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Review of Ultra Wideband Antenna Designs With 3.4/5.5 GHz Dual Band-Notched Characteristics
Sanjiv Tomar
Research Scholar, Department of ECE, Manipal University, Jaipur-302026, Rajasthan, India. sanjivtomar@gmail.com ABSTRACT In this review paper, four recently reported ultra wideband (UWB) antenna designs with 3.4/5.5 GHz dual band-notched characteristics have been analyzed. Two designs each for coplanar waveguide (CPW) and microstrip line feed techniques have been studied. The geometry and design of antenna parameters have been presented and analyzed. The antennas reviewed have promising performance for WiMAX and WLAN bands with consistent radiation pattern and gain. Keywords: UWB, UWB antenna, Dual band-notched 1. INTRODUCTION An antenna is the most essential and crucial part of any wireless system which acts as a transducer that converts guided electromagnetic energy in a transmission line to radiate electromagnetic energy in free space. Ultra wideband (UWB) system uses the frequency range from 3.1to10.6 GHz, which is based on extremely narrow pulses to transmit data at very low power and thus holds a great promise for short-range wireless communication with high data throughput. After the official authorization of unlicensed use of UWB band ranging from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz at the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) levels up to -41dBm/MHz by Federal Communication Commission (FCC) [1], global interest in its commercial applications has grown exponentially. UWB is an unprecedented radio transmission technology occupying an extremely wideband exceeding 20% of the centre frequency or minimum of 500 MHz [1]. In contrast with the traditional narrow band radio system, UWB transmits information by generating radio energy at specific time instant in the form of very short pulses thus occupying very large bandwidth and enabling time modulation. UWB radio transmission is able to provide data rate up to several hundred megabytes per second, and it is difficult to track the transmission of data resulting in high data security. The UWB spectral mask defined by FCC offers many challenges in design and implementation of a suitable or optimal antenna. The first important requirement for designing a UWB antenna is the extremely wide impedance bandwidth [2]. The FCC allocation of unlicensed band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz entails that up to 7.5 GHz of bandwidth is required for a workable UWB antenna. The return loss criteria should be less than -10dB or VSWR 2.1. For indoor wireless communication, it is desired that the antenna has omni-directional properties. Therefore, low directivity is desired and the gain should be as uniform as possible for different directions [2]. Other important requirements are (1) high radiation efficiency, and (2) linear phase. Another parameter which assumes great importance is the size of the antenna. Since UWB antenna is an integral part of the system and not a stand-alone element, the size of UWB antenna should be sufficiently small so that they can be easily integrated into various wireless communication applications. Rapid growth and ever evolving UWB system require compact, easy to integrate and low cost antenna having omni-directional radiation pattern. In the designated bandwidth of UWB system i.e. 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, there exist narrow band services that are occupying frequencies in this band such as WiMAX system operating at 3.4-3.7 GHz (IEEE 802.16) and wireless local area network (WLAN) system operating at 5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz (IEEE 802.11), which may seriously produce interference to the UWB system. Therefore, it is desired that UWB antenna be designed to have the capability of rejecting interference caused by narrow band system. 2. REVIEWED ANTENNA DESIGNS AND RESULTS In the last few years, numbers of UWB antennas with band-notched characteristics have been proposed and various methods have been used to achieve the same. Some of the studies have demonstrated that U-shaped, Yshaped, and L-shaped slots when embedded on the ground plane can effectively achieve band-notched performance [3]-[7]. Adding parasitical structure or folded strips on the radiator can also lead to band rejection properties [8],[9]. Additionally, undesired frequencies can also be rejected by adding either a resonator load or a split-ring resonator (SRR) in the antenna structure [10],[11]. This paper undertakes the review of some of the most recent UWB slot antenna designs proposed by researchers having dual band-notched characteristics. 2.1 Microstrip line fed UWB antenna with a pair of L-shaped and modified L-shaped slots A printed monopole antenna that employs a pair of L-shaped and modified L-shaped coupling slots to flexibly control the rejection frequency band for UWB system is presented [12]. Radiating patch of the proposed antenna
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ISSN: 2230-8504; e-ISSN-2230-8512

has a ladder like structure fed by 50 microstrip transmission line. It is observed that by embedding L-shaped stubs in the radiation patch or at the bottom of the ground plane, only single notched band is obtained. In this design, the modified L-shaped slots on the bottom layer deals with the lower notched band while the L-shaped slots aim at higher band. Basic geometry and design of the proposed antenna is given in Fig. 1 while Fig. 2(a) and 2(b) gives the geometry and design of single and dual band-notched antenna. The antenna is fabricated on a substrate with dielectric constant of r = 2.55 and thickness of 1mm. The detailed parameters for the proposed antenna are listed in Table-1.

Fig. 1. Basic geometry and design of proposed antenna.

Fig. 2. Geometry of the (a) single and (b) dual band-notched antenna. Table 1. Optimal antenna parameters. Symbol L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15 Size 31.0 mm 18.6 mm 6.4 mm 1.3 mm 14.0 mm 21.2 mm 4.2 mm 6.2 mm 16.0 mm 18.5 mm 11.8 mm 5.2 mm 17.5 mm 13.5 mm 8.0 mm Symbol W W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 Size 31.0 mm 24.4 mm 9.3 mm 3.8 mm 4.5 mm 2.5 mm 2.8 mm 1.0 mm 0.3 mm 0.2 mm 1.3 mm 2.1 mm 0.3 mm 1.0 mm -

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ISSN: 2230-8504; e-ISSN-2230-8512

Fig 3 shows that the measured VSWR reasonably agrees with the simulated results with an acceptable frequency discrepancy, attributable to the difference between the simulated and measured environments [12]. The far field radiation characteristics of the proposed dual band-notched antenna are presented in Fig. 4. Nearly omnidirectional radiation patterns in the x-y plane and dipole like radiation pattern in the x-z plane are obtained at 4.5 and 8.5 GHz. Fig. 5 shows the gain in dBi verses frequency. The two sharp dips in the gain around 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz confirms the effective operation of the UWB dual band-notched antenna in the two narrow band systems.

Fig. 3. Simulated and measured VSWR of thr dual band-notched antenna. All of these shows that the demonstrated antenna design has good band-notched characteristics and it effectively minimize potential interference between UWB system and the narrow band wireless systems existing in 3.1 to 10.6 GHz band [12].

Fig. 4. Measured E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns (in dB).

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Fig. 5. Measured peak gain of proposed antenna. 2.2 Microstrip line fed UWB antenna with half elliptical annulus radiation element with step-shaped ground plane with truncated corners. A compact half elliptic annulus monopole antenna with dual band-notched characteristics fed by a microstrip line is presented [13] for UWB applications. In the proposed design, closed-looped resonating structure is inserted into the radiator to achieve the band-notched characteristics at around 3.5 GHz while the open-looped resonator on the back side of substrate rejects frequencies at around 5.2 GHz. Fig. 6 shows the geometry of the proposed design which is printed on FR4 substrate with r = 4.4 and thickness of 1.5mm.

Fig. 6. Proposed antenna with notched bands .

Fig. 7. (a) Closed-looped (b) open-looped.

The closed-looped resonating structure is inserted in the radiated patch to implement band-notched characteristics at WiMAX as shown in Fig. 7(a) while the open-looped resonator on the back side of antenna substrate connected to the radiated patch via metallic holes is aimed to achieve band-rejected property at WLAN, as shown in Fig. 7(b). The detailed parameters for the proposed antenna [13] are given at Table 2. The simulated and measured VSWR of the proposed design are shown in Fig. 8. Good agreement is observed between simulated and measured results [13]. Table 2. Optimal antenna parameters Symbol W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 g d Fig. 8. Simulated and measured VSWRs. The radiation patterns of the fabricated antenna are measured at 4 GHz, 6 GHz and 9 GHz as shown in Fig. 9. As noticed, nearly omni-directional radiation pattern in the H-plane and dipole like pattern in the E-plane are obtained [13]. Fig. 10 shows the measured gain of the proposed antenna and the reference antenna. It is observed that the sharp gain decrease occurs at the frequency band 3.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz, thereby confirming the effective operation in two band-notched regions. The proposed antenna exhibits UWB performance on impedance bandwidth ranged from 3.08 to 11 GHz while at the same time providing band-notched properties at WiMAX and WLAN bands. Size 24 mm 3.1 mm 17.0 mm 9.0 mm 3.0 mm 13.0 mm 2.2 mm 7.6 mm 0.6 mm 1.3 mm Symbol L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 Size 27.0 mm 14.7mm 12.0 mm 12.9 mm 17.4 mm 1.0 mm 5.8 mm 0.8 mm 2.5 mm 4. 5 mm

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Fig. 9. Measured E-plane (left) and H-plane (right) radiation patterns at (a) 4 GHz, (b) 6 GHz, (c) 9 GHz.

Frequency(GHz) Fig. 10. Measured gain of proposed antenna. 2.3 CPW fed compact slot UWB antenna with chamfered corners on a printed circuit board ground plane with T-shaped stub and two sets of compound band-notched structures. A compact slot UWB antenna with two improved notched band is proposed [14]. The dual band notched operation is achieved by embedding two sets of composite band-rejected structures on the rectangular slot with chamfered corners or the T-shaped stub. The first compound band-rejected structure consisting of an inverted C2010-2012 - IJESR Indexing in Process - EMBASE, EmCARE, Electronics & Communication Abstracts, SCIRUS, SPARC, GOOGLE Database, EBSCO, NewJour, Worldcat, DOAJ, and other major databases etc.,

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shaped strip etched on the rectangular aperture and an inverted C-shaped slit near the top edge of the T-shaped stub is employed to create the lower rejected band. A C-shaped slit is embedded in the feed-line and an inner Cshaped slit on the T-stub is employed to generate the upper rejected band. Fig. 11 shows the geometry of the proposed design printed on a 0.8 mm thick substrate with r = 2.55 fed by a 50 coplanar waveguide transmission line. The design parameters are given in Table 3.

Table 3. Optimal design parameters. Symbol g11 g22 g33 g44 W11 W22 W33 Fig. 11. Antenna with notched bands. W44 Size 6.0 mm 1.5 mm 0.35 mm 0.25 mm 0.2 mm 0.5 mm 0.2 mm 0.2 mm Symbol L11 L12 L22 L23 L33 L34 L44 L45 Size 1.9 mm 9.8 mm 5.1 mm 0.5 mm 11.6 mm 6.8 mm 7.2 mm 2.3 mm

Fig. 12 shows the measured and simulated gain of the proposed antenna. Sharp gain decrease occurs in the vicinity of 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz [14]. However, the antenna gain is nearly constant for the frequencies outside the rejected band.

Fig. 12. Gain of the proposed antenna. The measured and simulated radiation patterns of the proposed antenna in the H-plane (xy plane) and E-plane (xz plane) for these different frequencies 4.5, 6.5 and 8 GHz are shown in Fig. 13 (a) to (g).

Fig. 13. (a) H-plane pattern at 4.5 GHz (b) E-plane pattern at 4.5 GHz.

Fig. 13. (c) H-plane pattern at 6.5 GHz (d) Eplane pattern at 6.5 GHz.

Fig. 13. (a) H-plane pattern at 4.5 GHz (b) E-plane pattern at 4.5 GHz

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Fig. 13. (c) H-plane pattern at 6.5 GHz (d) E plane pattern at 6.5 GHz

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ISSN: 2230-8504; e-ISSN-2230-8512

Fig. 13. (e) H-plane pattern at 8 GHz (f) E-plane at 8 GHz. The proposed antenna exhibits dual band-notched characteristics at WiMAX and WLAN operating frequencies. It has shown good impedance matching, stable gain and nearly omni-directional radiation patterns [14]. 2.4 CPW fed UWB antenna with symmetrical slots in the ground plane and a rectangular split ring slot in the radiator. UWB antenna has been proposed by etching two symmetrical slots in the ground plane nearby feed line and etching a rectangle split ring slot in the radiator [15]. The proposed antenna is printed on a low-cost FR4 substrate with thickness of 1.6 mm and r = 4.4. By etching two symmetrical slots in the ground plane nearby feed line, a notched band at 5.5 GHz is obtained. The other band is obtained by etching a rectangle split ring slot in the radiator [15]. Fig. 14 shows geometry of the proposed antenna design. The detailed parameter of the proposed design are given in Table 4. Table 4. Optimised parameters of of proposed antenna. Symbol g d R gap W1 L Slot 1 L Slot 2 L1 Size 4.0 mm 0.5mm 18.0 mm 1.3 mm 9.9 mm 8.5 mm 26.8 mm 7.8 mm symbol W2 W3 W4 W5 W Slot 1 W Slot 2 L2 Size 1.8 mm 9.0 mm 0.7 mm 12.6 mm 0.22 mm 26.8 mm 0.92 mm -

Fig. 14. Geometry of proposed antenna. The normalized radiation patterns at 3.1, 7, 10 GHz are plotted in Fig. 15 (a) to (f). The radiation patterns are very similar to the half-wave dipoles 8-shape in E-plane and omni-directional in H-plane [15]. As seen in figures the radiation patterns deteriorate more or less with the frequency increasing, but the H-plane radiation patterns are still nearly omni-directional.

Fig. 15. (a) E-plane at 3.1 GHz (b) H-plane at 3.1 GHz

Fig. 15. (c) E-plane at 7 GHz (d) H-plane at 7 GHz

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Fig. 15. (e) E-plane at 10 GHz (f) H-plane at 10 GHz The maximum gain of the antenna at these frequencies is extracted from the radiation patterns and plotted in Fig. 16. Stable gain with the average of about 3.5 dB is obtained throughout the operating band except the two notched frequencies. The gain decreases sharply nearby 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz [15]. The proposed antenna has good impedance notch and a stable gain in the entire band except in the two notched bands. The radiation patterns are nearly omni-directional over the whole operational frequencies.

Fig. 16. Gain of proposed antenna. 3. CONCLUSION Since the time FCC has released a bandwidth of 7.5 GHz (from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz) for UWB wireless communication, UWB has advanced rapidly as a high data rate wireless communication technology. However, within the specified bandwidth of the UWB system, two narrow bands used by WiMAX (3.3 to 3.7 GHz) and WLAN (5.15 to 5.825 GHz) also exist. It is therefore desired that UWB antenna having dual band-notched characteristics is designed to minimize the potential interference. In this paper four UWB antenna designs with dual band-notched characteristics are discussed. Two cases each for CPW fed and microstrip line fed antenna designs have been reviewed. It is observed that desired frequency notched bands can be achieved by carefully adjusting the length, width and location of the slot. Inserting closed-loop resonating structure onto the radiator and open-looped resonator on the back side of antenna design, has also demonstrated the dual band-notched characteristics. It is also observed that the slots acts independently, and does not bring out any change in the characteristics of the original UWB slot antenna. All the four designs reviewed, satisfies the system requirements of WiMAX and WLAN and the entire UWB. 4. REFERENCES [1] First Report and Order, Revision of Part 15 of the Commissions Rule Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission System FCC 0248, FederalCommunications Commission, 2002. [2] Eng Gee Lim, Zhao Wang, Chi-Un Lei, Yuanzhe Wang, K.L. Man, Ultra wideband antenna-past and present, IAENG International Journal of Computer Science, August 2010. [3] Lizzi, L., G. Oliveri, P. Rocca, and A. Massa, Planar monopole UWB antenna with WLAN-band notched charecteristics, Progress In Electromagnetic Research B, Vol. 25, 277-292, 2010. [4] Dissanayake, T. and K. P. Esselle, Prediction of the notch frequency of slot loaded printed UWB antennas," IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag., Vol. 55, No. 11,3320-3325, 2007. [5] Tu, S., Y. C. Jiao, Y. Song, and Z. Zhang, A novel miniature strip-line fed antenna with band-notched function for UWB applications, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 10, 29-38, 2009.

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[6] Barbarino, S., UWB circular slot antenna provided with an inverted-L notch filter for the 5 GHz WLAN band," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 104, 1-13, 2010. [7] Jiang, J.-B., Z.-H. Yan, and C. Wang, A novel compact UWB notch-filter antenna with a dual-Y-shaped slot, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 14, 165-170, 2010. [8] Ma, T.-G. and S.-J. Wu, Ultrawideband band-notched folded strip monopole antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 55, No. 9, Sep. 2007. [9] Fallahi, R., A. A. Kalteh, and M. G. Roozbahani, A novel UWB elliptical slot antenna with band-notched characteristics, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 82, 127-136, 2008. [10] Wu, S.-J., C.-H. Kang, K.-H. Chen, and J.-H. Tarng, Study of an ultrawideband monopole antenna with a band-notched open-looped resonator, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 58, No. 6, Jun. 2010. [11] Zhang, Y., W. Hong, C. Yu, Z.-Q. Kuai, Y.-D. Don, and J.-Y. Zhou, Planar ultrawideband antennas with multiple notched bands based on etched slots on the patch and/or split ring resonators on the feed line," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 56, No. 9, Sep. 2008. [12] W.-M. Li, T. Ni, S.-M. Zhang, J. Huang, and Y.-C. Jiao, UWB printed slot antenna with dual bandnotched characteristics, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 25, 143-151, 2011. [13] F.-C. Ren, F.-S. Zhang, B. Chen, G. Zhao, and F. Zhang, Compact UWB antenna with dual bandnotched characteristics, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 23, 181-189, 2011. [14] C. M. Li and L. H. Ye, Improved dual band-notched UWB slot antenna with controllable notched bandwidths, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 115, 477-493, 2011. [15] Z.- A. Zheng and Q.-X. Chu, Compact CPW-fed antenna with dual band-notched characteristics, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 11, 83-91, 2009. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Sanjiv Tomar was born in Delhi, India on 18th July 1965. He is currently pursuing PhD with research topic, "Development of miniaturised antenna for UWB indoor wireless communication system from Manipal University, Jaipur. Area of interest are Mobile Communications, Digital communications, Antenna Design and Digital Signal Processing.

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