Electronic Components for Photovoltaic Solarsystems

Principal Circuit of a PV-Solarsystem

Storage

Electronic Control System

Solar Generator

Load

Circuit of a Solar Home System with Charge Controller

Charge Controller

Solar Generator

Load Lead Acid Accumulator

Tasks of a Charge Controller: Overcharge protection

Over charge protection: - Strom Gassing has to be prevented - Circulation of the Acid - Battery has to be charged properly - Preventing Backward Current at Night V [V] Equalize Vopt=f(T;SOC)
Boost Stand By Charging Unlimited Charging Limited Charging

t [h]

Overcharge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

Parallel- or Shunt- Controller Design:
Backward Diode

Power Switch

+ -

Solar Generator

Control Circuit

Overcharge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

Parallel- or Shunt- Controller Design: Problems: - Current from Solar Generator cannot be interrupted - Short Circuit can Effect Hot Spot
I

Overcharge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

Serial- Controller Design:
Power Switch

+ -

Solar Generator

Control Circuit

Overcharge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

Serial- Controller Design: Advantages:

I

- Current can be Interrupted - No risk of Hot Spot

Overcharge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

Different Control Circuits: Continues Regulation (Switch is partly conductive) - Very high power losses On-Off Regulation (with Hysteresis) - No Prober Charging!!! - only way to use relay PWM Regulation - Low losses and proper charging - Need MOS-FET

Overcharge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

PWM: Signal for Power Switch
t1 and t2 are variable; T is fixed + Conductive
Control Circuit Power Switch

Switch
Non conductive

t1

t2

t1

t2

T < 100ms

t [ms]

Overcharge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

Conclusions: Best solution is - Series Controller - PWM - Temperature Compensation - Float, Boost and Equalize Cycle Never use - Relay Be careful - Shunt Controller

Tasks of a Charge Controller: Overdischarge Protection

Overdischargecharge protection: - Prevention of deep discharging - Prevention of Sulfation - Prevention of Overcurrent and Short Circuit

Overdischarge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

Power Electronic Design:

+ -

Control Circuit

Power Switch

Load

Overdischarge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

State Of Charge (SOC) Calculation: Target -Load Cut Off at SOC=30%
UB SOC=90%

SOC=30%

SOC=f(I;SOC;T;Age;.......)

IL

IS

Overdischarge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

Load Cut Off at Constant Voltage Evaluation - average failure 50% - max. failure 100%!!
SOC=90%

UB

SOC=30%

SOC=f(I;SOC;T;Age;.......)

IL

IS

Overdischarge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

Load Cut Off at Current Controlled Voltage Evaluation - average failure 20% - max. failure 30%
SOC=90%

UB

SOC=30%

SOC=f(I;SOC;T;Age;.......)

IL

IS

Overdischarge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

SOC Calculation with Fuzzy Logic Evaluation - average failure 10% - max. failure 20%
SOC=90%

UB

SOC=30%

SOC=f(I;SOC;T;Age;.......)

IL

IS

Tasks of an charge controller: Communication Display:

- SOC - Load and Charge Current - Voltage - Failure Display

- Additional acoustical signal support warnings!!

Overdischarge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers Main problem in rural electrification: Sulfation
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1.Tag Nacht 2.Tag Nacht 3.Tag Nacht 4.Tag Nacht 5.Tag Nacht 6.Tag Nacht 7.Tag Nacht 8.Tag Nacht
Abschaltschwelle Ladezustand

Lead sulfate grows to large crystals --> accumulator cannot be charged and discharged anymore!!!

Overdischarge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers Main problem in rural electrification: Sulfation Sulfation depends on: - SOC - Acid density - duration of discharge A new type algorithm can calculate the risk of sulfation

Overdischarge Protection: Types of Charge Controllers

New method against sulfation: The Cut off level is increased under higher risk of sulfation
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1.Tag
Abschaltschwelle Ladezustand SOS Parameter

Nacht

2.Tag

Nacht

3.Tag

Nacht

4.Tag

Nacht

5.Tag

Nacht

6.Tag

Nacht

7.Tag

Nacht

8.Tag

Nacht

Advances charge controllers: MPP-Tracking

I

Maximum Power Point MPP IMPP=f(B) UMPP=f(T)

AdaptivRegler V

UMPP

Power Gain: 10-25%

UL

Advanced charge controllers: MPP-Tracking

Switch is PWM controlled

Function of MPPT
Power Switch

t1

Vo = t1/T x Vi
T

Vi
Solar Generator

+ -

Vo
Control Circuit

Advanced charge controllers: Excess Energy Management

Power Switch

Excessload

PWM1

+ -

Solar Generator

Control Circuit

PWM2 (sometimes On-Off Signal)

Advanced charge controllers: Hybridsystems

Solar Hybrid System with Wind or Hydrogenerator

Power Switch

Dumpload

PWM1

+ PWM2

Solar Generator

Wind- or Hydrogenerator

Control Circuit

Advanced charge controllers: Hybridsystems

Solar Hybrid System with Fuelcell or Dieselgenerator

Power Switch
PWM

On-Off Signal Fuelcell or Dieselgenerator

+ -

Solar Generator

Control Circuit