 History of Vietnam .[Rbvts
nica [vcnaFib,ayRbIanIa] arpayelIkTI 15 aKTI 19 T 120-31.. ^
CMBUkTI.5. arbyleXIjrbsExrcMeBaCnCatiaKticevotNam
kMNtcMNaM
(1)
smasn_CamYynwgnisitExrmakenATIRkgPMeBj aM 2005.. >

(2) smasn_CamYynwgGkrtmUtUDubmakenAPMeBj aM 2005.. > KYrbBaakpgEdrfa atCaGkcMNak
RskmkBIextRBEvg EdlenACabRBMEdnevotNam nigmanGayuRbmaNCa 40 esIg. .>
(3) kmsikaeTAevotNamxagt,g dwknaMedaysasaar makxarh: kgExmifuna aM 2005.. >
(4) .ExreRam. .ExrkBal. nig .ExrelI. CaBakbIEdlRbCaCnGMbrU ExrenARbeTsevotNam
xagt,gnigenARbeTsfxagekIt eRbIsRmabEbgEckrvagExrTaMgGs Edlkg ena ExreRamCaExr
rsenAevotNam ExrkBalenARbeTskm<Cabcb,n nigExrelIenARbeTsf.. >
(5) mrtkenenAEtmanCarUbragenAkg
areRbIRsrbsRbCaCnExrenAnaysmuRTenAeLIy. .> sUm,I
EtCnCatievotNamEdlekItenARbeTsExr nigecniyayasaExrruil eRayBIrtePosxneTAenA
RbeTsTIbI (elakxaglic) munkg sm&yExrRkhmkeday kenAEteRbIBakfa .ynY . Edr alNa
niyayCaasaExr edIm,IsMedAelImHb TMenomTmab nigCatisasn_rbsxn edayBuman
M n&ylMeGogTal
Etesa.. > sSanaBenxusBIsSanaBbcb ,nenARbeTskm<C a (TMnakTMngkCnCamYyelak fac Edt
162
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nigelak mIEsHl TI GgEtl ExsIha aM 2007).. >

(6) kicBiakaCamYynwgmitPkiExr aM 2005.. >
(7) kicBiakaCamYynwgsIevotNammak enARkgPMeBj aM 2005.. >
(8) kicsmasCamYynwgExrBIrnak nigRBsgmYyGg:enAPMeBj aM 2005.. >
(9) kicBiakaCamYynwgGkPUmisanKr extkMBgFM aM 2005.. >
(10) arCECkCamYynwgbursExrBIrnakenAesomrab aM 2005.. >
(11) smasCamYynwgsIExrmakenAPMeBj aM 2005.. >
(12) .hVnsuinbiuc. CaBakatamasaraMg[KNbk .rNsirrYbrYmCatiedIm,Ikm<CakraC
GBaRkwt sniaB nigshRbtibtiar.. .>
(13) bTBiesaFn_nigarseg;tpalxn aleronenAmhaviTal&y nigeRaymkeTot.. >
(14) sb
mit aBen eKnksagenARKbextRkgkg RbeTskm<C a edIm,IrMlkw nUvshRbtibti areyaa
RbkbedayeCaKC&y rvagRbeTsTaMgBIr kg arpl rMlrbb
M blu Bt bEu nmYycMnnY RtvnbMpa jeday
mUlehtuepg.@ eTAehIy. .>
(15) smasn_CamYynwgsIevotNamenAPMeBj aM 2005.. >
(16) smasn_CamYynwgsIExrmakenAesomrab aM 2005.. >
(17) smasn_CamYynwgsIevotNamenAPMeBj aM 2005.. >
(18) smasn_CamYynwgyuvnarIExrmakenAPMeBj aM 2005.. >
(19) smasn_CamYynwgyuvnarIdEdl.. >
(20) smasn_CamYynwgGkrtmUtUDubmakenAPMeBj aM 2005 RkmBiakaCamYynwgRBsg.. >
(21) smasn_CamYynwgRBsgmYyGg:enAPMeBj aM 2005 CamYynwgRkmxagelI. .>
(22) smasn_CamYynwgsIevotNammakenAesomrab aM 2005.. >
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CaExr nigarbeg;ItGtsBaaN arsikaGMBIEbbEpnGnrvb,Fmkm] PMeBj mCmNlsRmabar
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164
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165
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
07
Chapter 1: Industrialization and Its Implications
09
The challenge of postwar development

Models, East and West
11
17
The contribution of Southeast Asian Chinese

The price of an industrial revolution
24
28
The economic crisis of 1997 and Its Aftermath

The ASEAN success story
30
32
Chapter 2 Human Consequences of the economic Miracle

On the bright side
35
37
The dark side of development

Ecological devastation
40
46
Coping with modernity: Attitudes and Analyses

Coping with Modernity: Action
47
50
Chapter 3: Network monarchy and legitimacy crises in Thailand

Introduction
53
55
Defining Thai polities
56
The development of Network monarchy
60
Network monarchy and legitimacy crises since 1992

Prem and the legitimacy crisis of 1997
70
Prem and the Constitutional court crisis of 2001

The monarchy and the South
Chapter 4: How the Vietnamese see the World

The land of Vietnam: Ecology as history
87
73
75
Conclusion: Transforming network monarchy
The peoples of Vietnam
69
78
81
85
166
kMNtcMNaM
The traditional Vietnamese view of the world

Vietnamese society as a system of Yin and Yang
Traditional Vietnamese values and institutions
Reasons
92
93
95
97
Filial Piety and moral debt
97
The relationship between brothers

Gender roles
97
98
The righteous path
99
Spontaneity and feeling
100
Relative versus absolute harmony

Abstention versus participation
The power of the natural order
101
102
103
The family: The natural order in microcosm

Marriage
103
106
TET: The annual family ritual of renewal

The traditional Vietnamese village
108
109
The village status hierarchy: Solidarity and competition

Status hierarchy and the Prestige economy
The subsistence economy
111
113
The political economy of YIN and YANG
116
The YIN dimension of religion in the Village

National Integration
110
116
117
The success and failure of the traditional system 120

Note
145

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