7. LIGHT Give a comparison between Newtons corpuscular theory and Huygens wave theory.

(June 2008,April 2008,March 2005)

Newtons corpuscular theory of light 1 It assumes that light consists of a stream of extremely small particles called corpuscles. 2 The rectilinear propagation of light is explained by the straight line motion of corpuscles. 3 The colours of light are due to difference in the sizes of corpuscles. 4 The reflection and refraction of light are explained by the repulsion and attraction of the corpuscles by the medium. 5 It cannot explain the phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarization of light 6 It predicts that the velocity of light in a denser medium is greater than that in a rarer medium. Huygens wave theory of light 1 It assumes that light travels in the form of a wave.

2 The rectilinear propagation of light is explained by the advancement of wavefront along the direction of normals drawn to it. 3 The colours of light are due to differences in the wavelengths. 4 The reflection and refraction are explained by the construction of secondary wavefronts applying Huygens principle. 5 It can explain the phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarization of light. 6 It correctly proves that the velocity of light in a denser medium is less than that in a rarer medium.

8. MAGNETISM Explain the differences between Dia, Para and Ferro magnetic substances? (June-00,04,06,07) Magnetic materials can be grouped into three classes based on their important magnetic properties. They are 1) Dia magnetic substances, 2) Para magnetic substances, 3) Ferro magnetic substances. 1) Dia magnetic substances 2) Para magnetic substances: 3) Ferro magnetic substances:
Dia magnetic substances are those in which the resultant magnetic moment of individual atoms is zero. When a specimen of diamagnetic substance is brought near a magnetic pole of a bar magnet, it develops a similar or like pole and therefore it is repelled. The relative permeability (r ) is less than or equal to one (r 1) The magnetic susceptibility is small and negative. Examples are air, water, bismuth, gold, alcohol, mercury, hydrogen etc. Para magnetic substances are those in which the resultant magnetic moment of individual atoms is not zero. Ferro magnetic substances are those in which the resultant magnetic moments of individual atoms align themselves in parallel locally because of a special effect present in them giving rise to spontaneous magnetization. When a specimen of paramagnetic Ferromagnetic substances are strongly substance is brought near a pole of a attracted by magnets. bar magnet, it develops an opposite or unlike pole and therefore it is attracted. The relative permeability (r) is slightly greater than 1. (r >1) The magnetic susceptibility is small and positive. Examples are Oxygen, Solutions of salts of Nickel, and manganese, Aluminium, Platinum and chromium etc. The relative permeability (r) is greater than one. (r > > 1) The magnetic susceptibility is very high and positive. Examples are Fe, Co, Ni, Gadolinium(Gd), Dysprosium (Dy), etc.

2. OUR UNIVERSE

4.DYNAMICS Centripetal Force 1. The force which acts continuously on a particle initially moving with a linear velocity and makes it travel along a circular path. 2. It is always directed radially towards the centre of the circle. 3. It is magnitude F = mv2/r =mr2 4. It is associated with an external agent. Centrifugal Force 1. A radially outward force acting on a body in a uniform circular motion. Which is observed in an accelerated on rotating frame. 2. It is directed radially away from the centre of the circle. 3. It is magnitude is F =mv2/r = mr2 4. It can not be associated with any agent. 5. It is a fictitious force in an inertial frame of reference. 6. It is a tendency of the body to fly away from the centre of the circle. 7. It comes into play in a rotating from of reference. 8. In a uniform circular motion its magnitude is constant and equal to that of the centripetal force. 9. Centrifugal force depends on mass m. Hence bodies of higher mass rotate on a circle of higher radius.

5. It is real force in an inertial frame of reference. 6. It is a pull on the body towards the centre of the circle. 7. It is necessary to make a body to travel on a curved path. 8. In a uniform circular motion. Its magnitude is constant.

9. Centripetal force depends on a mass of a body in a circular motion with speed v.

Inertial Frame 1. An imaginary co-ordinate system which is at rest or in uniform motion. 2. Newton's Laws are valid. Rotatory Motion 1.The motion of a particle under the action of central force.

Non Inertial Frame 1. An imaginary co-ordinate system attached to an accelerated body. 2. Newton's Laws are not valid. Circular Motion 1.The motion of a body which has constant velocity but its direction changes keeping a fixed point. 2. Magnitudes of radius vector and linear velocity remains constant while direction alone changes. Eg: Motion of planet around themselves on their own axis.

2.Magnitude of a radius vector and linear velocity do not remains constant.

Eg: Motion of planets around the sun.

6. SOUND Progressive waves Stationary waves

1. These waves are produced by vibrating 1. These are formed when two waves of source and continuously travel forward in equal frequency and equal frequency and the medium. equal amplitude travel in opposite directions along the same path. 2. These waves travel in the form of crests 2. These waves are confined to a fixed and troughs through the medium in all region of the medium where they form node directions. and antinodes. 3. All the particles have same amplitude and frequency everywhere in the medium, Every particle undergoes the maximum displacement at one time or the other. 3. Amplitudes of different particles in the medium are different at different points. It varies from a minimum at nodes to a maximum at antinodes.

4. The phase of vibration changes far 4. The vibration of all the points within a different points along the wave at any loop are in phase and are out of phase with particular instant different respect to he points in the adjacent loop. particles have different phases. 5. Distance between successive crests or 5. Distance between successive nodes or troughs is antinodes /2 6. Energy is carried continuously by 6. Energy is trapped in a fixed region of forward moving waves through out the medium. medium

7. Every particle undergoes maximum 7. The particle at nodes undergo only displacement at one time or other. minimum displacement, while at antinodes they undergo only maximum displacement.

Transverse wave 1. Vibrations of particles of medium are at right angles to the direction of wave propagation. 2. A wave consist of a crest and trough.

longitudinal wave 1. Vibrations of particles of medium are parallel to the direction of wave propagation. 2. A wave consist of a compression and a rare fraction. 3. It does not exhibit polarisation. 4. The distance between two successive compression (or rarefaction) is equal to (wave length) 5. It can be produced in solid, liquids and gases.

3. It exhibits polarisation. 4. The distance between two successive crests (or troughs) is equal to (wave length) 5. It can be produced in solids and to little extent in liquid (water)