I64

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION. VOL. 42,

N . 5, MAY O

1994

The Diffraction of H-Polarized Electromagnetic Waves by a Two-Dimensional Corner Screen

J

T. D. Vasilieva, L. N. Litvinenko, and S. L. Prosvirnin

Abstmct-A rigorous analysis of the problem of two-dimensional difPraction with an H-polarized electromagnetic wave by a corner screen is derived by the spectral method in the form of a correct system of hear algebraic equations. Computation results for the distribution of the surface current density, the directional pattern of scattered fidd, and the e f f d v e scattering cross section are presented.

---t

1. INTRODUCTION The problem of wave diffraction by a comer screen (Fig. 1) is an important one in the analysis of the comer reflector antenna [l] and in plane diffraction problems by unconnected screens with edges. In the majority of papers, this problem was solved by approximate methods such as the geometrical theory of diffraction [2] that is useful when the dimensions of a screen are much greater than the wavelength, or direct numerical ones with subdomain formulations [3], [4]. A rigorous solution of the problem by the spectral method was proposed in [5]. The spectral method using an entire domain formulation leads to smaller matrices than with subdomain formulations. The purpose of the present paper is to find the solution for the problem of diffraction by a comer screen in the form of a correct system of linear algebraic equations of the second kind by means of the spectral method and with the use of semi-inversion of the statical part of the operator, and to perform a computational analysis of the surface current density distribution and the scattered field's characteristics. The comer screen can be considered as two strips. The literature pertinent to one strip and to a finite number of strips is vast. The exact solution of the problem scattering by two conducting strips was given in [6] in terms of Mathieu functions. On the specific topic of this paper, one of the solution methods is based upon an expansion of unknown strip currents in a series of Chebyshev polynomials [7], [81. A peculiarity of problem of wave diffraction by a comer screen is in the different degree of increase of the transverse field component as it approaches the middle or the outer edges of the comer screen. The asymmetry in the conditions on the edges results in the essential distinction of the problem from other problems where the spectral method and operator semi-inversion were used (see, for example, 191, [lol).

Fig. 1. Corner screen geometry.

where U = y / d , v = t / d , and 2d is the width of the face. The field is determined in the form of the double-layer potential

where
U ' ) '

= z j / d ; G(u, v; U', v') = (i/4)Hi1)(q[(uis the wavenumber [time dependence being exp(-iwt)]. Due to symmetry, pl(u) = pZ(-u) = p ( u ) . U" satisfies the radiation condition, while the scattered field must satisfy a boundary condition and the condition of the finite energy in any finite space region. As the normal derivative has no sense on a comer screen edge, one should require that a more general condition than aUa/an = - d U ' / d n has to be satisfied on the screen surface [ll]. Let q(u, v) be an arbitrary function which is continuous in all space and on L = L1 U L 2 , its value on L being q ( s ) . We take a curve I with continuous curvature near L and calculate the integral of the product q d U a / a n along 1. The problem is to find U" for which

+ (v - v')~]~/~), kd, and k = 27r/X r] =

= yj/d,

vj

is satisfied for any of the functions q when I tends to L.

III. SPUSTRAL METHOD THE SOLUTION FOR

OF THE BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM As a complete system of expansion functions in the space C[- 1,1] of functions being continuous within the interval [-I, 1 , one may 1 take the functions 1, U, and (1 - u ' ) ' / ~ U . , ( ~ ) ,n = 0,1,2,-.. where U,.(U) are the Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind. Any function in C[-1,1] may be expanded in a regularly convergent series by the functions of the system. We represent the potential density in the form

II. DEFINITION BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM OF

For simplicity, it is assumed that the comer screen and the incident field are symmetric with respect to the plane z = 0, i.e.,

Ui(U,) = uyu, -v) U

P(U) = V I +

VZU

+ (1 - ~ 2 ) 1 ' 2 ~ C n U n ( u )
n=O

(3)

Manuscript received March 26, 1993; revised August 6, 1993. The authors are with the Institute of Radio Astronomy, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkov, 310002, Ukraine. IEEE Log Number 9400506.

where V I , V Z , and Cn are constants to be determined. As it is well known that the surface current density component, which is

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transverse to the edge of an infinitely thin screen, tends to zero when approaching the edge. it follows that VI = vz = v . Let us introduce the finite function

In the system of equations (5), v is a constant to be determined froman additional equation of the following form:
m

If follows from the energy equality 1121 that b E L:+lxl = {bl Ib12(1 Ixl)dx < 00). This condition ensures the field energy to be finite in any bounded region, including the vicinities of the edges. It is easy to show the validity of the equality

CPnzn
n=O

+ av = f

s-mm

where

(4)

from which it follows that C E i 2 , where r", = {{Cn}Oml CF=oICn12 (n+ 1) < 00). The representation for the boundary condition (2) to be satisfied (whenfunctionsq on I are chosen as the basis elements in the space of continuous functions) reduces the procedure to the use of the projection method. Let us take the system described above as the 1 system of testing functions in C[-1, 1 and requke the validity of (2) for each of the functions. As a result, we get the equation in v and an infinite system of linear algebraic equations in C, where v is considered as a parameter. The operator of the infinite system of equations consists of twoparts. Thefirst describes the diffraction by one of the faces of the comer, and the other part describes the interaction with the neighboring face. Let us extract a static part of the operator which is relevant to one face of the comer. Its matrix happens to be diagonal; hence, the static part of the operator can be easily inverted. The analytical inversion of this part of the operator becomes possible by choosing the Chebyshev polynomials as the elements of the basis. Upon such an inversion, we have the following system of linear algebraic equations:

roo

n=O

n=O

From {C,,}r E i 2 , it follows that{xn}r E 12. Let us consider (5) in the operator form TI = f in 12. As can be shown, (5) has a unique solution. Then the problem of solving theequation reduces to the problem of the boundedness of T-' and of the way to construct T-l. It is easy to show that operator A is entirely continuous. Let usconsider operator B in more detail. We separate it into a static part (being nonequal to zero when 9 = 0) and a dynamic part B = S Bd, where Bd is entirely continuous and S is unbounded. If one requires not only the finiteness of energy, but is also interested in the behavior of the field near an edge, the edge condition gives b(X) = O ( X - ~ / ~ ) the presence of the edge of an infinitely thin in plane. If the edge is less sharp, b(X) decreases with an increase of x faster than x-3/2. Hence, one may require the existence of the integral

lbI2u(x; E) dx
Lm -

< 00

where ~ ( x E) = 1 ;

+ 1x1

2(1-c)

,
1 2

O < E < - ,

i.e., b E L;. As the domain of the definition of S, we take

It can be shown that the definition S is closed since T is closed as well, and the equation is comedy solvable, i.e., T has the bounded inverse operator determined in 12. An approximation to T-' can be constructed with the help of the truncation procedure to the T matrix. Thus, the numerical solution of (5) is stable.

IV.

NUMERICALRESULTS

Computing the integrals in (1) asymptotically at distances to theobservationpoint that are larger than the wavelength and the edge width, one gets the expression for scattered field in the far-field zone: sin x sinc (x) = -*

x '

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION. VOL. 42, NO. 5, MAY

1994

IYJl
3

2
f

0
Fig. 2. Surface current density distribution; 2dlX = 0.5,l--11, 2-+ = 90. 3 4 = 150,4--91, = 180.

= 60,

Fig. 3. Surface current density distribution for a strip;$

1-2dlA

= 0.16, 2-2d/X

= 0.64, 3-2dlA = 1.43.

= 180,

where V(p) = v[Q*(g-)sin (p

- $)e-.
Fig. 5. Normalized effective scattering cross section versusfrequency; 1 - 1 = 150. 2 - 4 = 90, 3 4 = 6 -1, 0.

- Q*(g+) sin (p + $ ) e - : ]

number of equations in the reduced system equal to an integer part he. of 17 plus t r e
V. CONCLUSION A rigorous solution of the diffraction problem of the H polarizedelectromagnetic wave by the comer screen was found. An important feature is the possibility of using the algorithm for the case of a comer screen as well as for a single strip (at $J = T ) . This indicates that the method allows one to develop an algorithm for solving wave diffraction problems by bounded and unbounded screens with various numbers of faces and different dihedral angles between them.
REFERENCES

g* = qcos(p f ($/2)), p = r/d, and (r, p) are polar coordinates of the observation point (angle p is measured from axis Oy).

The effective scattering cross section has the value

Figs. 2 and 3 show the distribution of the surface currentdensityon the comer screen. The method allows one to find the solution of the problem at an arbitrary value of angle G, in particular, for 4 = T , when the comer screen transforms into a strip with a width of 4d. The results of the computation of the surface current density for the strip obtained by the present method coincide with earlier results in [9] obtained independently and with an exact solution. The scattered field pattems are shown in Fig. 4 for various valuesof

*.
Fig. 5 presents the frequency dependence of the effective scatteringcross section of the comer screen which has a resonance behavior. Resonances occur when an odd number of half-waves are present along the screen cross section. The dotted straight lines indicate the values of the scattering cross section at X + 0. From geometrical optics, it follows that (TA-O = 8dsin($/2). The computation results show that to get a value of a/2d to anaccuracy of two true decimal places, it is necessary to take the

[l] H. Ragheb et al., Radiation characteristics of the comer array, Int. J. Electron., vol. 60,no. 2, pp. 229-238, 1986. [2] Y. Ohba, On the radiation pattem of a comer reflector finite in width, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-11, pp. 127-132, Oct. 1963. [3] A. W. Glisson and D. R. Wilton, Simple and efficient numerical methods for problems of electromagnetic radiation and scattering from surfaces, IEEE Trans.Antennas Propagat,, vol. AP-28, pp. 4248, Jan. 1980. [4] E. V. Zakharov and Yu. V. Pimenov, Numerical Analysis o Radio Wave f Di$raction. Moscow: Radio i Sviaz, 1982, p. 184. [5] T. D. Vasilieva, L. N.Litvinenko, and S.L. Prosvirnin,Wave diffraction by two-dimensional comer screen, Dokl. Akad. Nauk UkSSR, ser. A, no. 6, pp. 58-62, 1990. [6] H. Ragheb and M. Hamid, Scattering by two conducting strips with parallel edges, Can. J. Phys., vol. 66, pp. 376-383, May 1988.

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the solution domain is a multiconnected regions composed of the feedline, transition region, and the infinite radiation space. The essential contribution of this paper is to present a novel numerical procedure for the radiator BVP, leading to the accurate global solutions (AGS). The so-called AGSs are the solutions which are simultaneously determined in the global solution domain, and completely conform to all the field equations and the physicdgeometrical conditions in the entire solution domain. In some recent papers, Marcuvitzs quasi-static formulations are still used [l]. Sumbar et al. presented the radiator solutions by implementing the radiation boundary in the finite-element analysis [2]. But in the sense of BVP, they are still the approximate solutions because of the approximate boundary conditions which they applied at the feed-to-radiator and radiator-to-space interfaces. Mosig et al. and Nevels et al. have developed moment methods, and in some special cases, have obtained the AGS of the radiator [ ] [ I On the other hand, Maloney et al.s TD-FD analysis for 3-S. monopole antennas was a successful numerical solution of radiator Accurate Global Solutions of EM Boundary-Value problems in the time domain 1 1 6. Problems for Coaxial Radiators By combining the GNBC and finite-element method [7],a novel numerical method, called the field domain partition-combiningsoluYuanxun Wang and Desen Fan tion, for the radiator BVP of a general structure has been developed in our laboratory, and it has proven very useful for both theoretical Absbnct-We present a new numerical method, c l e the Iield domain and engineering purposes. By partitioning the entire solution domain ald partitioncombining solution, for the analysis of complicated eleetro- into properly designed subdomains, then successively solving the magnetic (EM) boundary-value problems (BVP). This is a numerical field equations, subdomain by subdomain, the formal solution in procedure based on the combination of the global numerical boundary every subdomain is derived. Next, all of these formal solutions are condition (GNBC) the Bnite-element method. U i g this method, a vaand sn riety of Coexial radiatorscan be precisely treated as BVPs and rigorously matched on the boundaries of the subdomains, resulting in the AGS solved for their au!urate global solution. Three examples are given, of the original problem. Because we use the finite-element method to demonstrating that the present numerical procedure is very general, deal with complicated conductor boundaries and dielectric filling in flexible, and effective for both theoretical and engineering purposes. the transition region, and the eigenfunction solutions in the feedline and the infinite radiation space, the present numerical procedure is very flexible, general, and effective for radiators of a general I. INTRODUCTION There is a variety of coaxial radiators, such as open-ended coaxial form. In this paper, we confine ourselves to radiators with infinite lines, monopole antennas, coaxial horn antennas, dielectric lens antennas, etc. In this paper, all the coaxial radiatodantennas with conducting flanges. This limitation is not an inherent restriction. The axisymmetrical structures are referred to as coaxial radiators, and GNBC of the second kind, the noneigenfunction GNBC, has been can be analyzed by a general numerical procedure. Besides antennas, developed for radiators which may have finite flanges of even have coaxial radiators have been extensively applied as EM illuminators, no flanges. Relevant papers are in preparation. detectors, sensors, etc., for various purposes such as biomedical engineering, material property measurements, and industrial process II. THEORETICAL. ANALYSIS monitoring. Fig. 1 is a sketch of the axisymmetricalcoaxial radiator of general For traditional antennas, we are usually concerned with the charform. It may have various conductor boundaries and dielectric filling, acteristics of the far-zone fields. But for other applications, more but no magnetic material. The numerical procedure field domain attention is paid to the distribution of the near-zone field and the partition-combiningsolution is based on the GNBC and the finiteaccurate evaluation of input impedance or reflection coefficient, element method. We first partition the entire field domain into three particularly in cases where there are complicated conductors and subdomains, with mathematical boundaries J?l (a plane perpendicular dielectrics in the vicinity of the radiators. Obviously, in order to the z axis) and Iz (a hemispherical surface). to precisely predict the behavior/parameters of the radiators, we In region II (transition region), there may be inhomogeneous must solve the corresponding EM-BVP. Unfortunately, the research dielectrics, but in regions I (feedline) and 11 (radiation space), the 1 progress in this important area is far from complete. In fact, this dielectrics are assumed to be homogeneous, with complex permittivis a long-standing difficulty of modem EM theory. There are few ity Q ( T , z ) , 1 and 3, respectively. This prototype coaxial radiator mathematical procedures directly available to precisely solve such includes most of the coaxial radiators currently used. complicated EM problems, because, for the BVPs for radiators, In regions I and III, the field solutions are expressed formally by Manuscript received December 10, 1992; revised November 9, 1993. This eigenfunctions. The field equations in region II are solved by the work w s supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. a finite-element method, resulting in formal numerical solutions. We The authors are with the Department of Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.B. No. 4, 230027, Peoples match all of these formal solutions at the mathematical boundaries Il and l?z to determine the unknown coefficients and finally obtain Republic of China. IEEE Log Number 9400501. the AGS of the original radiator BVP.

C. M. Butler, General solutions of the narrow strip (and slot) integral equations, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-33, pp. 1085-1090, Oct. 1985. A. Frenkel, On entire-domain basis functions with square root edge singularity, IEEE Trans.Antennas Propagar., vol. 37, pp. 1211-1214, Sept. 1989. L. N. Litvinenko and S. L. Prosvirnin, Spectral Scattering Operators in Problems of Wme Difiaction by Phne Screens. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1984, pp. 240. S . L. Prosvirnin, Moment method in the problem of diffraction by parallel-plate flanged waveguide,Radiophys. QuantumElectmn. (USA), vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 486491, 1985 (Russian pagination). F. Riesz and B. Sz.-Nady, Lecons dAnalyse Fonctionnelle. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1972. E. Sanchez-Palencia,Non-homogeneous Media and vibration Theov. New York Springer-Verlag, 1980.

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