Professional Documents
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The Black Book of Carmarthen
The Black Book of Carmarthen
The Black Book of Carmarthen
Six hundred Copies of this Work were printed at the Private Press of the Editor in igo4-o6 :
Nos. I
IJO on Japanese
Vellum paper ;
of
Carmarthen
EeproDuceD
&
DiteD
3f,<^tpenogt)rpn t)an0
l&on.
iM.a., $
(^on.
D.
Hitt. (aDxon.)
AVm
a vedrich,
etc
ellich
guna.
latollljelt
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
be Blacft 3Bool^ of
'
Carmartben:
to the writer.
What
does
it.'
it
contain
us
all
about
Of such
is
Is
it
the request
commonly addressed
What
an attempt to satisfy this natural and reasonable curiosity on the part of the many, rather than a critical analysis addressed to the few.
follows, therefore,
The
live
latter
work can be
reach of
better performed
libraries,
within
great
A solitary man, remote from the centres among mountains, of learning, must be content with inviting his readers to the nearest height, whereon he may show them the
workers in divers branches of research.
living in exile
nature of the country, perhaps name one or two of the more salient features, and gather, as he goes, a few flowerets by the wayside.
Teg yd g4n
Yes,
fair
yr adaren ar berwyS bren. I07'9 Fair the birdie sings on the fragrant bough.
fair his lot
is
listens.
the day, and fair the spot, and What a wealth of suggestion
in the forefront
who
there in that
word fair,
adaren brings a whole world of blossom and new life before our vision, and fills our nostrils with the spring.
vu
It
is
all literatures
Con^
tents.
that they
must begin with verse, before they go on to prose. The Black Book of Carmarthen is no exception to the It was written by men of Deheubarth, whose rule.
accent
may
the
still
be heard
in
the neighbourhood of
its
Priory of St. John's, founded for Black origin, Canons about the year 1148, at the east end of the
town of Carmarthen.
The
Priory
itself is in
the last
stages of decay; the very names of those who lived within its walls can only be traced now in the Book of
Fate and of the work they did with their hands, there remains but the fragment which makes up the text of this booklet, which was written during the reigns of
;
Henry II., and his sons. Some of the compositions, however, belong to earlier ages. The Dialogues must be placed in this class, but before we examine them, it will be convenient to deal with the contents of our
text, not in the
script,
sequence of the poems in the manubut according to the four main divisions of
Mythology, Theology,
History, and Literature. In the evolution of human thought and beliefs, we must not look for definite
frontier-lines,
and we do not
Its
find
them
is
in the
Black
Book
of Carmarthen.
theology
merged in the older mythology, as is younger is grafted on the older, which ever supplies the sap, and mothers the growth that overshadows it.
:
Still, for the purpose of our present examination the above divisions are sufficiently distinctive, and they
will
be followed
in the order
named.
viii
BBC.
The Dialogues
historical allusions,
are
full
and
Dialogues.
very
The language
is
offers
understood the
words yield
lies
meaning
readily.
the subject itself, as a rule. in the book, the dialogue between MyrSin and Taliessin, is an illustration in The subject is the Battle point.
in
of ArvderyS,
in
his
men
took,
apparently, a decisive part: other names are singled out for special mention to posterity, but the facts of
unknown, and they have for their epitaph 'The path of Glory leads but to the grave.' The chronicler is too brief: '573 Annus. Bellum Armterid,' and the curtain falls. Our text however adds
their lives are
:
aethan yngwllon
ynghoed CelySon.
CelySon wood.
These lines remind us of the words of Procopius, a Greek writer of the sixth century In the island of
'
:
Britain
soil
men
....
On
and
one side
all
of the wall
temperate.
flourish.
wholesome, and
corn,
tree
the seasons
fruit,
and
is
Vipers kinds of wild beasts 'infect the place, and what most strange, the natives affirm that if any one
all
'all is different.'
B.B.C.
ix
^ DiaIwrues
his destination,
^^ takes counsel of
Gwyn
and Gwythyr.'7
At another
time these two had a serious quarrel over CreiSilad,8 'the most majestic of the maids of the island of
Britain.' 5
Gwyn had
of
in
fact
day Gwythyr, who in hot haste gathered a host, and sought to rescue his lady. Gwyn however promptly beat him,
the very
her introduction
and put his chief followers in prison. He even put one of them to death, extracted his heart, and caused the dead man's son to eat it. When Arthur heard of
this
he again
'
comes as
he summons
Gwyn before him, releases the prisoners, and establishes a truce between the two lovers. He also restores
her father's home, there to live apart and Gwythyr, whom he sentences to fight Gwyn each other every Kalends of May, till one or other He who wins, on this their 'doom's day,' prevails.
CreiSilad
to
from
takes
the
maid.
Having thus
it is
settled
the quarrel
he could not be spared from his own place.' But in case he could be spared he must be mounted on Ebony, the horse of Moro
his life;" that
Testament. The Rabbins call it the " door of hell." 3$ iR.B. Mab., 141-28. SCreurdilad in our text. She was the daughter ol Llud and appears in English as Cordelia, the daughter of King Lear. 5K <) R.B. Mab., ixyi. 'oH.B. Mab., 134; ii3'5. JK nib. I24'24. The above rendering differs from preceding versions. The theology here is not Pagan but Pauline : The la^ enemy that shall be destroyed is death, i Corinthians xv'26.
refuse of all sorts, where it was burnt. At one end of it was Tophet where infant sacrifice to the fire-gods took place. This is the Gehenna of the New
activity
xii
B.B.C.
Orwy8awg,'2 before he could take part in the hunt of the Boar Trwyth.'S In the account of the hunt when the
boar was
lost
Towy
and the
Tawh, we are told that Arthur summoned Gwyn to him, and asked if he knew anything of the missing Trwyth.'4 This is the one instance in the Kulhwch,
where
Severn
Gwyn
Sea,
4
appears
in the east,
which
the
associated
with
Annwn
of the
Mabinogi
is
of Pwyll.
called
'
the enchanter.'
Thus we
spirit
What
world in the north, and another in the south. is the In the sixth century explanation, if any ?
the several branches of the Keltic family in Britain occupied districts so widely separated as Strathclyde
in the north, the country west of the Severn
and the
Dee, ^5 and the south-west corner of England. branch had its own region of the departed
Every
spirits.
When KuneSa
south,
and
his
Strathclyde
followers
moved
and
with them.
the north
it
Whenever,
is
therefore,
Annwn
is
placed in
descendant of the Strathclyde Britons. By degrees, as the northern immigrants became absorbed in the
13
Moro
The
oirruedauc
i.e.
is
the
MS.
reading,
suggest that
12^-27.
orwyaawg,
IS
Moro/fe^raoOT.
nR.B. Mab.,
5K
Welsh place-names
B.B.C.
Kelts occupied also the western coast from the Solway to the Dee. like Penwortham, near Preston, survive still.
^iii
southern
inhabitants,
Keltic theology
got
mixed, as
and conflicting allusions meet theologies are apt to do, logues. and more, as our authorities grow later and us more
later,
till
:
we
faithful
Of
we have
a pictorial repre-
sentation
bodiless
Cerberus was a the foot of page 97. with a serpent's tail. three-headed monster,
differs in
Dormarch
head.
legs,
forked
terminating
in
fan-like ends.
An
animal
of this description
moved ar wybir, ground, and our text informs us that he i.e. rode on the clouds which haunt mountain-tops.'7
The scribe 16 The form and meaning of the dog's name are uncertain. wrote Dorma>-ch twice, but the r has been erased, probably by a later hand. Death's door.' Prof. Rhys suggests Dor-mar/h, which he interprets as Marth, however, occurs in other places where the sense death is impossible. Mach, the amended syllable, means 'a bail, a surety.' Welsh tradition seems to follow the Latin Cerberus, while early Christian In the tenth art borrows its symbols from Jonah and the whale. bodiless open-mouth of a century Caedmon MS., Infernus is depicted by the marine monster, with two tusks the Devil lies on his back across this mouth, with his neck chained to the tusk of the lower jaw, and his clawed
'
'
'
hands
Coombe Church,
In a fresco, uncovered some years ago, in Oxfordshire, 'the jaws of death' resemble the gaping mouth of the sperm whale. This reminded me of the expression ymwlch savan ki, in the opening of the dog's jaw, a phrase current in ray native of the dying. When a dog uttered a place, forty years ago, when speaking dismal cry, half-howl half-whine, at dead of night, it was held to prognostito that of the upper.
it,
It is
enough
for
nu^n
is
Gwyn, and
the vehicle in
xiv
^^*--
find a remarkable survival of this tradition in 1813. As Thomas Andrew was coming towards home one night, with Cwn some persons with him, he heard, as he thought, the sound of wybir hunting he was afraid it was some person hunting the sheep, so he hastened on to meet and hinder them he heard them coming towards him, though he saw them not when they came near him their voices were but small, but increasing as they went from him whereby he knew they were what are called cwn wybir, but in the inward part of Wales cwn annwn. I have heard say that
: : :
We
these Spiritual Hunting Dogs have been heard to pass by the eves of several houses before the death of some one in the family.'^ An acquaintance of mine, a man perfectly firm to tell the truth,
being out at night heard a hunting in the air, and as if they overtook something which they hunted after, and befng overtaken made a miserable cry among them, and seemed to escape but overtaken again, made the same dismal cry and again escaped.'' Before the light of the Gospel prevailed, there were in Car; ;
marthenshire and elsewhere often heard before burials what by called Cwn Annwn ; by others Cwn bendithy Mammeu (Dogs of the Fairies) and by some Cwn wybir. The nearer they were . . the less their voice was, like that of small beagles and the farther the louder and sometimes like the voice of a great hound sounding among them .... a deep hollow voice.'9 [As] Mr. D. W., of Pembrokeshire, a man far from superstition, was travelling by himself through a field, called the Cot-moor, where two stones are set up, called the Devil's Nags, at some distance from each other, where evil spirits are said to haunt and
some were
.
trouble passengers, he was thrown over the hedge, and was never well afterwards. Mr. W. went with a strong fighting mastiff with
but suddenly he saw another mastiff dog coming towards He thought to set his own dog at it, but his dog seemed to be much frightened, and would not go near it. Mr. W. then stooped down to take up a stone, thinking to throw at it ; but
;
him
him.
fire
round
it,
it
had a white
grinning at
and a white snip down his nose, and saw his teeth him he then knew it was one of the Infernal Dogs.=
tail
;
^iA
relation of the
p.
(Newport, 1813).
Apparition of Spirits in the County of Monmouth and by the late Rev. Edmund Jones of the Tranch. 20 ii. p. 70-71. 19(1}. p. 82. & Ps. xxir2o.' 38-9.
'
'
'
XV
Dialogues
In the third dialogue two horsemen meet; the one, with his white dogs and loud horns, is going to Dinas; the
Hi
who is riding to Aber, is the first to speak do not know you, though I have seen you before. You look like a prosperous It is true you have not seen me daily. man how far are you going, and from where are you coming ? I go I come from Caer Seon, from fighting with Jews, Ihewon to the Caer of Lieu and Gwydion. Go rather along with me to Dinas I will give you purified"' mead and gold. Come to my dale, and I will give you sparkling wine. I really do not know the man who repeatedly invites me to his home, and withal speaks so fair and pleasant.
other,
I
:
: :
My name is Ugnach, the son of Mydno. Ugnach blessings on thy GorseS. Grace and honour be And I am Taliessin. I will repay thee thy hospitality.
!
thine.
men, i/te challenger in the conflict of song, Wednesday. Ugnach you are most hospitable. Grace be yours in the kingdom of the Most High blame me not I cannot stay. 101-2. That is the sense of the poem, which is full of
Taliessin, chief of
till
abide here
a suggestive matter. Space, however, forbids more than few passing remarks. The story of Taliessin contending with the bards in the court of Maelgwn GwyneS is known
to all readers of
Lady
We have clearly a reference to the same tradition here, in the kerh gyvergyr''^ of our text, where Taliessin chief
of bards,' appears as chief of men.' Thus the xvith century Hams" is confirmed by our xiith century manuscript, which adds a further particular in its reference to the
'
conflict not
is
for the
22 Vol. Ui.,
pages 321
= strained,
5^ 23 B.B.C., I02'ii.
xvi
^^*--
made deliberate alterations.24 Whenever, therefore, a Kerddword occurs wildly out of harmony with the context, orion it is necessary to examine it carefully. Ihewon is such a word here. It is wholly foreign to the tradition embodied in the poem, which requires cerhorion''^. Read Ban 8euav o Gaer Seon, I come from Caer Seon, O ymlad a cherborion; From contesting with the bards'''': YS av Gaer Leu a Gwydion. I go to Caer Leu a Gwydion. How then came ISewon to be foisted into the text ?
:
'
'
Quite naturally. The scribe was, as proved by his orthography, a native of Carmarthen, or of the near neighbourhood of its Priory. He was therefore unlikely to
know
that
'
Caer Seon
'
was an actual
place,
in the
And
if,
'
Zion, or
to
Skene," how much more was it likely to with a man engaged in copying the poem
Under
'
the circumstances
=4 See Paleographical
25
it
'
fight
Note 46 '2
see Index. That it is the right word here by a poem on the subject in Panton MS. 37: 'A phan 5el yr amrysson, YngwyS y Teyrnon, A gwys ir ceriorion, Am gerS gywir gysson, Yn llys meibon Deuon, YnghyueS Gwion.' The last line can not be right. Cp. Hanes Taliessin, p. 335. =6The geography of the poem is on the sea-board lying between Carnarvon and Clynog. There is a Dinas on the banks of the Gwrvei, near y Bont NewyS in the parish of Llan Wnda, on the road from Caer Seon in Arvon to Dinas Dinlleu, which suggests itself as the Caer Leu a Gwydion. But we must not overlook another Dinas on the banks of the Llyvni, nor the old
Kertorion occurs
six times,
is
further supported
encampment, a quarter of a mile distant, on Lleuer Farm beyond Bryn Gwydion, on the left of the road to Clynog. Ugnach remains as unknown to us as he was to Taliessin when first he met him there is a GorseS still, however, in the parish of Llan Dwrog. Cp. 'Mi a fum ynghaer Wydion, ger gorseS Deon.' Cp. 'Deon' with 'Deuon' of note 25: note also 'Mia fum yn llys Don cyn geni Gwydion.' See Hanes Taliessin. p. 339.
;
27
vol.
ii.,
p. 352.
B.B.C.
xvii
of syllables as kerhorion,
besides a touch of
life
The word had the same number and rhymed just as well it gave and actuality to the composition.
;
In the fourth
iv
his
dialogue
to
by name, whose first him who angers a Gwledig if he Taliessin relates how he had burnt please him not.' a church, done a certain injury to a school, and defather
is
confessor, Yscolan
'
remark
Woe
stroyed a
'
roll
of religious music.^^
Consequently
his
penance and affliction were heavy. For a full year I was placed in a coracle''' on the pole of a weir. If I had Consider my suffering from sea worms. known what I know I should not have done what I did.'
Yscolan observes
' :
Creator of
all things,
thy treasures
me my me too.'
falsehood,
He who
817-9
page 94 we have a fifth dialogue, full of Keltic mythology, between Arthur and Glewlwyd Gavaelvawr.
On
the porter? Glewlwyd Gavaelvawr. the man who asks ? Arthur and Kay the blessed. go with you ? The best men in the world.
is
is
To my
house you
will
and you
not come, unless you can deliver [them]. will see it.
propose to read: 'a llyvyr ro/ vo/i.' Si'ii. JSan-gor =' the upper row of rods, thicker than the rest, in a wattle fence.' Silvan Evans. Taliessin is placed in, not on ('ar') a ban-gor, but whether in a coracle, or in some other kind of wattle-frame is not clear, except that it is on a pole.' Perhaps a sort of lacustrine dwelling is meant. 30 The matter of this poem, which is incomplete, is found in fuller detail in the Romance of Kulhwch and Olwen. We shall return to the subject in the forthcoming ediiio princeps of The White Book Mabinogion.
8i'6,
I
'
xviii
B.B.C.
//.
rather
There are a good many poems of the religious, than of the theological order. These reflect
j^^^^
modern
awdl
aivdl of the
It
Sunday sermons.
of
matters
be,
the
may
the
treatment
nearly
his
respectable chapel-goers, and seated with the elders under the pulpit.'" Our bards,
muse
into
while remembering that there is no antagonism between religion and art, should realize that literature has
nothing in common with theology, and that theology The sense of awe, of reverence, of is not religion.
love, is the inspiration of art
and of the
religious
life,
which ever tend to bind men together in all that worthy and great. On the other hand, theology
at
best,
is
is
nothing but a speculative attempt to make intelligible this sense which is in the blood of all;
it
is
a blind
tradition,
bankrupt in
for
and
all
with a vast
theology
literature,
which
chokes
the
life
of
modern Welsh
and makes it so inane. Happily, this has When the Black Book of not always been the case. Carmarthen was written the Church was one. Apparhad no theologians to divide the energies and Its priesthood laid embitter the relations of men.
ently
it
31 The winner of the chief prize at the EisteSvod is, with hardly an S? 32 Words to this effect were uttered on the exception, always a cleric. platform of the National EisteSvod by its most competent adjudicator.
B.B.c.
xix
ReUgion
on the worship of God, a clean life, church First comes worship observance, and church support
stress
:
ath vendicco di eglwys a changell. 35*1 we hail Thee Let church and chancel praise Thee.
In this Beneduite omnia opera of the Welsh Catholic Church faith is exultant Plain and precipice, fish and
air
Abraiham, Moses and Aaron, letters, literature and man, the living and the dead, time and
stars,
moon and
eternity
all
break of day Croes Crist yn wise am danav. The Cross of Christ 111 wear alway. Gwiscav am danav yn berth, I will wear it seemly well, Nis credav goel can nid certh Tis to me no fabled spell Y gwr ym crewys am nerth. In my Maker do I dwell %7r\-y
:
Ever the
first
thing
say,
:
When
rise at
And
'
again
his gift,
and
his gifted
doubt or uncertainty; nowhere perplexity, sadness or The outlook is hopeful, bright and sunny. despair.
highway, but no gloom mantles the brow, no cant affects the voice. It is a sin to whine and be glum, because the
Pain and sorrow
may
cast
shadows on
life's
Dduw ...
the text
is felt
throughout,
nowhere agressively preached. We are urged to Respect the law of the maker of heaven,' 227, for The perfect God did not create us To work foolishness, nor deceit, nor oppression. 86' 10 Nid CT ym crewys Dews difiSeis, r gwneathar amhwyil, na thwyll, na thrais.
is
'
XX
B.B.C
The only
'
all
imEthics
. .
purity must be winnowed' 84-12. 'Yea, woe unto thee thou be not delivered from the evil thou hast done.'
if
19-5
mor,
33" 1
1
Ymhob
Rhag
'
fforS
Crist
gwyn
valleys, nor
of the sea,
no,
can
nor
men make
in the wilderness
provide an escape from the pure eye of Christ,' the judge of the quick and the dead. Hence the prayer for reconciliation, for a timely reformation and reparation Teymvron, let us make peace, deny me not
:
Let us set right the wrong we have done. Before I go beneath the sod, to my green grave, Into the darkness, without light to my tumulus,
Into
my
narrow abode, to
my
destiny, to
my
rest.
30"4
There is one reference, 41 i, to expiatory sacrifice, but nowhere a hint of purgatory, nor of that 'other place''* to which warm-hearted men consign those who are too
honest to profess belief in every tradition of the past. The nobler faith is centred everywhere, nor cares to fix
'
the wrong-doing, not the wrongthinking which darkens the horizon in the West. The church of the twelfth century^' thought with Emerson
itself to
form.'
It
is
that
'
utmost need.'
justice
of
man
to
man.
vu
treis tranghyssant.
21-5
'The oppressors have perished,' have, seemingly, been blotted out of the book of life. There is poetical
justice in this doctrine.
j4See however,
25'4-6.
It is
Men who
on pp.
84-5.
use the
gift
of
life,
not the heretics, but the unclean people, have a fiery experience of some kind. 35 The creed
set forth
B.B.C.
xxi
to
make
^*'"
renewed.
There
70-4.
is
another
men: Direid
Wastrels
These are incapable of and growth, unemployed and unemployable here, change and therefore condemned to linger on for ever in the
of heaven, wastrels of earth.
3* corridors of time, leading a useless, aimless, existence. Not so the fate of the industrious. Dyn dyval i ffawd
Ni
ervill
gospawd, i8-ii.
'The man of
diligent nature
no punishment': he is 'the good and faithful He servant' who has 'worked out his own salvation.'
will receive
and he enters
8yn
'n
i
Kyvoethog
into the joy of the Lord. Dduw a veS 8eheu vucheS. 25"2
life is in
the right.'
church observances are reproached: Ni cheuntosti bader, Na phylgeint na gosper. 2r8. Ni phercheisti greireu, Na Hoc, na Uanneu. 22'4.
hast not sung a Paternoster, nor Prime, nor Evensong hast not reverenced relics, nor altar, nor churches
. .
cism
Thou Thou
However, By
'
rising at
dawn, waking
at midnight,
and imploring
85 '3
And
Pa
yet,
to the
man who
mark the questions and the threat addressed has not endowed the church.
roSeisti oth reuveS What didst thou give of thy store Before thy association with the grave? Kyn cywes argel ? Pa roSeisti oth olud What didst thou give of thy gold Before the silence of dissolution ? 20'6. Kyn mwyll moll mud ? Gwae a grawn mawr vertheS, Woe to whoso gathers treasure, If he endow not his Lord. 3r2-4 Ac onys gwaSawl y Rie8.
36
This
is
Doomed o'er that dreary realm alone To go, Nor friend shall soothe, nor parent own The
xxii
Cp. the following lines from Sappho shunn'd by the gentler shades, Child of Sloth. Trans, by R. B.
:
^-^-C-
///.
HISTORICAL.
Among the latest compositions of the Black Book Bed' of Carmarthen are the Bedweni, the Avalleneu and the went Hoianeu. All three poems have the same device of repeating a catch-phrase at the beginning of every verse. These phrases are possibly an echo of some notorious
event." For instance, the murderers of Thomas-a-Becket
' '
tragic tales.
To
tree.^^ Hence, perhaps, changeu shadows so many clothe these tales would be to write
history of half a century and more, which, were the writer competent, could. not be done in a
the
Welsh
a general introduction. Some verses contain, besides, a of allusion to a remoter past, and yield background
their secret with
therefore,
secrets.
is
much
glance
reserve.
All that
is
practical,
to
at
And
first
come
the valley of the Wye,^' on Pymlumon, and in Dinvythwy.* They deal with incidents in the life of
Cadwaladr, the son of Griffith ap Kynan who, with his brother Owein, harried the Norman parasites with Blessed is the Birch-tree on persistence and success.
'
Pymlumon' when
37
it
looks down,
in
Compare
York
i
38 F.
See Bruts, 3127. Jg The young men, gweison gleison, of 475 are Kadwaladr and Owein. 5f$ Myneich . )m varchogion. Gr. ap Kynan became a monk. See Bruts, 3io'24. Y vedwen yngwarthav Din Vythwy A wybyS ban vo y gad yn Ardud40 wy, 47"ti. Howel ap O. GwyneJ returned from the sacking of Gwis Castle,
in 1143.
. .
the recent public incident On the Knee. Powell's History of England, p. 97, (1885). chengeu bob un, bob dwy, 472. Elvel
1136,
on Rhyd
and MaelenyS
fell,
Kadwaladr, in his castle in Kynvael in ArHis direct route would be through BwUk y Vedwen, the Pass of the Birch tree, which lies to the east of X>[as] Vow^y. See Bruts, 314-15.
dudwy.
xxiii
jf
Vochnwy, the ferry across the Dyvi, and sees the some mailed Normans and their alhes vanquished, killed, some drowned, and the remnant dispersed.''" The fragrant Apple-tree verses open with a reference
'
-eneu to
'
The
very gory blades, which cause rejoicing in England.' event which best illustrates this is the signal
defeat and death of the formidable prince, Rhys ab Tewdwr, in 1090. But the Brut does not locate the
It only place 'in Breconshire' where this happened. mentions Bachwy once, where we are told that the
Robert and Alexander, 'proceeded against the chief of Bachwy.' This date is too late. We know, however, that Elvel fell into the hands of Robert of Belesme, the lord of Brecon,
King's son
in law,
and son
'valley of
Machawy'
is
or
Bachwy
is
in
the Black
Rock
the probability
great that
more
vague we should expect the bard of the house of Dinevor to be The bard is also clearly antithetical. To-day precise.
these two castles.
Where
the chronicler
is
England
is
full
Kymry
shout of triumph. 'The Saxons will be slaughtered by the ashen spears, and their sundered
will raise the
heads
play with.
youth
will
arise at the
This youth
is Griffith,
the young son of the fallen Rhys ap Tewdwr. 41 See Briits, 309-ro. Among other historical references are 47'i6 Arbenigawl Men = Kadwaladr. See p. xxvii, 2-6 below.
;
He
48'1
Bruts, 311
G'mX^gentes nigrae, i.e. Danes. They are called Germanivyr in the Germanwyr '32-3, where the reference in the text is explained. came apparently from Llwch Gannon' in Ireland. See Bruts 326'i2.
'
xxiv
B.B.C.
For about two years he lives quietly among his friends and relatives, growing in favour every day in his father's old territory. This makes the King apprehensive, and the voice of slander poisons his mind against young Griffith, who, upon hearing of it, seeks and obtains the
returns from his exile in Ireland in 1112.
^^^^^
Henry promptly
him
alive; if that
let
him 'be
slain,
and
his
head'
sent to England. Griffith makes good his escape, & reaches the sanctuary of the church at Aber Daron
;
thence by water to Ystrat Towy, where the people flock to his standard. Griffith at once takes the offensive and, with varying success, attacks one
he
flees
Carmarthen and
then crosses the Teivi, and inflicts dire punishment on the garrison at Blaen Forth. While returning to his base in ILan Goedmor parish, near
Pembroke.
He
in
force
near Crug
In the intoxipractically annihilates them. cation of victory it is remembered that the King had
Mawr, and
demanded
wonder then
'
the head of the triumphant leader: small if the Welsh warriors cut off the heads
slain,
of the Saxon
balls,'
tossing
them
to
and
'
fro as so
and
this
This for the King, jest, English rulers delighted to practise such
such as
many
barbarism on the bodies of Welsh princes, and it is only natural that the bad example should be followed.
There
is
is
a faithful
XXV
Hoianeu
verses beginning Hoian o Barchellan, Hush-a-bye The order, in which they Piggie, are purely narrative.
The
are written in the manuscript, is not the order of the events chronicled, which range between 1135 and 1215, except 52-9-14, which refers to the success of the Kymry
place of that name, some miles from Acornbury in the county of Hereford, was 'laid waste' by the Welsh in 1055. There flourished
'
as far as
Aber
Taradr.'
in
GwyneS.'
Bruts, 268-9.
is
587-16. This alludes to the devastating expeditions of 1135-36, made south of the Dyvi by Owein GwyneS, and his brother
verse, in the order of time,
The next
Later,
Owein
his
brother, who,
summoned
the Northmen,
Before the Danes, from Dublin to succour him. the followers of the struck,
princes, deu briodawr,*^ intervened.
in conference,
'
two met
The
brothers
and made
a peace,
peace worthy of
the plaudits of Kymry's armed forces, because it prevented lawlessness and suffering, hosting and thefts.'''''
Owein
figures
again at
6o-i-6,
where we have a
of
Henry
Wales
in 1156.
dangerous pass of Euloe near Hawarden, and the narrow defile of ConWood, The sillt Wood, near Flint Castle, either or both.*'
llwyvein refer to the
43
The text always adds hael, but everywhere the metre demands its omission. Vox Kynan Kadwaladir, read; Owein, Kadwaladir. "Wyron yswein.'
JK
44 /i.
,
See
j5ra<i, 311-28-29.
pp. 309-312.
5K
45
xxvi
B.B.C.
the other.
The English
peace was established aaeu between the opponents, Cadwaladr, who had obtained possession of Anglesey in 1151, but had soon after fled to England, was re-established in his island, and 'the
When
Saxons disappeared from the territories of Britain.' We meet with the English King later at 54-1-10.
In
consequence of Richard Strongbow's conquest of Ireland, the 'fifth King from Normandy' visits the
unhappy
'
isle.
On
his
way
And
prophesy that
trouble
:
will
the country will know it' There is a second prophesy at 62-12-16. 'After Henry, the King ivho is no king, a troublesome world there will This brenhin na vrenhin is Henry II.'s son Henry, be.'
quarrels of father and son
at
Westminster
in
170,
and again
Winchester
title,
the
in
7 2.
No
nothing but the empty name accurately defined by our All readers of history know the conflicts between poet.
father
and son
in 1173-74,
y Bychan
breichvras
of 62-1, answers to Meredith ap Griffith, who proved himself so skilled a leader against the sudden attack of
settlers
1145. Though young y oet,' he matched himself successfully personal combat against tried veterans, and heartened
B.B.C.
in years,
xxvii
Hoi-
degree of enthusiasm. When the the sons of Gerald ( ? 'the two Judases in by
inside
Meredith, having this, promptly precipitated the ladders, as well permitted SA those who had mounted them, into the ditch below.
the castle,
Many
were the
slain,
and
who
made good
their escape.
See
Bn^/s, 313-1-23.
In the north
who were
in
ILywelyn ap Jorwerth, 'summoning his kinsmen, to arm and make war upon Gwenwynwyn, the prince of Powys.' This took place
I202,
will
The words of our text, S7'3-4, are; 'There come ... a day of wrath between the prince of
Powys and
the clan of GwyneS.' See Bru/s, 343"23. Six years later, we find the Earl of Chester pitching
i.e.
And
in
12 10
who
has
of Snowdon. Baffled and angry the King orders the burning of Bangor, thus incurring the
its
wrath of Deiniol,
345-47.
We
the
Carmarthen.'
Welsh princes generally collect in a vast host at Among them are Rhys & Owein ap Griffith
common
territory.
Laugharne,
Fishguard, Cardigan and Kilgerran, were taken, and the Saxon slain in the 'confluences of war,' 57-8. See Bruis,2S4XXVlll
B.B.C.
LITERATURE.
It
is
common assumption
that there
is
nothing
of in-
nothingf that
is
name
intelligible, or
assumption could be farther removed from the fact, unless by literature be meant the Drama. The Welsh
No
period,
sermon
and power produced in Wales. The Welsh is often built on the lines of the drama, and no
country has ever bred better exponents of the dramatic art.4S But if by Literature be meant that witchery over
words and ideas which charms the mind, kindles the emotion, ennobles the motive, and gives eyes to see and understand what was never realized before, then there
is
Literature,
and good
Black Book.
The better Welsh poets have ever lived in the closest communion with nature, and none knew better that the
wind bloweth where
their mel varZoni, their
it
listeth.
They
cain,
delight us with
'
mer gerheu
;
where the minstrels are in constant harmony.' Man y mae meillon, a gwlith ar dirion, Man y mae cerSorion ynghyweir gysson. 26'3
cannot imagine how the Welsh can stand two or three 46 English people sermons running, and that twice, or even thrice in the same day' as at a Sassiwn. If they were English sermons neither could I. The dramatic element and the concrete method make all the difference. An Englishman can sit for hours at a theatre. I have tried the theatre, and I have tried the Sassiwn, and I prefer the Sassiwn it is more dramatic, and has, at its best, far better matter than the modern drama.
'
^^^-
xxix
Liter-
ature
Their soothing praise, molawd esmwyth, wakes music small the difference.' i3'3 unto a golden organ
'
like
They
fair as
min wahanieth.
and a maiden
shore.' 7-9
To them
'the Spring is the choicest season, with its chirming of birds and green shoots the plows are in the furrow, the oxen yoked, and the face of the fields
:
present a variety of colours .... when the cuckoo branches of the trees.' 33" i
Kynhevin, ceinhav amser
;
Dyar
Ereidr yn rhych, ych yngweS ; GvvyrS mor, brithottor tireS ; Ban ganhont gogeu ar vlaen gwyS gwiw.
Who
forget it?
of the elements on
and
if
dale,
heaving
sea,
not especially
Adeileis dy vry
The
very
first lines
coats, put up our collars and prepare to run Llym awel, llwm bryn
;
Anhaw8
caffel clyd
....
8g'i-4
'Keen
to find
is
.
the breeze, and bare the hill; shelter is hard scarce out can man remain.' The cold
.
'The dust eddies, the very marrow. the trees with tumultuous arms swing tempest grows, wildly in the woods, the ship scuds with bare poles at
penetrates
the
sea, the gull rides the surf,
XXX
upon the shore, and the hills echo the resounding roar.' the day shortens, the night lengthens, the dew Again bees live in confinement, birds grow mute, the ceases, ox is stalled, red grows the dawn, dark the sea, and
'
:
Liter-
ature
the ford again is roughened, the lake is frozen, the cotton grass withers, the feeble perish, snow mantles hill and dale, the stag hunches his back and seeks the glen, the warriors quit
lea.'
:
And
'
the
field,
and
beautiful
is
the shield
brave.'
is
a picture of the extreme severity of the weather conjured by the slow-moving couplet: gi-io
Briwhid
tal
What
glann
Gan garw
culgrwtn cam.
grown up wandering with melancholy step, over the frozen snow-covered ground in search of drink, till he comes to a place where the stream runs swift there in his effort to reach the water the bank crumbles beneath his hoof, and he has hardly the strength to
stag,
Behold the
by want and
cold,
'
'
Who that has witnessed a scene of regain his footing. the kind can ever forget the pathos of it.
The ode has many such
touches,
deserves to be rendered into English by a poet familiar with the bleak places of the earth. What is translated
above
is merely a summ.ary of the sense of selected without adhering to the order of the original. lines, It is doubtful if the poem, as we have it, can be a
Coherent whole, because the subject of winter appears fitfully in the latter part, where we have instead what
appears to be a Dialogue,
in
XXXI
allusions
are
equally
likely,
?
obscure.
If
Pelis
be a proper
*"'
ature
name, as seems
history
who
is
of
Mwngc
Wherefore,
'a cudgelling to the ill-tempered stranger administer who was the first to bridle gallant chieftain, MechyS, are told that this tamer of horses was the horse.'
We
son of Llywarch hen, but little else. So that we are in the position of Drudwas, who does not understand,' 937.
'
have also an englyn, withering in its sarcasm, which has no perceptible connection with its setting. Nid wyd scolheig, nid wyd eleig, unben
Nith elwir ynyS rhaid
! :
We
Och GinSilig na buost wraig. Thou art neither scholar nor hermit, nor
: !
chieftain
Wilt iAou be in the day of stress thou wert not a woman born. Alas, KinSilig
Many
make good
lines 14-16 again. Consider the passage already translated, the bar. of page xxi, anticipating the crossing of
fall gently does fold after fold of the curtain Kyn myned im gweryd, im irveS Ynhywyll, heb ganwyll im gorseS Im gwein-vod, im gorod, im gorwe8. 30-3
: ; ;
How
ever the major note of the Welsh muse. this to long centuries lived under the
;
to the weight of the Norman and Saxon heel others for the Kelt, it is said, near kinship of tears to laughter, and is the creature of extremes, the child of sentiment
emotion.
fruitful
cause
it
is
patent to all
who
Welsh and
xxxii
B.B.C.
abstract thought, in narrative, in the drama while the Literother excels in the region of the affections, and particu;
ature
life,
the
is
other
:
is
How
i
tremulously
teint tud.
haunting
this line
Ag yS
oeS ovud
Iwro
And
The
were, wail
and
thrill in
sympathy with a nation's sorrow. Amlwg anhuneS, Can ethyw vynghereint yn adwe8. 33'9. am restless, for my loved ones have gone whence they came.
descent of
life is
The
Dy glust, dy drem, dy 8eint neud adwed; Dychrycha croen dy vyseS. Old age approaches thee, broader grown,
Sans hearing, sans
sight,
sans teeth,
is
at the service of
all,
but
how
the talk in
combined, even by those at the top of their mother tongue. The difference beis
still
in the case of
one condemned
Let it, therefore, be use a step-dame's speech. remembered by those who cannot read the original,
that, in estimating its literary qualities, the
shortcomings of the renderings must be eliminated. Prose can do no more than approximate the sense of verse, the charm
like
a fairy
a little more, and how much it is A little less, and what a world's away."
47 In
The
B.B.C.
xxxiii
Liter'
<
When
Pan aned Gereint oeS agored pyrth nev. Gereint was born the portals of heaven were open,
ature
and the gifts rushed headlong rocked his cradle and filled his dreams through, they with visions. They ever waited on him till he grew
his first cry the graces
At
up to be a prince among his fellows, peerless in grace and thought and action. So it came about 'that he led while he lived.' Pen llu vu ira vu i amser. Wherever he went the order always was Sound the
'
:
Orders,
favour, glory are his portion, children his happiness. Ur^en amaw, rhad ag anaw, a ffaw a phlant.
If passages such as these are not pure literature, there
is something wrong with literature. sheen to every page, and illumine
in
life.
As
the fallen
Old
give a golden an experience many leaf rustles beneath the foot, the
They
lips
Mn
hi, eleni
ganed.
If anyone would know and appreciate the B.B.C., let him apply his mind to it. An acquaintance extending
over twenty years has taught the writer to love it for its inspiration, its tender utterances, its many melodies.
To
hold to my faith. Yea, Suw gwyn gwengerS a ganav the blessed God a holy lay will I sing,' for this rich
will dissent, I will
I
legacy of noble poetry, reaching far back into the ages, as yet England's muse was uncradled. Were the sons of Wales acquainted with their heritage, and
when
worthy of
it,
the prophecy might yet be fulfilled Kymry a orvyi, cain vyhy dyb.
xxxiv
B.B.C.
make dints
is
in people's
minds
.... The
contemporaries
' '
our
The man who is laughing at you drags a tail also and shall be taught to look into the wallet on his own back, of which he knows so little." Horace. Book II, Satire iii.
HE Black Book of Carmarthen has been printed When the Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales was undertaken the conception of editorial duties
several times.
''
did not go beyond printing the most accessible text from a late transcript. Mr. William F. Skene, however, in the
tioos
pointed out the true but did not always tread the path of virtue. method, His knowledge of Welsh was inadequate for his purpose, and his purpose was inadequaj^e for the attainment of
an accurate text. He set to work with prepossessions, and definite theories to propagate. He wandered over the hills of Wales in moonshine he saw a North Briton
he every gorse-bush bending before the wind affixed, like a geographical pioneer, Strathclyde labels
in
to
familiar
to
discover
sixth
incidents
in
:
twelfth century
'
historical facts.
Quid
tu
Nullane habes
Immo
concern has been throughout to avoid errors <)f my own, not to call attention to those of my predecessors,
B.B.C.
My
XXXV
much
Other
less
to execute
their
Mr. Skene's text was the best till the prostrate bodies. work of the Collotype Facsimile in 1888. All appearance
'ers
who
gratitude,
same ground owe him a debt of and far be it from me to cast at him a stone. Pawb at cenvyb, o byh bat,
a bawhyn er na
byhei.
:
A fault
is
The cad doth ever add the spy. Various commentators have written on detached portions of the text.
list
of these contributions
am
unable to give, having unfortunately seen few of them. I have been chained, like a dog, to manuscripts and texts for a quarter of a century, with no margin of
reach of
time for serious study and now I live in exile, out of libraries, and cannot refer to books and articles
:
For example
Prof.
Strachan
informs
me
Philologie
by Prof Loth. Students must consult these and especially Prof. Strachan's own paper in Eriu iff on the Mutation of the initial
Notes
for themselves,
passages in his various writings. in his Literature of the Kymry, was the first to Stephens, introduce sanity into Welsh criticism and his book, if
worth reading. present text has been reproduced diplomatically, Meth page for page, line for line, character for character,
date,
is still
somewhat out of
The
'Od
space for space. Every letter which the writer failed to read easily is faintly underdotted every letter retraced has a wavy line under it and every letter become
;
xxxvi
B.B.C.
illegible
underlined.
through effacement or damage to the vellum is Meth Different sizes of types are used for the
,
-od of
different sizes
of the handwriting of the manuscript. repro Most of the Xiarge Initials are traced copies of the
'duc'
greater number of these are coloured tlon a good many are green, and a few are chrome, the red/^ prevailing colour used for patching the smaller Capitals
originals.
The
represented by heavier faced type. These Capitals are of all sizes, and in a variety of styles, involving the use
of fourteen distinct
founts
The work
of adjustment,
on and
different sized
its
bodies.
cost
in
time and
money will be incomprehensible to all who have not made the experiment. I believe that only my assistant^'
and myself have ever attempted such a combination of founts, and that the B.B.C. is unique among printed books. It is to all intents and purposes a facsimile in
characters which
all
can read.
readings
;
No
spared
to
make
the
faithful
and
reliable
and I cherish the private transcripts of the original conviction of a happy issue to this part of the work. The interpretation of the text is quite another matter.^"
The
I
golden
,
rule,
and
,
George Jones of Lampeter, now of the firm of Messrs. Fox Jones & Co. I have to thank Mr. Jones for entering into my plais with interest and intelligence; and for helping me to carry them out efficir.
Kemp
Hall, Oxford.
ently.
The press-work
is
The 50 Occasionally ambiguity may arise from the double use of t=S & t. sense as a rule solves this trouble, but not always as for example Rac deuwr
:
ineutwr y tirran, which may be read in two ways Rhag d^w^r ynEuhwr, or yn eu twr y tyrran, i.e. Before two men into Deuhwr, or into their tower they throng.' Since writing the Pal. Note I have seen Dr. Davies's transcript, where DeuSwr is adopted, with twr queried in the margin.
:
BB.C.
xxxvii
Obscti
'Hties
hazarded here and there the interpretation of serious I have left enough difficulties, but in no greedy spirit.
to satisfy the ambition of others
'
;
and
have,
trust,
blundered often enough to giv6 pleasure to certain After all we should not be churlish, and deny friends.' The B.B.C. offers pleasure where we can bestow it.
abundant opportunities
lines
in this direction.
harllenwy,
The anonymous
1 7 '9- 1 o.
Er cymenn a
find
Dyallyr Llyvyr
Du nid wy.
yet every fresh reading reduces the list of difficulties, a fact that should convince us that our own lack of perception
lips.
must
And
quite as much at fault, as the lapses of the scribe, and the reputed obscurities of the poems. When two
is
students compare notes, nothing is so noticeable as that the difficulties of the one are not, as a rule, the difficulties
of the other.
those
Were it possible to seat at a round table who have given attention to the text, & were each
!
eager to contribute his best, few obscurities would remain. But, alas BreuSwyd a welwn neithwyr, Ys celvyS a'i dehonglo. 7 '4
Pal.
Notes
Paleographical Notes are usually confined to remarks dealing with any peculiarity, or indistinctness in the writing itself, without touching upon the blunders of the scribe. The latter in the present work include palpable misread ings, alterations and omissions, as evidenced by assonance and metre, by rhyme and
sense.
This opens wide the door of textual criticism, and multiplies the duties and difficulties of the paleoHowever, wherever there is the smallest grapher. remnant of a vanished letter, word or phrase, a stroke,
xxxviii
B.B.C.
an angle, or a curve, a thorough knowledge of the writing and idiosyncracies of the scribe provides a
scientific
****'
The space
;
^"^^
left illegible
'
in
the
note of the
the right length must be found. If Q""'^^ letter with a corresponding stroke, angle or curve at
the right place, the emendation ceases to be guess-work.*' If in the case of poetry, it be confirmed by the superadded test of versification, it can be admitted into the
text
with
confidence.
The
latter
test
has
indeed
tempted the editor to trespass occasionally beyond the frontier of his science.''* But no attempt has been made
to restore omissions in the text, that being entirely the creative work of the imagination.
By omissions are not meant lacunae, of which there are at least four, as shewn by the following table of the gatherings or quires, which now make up the MS.
Quire
i
ii
= = = = = = =
920 21 28*
2940 4160
thus see that the original number of which constituted a quire, varied, because there
We
no
lacuna between
ii
ii.
and
iii.,
folios
See Facsimik 47'5; 56'6. MC 5" Hit/, ^S'n-i^. SS^ The student must be warned that cf' is used loosely for contrasting, as well as for comparing different passages and words. Many of the Notes are of a tentative character. The probably^,' queries, and suggestions should be carefully distinguished from solutions.
'
xxxix
Index
between iv., which has six, and v., which has ten folios. It is clear, therefore, that a quire '-1 and is missing between i. and ii., between iii. and iv., and
respectively, nor
between
vii.
and
viii.,
is
made
up of different fragments.ss It is necessary to add that the writing, beginning with line 12 of page 79, is later
than the manuscript, probably much later, for it has all the appearance of a base, blundering imitation it is continued on page 80, which has been read in parts
:
only,
continuously
to
be
The Index
That
Aeneas
all the proper names, which occur in the text, will be found in the Index is a matter of hope, rather than
of confidence.
to
but unfortunately
the doubtful
'
a shifting element where knowledge is imperfect. Every fresh reading breeds almost as many doubts as
it
removes, thus calling for recurrent slight revision. Many of the entries are neither proper names nor
These, and those which present are printed without the initial Capital letter.
subjects of doubt.
difficulties,
I
have to thank Prof Rhys for allowing me, some years ago, to see his private index to the Facsimile
:
but he must not be held responsible for any error in this work, which he has not seen, more particularly as
the entries differ in
53
some
i,
respects.
80, 96,
& 108 are stained, shews that they were once 'outside' pages, and formed separate parts. We have in the B.B.C., probably, only mere fragments of the collection originally made.
The
fact that
pages
8,
9,
Xl
B.B.C.
acknowledge my indebtedness Ago and help to two fellow-students. graProf. J. Morris Jones was so good as to discuss certain tias difficulties with me, and to read over with care some of the more debatable Notes. His affirmations have been But it is the nemesis harvested and follow the mark t. of destructive criticism to perish with what it modifies. The Notes have benefitted further from the caution and
It
remains for
me
to
scholarship of
'
revises
'
his
Prof Strachan, who kindly read the additions follow the mark 1^*. Thus a
certain
For all and a few have disappeared. and kindness I offer my heartiest thanks to both friends. Let it, however, be clearly understood that each is responsible only for what is specifically credited to him. Neither stands sponsor for the writer's emenrestatement,
services
dations, suggestions,
and
errors.^s
The References
this
in
Series, including several works printed, but not Texts This may cause inconvenience for a yet published^^ time, but it is unavoidable, as the readings in the older
editions are not invariably correct,
Other
expensive. He, who has to pay for has a wholesome discipline in the cause of brevity. 54 Prof. Strachan wishes me to state that credit should be given to Prof. Loth I regret my mistake. for some of the notes marked +.
knows the
blunders
difficulties of the text, will
SSSome of the errors are corrected at the very end of the book. I should be glad to recast many of the non-paleographical notes, but no one, who
expect finality. The detection of my to take up the study of the B. B.C., and lead him to improved results. Every generation sits on the shoulder of See 55''. it should, therefore, see further and do better. its predecessor 56Towit; I. The Text and Facsimile of the Book of Aneirin; 2. TheText and the Book of Taliessin ; 3. The White Book Maiinogion; 4. The Facsimile of Poetry in the Red Book of Hergest; 5. Facsimile of the Black Book of Chirk.
may
inspire
:
B.B.C
xji
in
acknowledging
*
*'ness
*"*"*
my indebted-
access
tendering my kindness and courtesy have ever been uniformly unfailing to the writer.
to
the
Oarmarthenshire gave
the twelfth century, presents it to the nation.
in the history of the
birth to the
Black Book
in
in
&
the twentieth,
It greatly pleasures another kindle the imagination. of her children to associate with the happy event this
Diplomatic Reproduction, by linking it with the name of Hfje JTitat iceiient of t^t Mtlsi) JRiational Cibiatp,
the
(irst in personal elfort (or its establishment, the first in personal sacrifice for its good, the first in the importance of his
&
contributions to
its treasures.
y. Qwenogvryn Svans
)remvan, Pwllheli.
Gwyl Wenog,
1907.
xlii
B.B.C.
'
\ilitma(
lifrari)
of llaCt^.
INDEX TO FIRST
Adwin
caer
yflit
LINES.
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
...
ar Ian llyant
46-1
...
...
48-4
36-11
78-1
Arduireaue
tri
trined in cell
...
Afluynaw naut duv diamhev y daun Betev ae gulich y glav, e, ... ...
Bendith nautoryw new ir keluit creaudir Bendith y wenwas ir dec diyrnas ... Brenhin guirthvin guirth uchaw Breuduid a uelun neithwir ...
yflit
... ... ...
63-2
88-3
87-3 41-5
7-3
Can
treghis wiguifc
amhoen
...
70-2
Kyd
97-3 100-9
70-1
17-7
Kyntaw geir adywedaw y bore ban kyuodaw ... Kyvaenad keluit kynelv o douit ,.. ... Kywarchaw im ri. Rad wobeith ... Devs ren rymawy awen ... ... ... Dinas maon duv daffar ... ... ...
.
82-1
i8-i
104-3
9-1
46.9
8i-i
Dv dy
Duv
...
...
...
... ...
...
in
porth
73'ii
Betev ae gulich y glav ... Eneid kid im guneit ... ... Enwev meibon llywarch hen
Gereint
B.B.C.
filius
...
63-2
23-4
...
...
...
... ...
107-8 71-11
Erbin
...
...
;..
XllU
Goduryw
Greid
...
103 '2
35-1
Gogonedauc
bleit
... ...
...
blyghaud
...
...
10-12
13-6
... Gwin y bid hi y vedwen in diffrin guy Gwledic arbennic. Ban geneife o honaud ... ... Gvledic arbennic erbin attad
47-1
86-6
857
151 70T3
Hervit vrten.
autyl kyrridven
diffrid
...
Heb
cofifav
duv daun
gwirion
...
616
39-4
89-1
Llym
awel
Hum
brin
anhaut
caffael
did
...
... Marchauc a girch y dinas mab Maredut Marunadeu Madauc ... Meinoeth kiclev lew held
...
...
...
loi-io
103-6
97-1
... ...
...
...
...
46-20
84-2
29-1
1-2
Mi
Moli
... ...
... ...
Mor
mor truan
...
...
24-9
52-62
94-1
...
...
...
...
io6-6
...
... ...
... ... ...
71-12
... ... Tarv trin anvidin blaut Tec yd gan ir adaren ar perwit pren (Tra vom kyd kerded goned kydimyteith) ... Tri anreith march inif pridein ... ... Ystarnde wineu fruin guin
97'i3
107-9
79-12
27-7 83-1
75-6
B.B.C.
...
Yth
xliv
arkiveir ar pennic
penn
TABLE OF CONTENTS,
Introductory Remarks.i
a
Hi
iv
vu
xix
xxiii
...
xxix
. . .
XXXV
.
a Method of
Hi
iv
Reproduction explained
xxxvi xxxix
xl
xxxviii
.
V
vi
vii
The Index
Acknowledgment
to fellow-workers
.
xli
xlii
xliii
Gaudeamus
Text
The Verb The
less
iioS
To Be and
its
compounds,
(s'c.
log
familiar forms of
Verbs in the
B.B.C.
112
"3
141 157
General Index
Postscript &' Appendix
Additional Notes, and Corrections
List of Subscribers
158
162
BBC.
xlv
truan gen/
m02
uan.
h/ mo2
truan
adeRyv. amke"
11a/
s
Oed
yfcuid otryu/
.
Ruyd o tRyuan
Calpe0.
s
toz/
yuulu ny thauant
^prnttN.
tirr^
Rac deuur
an
.
ineutuR y
.
Rac
eRRith agurrith
.
wv
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gan Och oe
.
leith
.
maur
a^;
teith
y deuthan
CalteCTiN.
Rys undant
oet Rychv/
B.B.C.
ant y taRian
hid attad y
.
llaf
3
kynduR
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on
.
tra meffur
y ku^
lias
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.
tra
uuan
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nod mauR eu
elgan .^lEttN.
rui
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clod. gan.
Ruy
.
a th^ 7
Ruy aRuy
trav a th^
.
brau amelgan
llat
dy/i
naethanlfnlu maelgun
Neu
gueith
vit
aRywdeRit pan
.
y
9
B.B.C.
y darpan
llyas peleidradi
.
guaedlad guadlan
aus
.
Uy/
3
uaul
vidan
ILyaus
.
ban bRivhcR
llyaus
ban foheR
hymchuel
an
ib
B.B.C.
.
llyauf ev
in
eu hymv^
CaltefftN
Seith me/
Seith guiR
///
eliffcR
gj>jRtiN
Seith
kad
inon ydylanuan.
jS^pEttN.
.
///
B.B.C.
kyffrediN vy
.
darogan
jf
I
Jjk
aedehoglho.
reuit
.
F^y ritreithir y
,
nif 5
guibit aR nuygelho
llara
Gueithred
7
meiuret
bro
guanec
10
Nid
da
3,e coffa
arnuydalho
Gua^
eth.
7
B.B.C.
1^^
vygniw odiuattep
hatnappo
ithred
. .
ir
nep nuy/
dricwc''
.
Nytiuuc rac
auo
3,c imganlin a^
.
deduit
a dioffrid aaduo
.
2,w/
7
na mynich enuuyret
afeRlinho
.
Ordivet
Nid
ehalath aftra^
etha. nychaffaw
aehamhevo
.
Ny
lluit
reuuet ydlreid
ffo
.
Ny
chenir buyeid ar
Nynaut n
hael an
nuybo
/k"
Ny dcRl/ Ny ry del 13
.
B.B.C.
evs ren
fruythlauN trae^
thaud. trybefttaud heid.Her^
vit
10
/
12
hid.cozachiwid.kyhid kydneid.
ozhygneid .Kywolv.waur.ky^
blyghaud Gre/
.
>''
B.B.C.
do '
4
paRth brython.gofgyman
gvith.Gvaud tryganet.
ssss
7
gnaud kyhidet
.
.gozffet
II
Moes
vreifc vreyR
Moes
cath^
4
yl
kyvid.moidit ieith.Mas
molav
.
frav fraeth
Muner uo /
.
vifci
mel
.
dros traeth
1
Mcr
yj^
kertev
B.B.C.
kein.mywiR covein.mire^
in anoeth.Meneftir.vytud.
meuvet vetvd.molud
.
ef^
^veith
reith ryffet
gvi^
chaw.Ruymav
.
iuRthen.
.
10
Ryvel vebiN
vii
IX
RuteuR
.
dyRllit
Rychlud
.
clodRit Rihit
.
aden Rev^
=>
wafcaud
bRiN
.
tra
gwaud
.
wo^^
Ry
hait itaut
.
Ry
II
B.B.C.
ervit
VRten autyl
.
.i
kyrridven ogyR^
.
ven amhad
.
Amhad
helin doeth
.
kymraec
keluit id gan
.
cluiR viR
aedan ky/
.
Wlavan
lev
KeRt
.
10
ky wlaundeR kadeir
B.B.C.
15
kyhidet kyuryff;
.
wyv.
Campuf y veiRch
.
kywetliv.lliwed ahuN.
llyffeit eituN.
IIun venediv.io
llyd
fo2.
16
am
kywoz.llog deffeP
12
B.B.C.
rIn kytrim.Iledvegingrim.i
UeuveR
3
iv
7
Kym
er
Yr by
lO
du du nid wyf.
Dyallu
'r llyfr
17
yvaenad
Iv
keluit. kyne^i
.
o douit kyuaenad
-^
gylchin
huan.ARgnyueRpe^
Ar gny/'
chant tauaud.Nyellynt ve
traethaud.
kywoethevy tRin^
^
/A*
B.B.C.
eRuill cofpaud.
kymuN bid pa
Ban wan -^3
ud Guae
doduid im
bid.
Onid imwa^
7
redit.02drucdigonit.Nev
duid yth
keRit
.
Rihit.
ythuRid.
.
a.
10
B.B.C.
ig
athydwet.Dihafal dyimte/
ith dyiffcaR ath
kedimteith
Co2ph
diffid diReid.gobuill.o.
th enid.
Cozph
niglivit
paleue
iRygilit.
Pa
owud y luRv
^
teint
B.B.C.
dud.
Adaon
itaethant
.
igkym/
3
pRinude^
pheRchei^
geint na gofpcR.
PadeR pRiw
XI
21
ev hoes
deueifte
higlev. NipheRcheifte
th ereaudiR
diaReith.Gvae
th
vi
vi
piRimtei^
genhide
piR
in
kyue'th.Gvae n
13
^^
B.B.C.
ad othlauR kiueithad.
Arhun
el^Neid
it.GuiRyvguae uinhevpiR
deuthofte imgotev.
Nac iRO^
im
fe
fuinad.O
feith
creaduR
.
13
XII
23
nym dy haetei
guint gouchaf
alaR.
llei
OetuNi
vy nRUC
3
nom da.Oetunnyul aR
mynit yn keiffau keton hit. Oetun blodev guit aR
vinep
douit
eluit.
/
Amffuinaffeie
imdodath aR deunit.
RimwaRedun. keu^
gant kywraghaum .wide
1 1
kywiffcaRaN.Achiwnod
net
24
.
fe /
Acheugant
^'i"
kinatlet. n
^^^
Adyadu
Ian
.
A lluch athaRian
a llya^
lie
uf llydan. Nyllettaud
d'v
bRodozion.TRyde
x//r
llvdiuedit.fythleithgywei^i3
thit.
25
nidaongan
on.Mynymae
Rnaf uwil.
ebeftil
amtee^
9
Menymae pyw
Ro^
X"^
B.B.C.
emne
ul
eiliveRt vedit
.
Or fa^
Ruytev douit.
fcRi
maRch GugauN
. .
clet^
ywRut a auautiR
chiR
B.B.C.
.
brei^
.
kadwallauN
xtv
fill
k.
2J
kynan gaRRvin.
a.DRudluid.m.RyteRch hael.
RuthiRehon tuthbleit.m.GiP
beRd mab kadgyffRO.a.keiN
caled
.
gualchmei
csssssss
.
B.B.C.
oli
duu innechrev
.
Ae kyn^ iw ny welli ny om^ et Vn mab meiR modri^ daw teeRnet meir mam
a diuet
2
. .
crift
ergynan rianet.Dy/
ir
.
Dy eiraul
.
ir
dy
maur drugaret Ar dy
mab
iolud en karet
Duv 10
^^
xy
29
Diwyccomne a digonhom
o gamuet KiN
.
mynedim
5
heb
canvill
im
gozffet
.Ym
tuiN glaffuet.
achyuet a^
.
chid im agraget
Ny chif^
12
Gulad itimne.yfag^
xv^
B.B.C.
ro y maffvet
mal
.
deil ovla^
ac onyfguataul y
Riet.
Kyn gatteR ew
vet
in Ryred.
Ny
vir
drud nid
.
Nychk
.
uid
uo2e
nid eiftet
Bit
XVI
rid.amaRet. MeithriN
ph.y
lyffeint
coz-"
anadret.allev/
.
di teint
neud adwet Dy
.
.
una
heneint. alluidet.An
.
eiRolve ne mihagel
,2
xvi
ar ren
B.B.C.
new ran
adaR glas
in Rich
.
trugaret. Kinte^
Dyar
3
EreidiR
.
ich iguet
Guirt
.
mo2
brithottoz tiret
Ban
6
int
uy keReint inattwet.
bRin in tyno.ininyffet n
fo2t itelheR.rac
jcyn
ym
E
mo2 impop
33
crift
inialet
^
.
Oet
ffet
chuant
in car Itro^
det
ugeint
afeithcant
.
aw^
gid a
6
ant in un ozffet
crift
guiN.ny
.
fozthint
ve
s
vygilet
Rec aarchawe
.
nim nacccR y
dagnouet
y p02th ve trift
34
.
rof a
duv
Ambo
.
fozth
lo
riet
Crift
nybu^
12
B.B.C.
ythozffet:^
xvif"
ogonedauc
hanpich
argluit
guell.
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dicco de egluif.achagell. A.
kagell ac egluis
.
.
A. vaii'
fiN-^
ad a
.
diffuis
yffit
.
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haun
Due uch
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gult.
ac vn uch eluit
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gaud aR
wit
.
dit
A
.
SiRic ap>/
Athuendiguifte
fit
awr/
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tragiuit
.
vuchet
xy/i
-it
A ^vafcul
.
a femen. A.
3
ac etheR
llevreu a lly^
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red
.
A A
trined in
UN athRi.vn^
xviii^
B.B.C.
ed un ynni. vnguiRth oe
teithi.un
duu
diuoli.ath-"
uR'^
.
uolaf uaurri
maur dy
.
hidRi
crifti.
pater.
. .
&.
& fpu
domni on ad^
9
vn aDeu.yffi
tri
hep
x/x
^7
amriffreu.Duu yenv.inDeu.
D uu y env.
.
fiDuuyhuN.aunaethmaur^
th alluN.amafcul
abuN.ac
heul alloeR.allythir.ig.
12
Otyueti
wiR
csssscscsoscscs
douit
maur y
.
kinnit
aR y
.
caRdaud
Duu anamuc
.
Duu
angobeith
faud
fi
Duu
andyli
Duu
iP"
12
XX
29
ch
ir
gulet
ir
y varet ae
.
werindaud.Ym
paradui.
iry
ud
40
^A^'
B.B.C.
cnaud. Din a
collei
bel nafpRin/
Orcroc crevled y
.
deuth guared
ir
vedlffyaud
kad^
aRn bugeil
crift
renhin guiRthvIn
guirth
plant
f gdaud.
.
uchaw
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pen
7
adaw
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.
wir.
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owIr
id
pridaw.yDuv
.
10
maur y duv
.
llaur llaRiaw
y duv
y diallaw. pechu apechuis ada^ w. pechaud kin brand prydeR^ aw. Erbin oed ydit.ydel paup oe
XXI
41
lie
teccaw.
eR^
gadu y traethu traethaud yth vo^ li kin tewi tawaud. 2,c im cow.val
.
ioff.
dreic vffyldaud.Ban
dywu guas
14
duv diwarnaud
attav. ir imbrav.
16
B.B.C.
dirnaud
Canydoet hagen
Rothei o nebaud.
y rotlon.
a.
Gvnaeth duv
trv/"
y trindaud
Ymas
.
maeiftaud
ymae
in
3.
diw ^
attad
-'
lo
GwingaR
.
kar. gvar
guironet kedwi
irawallen
thi
.
Ny
chedwif eva
13
per.barauys duv.vR/
am y cham
nychimv ahi.guy/
Ryv
duted
ed-'
XXII
4,
deni
PcrIw new
apis
.
Idl.
impuet
.
voli.
Ban
y
Sew
eini
fo2t
/ Jnytoet arad'
ur in eredic
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y diwaud y trindaud keli ew ae mam dinam dauN owRi 3, gur guiN Turr guir gwydi ny a dav
. .
.
10
.
agueleifte gureic
amab
genti
3,diwed
thomet
in
13
ned hebti
ni
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3.r
.
gwerin
44
llin
kain kadeithi
xxu^
16
B.B.C.
y keiffav
keli.
,
Ydiwod vn
Vrth y gvR
.
guRthwn gurtharab
gowRi
ffi
.
duv oheni.Yt
oet inydiffrid.y.
12
B.B.C.
AX///
AC
J-
1 Mwin caer
yffit
ar Ian llyant.
Adwin yd
.
rotir
tev wy''
Gwaewaur
rrin.
gueleiffe guir
Rei adarwant
merch-'
bv.ir. 4
guarth.it
ad cozffant
Ad
Dit y deuthant.
Ac am kewin
llech
ocarantT"
^l^inas
maon duv
dafifar.
X)inaf maon caf vnbin teernet Kymynad degin. 12 afich heul agulich mervin
. ,
DinafmaoN
afich heul
.
14
0iad
lluid.
Ka''
deir deur
am
agl'ich
maelguN.
17 Morfryn a ganodd yr hyn y fyddfcrifenedicynyr wyih ddolen fy yn canlyn fely testiolaetha llewelin ap Cynfric dduyn y wedd
Merddin
niab
hon
'.
20
am Mhorfryn amau
gynt
hirfraint
Jw
46
'
win y
bid hi y
vedwen
Ac
auit
rid
pan vo. y
vochn^
3
gad
in
chimrevan biv
am
vy. Apheleidir
ar
dillad rution in
hi
ev
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.;...:....:.>
'Win y bid
Wil ban
y vedwen. ympimlumon. a
vit
Ac
awil. y.
freigc in lluricogion
id
ac
in
am gewin
iraeluid bv''
vynich invarchogioN.
vythuy @Win
.
in
ardud^
ac
arall
ar
.
tawuy
Ac
arall
14
amwall
am dwylan gwy Ar
.
saer ae gunel''
.
Arbenygaul mon ae
jcx/y
A/y
guledychuy
kadwal-'
adiR. kcRt
aganhwi. @^@@^@
pen p y chageu. puwaur maur weir
4
fallen
CO
Ami
difgoganave rac
^\%pchen machrev.
Jn diffrin
machavuy
mer-'
naud clefytaud
Aer o faeffon
ar
onn verev.
A guarwyaur
fe
pelre ac ev pennev.
.
Ami dyfgogana
12
y dehev. jj^
Pv
Ami
dyf^
is
am dias Penguern
.
kywetyrn.
am
gylch kyminawd
eryri
eri
kymyn
attkaf.]
leaf eingyl
gan pendeuic
48
18
A-^/f*
B.B.C.
pen
A pren
.
melin
a.
-'
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.
tra
run
Kymaethliff^
.
arwy
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Am
huN
. .
clet ar
wy clun Ac yg coed
.
10
Andaude adar
cly wir
.
13
02
arowuN.
H
thir
atif inllanerch.
yhange^
.
16
xxy
49
vt dulloet diheueirch
.
Nu nym
cari
guendit
a.c igueith
.
ary w
7
derit
oet eur.
Wy goathozch Kin
.
.
buyf aelav
hetiv
gan
eiliv eleirch.
^^3@^
/^ fallen pen. blodev effplit atiff inargel in ^^% argoydit Chuetlev agiklev inechrev
.
ir
.^
dit.
.^L-dit
in vn.
12
Och
ieffu.
nadyffv wynihenit
mab
guendit.
.
l^\
fallen
pen
atiff
ar Ian. afon
15
r~YL
.JL
r'y llu't
Trafu
jflLvm
puyll
.
waflad.
am
buiad inibon.a.
18
Bun wen
it
vif inym''
B.B.C.
xxy^
teith
gan
willeith agwillon.
Guydi da
d]^
ogan aditan
kertozton.
Nv nevnamguy.
dolev
am brozryv
brodozion.
Keliton.
Guydi
pozthi heint
1'^
^^%
JL
uit grat
pen blodev effplit.atyf igwerid ag^ hud yguit Difgogan hwimleian hwet^
.
.^^
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adiwit. id lathennaur
gan brid
gur^'
hid erwit.
wehin din
.
heolit arweit
fallen
pen apren
dan
.it.
gel
yg coed
.
Keliton.
Kid
heruity baton
16
adyuod.
. .
19
B.B.C.
xA-i^/
51
fallen
pen apren
.
fion
attif
ydan gel yg
ofer vit
coed Keliton
rwit
.
Kid
keiffer
he
3
y hafon
yny
.
del kadwaladir oe
ef
kin^
adyl.Rid Reon
in ar faeffon
.
Kinan inyerbin
kychw^
5
Kimry
gon
Kaffaud paub y
.
llauen vi bri.bry''
7
thon
hinoN.
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Clat in
lie
fit.
argel in arcoe^
Rac erwif
.
Ami
difcogan^
12
Hid inaber
dein kimry
oil
eiffillit
@@@@@@
xxvi'^
'4
B.B.C.
aparchellan
Oet
reid
myned
.
rac
OJan
erlid
Rac diuod
.
ny chuinune
ton naved.
Ami
difgoganafe rac
.
Rac vnic
bariffviN
ir
gvehin dived
llettcred
yn
ty-'
kin''
oechin gueled
ny
aparchellan
^ythrefred.
OJan Nyhaut
aryffit arnaf
.
kiffcaf.
Oes
imi
gan
ieffv gaffv
guaeffaf
.
Nym^
15
y dovit
indit
diwethaf
.
Yd
welefe guen^
eithaw
18
mvyhaw
XXVn
53
Rac
di
.
ofifin
Ar pimhed
Ef guna^
ac och in^
.
haud ryuel a
di.
dififfci.
Sc arfev coch
Ac
o ymlat
mab
a thad gu^
diffuif tre^
9
lad ae guybi
a myned
y loegruif
wi
Ac na bo guared
aparchellan
bith y noztmandi
.
Na uit hunauc
Ry OJan
uc
.
dibit
attamne chuetil
dyfrida-'
.
12
Meiri
diffon.
.
Kad
.
meirch
y^
15
danunt
54
ve.
xxvii^
B.B.C.
euguaev anoleithauc
dyhetauc
.
CRti
guell bet
A ffan /
rac
Kaer
fallauc.
g@
9
aparchellan
aparchell dyhet
Rimdyuueid OJan
uet
.
kyw
ta-'
Ban diholeR
guinet
SLc
12
guin OJan
Rymdywod
Pan
huimleian chuetil
amechrin
15
allyuelin aduit
mab
aRwarr. aw***
5S
xxviii
kychuin
Ban
foaro deinoel
mab dunaud
fozt
deinwin.
Ad
.
vit
frangc arffo
.
ny
ofin. Jn
3
Cochuet inev
nauc Oian
11
Y parche s
**
ffy.wiv. bitaud
in tev
.
keiffed
@g@@
.
An^
daude Oian
an
bit ni bluitinet
ahiR diev
Areiv enwir.
12
edwi fRuytheu.
llannev.
Ac
Kyuuely
is
anwinud Oian
panelhute yozuet
Bychan
.
xxviif"
B.B.C.
eife
neithuir o anhunet
EIri hid
impen
blin
clun.
gan cun
.
callet
Pibonvy imblev.
wy
Ryffet
.
Ry
dibit div
maur
dit guith^
.
lonet
Kywrug
hirell
Achivod
eU
6
in terwin guinet
Ac onymbit gan vy
trv
Ri
ran trugaret
vy
.
aparchan
Ny
bit
f diwet
llu
kywun Oian
er wyRtin
.
Ban kyhuin
aer oka'
Y harduy
nhin
aer llyf
trin
.
bitin
Ban
12
llather yfaeffon
y kimerev
.
Guin ev.
bid vy kimri
Nachufte Oian
.
is
ae cvn kyfruys
x*7x
ey
Kin
caflFael
aparchellan
3*
Bei
guelud Oian
fcute
aweleis o
.
degin
brin.
Nychy''
eifte^
caftell
6
4
Nychirchud
difTeith odiflfuis liN.
Ban
Oian
Ban
ev gueith ma'
.
ur
difibn
^riuha''
difgoga-'
no2tmin.yar
llidan llin
vit
ad
ud Ilurugev rac
.
waewaur Ami
imurth-
rin ina
gan
tegnevet onef .
.
vitinaur. a
hid laur
adir
.
12
ar vail o lun-
J[ chiurei'
dein adyattavr a mi
.
gwad
divahaur
aeth.
eg
Neb
ohaelonaeth nididolaur.
xx/x*"
B.B.C.
ev vy
bleit
lien imi
nyd
.
llonit
lluld yv.
.
vy
3
nim
treit
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diffont guir
bid ev
dit.@^@@
aparchellan. aparchellgawi.
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a'
OJan
Nac
Ami
O ki'
Advit
12
ew
tra thir
mynvy
15
eg
XXX
n minit
eluit
neud kin
Ami
difcoganaue
OJan
ruthir
.
An^
yo2efcinmon
:::::::::::::::>
aparchellan
maur
erifli
auit
impdeinac
.
nim
doibi.
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teiwi
.
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indi.
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12
inaelau eilon
@^^^
M02 ennyuet nabit un enhid
faeflbn
.
apchellan.
.
feil
kyurifO
difco^
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aemet Ac
.
arbrithon haelon
.
hil
kymuyet Ami
inhiR inhuir.VRidet.
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ma^
.
18
OJan
60
21
^^-^
Ami
vy.
difcoganawe
Kad
ar yton
A chad machav^
cozf mochno.
caerlleon.
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Achad abergwC''
tir
Achad
ieithion
Aphan vo diwed
.
tCRwin. y.
eiloN.
y VRythoN.
avit
.
y.
E<-^oian
Bydan
.
Moztruan.
diffeith difid.
Andaude
all^
ii
adar.myr.maurevhinni. Kertozion
teithi
.
an heb ran
deupi.
tluf
nyf
Rymdivodgwyllan
.
ryuet ev kiniweti
Ac y kywenv
am
dywiev
16
Ac imlat
intaer
dvylan tywi.
51
B.B.C.
XXXI
oian aparchellan.
Bychan
breichvraf
Andav
de
^
leis
diaf.
Kertozion allan
Heb
der.Deu
am tir.
oian aparchellan
Nym
dawe
kingid.
.
Oclybx
od
,
lleis
vy pen.
ur.
ma^
vy
id.
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kiN.
if^
10
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.
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gvilet
"^^ oian
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arywderit
13
ymi
Yr gueith
allyr
Ami
dyfgoganawe gOydi
henri. breenhin
16
xxxi^
B.B.C.
taw.
Ac arall
ar ty wi
ydav y dyved
.
ryvel
iti
gvir ny oztywna'
3
achav.
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gvitwal
.
ny
.
Ileffeint
heb
amozial
^ Betev
.
ae
6
agurien. aguriad
.
Bet
tedei tad
awen yg godir
no Bet
.
keri cletifhir
.
diffuis
graeande
.
tarv
tozment.ymynwent
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Bet
feithenniw finhuir
.
vann y rug
la
^n aber gwenoli.
tonnev
tir.
Bet
inllan
gwalchmei ympyton.
irdiliv.y dynetON.
is
Bet
gur gwaud
,
B.B.C
xxxii
6j
bet Kyri''
inergrid
.
on mab clytno
avon
.
idiN
Bet
.
ruN
mab pyd
in oervel ig
gverid
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bedwir
in
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feir^' 12
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bet kintilan,
kig''
i
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yramgant Ae
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mo2 ag0202
gwrif. bet
rvif
17
64
xxxif'
XC\s-r-
^s
hir.
cul
y bet ac yf hir.
in llurv
llyauf
am
.
bet
amada^
kin^
6
dieffic
mab pedur
penwetic
.
Bet
meilir
9
mab y bruiw
Run mab
12
drewred drav. ny
kiliei
mab meigen.
mad pan
mab
erbin iggweftediN.
17
6s
triN.
ouit
hir
yg guanas ny chauaf ae
pvy vynt vy
ceiffo
vy elated
6
bitei
.
drimif
yn
llvyr
y
.
guyr
lluoffit
llvytauc
uab
alyviafei luoffit
Pieu
ir
ig gurthtir
12
pennant turch
mab
15
lluofcar
rut.
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19
ac anau gueryd
rut
guynnaffed. yn yda
lliv
yn
llychur. ig ke.'
Hi uriauael bet
pen bet
alltud
bet kindilic
mab cozknud.
Neumduc.i.
ffevin
elffin.
y prowi vy bartrin.ge^
bet ruvaun ruyvenit ran.
9
vch kinran
12
Piev.y bet
.
15
Bet hun ahun gowin ymi mi ae guN. Bet ew. bet eitew oet hun abet eidal
. . .
hun
18
kanavon cylchuy
drei
i.meirchmei.
hir hydir
huN nid
.
aral
guythuch
ur''
3
ine-'
eili-'
cIun keiN.
Bet
talaN.
.
yg kinhen
teir
cad
wu
wu y amfer. Bet
toniar
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in
ridev.bet
Ruyw
12
y Rug
yi-'
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in llethir.y brin
llauer
mab
kinveliN
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deheveint ar
awon .yggURthtir
.
mathauarn.yftifful kedwiRca^
le
.
dam Bet
aron
nydo^
.
Bet tawlogev
18
mab
ymae
iny kyftut.ae
.
clathei
but
Piev ybet
ar Ian ryddnant
68
Run.y.
20
Oet
ef
Schen
bv
3
mein
it
amy tal.
tin
bet
En
eiwoir'
rydig-'
6
elvit
y maegurhyduf hir.
paup pan
Bet Wvy
dygir-'
9
id
lledneif. ig
kemeif
tir.
kin boed
iiir
tuw yeif.
Bet
.
chuertiiinauc braucbrid^
clidur. tra
wu ny bv eitilur
rallt
.
bet ebediv
gelin
am
trav
12
y lauer y
[Y Beddeu
15
verch hennin
ymae
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yndyuet
pi^
18
yn
ryt
cwl
ym
.
p2ydein
y ddiua
Pieu yr bed
yny maef
ab
benlli
21
mawr
gawr]
wiguifc
douit
duy poen
Ny gvnaho
3
duv a deweint
.
duhuned.a gothuy
yr dioteiveint
crift
mab duv
.
a duhuned pilgeint
ew
keiff
new
achirreiveint
imdiwin aduv.
gnaud
Ny naud ydireid
agaitt.
12
diffrid
Nycharaw alaw
od.
yf
haw
14
Din wuyf
itav.
eitavclod
(_^araw voli
yn
yrholl merthy^
Yduv
y.
breiTwil inpriffur
pop
.
pilgeint
rolre
Heb
coffav duv.
crfint
.
til'
CrblN.
12
y gueleife
achlut.
Eac
ut o
.
K.ac gereint
gelin dihad
15
lin
rv achles.
agelozaur
3
mvy nomeint
am iad.rac
mab y tad
ev.En
ev.
y llaf y gereint
.
guir
rillethid ve.Ua^
12
Oct
re rereint
dan vo2tuid
gereTt
ion blith.
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re rerent
15
gereint
17
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hit
.
rerereint
Oet
re rereint.
Oet
rerereint
dan moztuid.
glas
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re rereint
.
livid.
crift
10
Rthuy
XJ valch teeirn
12
adwi. F^ywel
kygho2
arvy.
Godrut y
15
dridauc heul.
Muyhaw
y treul.vchel kylchwy.
xxxvn
73
Tir
cur/
.
giilad inoigaiU.Dylfriii
liir
Kvy.
Dyucd dvycauN
KcrcdiciauN.kif^
7
ardudvy.
E lleiw
drav.ac abcrffrav.a.
dyu^anlivy.
chauc.
Riigil
yg goztuy.Tcgigilotal
arial aidvy.
rliilt
.
lo
CdcirnauN
Kiiit
.
ial,
Ryucl cb/
.
diffrlN
3.nant convy
Powis cnwauc
y^
3.c;hyLicllauc ac
XXXVli^
avo
B.B.C.
13
mvj'. Dj'fifrin
hawrcn.Kcri dj'pfcn.ky^
hiicllt.
vcn
veil vy.
CI wad
Maclcnit
Teir
inis
3,r tramozdvj'
Hyucl gul ^
5
pcnnic pcnn
o,
cdwiN.gur^
brccnhiN.dilywiN dcnvy.Drcic
am ^ vJ'fP
n
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13
(
xxxi^iii
opell
1
Guell yv noc vy
.
DipRyderant d
.
GweriN werid gwedy clevid crid achymvy. Ny dav metic hid ozph/
en bid. hid ynottvy. Hyuel haelaf.
vaureilaffaw gozefcynhvy.
faud hyuel uRth y hoewet
.
Cap
wy
Ry/
buchvy.
Vy
rypuched y colowin
10
milcant
IlugiRn deudo2
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lariaw
levaf teccaf
o adaw plant
(J
j
vaton.
mur gwerenic
.
am
tir
Ri reith kyw^
8
in ohil
ew
.
3.
vrten arnav
Rad
12
B.B.C.
77
aw archaw archvaurypiw
ut rac dyuar car kertaur
aur.
.
apis
new
allaur.Na^
7
ardypiRth ardipozth^
^ffuinaf
^ffuinaf y chnaut.
.
lo
goftec-'
13
ardy
ardy
B.B.C.
teulu teilug
Teernweilch pdein
.
yv
ataf,
6
vy
argluit.ergliv. wi.
Viw
kertaurjm ruw
.
Ruifc
.
mozkimlaut gurt
Ruiffirt kirt
.
kert vahaut
af^-
affuinaf ar wut
naw
diamhev.y dauN.
bid pyrfe.
fit
12
ymmared
drvi
a.
acred.
.
Kyd
14
hyt
fit
pan im keuerchyt
BBC.
16
XL
79
colan.
Mi
bu^
votl.
vy penhid.
am
tuyllaf ynnev.
10
mo2
.
pr}^ued.
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yf
13
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mo2 amluc
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guint.
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15
.
vneuthume
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bith nyf
am
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gunauN.
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pryued.
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am
creuyfe
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am
ncRth
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ned
etyl butic
bitaud ked
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myn^
15
B.B.C.
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guiN.Redech.
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trulN.
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ar lev
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daeaR
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pop
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fuynade inimdeith
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duv oiev
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.
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ny bo puR.
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o vet
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a Ryuetuda^
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gynaud
g^
15
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braud
gluid
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pinudon am
tir.
a brad ar /
2
bitaud ediwar
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kyuodi pilgeint
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adeueint duhunau
ac ymeitunav.
criftaun
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pop
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Erbarch o kyuarch
.
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9
kyuaenad GVledic
bil
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ar y parad
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kangulad
Can
vid pRi^
.
odaur
cauld
13
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canuid
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gq
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oth.
wt
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.
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pled dirad
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ellug
gollug oth
gualluf
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ga
.
llu
du digarad.
geneife
.
/I
wledic arbennic
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honaud
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aRa^ -
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reis.Nid eiffywed^
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Na
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12
neb nvy
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keis.
.
thi
85
xLiu^
B.B.C.
id.
Ry vetyleif. Jnadaud
wy Ren Rydamv^
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neis.Rydid imeneld.Reid
kendith
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mab gowRi
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guaffanaeth yargluit
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ac
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in
13
arechuit
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graean.
ar mir
ar
fir
fyweditiaeth
Beirnad
y dinwaP
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B.B.C.
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rI.
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hetiv.moli dyvR^
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thrcia.cud echwit.
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t-\
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XL VI
91
crin
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8
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B.B.C.
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aR Drud aRall
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13
affruiNcluymus
maRch
B.B.C.
xLvn
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cuvLiiur.achei
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Mi aeguadi.
athi aegueli.
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nt elel. affivyon
ell tni
Mabon am myd^
.
mab. Banon.
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ar
guelld.
Ac
anguas edeinauc
.
a lluch.
13
llauynnauc
din cyminauc
94
nel
theipoptri.
li.
Pan
colled kelli.caffad
cuek
Ar^
ew agura^
Ew
diffethach
ym
a. 7
chinbin.Pop cant id
.
cuitln. Id cvItlN.
.
Ar
10
th .kei ig
oe
ar
13
lav digulftlad
lleg ar lies
B.B.C.
gulad
Beduir
XLVIII
a Bridlav.
gr
15
Nau
cant guarandau
chuechantyeirth^
ambuyint
dial
oet
toft
y cynial
Pan
th
diheitaghev kei
gonint
Kei guiN
allachev.di''
10
we kadev.kin
dilein
13
lleuon
paluc.
yifcuid
oet
mynud
tud.
cRbiN cath
Pan gogiueirch
.
Puyguant
.
cath paluc
ei
16
q5
XLvnt'
B.B.C.
BO
SVL einoeth kiclev lew held pen jrethin pell ban j f^
.
o"
llaur
ny ffeid
| dauc. in
B'
5 '
*
2(
'
a.n if
coegauc
yffi
mozeurauc ahin
?
"^
p^
^
-
oed emendiceid
.
h'
|
"^
JB oed emendiceid
oe
JE3
ttv.
O
Si.
Oq
oed emendiceid
ligad oe penn. g.
guenn. attinvif y
ab lleinnauc unbew .@
ir
B oed emendiceid
ligad
guit glas
attinnwif y
12
Hid anhaut
.
dinam
eiroes
am
.
oes naut
g^-n
arbennic
llv
xL/x
ro"^
canyferchit
feidrad.
C B
anif naut
yuechit
guaur
py dv pandoit .@@@
aghad
briuint
penaur
.
pel-'
A
C
th kiuarchaw
in
.
hv yfcun gur ae
iv
ifcuid
dyechen .
.
urdilad
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lut
^g
10
anifti
gelir
g
12
N
N
ini
urthifru''
in id
yd wet
chr mo2
terruin trei^
16
aw
g8
Yfcithreid vy
AZ/A*
cann
ygan wyauaRvy.
kaer wantvy.
Rac mantvy
.
awelei
.
mygedaul
nut but
.
Gwin ab
Yftec vy ki ac
iflrun. a,c
02mach truinRut ba
iffamgiffredit
it
.
.
ffillit
aRnaw can^
Mi awum
lias
guendolev
.
mab
ban
ryeR^'
12
Mi awum
inlle 11a
bran,
mab
int breiN
gaRthan
Mi awum
He
llaf
15
llachev
B.B.C.
mab
gg
Mi awum
.
lie
llaf
mab
.
ban
ryreeit
brein ar cic
Ny buum
.
lie
llaf
gwallauc
mab
lie
.
goholheth teithiauc
attwod
lloegir
mab
ynnac
Mi awum
ir
lie lias
milvir pridein
.
02 duyrein
bet.
goglet
Mi awum
ir
duyrein
dehev Mi.
wi.
wiv
vintev yaghev.
.
Go2uc clod
Ty yd
car^
treif
i
13
Ew
her''
16
B.B.C
vywron kid y
.
lleinv
keudaud
a.c
inllvrv kyheic
.
vam
indev .Menic
it
Fechid
.
diRiftan
^^
ymelis
.
blis
am y kywrev
.
de ymi bv ewnis ^
nythadwaen mi ry'
.
ir
aber.
12
Mi nyd awinainaur.go'
new.
a.
15
beunit
LI
y tebic ygur''
10 1
B.B.C.
Ban deuaw
ir dinaf
athu^
,
ar diwanaf
tan agveli.
6
Vgnach yw.vyheno
talieffin
beitad
yg keRt kyueRgiR
trie
ima hid dy v
. .
12
14
102
^/^
B.B.C.
Oduryw
piiitmaurafcant.
.
Mur
eluit
Mai
teulv.
bann
Goduryw aglyuaw.
.
ar claur iei^ 6
.
Goduryw
a glivaw.
muR
gu''
madauc
in llith^
.
yn
.
lluithauc
iav BreiN
GoduRyw
.
agliuaw
ar
13
eglur.
Mai gavr
tozyw teulu arthur. Goduryw agly^ aw. ar claur vagv glyv. gloev mada^
B.B.C.
weir teulv.
Kyw^
in
Tariw
Rwy
.
10
miRt kyRt
kcRtozion
wobeith Rut
.
Ry
gelwid
.
leith
Ruid galon
y. 13
vogion diffeith.Rvit attaw attep vygo^ beith Rit wiffcoet weffgviN canhimte^
. . .
ith
llir
lledieith.i6
B.B.C.
104
Ruit y clod includav anreith. Rvtwo^ auc vaon ny oleith. Rad waftad gwif-^
don canhimtelth Ilawin aryrad.igkad ie^ cvnlleitlf llav efcud. dan ifcvd calchw^ "
.
#
^^'"
f^\'^
agar.okidw''
powif peues diobeith! Haul 5 dth. owIn gur ny miNN mabweith Hvil yf/ ^ ^" *^' cvn yfcvid pedeirieith^: Hael madauc. 7
reith. llev
.
.
'"
heirn henO
veuder anhyweith. Can deryv.DaRfv //am oeleith Can daeraud .Darw ked/
.
eith.
ymteith!
ledielth
diffeith
.
.
Oet
beirt-car.Bart
clvm
di
10
Oet cadaRn
ago2.
DywinmoJ
13
Oet hiR y truited Oethyged higar Oet llawar guyar. oe kywa-^ rweith! Oet buelin bias gwanaf gw^
.
aedreith.
ieith.
B.B.C.
Oet
kad^
jQc
lelth
Yg goleuder feint
^^L eithenhin
fawde
Yg
^
5
allan
ac edrychuirde vara/
7
mo2
terruiN
Boed emendiceid y
vachteith ae.
.
mo2
diffeith. 10
hir.
Diafpad mererid y
.
13
Diafpad mererid
am
gozchuit
heno.ac nimhaut
Diafpad
meu
uyiflauell.
gnaud guy^
vann
di traha
Bet
feithenhin fynhuir
Rug
(Enioeb
'ec
msibon
Iljtoarcl)
lim.
calch hen
ozeu
diffin
ev
treuad
Cithir
.
ac erthir
a.c
tri
aghimen.
llev. ac araO.
B.B.C.
i/y
07
^ary
gjmun
trin ryuel
.
adun
cledir
kad kanvill o
.
asandew. @gs@
.
bankirchuid
mug
.
ma''
@@
Kywarvan am
.
cavall
kinlluc
meu
gerit.
mi ae gozuc.
@^
12
Nyduid
15
s@@@
B.B.C.
108
^^f'"
its Compounds.
* The work done on the Verb Substantive in Old Irish has suggested the Welsh paradigm, here offered tentatively. The references are to the text of this book with certain illustrative instances from the Books of Aneirin and Taliessin, as well as the poe/ry in the Red Book of Hergest. The usage in prose must be examined and compared before arriving at a final classification of forms like handes, boet, and compounds of bwyat, bid. In the older Welsh poetry bySav, as well as bint and its compounds appear as futures. The pluperfect is unknown. I owe special thanks to Prof. Strachan for suggestions, and for sympathetic criticism.
Present Indicative.
1.
2. 3.
wif 78-2, 798 vif 5019 viw 79-8, 102-9 ; wi ICX3-6-8 ; oef50'2. ^. andwyf 15-22. 7a/. mitOyf 19-22 mydOyf 71-23. R.B. ydwyf 168-35-40 yttwyf 23-/^ handOyf 12-27. wyd. vid 77-10, 8511, gi-5, 92-6, 108-13 "id 85-12-15, 108-13.
Wyv.
deryv 1-3, 105-8 woriv 17-4 paniv 98-6. Tal. yttiO 12-23 dei-yO 27-10. Laws eu 85 ; yhu 98 R.B. iO lyij ; eu panyhu 104 henyw 76. 12-22 yOr 24-77 nyt ydiO 938 kennyw 172-10. p. mac. 2b-y(), 63-13, 69-5-14, 82-7. y. oes. 21-13,34-1, 5313, 97-15. ra/. dices 13-24610. fis 99-7; 565-1. h.ys = \x.is = k<TTl=^is. 337-5,53-12,65-1 70-15, 81-7 ;yss 99-7;, *. yssyd= there is. Yssit Tal. 27-9, 28-18-25, 33-21. R.B. yssit 11-13.
; ;
yw.
yv
id
f.
1).
Yssit 35-6, 41-6, 53-1 1, 66-2, 87-12 yssyh = 'who, which, what is. 53136-12,37-10,41-6-9,97-3; yssy 56-7, 69-19; issi 38-6, 39-11 L'S5i 38-5. An. si 5-18. ossid=if there is. ossit 59-22 Tal.
;
od=if it is. ot R.B. 1-23. nyd 59-2, 62-8. [-98-14 nid=itis not. TTio, 8-8, 26-11, 53-6, 68-2, 82-4, 867, 899, go-2,,( 3 pi. _)'/. yd ynt An. 2-15, 14-14, neut ynt 27-17. Tal. nyt ynt 26-14
6.
i.
;
1.
2.
ydynt2oi4,6o-i5. R.B. ydynX. 17-8; ot ynt 21-34; derynt Imperfect Indicative. oehwn. oetun 23-11 24-5. v4. oedwn 3-7. oebud. oedut An. 2ri8 R.B. ivj/.
; ; ;
16-28.
3. oe8.
pi.
37-19 oefyn,
ytoed 7-16. Tal. am dioed 19-17. R.B. handoed 171-^. oetin 9414. An. oedyn 13-2, 364. Tal. oedyn 14-24, oedynt 67-26. R.B. hannoedynt 16-7.
;
oet 1-9, 11-2, 34-2, 46-6, 49-17, 54-1, 66-15, 67-17, 69-1, 72-73, it oet 20-11 ; 3'2, 94-96, 105 oeth22-i3, ?66-5 yt oet 45-11 ; nid oet 1086 ; ad oet 46-5 ; canydoet 43-2. ^.oid 34-21-22,
-t.
Abnormal Imperfects.
3sg. Bwyad. buiad 507. ^ 3 sg. Byhat 1215 R.B.
a.
AA
12-5, 17-3-5-31.
y.
3 sg.
Buei
N2 ^^^
109
Imperfect Indicative
isg.
&
Conditional.
Byhud. vytud iy2. 3sg. Bybei. bitei 65-17, 667, 68-2. ^. bydei i8-20, dy- 5-4, hu- i6"3 ; [bithei 3573 pi. ^^-ayn;?. uitint 963. A^.bydynt 12-35.
By&wn.
Tal.
bydOn
59' 14.
2 sg.
Future Tenses.
I
sg.
Byhav.
^j/Sy.
bitaw 97-4
vytaw
79-5.
dy-
2sg.
by8y/?.A
15-36.
[bydaf
;
19-13.
53-8, 55-4, 56-11, 57-6-8, 60-11-13, 70-14, 79-16; bid 52-5, vit 4-3, 47-8, 51-15, 522, 6r6,88-io-i2, 97'i6, loo-ii S4'8, 59-5 ; ad uit 55-16, vit 562 ; yd uit 88-12 ; dybit 55-10,
dyuit 938; rybit 51-11 rydybit 54-12, dim gorvit 52-5, -uit 5rii, 59-4 digorbit 52-14 Tal. dydybyd 42-20 deruyd guibit 76, 472. 18-4; deubyd 17-17-24; bieiuyd 18-5. R.B. hubyd 13-27. Tal. bydant 21-21; dybydant 3 pi. Bybant. vydant An. 3018. 26-12. Laws, bydan 75 bedant 98.
;
/3.
Byhiv. \Cp. kuynhiw 100-15. R.B. mudif ir/o.] Tal. bydif 57-12, 58-11, &c., gOydif 63-21. 3 sg. Bythawd. 'bithaud T\.; bitaud 56-7, 58-13, 82-9-13, 85-3; bytaud82-iri5. 7>i/. bydha(it78-7 bythaOt 76-10 bydaOt 10-27. /?.^.bydha()t 20-29, dy- I74i4 bythaCtt 18-3 byda()t5-9, 17'^^
I
sg.
pi.
Byha6nt. Tal. 78-5 c/. gOnahaOnt 13-9; meShaOnt 78-6. nuch= aOnt 78-1 pebyllyaOnt 77-15 cuinha&nt deflebunt. Juv. Gl.
;
y.
3 sg.
3 sg.
3
pi.
adwi 7'3-i3 dybi 60-9, 62-16; g"ybi 54-9. An.h\ 1-5 vi 12-12. Tal. bi 312; atvi 16-12-13; dybi 426, 3315 dyui 72-20; dj/mbi 76-8 deubi 3-9 dyderbi 77-23, -pi 17-18. B.B.hi 1-14; deubi 20-44 dybi lyiS dyvi 2 34 dyderbi 2-2 ; dyworpi 5-18. Biawd. Biaut R.B. yi4'37.
Bi.
bi
5815,
;
vi 52-6, 84-8
;
dorbi6o-8, 62-14
;
deupi 61-13
;
Bint.
13-11.
bin
An.
14-5.
R.B. dybyn
176-18.
Tal. bint 64-22 ; dyfynt 59-10 ; dyozfyn Bitit is app. Imper. in Laws 17-8.
Bid=is wont
337,107-15.
to be.
-/?..5.
Bid
19-1-2,
;
266
deruhid 91-14
handid
bid 8-1-36
derffid 15-13.
pi. f
Bidan
5-4.
Present Imperative.
;
3 sg.
/3.
bid 47-16, 52-5, 79-12 uid 59-9. boed 462, 97-5-11, 106-7-9. -An. poet 13-18,23-12, 3 sg. Boed. Tal. boet 4-20, 17-20, 28-20, 30-10, 42-26, 44-9, 46-21, 27-19. poet 18-23. J^-B- boat 24-8, 173-30 poet \o'42. [SUBJ. 698]. *See note on futures in -aud etc. on page 112, lines i 10.
there be.
;
Bid^let
10
B.B.C.
Preterite Indicative.
1.
Bu-um,Blim.
Bu.
buum
uum
7'8
pir
2.
3.
^- 26-14; vuost
12-3.
[wu-uf 22-12.
I.
3.
dyuu 664, -fu 402, -ffu 50 13, -wu An. dydaruu 15-17. Tal. deubu 71-25 dybu 51-7, 66-11 dyfu 108, 19-14, 739 dymgofu 74-6. R.B. kanvu 22-6 goruu 225 gOybu 22-16. Buam. vKam 101-4; darfvam 105-8. R.B. 170-6 vuam.Buan, -t. uuan3-5 want 34-5 daruuan6-ii ;darwant46-3. Buant An. 6-17, 9-3-10, 21-7. Tal. 4-16, 6-2-9, 24-16, 53-22 dy- 6-3.
69-11, 88-14
1062; darw
45'lo.
;
bv 42-2, 46-4, 577, 69-11, 72-15, ; fv 21-5, 42-2, 998; ffv 2113; wu 68-9,
;
105-9
42-14
guybv
;
1.
41-12
vwyf
;
27-11.
7a/. bOyf
100-15
2.
3.
I.
;3.
Tal. vych 27-25. R.B. vych 1-38. vo 47-2, 62-4, 74-13, 83-5, 102-8-12 U08-5 ; aduo 86; atnappo8-2 darffo 83 dyppo 90-10 gorpo 17-4 Tal. darffo 19-2 ; yf po 106-2. An. deupo 615, 7-1318, 2021. diffo 57-11 dyffo 10-12, 11-813, 16-7; gOyppo 43-24. Laws darfo & ryfo 9-2 pyeufo 91, 95, g6 byeyfo 78 hanuo 76. R.B. atvo 16-7 diuo 21-16 dyuo 1627 g02po 176-19. vom 79-12. R.B. 19-25. diffon 60-8. 3. Bon, -t. vont 55-4
Byck.
Hanpich
35-2, 37-6.
Bo
3 sg.
pi.
gOypOy R.B. gorpOy 169-28. Bwynt. B&ynt Tal. 5-15, 10-19, I3'22, 77-9. Imws buynt 97, 1 19. R.B. bOyn 12-7, 13-20. Cp. kafftynt 20-24, rybrynhOynt 20-/J.
;
;
Bwy.
?bvi'r69;2.
Tal.
?anb0y'r7-5
dyu&y6o-ii
28-26.
\.
Bewn.
3.
Past Subjunctive. 1 Bei ys cuypun 81-13. 1-38. ^ 41-1, 53-2, 56-5, 58-2, 75-11, 8ri2, 968; vei 18-4-8, 68-2; uei 97? kyffei 87-12. An. pei 26-18, 35-9, 37-6-21 dyffei 2-3.
BetOn
;
.ff.5.
dy-fei 3-8,
-ffei
13-20.
Beynt.
-T Preterites.
1.
Douth-um
Deuth-oste
22-13
23-7,
gwneuth-um 81-14
;
imteith 22-10
[7a/. ceint
876, 8813
; ;
Aeth
pi.
deuth 41-3, doeth 44-15, daeth 3-2 gwnaeth 38-7 ry maeth 87-6, 92-13 diffirth 4012; kymirth 40-12; cant 701-13, 103-2; guant 956, 96-11-14, deuth-an 2-8, -ant 466, doeth-an 3-9, 4-5. [gvuni 69-1.
70-10, 97WZ
;
;
B.B.C.
J I J
Some of the less familiar forms of Verbs. The characteristic of the Subjunctive Mood,'& of the Indic.
Futures in -aud, -aur, -tor, is h=-%., e.g. Present in -id car/zuiw ioo'i4, llun//ich 847, can/<o 84"5, gweWvy 74*2, digon^om 30'3 gunel/iont 60 4, ffo/>er 56, prin^ei 4ri, torr//id 99"3, briuAaud 589, tal/iaur 31 '12, kenhi//or 527. b + h = p. adnaiod: atna;>;>o 8'2; scuio gosgu^id 89'i2; achu^vy 75'io. d + h = tt. orfi oid 89 norfi nottvy 767; gai/u gaer 31 '5; dyaaur58. ! + h = th. byS: biMaud7'i; eisteS eisteMosS's; roSi roMid 93'io. g + h = cc. edmy^u etmyaur s8'i3 ma^ meccid 90^4 [teav 42'3]. v4-h = ff. darz'od: dar^ 8'3; dyvod dy^o io'i2 cq^aho 70*9.
;
; ; ; : : ; :
&
Pres. Subj.
I sg. Canhuyw yg'6 karhwiu ioo'9, carhuiw ioo'i4 (credwi/it 79'i4) dywyccviff 83'i5. 2 sg. Cenhich, delhich, llunhich, yscithrich 84"6-g. canho 845, ceisso 66'5 coffaho 70'9 dalho 3 sg. Bendicco 35^3 7'i I dehoglho 74 dirmycco 709 eistetho 585 ; erlinho 8'8 gwelho 7'6 ; gunaho 70^3 rithao g2'i i roto 29'i2 ; tragho 7o'9.
:
/3.
achupvy 75'io
ry- 73'i5
; ;
creddoe 5315; canhwi 48-3; cothvy 706, eirolve 32'i2 gorescynhvy 76'8; gwelhvy 74'2 guiftlvy 75'5 guledichuy 47'S, 48'i, 59'i6 gunelwy 47'i5 harhowe 482, -ovy 59*15 nottvy 767 treithvy 75*3.
;
dirchafuy 59'i4
1 pi. Diwyccom 3o"3 ; digonhom 303 ri phrinom 88'i5. 3 pi. Canhont33'6; gunelhont 6o'4 fafont 6i'i2 vvnahont 61T5. /"rtWiV^.-Briuher 5"5 keisser 5 ri 5, 52"2 elher 33"i2 ffoher 5'6 gwatter iori4 guelher 2'6 naccer 34*9 llather57-2 prouher 6'i.
; ; ;
;
PastSubj.
96-8;huarhei95'4;llathei68'3,95i,96-8;prinhei4ri;rothei43'3. Briuhid 3 sg. Pres. Ind. in -id. cp. Absolute forms in Old Irish. dyrcheuid 82'iri3; 9i7'io, 99*3; kirchid 917; kynvllid lo'ii
;
gosgupid 89'i2
67'i9
3 sg.
io'2
;
gulichid
;
9r3
Uicrid 89*2
;
meccid 90*4
; ;
mekid
;
*reghid 14T0
toid 89*3
;
1,
in -aud. Briuhaud 58*9 kaffaud 52'6, 768 ; cluttaud dyr-chavaud 48'i2, 53'6, 60-9, 6ri5 gunahaud 54'4, 6o"ii Uettaud 25-6 ry Uettaud 59'i4 parahaud 100T3 reddaud Pres. barywhaud 897 58'!. blyghaud 1012, gvyrhaud 87'8 ? daeraud io5'9 ? duraud ii'i. | cp. amas, axaat. 3 sg. Futures Passive in -aur, -tor. Canhaur 58"9 didolaur 58-16 ; dileaur 606 divahaur 58'i5 dy dygettaur 25'8 dyattaur 58m uolaur 37'4 talhaur 3ri2 etmyccaur 5813 godriccaur iori5 kenhittor 527 megittor 62-5 Pres. brithottor 33*5 rewittor 93'9. Sigmatic Subjunctive. 3rd sg. Pres. duch 40-5 As duch duw yny dangneuet, Addl. 14869, 45b-i ; Boed ef an duO an du6ch attaO, t Tal. 28'2o. Gwares R.B. 1-35.
;
Future
dir-,
;
Imperative.
beloTV,
112
B.B.C.
PALAEOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
The
following
Paleographical Notes
readings of the Manuscript, not necessarily with the correct forms of words, much less with the meaning of the text.
read these Notes should do so with a copy of the Collotype The subject of every note is the italicised
portion of the word, or words, at the head of every paragraph. contractions are used for brevity.
altd.
The
following
altered
app. apparently
cler. clerical
cp. compare
err.
error
written
hd. hand
Ir. later
line
tsuggested by J.M.J.
is
The
MyrtiN.
first
page
is
gall-stained
exception of the
first
word
This
the
"^
VI genhy'.
corner, to wit, trace of the colour (red) left. this MS. to indicate an omission.
Under
omitted
there
is
in ca</uan
is
a smudge only, while in '4 the , under the by a Ir. hand neither has therefore been
:
reproduced.
r; kyulrtuan.
r6
tryuruyd.
illegible.
17 Talyes. A horizontal stroke over a vowel usually denotes or n Iiere it stands for sin. Read Talyes.y2>z.
:
'9
tozyuu-.
The second
is
half of the o
is
undoubtedly t02yuu = t02yw (mod. toi/). Here we have an instance of " double u " used for a/, hence the origin of
the
word
= ena/ire8.
Final
Welsh orthography.
2'2 ineutur
i.e.
in
or at DeuSwr.
in
syllables
and n
unaccented
cawyll,
calefl?a=cala, but calei.f, descert'o = discyu. the proclitics an, yn, wyn ( = fyn) are joined to Similarly words beginning with d-, the </is assimilated. Hence \n + a'eutur
when
is
not accented.
iyffrin 65'i5, iywinder 68'8, yigabil 85"9, iyganhvy wyihenit 50'I3, wivywron ioo'i6, vy ruc 24'2. The B.B.C. observes this as a rule, but it also has instances such as in nvfin
Compare
47'4,
87"5, as well as
the noun
vy^/arogan, etc. \ineutur may also be rendered in two or read in eu iur=mod.yn eu twr. towers,
:
kyulaun. Metre and rhyme seemingly require kyulauan.' = mod. vvAn\ = rad. buant. 3'5 \x\xii.xi 37-4'l. The order of the words is indicated by the marks
3'2
'
Read: Trwy a thrwy, rhwy a rhwy, y doethan Traw a thraw, im doeth braw am Elgan. Hitherto printed bra, which makes no sense: rhyme 4'i braa. and reason require bra/< = braw. The scribe also wrote bra, wh. some Ir. hd. altd. into n by joining the hmbs at the top. Cp. \V2. Wr. over erasures the writing i,'i Llat dcjuel oe diuet kyu\a.va.n.
; ;
is
therefore blurred.
4'4 wnaethan/.
proves that
Covered by the rubric paragraph mark. The rhyme n was silent, in words of more than one as early as xiith century, and was often omitted, as in syllable, the verbs doethan, darparan, etc., and in nouns like Morgan,
final / after
4'9 wuchit
5'
I
= rarf.
[dyffryn, etc.
darpan = darparan.
guadlan.
5'2
p = pa>- as well as p^r. The verb here is Scr. err. for guardian.' \darpar. Cp. 47. There are traces of an erasure between t and h.
App. 'diw' should be read here. The MS. This page, wh. is dark and dirty, ends the first quire. is defective here at least one quire is lost.
:
8'
10 reuu/.
Wr. app. over an erasure which extended beyond -et. This page, wh. was once an outside page,' is dark and dirty.
'
114
B.B.C.
9'
Devs
Ten
:
rymawy awen.
Rm
should be
Ri?fn,
elsewhere
Compare: Rymafei biO blith yr haf. Rymafei edyftraOt y gayaf Rymafei win gloyO ac oleO. Rymafei torof etc. Tal. 707-9. Altd. letters, and consequently abnormally formed, 9"5 trybetoaud.
especially the a. a faint way, as if
the metre requires, and the word is, a dissyllable. Ren nef rymawyr Ay wedi. Tal. yi2.
The / is joined at the top to the following t in made by a pen when the ink was all but ex-
hausted.
other instances.
si'n,
The doubling of / after s is not usual, but there are The rhyme demands -aud. Cp. Book of TaliesAtozelwif flamdwyn vaOz trebyftaOt. is a notch in the vellum here.
6o'i3
97 Amha;/. There
9'ii kywatus.
Cp.
I5"3.
abnormally formed: a is quite small and in the position printed in the text s was or. wr. f. The alterations look old. The scribe probably wrote kyz/ataf=kyva8as.
is
:
me by
The
cynghane8 demands a
c here,"
must, however, confess that I have failed to see ca in the MS., these letters are too ill-defined to be sure of anyconfirms
I
may be compared
no doubt as
to the
in
trybeflaud above.
or about the
acumen of the
|
suggestion.
|
Read:
ked kyvaSas cas amSiveid. Even if there be no other instance of the survival 9"i2 amti/eid. of m = v in the B.B.C., still I do not think the MS. permits us to read amdia/eid, as suggested to me. 912 Cathyr. Four-fifths of the C is formed normally, but there is a tag at the end (possibly added later), which converts it to a character more like G than any other letter. See Facsimile, and Perhaps cp. i6"3 where the tag, inside the C, is merely a dot. both cases are instances of clubbing, common at the end of c and / Prof Morris Jones suggests that Cathyr is the in the B.B.C. form, and Cethr a form deduced from the pi. Cethri where original
kerd kymwynas
the e
is regular, caused by the termination. Cp. the Latin See Silvan C^ntr-um with Cathyr, and Centum with Cant. Evans's Dictionary, s.v. Caihrain, to drive with a goad.
B.B.C.
115
10- 3
Cp.
i2'3, 36-6.
(For A^zz/rfsee
R.B. i424'8-9.
[here.
in
lo"3'6 >iyhid...wofco2d.
There
is
a notch
the vellum
Or. wr.
Metre requires 4
Cp. braa,
syllables.
Read:
ir2 braaduriaeth.
1 1
4'i.
'4
ir8
Cp. Gwr a aeth (ana) = mead-feast.' gatraeth gan dyd. ne Uewef ef vedgwyn vei noethyd. Aneirin, 4'2. Note the formation of t and c in the Fac, and observe how closely
ine/n'in = me8
Gvytbui/.
+ cwyn
'
in
The
capital
ATs
in this
the end of
first
line,
page, with the exception of the one at were are formed as if two elongated
00
unknown
to
me
in
other
Welsh MSS.
and
93'ii.
nevfinv.
An
12-8
doet^
Modern.
vron.
I2-IO
Mynv/nad
'
f=ff. Wr. probably by Dr. Davies. As the scribe has left out the line which
affirmative particle.
' should follow, it is, perhaps, unwise to suggest myn viwad vron.' The over i (which answers to our dotting) is late.
i.e. organ, from Lat. or^num, as ar/an from ar^^ntum. vahanieth. This spelling probably represents the pronunciation 13-5 of the scribe, and prevails still except in GwyneS and Glamorgan. Final unaccented ae became e very early in the greater part of
13-5 022an,
adwa^n, and in proper names like Ithd for ludh^zH. to 13-6 Scribes were in the habit of leaving spaces for big initials, be afterwards filled in by the rubricator, who often corrected mistakes, and patched certain capitals. The scribes however
for
'
Wales adwen
in the early
MSS.
it
is
wrote small
'
the proper
letter, either in
See Facsimile. blank, or in the margin as here. Read: az'rthen = ? derivative of ^zVA^. 13-9 zKrthen. ** The distance between 'i' and the flanking limb of 'u' is, as a rule, above. greater than that between the two limbs of the u.' Cp. efmuith, '4
left
'
116
B.B.C.
vebin=//. of maban, of which baban is a mod. doublet. paraad. Boggled letter. Or. wr. rr or re There can be no doubt about -rtW being the correct reading the rhyme requires it. The old stem diphthong ai = medieval ae, as in i4'5 Ryhazt.
I3'ii
14-3
:
dyhrt^tei 24-
1,
in di-h't, 96-9.
'
Possibly an older form of the 3rd sing. m. termn. of the prep. ihaw. Cp. \xx.\xt and u8u see Note 49-50. More like n in MS., but the rhyme needs u. I4"6 niMt.
:
5 '9. 90'S
cluir,
= ? closet.
a monosyllable.
Note
15-1-10 Repetition with slight verbal changes. Cp. 9-5-7. 16-1. Cadir wober t yv. dissyllable rhyming with dirper. 1 6-2 Kanholicion i.e. Kan holicion =//-6>2 suppliants.
16-3 Cau.
Facsimile^
i6-6
C, but
detached from
it.
See
16-4 kyuryff;
Kywreneirch = tkyfr-eneirch,^r^^/z>?f.f. Cp. Cyfr-goU. 17-7-10 This Englyn was wr. in the second half of the xvith
86660-14,78-14.
century.
The
18-4
curious should
it
compare
(vol.
ii.,
this
Skene's reading of
p. 315).
gyKerkinan = A//i6i tgwyuerkinan. See -8, & Note 4-1. 18-4 am.y.gylchin = y amgylchin. 188 Ac z/ei. vei. paup. The abnormal late line (see Fac.)., drawn from the top of the second limb downwards across the first limb, is a xviith century attempt to change v into/, thus reading 'ac
kc
z/ei
The
tri
|
line is
however a
|
syllable short.
Readk.z
|
trychant tavaud
'
is simply the impf. subj. of the verb 'to be,' with the consonants hardened, a mark of the subj. It occurs also as here with rad. b softened into 'v,' an unusual mutation after ac' Still ac vei is the same as 'a phei.'"
'
'
And were
it
'
'
'
Guae
ti
Omit.
the n
is
app.
Read: Guae
B.B.C.
J I
= = 197 nsv duid nevd \i\d moti. yr wyt. Trvach. Comparative of trv, 577. Synonymous with i9*lo derivative truan, the word in common use. Cp. /ruga.T.
iQ-io llogyl-m\.
its
= ilocul-\xs,
i.e.
coffin
viooA = bier.
207
kyuef. Cp. kyn kywefc daear kyn gozwed r byt oafun gododin bed. Aneirin, I9'3. Cp. also the doublet iorms prysc and prys
chlat
I.
na
im
prifc,
20"io-i
The
wh. rhymes with^w'j and kyfruys. See 57'i5. writing of these two lines is a trifle smaller than in
pagetype one
size larger
MS.
2
1
better.
"2
Prit prinudechant
= ?i5i/.
22"i
moe y
diwwaffute.
%
mwy
dyfnasut-/i.
22"!
In the first verijo, the Irish Sea, and later the sea generally. sense it came to be wr. Weryb in the XVlth cy., and Weryh in the XlXth." J.M.J.
Mor
Mor
In or. hand. t Should be gurth as Cp. 84'i2. Cp. Mod. wrth na 6uost= since thou hast not been. From Latin humil-is. 22'4 vffil = uvil.
22'3 gu^rth.
22'4-5 creirev na.
or. wr.
In the Fac. something like a letter appears between these two words. The vellum of the original MS. is greasy here, and an/on p. 21 'shows through' at this place.
a.
225
227-10
top
almost a u.
end of the corresponding lines on the opposite page, are somewhat smudgy, because the MS. was closed before the writing on page 23 was dry.
22'i2 pir
23'ii,
wuuf=pyr vw^. 247 dodath. t' Perhaps from *do-ate-act-, a past participle In the verbs aeth, gwnaeth, pass, used as pass, verb, was put.
The
if
page
as
24'!
I
perfect active.' writing (i.e. the strokes forming the characters) of this in particular, and of page 25 in a lesser degree, is 'open'
is
done by a fatigued quill pen, or with insufficient ink. keugant kywraghauwz. wide kywiffcaran. Read: tkeugant kyfraghaw wedy kyfyscarwn.
|
118
B.B.C.
Or. wr. ^, but alt. into ^, app. by the scribe. 24"i3 ^inatlet. Sen err. for Uuch a tharan.' 25'5 Uuch a thar/an.
'
26" 1
beddrael.
Rad.
= Mons Olivar-nm, or mynyfi yr OlewyS. Silvan Evans corrected xed\t to "v^it," a form not found in the B.B.C. See Skene's Four Ancient Books
of
Wales., vol.
'
ii.,
329.
MynyS
Olifer.'
Myv.
354''.
of the Triads in the 27'8'9ii. therefore not reproduced. See Fac. IT 11 fil'. k. = fil/a.y K^advan.
28' 1 3.
The numbering
MS.
is
late,
and
With
is
this line
The end
of the
last
Triad
29'
I
wanting, and evidently one or more quires are missing. inwechrev. Altd. App. the scribe caught himself in the act
first
limb of n,
at top
into something
is
= 2nd
[doubled.
2g'6 er-gynan, bespoken, renowned. Gueinvod im gozod. G'-7/(7(/= sheath-like abode, the 307 Gorod is probably a cler. err. for tgor/bd. grave.
Ym
30T0
graget.
'
'
ga/raget.'
3 1 '2 Gae.
note on 41
32'2 maret.
Abnormally formed, and more like n than , unless is applicable here. Sense requires u. Cp. Red
i
Book of Hergest,
i9o'29.
32'io After 'Dychricha croen diuiffet,' one line or = a7/z'ant, z>. a vuant. 34'5 awant
more must be
[wanting.
ny bu
bw
i.
35 3-8 a.
fact that we have ^agell, T/aftad, Teir, proves that used as a contraction for the formula of 2. The simple conjunction would give RiT/^angell, a^aflad, a//^eir, and would not be followed by a full stop.' 5^ 35'io 36'8.
this a. is
'
The
N.B.
for
i.e.
a''th
vendigwys respectively
in cyhydeb
naw
ban,
B.B.C.
1 1
3S'6 gult.
We
2i.
want here a
dissyllable, a If guit
word app.
as one
= grwynt,
36'8
= 3.ihuendiguijle.
35'3-8.
Note the
perhaps, older
From
in
Latin masculus
Lat.
a.r\A femina.
See
38'8.
36'ii-i2 in
contest.
celt
= in
coeli for
in
ccelo.
The
groves of 'holly'
'
too absurd to
It
Duw
celi
'
means simply
a:
God
of heaven.'
may
and ce were written simply ^ or e in late Latin. The genitive celi was adopted as a Welsh word, and used indiscriminately for all cases, and sometimes did duty by itself for 'Deus coeli.' Cp. 37'8. = fpzW/u. Cristi, pater, fili, and spiritu are in various 37"8 fpu
be necessary to
state that
cases, all used here as vocative. 38'io auneth. Cler. err. for 'aunaeth'=a wnaeth.
38'!
I
wax
tablets.
39' I finhuir,
4o"3 vuildaud
40'S
An
4ri3
43"S y
devit.
Altd. letter.
mas maeiflaud = in the field of honour. Mas is a scr. err. for ma^s and maeifiaud \s the Lat. ?naiestdt-em. JCp. Tal. wq.
;
20
B.B.C
43'6 adwin.
in
the
hd. has wr. something resembling over mrts = ma^s, -5 above, diwin (which is the negative of gwyn) = sullied, impure,
same
'tThe metre requires diwin duw a diziiin.' a diwin. ? omit both as, wh. make the lines 43-6-7 a diwad 8 syllables each, and do not help the sense. However, this may be an Englyn iyrr a tho^eid, wh. has 10, 6, 8, 8, syllables.
unblessed.
438
brad.
Sense suggests a
brawd.
Read: Y'maes maeiftawd y mae moli a diwyn godi Difad pechawd, wyd weSi,
i ;
Duw
Diwyn
It is
celu brara/d
is
cell.
God
him
praised
;
hurtful to offend
Ungodly
It is
43"9 guenglad.
guengz/lad,
idi
i.e.
gwen^vlad.
4316
44"io
ogylleftic.
idi.
o gyllestric.
44'i apis
impuet = a p^ris
Cp. Taliessin^jb-i^.
i
ym
p^ruet.
iti
ywin
Ile/ztir.
iti.
= wt?^^.
:
ofyn
i8i.
44'i5 hnni.
45-6
Sic in MS. Cp. lle/nir, 67-3 lle/dir, Aneirin, 23-15 ; llannerch yn lUudir mervynyawn, Mvv. i6l*-24; & Ue/^tired. 45'8 Kai z>. ka-i, a dissyllable, = A'(2z. See 44' 16. [Tli/. 77'2i, &c. Sic in MS.=paup er y chwant, or pawb i ry 46-2 paup y chwant.
Yn
chwant.
But
cp. 44-8-16 of The Book of Taliessin, wh. reads AduOyn gaer yflfyd ar Ian Uiant. AduOyn yt xoAx y pa6b y chwant.
Gogyfarch ti nynet boet teu uOyant. GOaywaOa ryn rei aderllyjjfant. DuO merchyr gOeleif wyr y^kyfnofant. Dyf ieu bu gdartheu a amuf;ant. Ac yd oed vaiger coch ac och ar dant.
Oed lludued vynet dyd y doethant. Ac am Gefyn llech vaelOy kylchOy vziwant Cwydyn y gan gefyn llu o garant.
O2
121
The variant readings are instructive, and if this is typical of way MSS. were copied in the xiiith century, it is no wonder
Book of
Taliessin presents endless difficulties.
is
the the
When
a proper
etc.,
transformed into the verb myned, and the sense naturally becomes elusive.
Even the Black Book text is not above suspicion either. number of the syllables in successive lines is too variable
accurate transcripts of what the poets wrote. 46'3 dara/ant = dar7/want = worf. darfuant.
46-5
46"
1
The
to
be
ad
1,
cozfTant*.
Altd. letter.
58'3
kad
degin.
46' 1 6 gl'ich
= galich.
Cp. Aneirin,
3'5
46'i6
d\^um rhymes with maelga. The r is mute. Cp. Aneirin : diw Sadwrn bu divwm eu kyt, I7'i6; and 'bu didurnnj 35'i7. Cp. also dialectal Sadww, and gar87t/ ( = gar8'Z</r).
?
App. with a affected. Cp. y chageu 48"4'i4. = a wybyS. Cp. 47'i2. See 2'2. 47.4 inyganhvy...imon>. in Dyganhwy...in Mon. Cler. err. for ga/edichuy. See 517, 78'3. 47'5 g^^edichuy. no trace 47"5 yfca.win. Cp. 8i'3. There is a hole in the MS. here
47'2 y ch^gev.
47'2 auit.
uz*it
of the
47'5 t"
w is
left,
= tra.
and only the smallest fragment of -in This contraction mark (see Fac.) is used
at the top.
for
ra and
ur
indifferently.
47"io balawon,
?y^/ balaon. Meaning variously guessed us, foxes, wolves, cubs, blossoms. Cp. Tal. A mal balaon faefibn syrthyn, 1422 & Aneirin: Peis dinogat...o grwyn balaoi, 22"i2.
4716 y
env.
Or. wr. v.
48'! gint=_v?/esnigrae
Annales Cambrie in
y lav
48'4'i3
lofien
|
= kenhedloe8duon = Z>a. Cp. 55'ii. See Y Cymmrodor, vol. IX., p. 165. Cp. Gozuchyd
aphryden.
La.t.
ar^/agwydyl
Aneirin, 24'20.
puwaur = pufawr.
suit
tFrom
pomar-ius, fruit-bearing.
would
is
an orchard, but \{ pufawr=a fruit-tree then gweirrauc tprobably a scr. err. for weir//zawc.
48'io cle/y/aud.
metathesis for
cle/>/aud.
122
B.B.C.
48'i5 kywetyrw, 'drinkers.' Formed app. from kyve8, tas (pi. ktdym, warriors ') from cad.
'
kadam
4817-18.
In a later hand.
difcogan^we.' iAey shall not go from us. Kenhi;e by the process of assimilation became kenhiwni, whence kenhi (the = Cp. prevailing form in old MSS. ) ;<>(/. genhym, ist per. pi.
'
kynan yn racwan ympob Gennin and gennon are still the forms in common colloquial use. In llettkin/ the / is silent. See Note 4'4. Tal., y)'\(>. 49'8 R/n. C)>. 'yn run.' App. a place name.
CanhOyll yn tywyll a gerd genhyn
difgyn.
Tal.
I5'i7.
|
49'9, io5'4
O.
Jr.
sdal/t
yfcud vel yicmd, 16, 96'i3, etc. O.W. scull, O. Br. scoti, come from a Celtic *skelto-, connected with Latin
sctit-wxn
from
*skotlo-.
vy hun = \ slept my sleep, or more probably, I slept t because hun = sleep occurs as a rhyme-word in '12. myself, = parchellan. p = prtr as well as p^r in Welsh MSS. 49'ii pchellan
49' 1
1
kifceifle
49" 1 2 (T/ywir.
Pen.
MS.
3 reads
a'ywir.
49-50 vtvt
u8u8 = an old form of the prep., 3rd pers. pi. Cp. Trychan meirch godrud a gryffyws ganthua?. Aneirin, 30"22. Kynbelw and Gwalchmei used the -8 termn. frequently. See
i.e.
|
Myvyrian Arch.
221^, 249b,
(1870) pages 143% 145% 147'', where the following examples occur:
eitut,
ganthut,
kyfryngthut, racdut, trostut, utut, arnadud, ganthud, racdud, ymdanadud, etc. {See Pen. MS. 3, p. 8, Brit. Mus. Addl. MS. 14869,
final
Panton MS. 12). The above prepositions occur also without the -h=f. For example o ganhat ieffu. Ac vn tat ae bu a their
:
|
|
mam
is
udw.
Onadydoeth
rad, etc.
Taliessin,
747
75 "17.
This
the oldest form: witness igridu ( = irigdu=_)' rynghu) in the Book of St. Chad : see Preface to the Book of LI. Ddv, p. xliii.
Note that the rhymes allow no doubt as to the terminations. hand has added the contraction mark for n over the second V of vtz/t, thus reading vtvt, a mistake wh. the scribe makes at See Facsimile. +76'3-4, where yxXunt should rhyme with kyft/.
late
5o'i,
502.
5r2'3 A'a = Goth. nu, Sk. nu, Gk. vvv, Lat. nutiQ, E. now. Oelwyi. O^ is sometimes used for j/j'. See 53"i5.
B.B.C.
123
5o'i3.
5o'i4 lleith
Kyn Ayffod nr 7vi//ave i.e. vyllawi. mab guendit = the death of the son
fu
|
50"i6
50' 1 7
Tra
vm
puill.
'
am
buiad.
Contrast
Brodyz
Cp. O.
am
Ir.
Impersonal.
am
50'l8 warius,
5i'i
d/ogan.
initial
A on
Q>. gwar-e-us. Aneirin, \l'4. Hole in vellum eaten by the green paint of the big the other side of the leaf.
5r2 Nv nev nam ^y. guall. Probably a scr. err. for t^a_^/. 517 gwledic. First limb begun as /. Cp. 47'5, 78'3. 5r8 aghud = aghzVd = aghy/iyd in Pen. MS. 3, of unequal length. = mod. chwedt. The old form, however, survives as 5 9 hwetil hwebel ni wdwn mor hwefiel = / knew nothing of the talk,^ or
1
'
:
Hw- prevails over the greater part story,' i.e. I heard nothing. of South Wales, and as nearly all our important vellum MSS. were wr. in South Wales, instances of kw- are not uncommon.
'
Cp. huarhei 95"4, hwimleian srg, 557-I3, but also chuetil 55'i3, 5ri7 y ei\r. Pen. MS. 3 reads 'y oror.' [chuerv, etc. Srigowillt. o^^wallt. ? Err. for a. There should be no following
52-I-3.
Repetition of
r 14- 16.
[_
after o.
52'3 ha/on.
52'io,
S2'i
1
597 Rac
2/ still interchanges with 8. Q>. ha/on 51 16. nachlatderi'a',C'zy= J 'lair'acc. to Prof. Loth. ^/a^. 1,337. erwis ritech. Scr. err. for Rac erc/^wis riterch.
/=
53"6 niA.
537 guyflmXtdguytaxXad.
buyfl-\\\iA.
is
i.e.
The consonant
O.W. has
as a rule: in the
?<?</. 'crert)?'
d comes from the stem ind. of the verb. Yd welefe...mvyhaw. These three and
Ir.,
app. added
and probably by a
unusual
.
different scribe.
is
in
in the dialects.
S3'i9 gog<?et.
53'i9 Uaret.
Abnormally formed. A stumpy addition is made above the e. Read: gog/et. Derivative of llary, tfrom Lat. larg-us.
B.B.C.
124
547-
mz difgoganafe.
Abnormally formed.
i.e.
derivative of \an-ach,
without pedigree, of
too low
6 ve.
:
The
stop after ve
is
doubtful
it is
down
to
be
original
See Facsimile.
in sense, the
&
green paint used for the big initial O MS.here, thus causing the disappearance of the O and of the words written on the back thereof: see and end of 55'i5-i6 566-7. The same remark applies to 56'i4-i5,
The chemicals
in the
in the
and end of 58M4-15. = o yx\\. = or gynt in Pen. MS. 3. Cp. 55-11 oynt See Note 48-1. Xlr.Genti. Taliessin, 2,i'\i.
also 57'i4-i5,
55-1
'
oynt.
The sense alone can often distinguish between c/and d. place has been assumed to be Aber deugleheu, but that makes one syllable too many. The scribe prob. dropped a syllable only,
1
c/ev.
The
and we should, perhaps, read, cWev. Compare however : Dymhunis ton wyrS wrth Aber Dau Dy-chyrch glan glaswyn glwys y frydau. Mvv., 144a -20-1
55-14
? y epeling= Read: o g[yfranc]. Pen. MS. 3 reads 'gygrang.' Read: ? ar warr ac ar kychuin. 55-16 ar warr. a# kychuin. Cp. Peleidyr ar gychwyn a llym waewawr, An.., 9-17. vymareu vy
tir
ethlin
= tir
BerveS-wlad.
55-15 o g**.
mar&e. kychvvyn, R.B. 1395-32. Pen. MS. 3 has acharr ar.' Bottom margin, in a late xvth century hand, has thefollowing : 55 Yr arglwyd Gozvchaf io2 eurgledd gwzeichion a Gatwo yn da ni Ennyd ac a gatwo yn dynion Rac Sais kav a Gwyddel a Rac kas kigyddyddion A rac Bloedd a lled2ith a Rac Bleiddiav a lledzon
'
Rac hwnnakw yn ddzwc Rac kwn kynnddaiziogion Rac dzaic awyz a thwzf a Rac dzykzythozion A Rac hiz ddvlwm Saaff a Rac Keadd Wiliam Sion.
^*
56-1-4.
kav = gau
i.e.
'false Saxon.'
drykrythorion
= dryg-grythorion.
Wr. app. by a
by a fresh pen.
B.B.C.
125
56"4 Kylwet.
has inserted ch
kylc/zwet.'
first
limb of the/ is left to be sure MS. 3. 567 if*** = varw in Pen. MS. 3. The couplet then will be Y parc/telX yssy vyw, bySawd meu Ar hwn yssy varw, keissed ynteu.
parc/ieW.
Enough
of the
of that letter.
'pOTchell' in Pen.
569
56'
1 1
= neurfdit golev = it is daylight. Cp. tnirfmyfi it is not Arief. There is an n over the v, which looks old, but
fine.
I.
it
can
Misthus
See Fac.
as
some copies a.reiv.' Has a wr. above (by the same hand
But
?
'
56"4),
reading
llauch.'
omit lluck
;
the line
is
too long.
572 cnn
callet.
r
Yd med
i
gweles
Cp. glas callet, 333 oer callet, 9r2. Also A neirin: ar hual tref tardei ^(i/Z^rf', 25'6 en amwyn calleda,
; ;
eidin, 33"i7
trOy fBet
called., i3'26.
Pen.
MS.
3 reads; 'gynhatled.'
Kywrug glyu Powis achlas guinet = ? Between the chief of Powys and the clan of GwyneS. See Silvan Evans's Dictionary., 577 trv. See note on ig'io. [s.v. clas. 578 parchan. Cler. err. for parch^//an. Looks more like cl in MS. 57'io har(/wy.
57"4
A late hd. corrects/into /. But ? aer llyi'=aerllya/. lly/; kimrvy werin. Cp. Taliessin: a march karadaOc kymrOy teithiaOc, 485; AtOyn plOyf ;(7;r<5ydC>y a towys, 9'i4; GOeleis bit vy nar nOyhachar kymryeu, 62-22-3. lyO katraeth tramaeu Breton gwiz, gwez O. Corn, guis, \r. feis. S7'i4 gvif=a sow. Gwys also is the name of a brook, and of one of Twrch Trwyth's See Celtic Folklore, pp. 522, 526-7. piglings.'
57'ii aer
57'i3
'
57-15
Na
chufte =
Na
chwfc
ti.
Cp. s8'3-4.
57'i 5 prifc
rhymes with^wV. Omit c and read/ryj. Cp. kyues, 207. Cler. err. for Sarffrzn as proved by its rhyme-words 58'5 Sarffr^n. 'goUwin' & 'duUin.' We meet with Sarff-vryn in the form of Sarfbryn in a charter of Abbey Cwm Hir see Dugdale's Monas:
Mr. E. Phillimore queries Carreg lViier,i\ear Llandrin^pd Wells. See Owen's Pembrokeshire, vol. II. p. 300, note i.
ticon.
1
26
B.B.C.
But j/wawr in the line 58'8 waur. More like /aur in MS. seems to be against the repetition of the same expression,
above which
also makes the line a syllable too long, yg gaur in Pen. MS. 3. 58'9 llaffnev in ertirn, 'blades in their handles' Cp. 'esgyrn eliphant ys gnawd yn yrSant ar yr eriyrn! Mvv. 23o*'48. Cp. also mod.
cryman, cleSeu, &c. But if it=|Ir. a/y(/or='fist,' we swords in their clenched hands.' When a vowel is placed as a contraction above a I 58"i /odawr. letter, as the i here above /, it stands for r + the vowel written.
should translate,
'
dwm
Read pnbdawr.
Also pr/dein
(in
Cler. err. for a chiftutiaw gwad. 58"i4 achiftutia gwad. 5cr. ^rr._/br 'nud glas minit.' 59"i A'i/rf glas minit.
margin).
59'3 Uuid yv
vy
1 3. Piggie should not root up his lair, nor sojourn too long. 597 nac ifte a/iuuy = nac isle wmny = vwyvviy. Cp. muy^/y, 337. The dialectal form of eisleb is isle : its final 8 was dropped in the
S9'6 gawi.
Prob. = ga.vv\
on a
visit
xilth century (see Pen. MS. 29), but whether its - was simplified to I- so early, one instance is not enough to prove.
59'i2 reion.
60.
App.
is
equally probable.
This page
MS. reading, but re/on is perhaps, Cp. kinreinon 67. dirty, and the writing is not always quite clear.
this is the
6o"i-2 _forlaf k'n...disgogdnaue. Very faint because the green of The at the back is gradually destroying the vellum. the big
two adjectives come together; this points to a scr. err. Read: O. a p. neud blodeu drein, gorlas kenn minit, eluit neud knn. Cp. dy cecin yr mynyd. Bk. of LI. Ddv, i45'26. Scr. err. for veibonein. 6o'5 veibonin. Cp. Gwaith fudig gwledig
gwlad
feibionain.
Myv.
lances.'
iy^'i,b.
607
eriffi.
The
ff
'
6o"io
ifpi
;
= ifpn,
Cp. Aneirin
3rii
y ozy/par
yo2, 2i"i7.
Borrowed,
*sparre (attested by sparr-ian\ whence E. spar. E. spear, W. spSr. The s of i/peri is ill-defined.
60T4
6o'i6
or cy/rysseS.
See 78"i4.
B.B.C.
127
Welsh
a
in the
near.
See io8,
Zv'r llaur.
is
6o'20
Vn
y(r aroun.
indistinct.
The MS.
little
dirty here
and the
letters
somewhat
tarqAin.'
We
yfliin, i.e.
'un yff//n
6r8 Rvit ny kywruit. A verb is missing. /?M(/.- Rvit ny i^ kywruit. 6r9 Escyp agkyueith = s.n^hyvie:\\h. = } unsociable, churlish. Cp. dzycyfpzytolion agkyweith-as. Bruts, 284'2i. But more prob. we have here another scr. err. for 'agkiu/eith' = mod. aw^'/yy^^'Z/j, viz., those who could not speak the Welsh language.
|
6ri3 gwy //an =_g-w>'/a;?, a seagull. ^ 6ri4 kiniweti, i.e. kynfe8i,/)/. of KynfeS. 6ri4 av|vnahont = a wnahont. See note rg, and 8ri4. The Greek s is wr. at end of lines when the space is 62'5 alanas. scanty, and sometimes as here, above the letter preceding it. MS. is almost black with dirt here. 62'9 Ky7i i/car. 62" 1 2 ry;i. The name of several rivers, &c. Irregularly formed.
ComY>?ae Red Book, 58030-32. the ink is paler. Possibly a fresh hand begins with line 2 From line 8 to the bottom of the page the vellum is very dirty. in the printed text should be plain, i.e. 63"2 E Betev. This
62'i5
63"!
63
The epithet of /a/ ag"if is given to 'Talhaern' Harl. MS. 3859, fol. 188*7-8.
Prof. Morris Jones refers me to ihc Beirniad, (1864, p. 299), where Thos. Stephens identifies Tydei with the Irish Saint Tatheus ''pater erat enim totius Guentome,' i.e. tad Gwent, wh. a careless See Cam.-Brit. Saints scribe app. corrupted into ''tad agwen! As Irish th = VJ. d, so the genitive Tathei=VJ. Tedei. p. 264.
I
may
Tathan's
further cp. Tathei with 'Tathiu' = 'St. Athan's' /.^. San see Bk. 0/ LI. Dav, 27o'2i. The mod. W. 'Tydei'
:
n of the
Ir.
'Tathaw.'
rug=moA. rhwng. Faint in MS. tri Dodauc. Cp. muner uodauc i2'6.
toruoet, i6ia'42
;
l^?,o Myii.
Botawcy
vodawc
B.B.C.
rodawc y rodyaw
drud, 264a last
1.
Dwyn madauc
dreic
128
6oT9
gro-ax.
Metathesis for gor-zr: cp. dy-ar, gor-dy-ar (R.B., See Notes 99'i2, looi.
Metrically inadmissible
;
64'2 guyr,
i.e.
Gower.
'
of a gloss on
64'8 pedrj/a/.
err. for 'ptArael, wh. the metre demands. and note the rhyme-words of pcdrival, 69'3. 64'8 Abererch, wh. is near Pwllheh, is locally pronounced y Berch, ? Read: Yn Abererch beh Ryderch hael. i.e. a dissyllable. In a hand different from what goes before and after. The 66-67'6.
ink of 'Bet gurgi...heb drin' (66"i-8), is pale. for dio/es. Metre demands three syllables ? a 66'3 dioes. scr^err. dioes is usually a dissyllable. See Tal., 1324, 1717, 2i'9, 371.
66.7
aon = at/on.
Wr. n
or.,
wr.
above by
or. scribe.
66" 1 5
jay mynyt. Cp. yn hir vynyt, 'S above. gur oet hvnnv guir y neb ny rotef. Omit oet twnnv. 66'\y hnlu = Bribw, app. a monosyllable. Omit hir. 66" 1 9 ;^2>-guynion bylTet beidauc rut.
66' 10
67'6 cad.
MS. Read cad = 'aband, or a pack.' Z'zrfzV?rj'. Cp. Mai cnut yn dylut deueid, 7/., 68"2 Cant a dau y'ngrau y'nghrair achluS. Cnud a chnud a fy8 ymSo
in
danaSuS.
67' 1 3
Myv.
145a.
Bet elchwith Sec. This line is a syllable short. Cp. Tom elwithan neuf g&lych glaO maes maodyn ydanaO r dylyei gynon y g6yna6. Red Book, \oi,Z'y)-i,o. 67"i4 maes meetauc. ? Derivative of meueS, with the meaning 'inherited.' The suggested t Meetauc = Myny8og would be
.
Cp. maodyn in previous Note. See Note 6713. = 8 syllables, treating pieu y 67'i5 Pieu y bet hun. bet hun a hun 'hwn a hwn' ? Should vi& read : Pieu'r be8 hwn ? 3iS=pieu'r.
m/z'tauc.'
'
67'i5 Vinixv.
'So and so. Ask me, I know'; or this grave? a hwn ? Who owns this grave ? Pieu y be8 hwn a be8 Eidal and this ? Answer.- Neud ef be8 EiSef ...Who owns
:
rather
.'
and [this] the grave of Eidal the grave of EiSev t cp. 64' 12. Scr. err. for neud ox ys ef. 67' 1 7 Bet ew.
This
is
. . .
129
The young of man and beast. Cp. Kanawon GozonOy gOzd gyniret gOyth. R.B. 1432-32 treis canaon An., 3-87. Spelt also /fej'a(5c,A/'^5. i8'27. For^^^see 57'io, andcp. ^wyw. 67'i9 Meibow. Meib is the plural of mab: the double pi. meibo
67"i9 kanavon.
;
makes a
syllable too
many
here.
\Myv., 215a.
meirch mei meingrwn dwnn a dossawc, 68' I bruyno. The pedigrees give 'Brwyno' and 'Brwyneu hen,' but the older MSS. know neither. Should we not read? hir Piev y bet hun ? bet Brwyn o Bncheinauc,
67'20 meirch mei.
Cp.
ffo.
.
if
something
like ^
'
placed above dv as
to
yd
vei
'
into
?
y d^vei."
hun
id.
aid.
Two
68'2 aral
= arial.
68'4 bre.
Cp. 9fi5. Delete cross reference at Wr. or. 0, then altd. into r.
r4.
687
See Facsimile, and note the difference between talyrth. the rt in talyr/h and re in diarAar, "9. Omit hunnv. For 68"i2 yv hunnv. ..gnr adigonei da ar y arwev. a digonei read fdigunai or digunaei (both forms occur in B.B.C.)
We have then
Pieu y beS yn y rhydeu ? be8 rhwyv yv, mab Rhigeneu, gwr Sygwnai 8a ar y arveu.
;
Compare
Omit,
le. is
a case of anticipation.
Ir.,
Hirweun is a well-known place near Aber now incorrectly spelt Hirwai and Hirwai'n, and may be heard locally pronounced Hirwen. As for le cp. in
edrywuy
le, 68-4. Cp. also Certenhin avon, cleveint awon, where the descriptive noun is added. 68 -20 Ae clathei \neuf\ caffei but Neus, or ew wanted.
.
constant in
1
Read: rhydnant. Pronouns after verbs are the B.B.C, but metrically they seldom count.
not
8.
The dd=d,
oet
ef.
Omit.
fairly
30
B.B.C.
69'2 guawrut.
699
tarv.
Or. wr.
or
r.
69'io braucbrid.
69-13-22
69" 1 5
Beddeu
gawr.
Cp.
In a late hand.
ffol. 76.
Run
ryuel afwy.
Run
auael auwy.
Addl.
I99'2i.
MS.
14869,
69- 1 8 gyhoret.
Dav,
69' 1 8 d/ara.
May
See Fac.
of 'ab.
69'i9 einyavn ab C.
7o"2
App. there
is
amryuef=? aniryuefc = amryfysc, 'contention.' Cp. kyues, 207. Amry{ysce8= confusion, medley, tumult. This rhymes with hoen & poen. ? adw^en, but cp. 70'3 adwaen.
gottoev...gva(fv...gl(?v, 72"6
n<7s
I
also 87'io-ii
;
7a/., 23'2
place of rhyme.
70'5, 85-4 deweint.
From midnight
duv.
till//^if//,
i.e.
cock-crow. Cp.
7a/., 56-9.
mMb din...mab
first line
Though
11
still
the former mab is confusing here as regards theological terminology, and should be omitted. 70'8 Kyrreiweint [ = maSeuant]ageifragoffahoduv ac niflirmycco. the
of an old Englyn,
Clearly a scr. err. for a<f |ac=ae dXo. i.e. aedanc. Kyrreifeint a geiff a goffaho Duw,
Read:
The
" is
Dn
7rS arch
aton.
Cp. 5i'i6,
&
y rat gOafpoathyant O2 adon, 477 vronn adon deccaf. An., I5'4. 7r6 y.meid. Cp. y. mew^id (7r8) = ym eneid, 7 no. 7rio poem oweint. This i is probably due to the pen anticipating
the tin of owzt.
rolre
i.e.
7rio y
Read: poenoweint = wiO(/. poenofeint. See Llyfr yr Ancr, i65'9, yn holre oludoed = a// our riches. The Editor now derives olre from O.K.
yr olre.
7ri2
73-10.
See/?e(/jffi;(7>t,
1042-12
1043-15.
Note
differences.
B.B.C.
131
= 7ri3-i5 nieirch can crimrut...o kad White horses with bloodstained legs. Cp. Crrmhog, a shin, a greave. See Silvan Evans's Dictionary under crimp.
72" I
can eu
crees,
i.e.
cre-es.
been treated as a place-name, but never identiProf. Strachan queries = Ir. long-phort, 'a camp.'
grith, a shout.
'
'
= Ir.
= dadwrS,' cynnwrf.' gryd-visl with gotto^v and gWv. See 72"6 gnaev rhymes Altd. into llatyfu'nt. 72'ii UatyflVnt.
Cwsc,
s.v.
Note
7o"3.
[72-14, loo-i.
72' 1 2 re.
As regards
Scr.
err.
form,
72'i4 b/ith.
rad. ca.n he gre 01 rhe. See Notes for brith. Cp. eriron dv '15, coch '17,
its
guinn
73'i,
72"i4 rerint.
glas 7, livid 'S. Scr. err. for re-re-int, or rather re-re-eint (ioo'2), wh.
"12, '14-17, 73'2-7.
should be read in
See Note
loo'i.
Red Book
reads redeint, which shows that the meaning was obscure in the
14th century. The word is prob. onomatopeic. feirch weryreint dan forSwyd Gereint.
73'4 gran.
Scr. err. for graan.
Sense
= ? OeS
73'i2 degin
= degyn = J
Ir.
daingen
= ^rm\xi.
'
7313
73'i 5
arvy.
Compare Garvy
saer, 47'i7.
tr^chiad.'
74' I
Pedridauc heul. Cp. Ath uolaf uilwr pedrydawc, Myv. 2 1 5b'24. /aud. An written over any letter stands for ri. Read: pnaud.
74'io o /al. The first half of o and the second half of / are left, but the rest of these two letters is destroyed by the green paint
The
o tnay be
/.
c,
d,
or
/,
e,
and there
may be
another
letter
between o and
Of
the
think, there
can be no doubt
74' 1 2 ebrui/
. . .
clui/.
Or. wr.
d in
both instances.
Can Clwyd be
t Cp. gormoaT for gormo8. t Neither 'canerf' nor 'ane^/' will 75'll Bei nachanefl? y tyernet. do here. require a word to rhyme with teymeA
for
Clwyb f
We
76-3 dihev utu/, trallaud kyflut. t Scr. err. for utu/. See
Note
49-50,
132
B.B.C.
Cp. pri/c for pris, 57'i5 Pasgen wrys pafcueirch uryfc vreifcdawn, Myv. i6i^'I3. See Note, 207. = Y weilgi is feminine. 76'i3 gueilgi dowyn moti. gweilgi Sofn. "* wr. over them, in the same hd. and 77'6 veiAi/bn. The ta.t have is more or less erased. There are no ink, but the second puncta The scribe was either anticipating next word, or undelentia.
;
"^
''
certain in his
own mind.
He
first
erases the d,
I02'i
I.
veita</on,
Seey4'i.
More like c than /. 79'8 viw ker/aur 'm ruw. ruw = ruzw. Read: wyv kerSawr im rhw^.
79' 1
1
See Facsimile.
Afifuinaw etc.
The
first line
is
often repeated to
show that
poem is complete, or that it ends as it began. 7912-16. Wr. Ir. in antique style. Read: Tra vom kyd kerSed goned kydymSeith,
the
drwy
ffyS,
it
a chrevyS, a chred.
Kyd
credwi
Dovy8 drwy
kreiryS
;
flyS,
Eneid pan im kyverchyS, pa 8iweS, ae beS a'm byS ? 8r4 iaui from do&i. Cp. GOae a dyt y V2yt myOn byt ae 6a6d, caut from cohi & craun from cronni. R.B., I234'2i. Cp.
8r6 llyvir rod. tMetre points to rol, to rhyme with ifco/. also 8r8 /erthideu. Taliessin: maCt2 i/erthideu, 37*2 Cp. 3r3 Red Book : dogyn ^erthideu 1 503 ^erthideu rieu rywafgaraOa, uad z/erthideu, ii90'3o. These examples suggest a scr. ii7o"8
;
However,
t Lat. pariil-ns
would
B.B.C.
U3
marginal repetition
is
8ri4 gmt fallum. On the banks of the Teivi ffal'wm = vih\i\o\t. I remtmhex prenffalwn used as a synonym oidipren melyn, wh. was used for the cure of whitlow. 8ri4 Axav|vneuthume = Ar a wneuthum-i. Cp. 6i'i4, and see v<).
81
6- 1 9.
Repetition of 7- 1 2 above.
Cp. mordOy...neu
i.
82'g etyl.
reith].
gamOynt y rydaO ae
83" I
83"!
W. Laws, 610. Dr. Davies cps. also ktn-efy/, io'5, i6"8. Ystamde wineu. Cp. Guyneu, march Kei, 287. Redec^. Shows more clearly in the Fac. than in the MS.,
it is mistakenly erased. raxm rm, quivering mane.
where
83"!
App. 2nd
dryssi, t
whence mod.
pi.
83-
1 1
83" 1
The
still
name
PwU GOdyc, c. 1076, Sruis 26g'i2. Goodwick, in Pembrokeshire. Good'ick under an alien spelling.
Subjs.,
84'6-9 Yfkithrich...delich...llunhich...achenich.
2nd
sing.
847 tagneaet. Or. wr. t, then altd. 847 nythvi = in meaning, ni'th vyS.
84'8
Ro
Rho
vwyd
newyog.
Cp. the
Juvencus gloss : 'anit arber foV' = onid compares O. Ir. 'do airbirt biuth. 84"i2 yfrir=ys d\x nithiaw ni bo pur.
84' 14 Rietillter
i.e.
xy
ehilller.
From
Lat. adulterstill
85'9 Yz'gabil.
or.
app.
Nam
wt = hu8,
G
benefit.
Di-fiawl
is
glossed
expers = l
Ir.
86'6 genezye. on the reverse side of The green paint of the big the leaf has eaten a hole in the vellum which leaves ei/e imperfect
gone
134
B.B.C.
867
aratretheif.
Scr.err.for ar a
trez'theif.
87-2 ryioles.
Another instance of
(?
-es for
',
the
first
person sing.
See
53' 16.
875
dyllit.
87'6 Tymaeth.
The
scr.
wrote
'
i,
247.
87'io-ii guassanri^th...d<7th...arva^th.
87' 1 2 ar yffi/ in
eluit.
See Note
70'3.
'gormod
87' 1 2 kyffei
odleu.'
Read; ar
syllable too many, tyfli^ is wrong, mod. ar yssy'n elfyS. yfli in G\\i\\.
= kyi/ wei.
I.
87'i3
Ar
Aallt ar echuit.
sin, 69"io-i
Cp. kyfrOnc allt ac allt ac echOyd, Taliest accentual A after r cp. yr ^oU, ar ^ugein, etc.
;
88' I
eddwueth.
The d is
Sic in
is
closed.
Head: etwaeth,
88'2 nifrdraeth. 88"2 moli.
7a/., 29-3
& cp.
'
MS.
^(?a^.-
Nif
rj/draeth, 27-5.
molir.'
See
'\i.
where?
Cp. Pers.
iu, where
See Whinfield^s
Omar Khayydm,
392.
Yon
Where
I
kings did
do,
e.
saw a ringdove on
[i.
are wr. in
lines in the
MS.
Exigency
of space in making up the forme compelled the departure in the reproduction. The margin of the MS. has been "shaved." The
underlined
5 lines in
letters,
the
MS.
belli
et aliorum.
89*2 Ryfeiw gur ar vn foz = a reed, stump ; %\xi%. oi cawn. Cp. ' tra uei coet at uric y coet y kerdei. thra uei uynyd ar ulaen y kaOn y kerdei. ac yn hyt y oes ny flygOys konyn dan y draet.'
Cawnen
is
plural.
the 89"6 kedic awel coed ini bnich = ? Battling is the wind is in its tumult. B/uch is presumably a scr. err. for bnich.
wood
B.B.C.
135
89'
'
ar/en,' hoarfrost,
fegur,
from L. secur-us
89" 12 re(>
= rhew.
Altd.
by a
late
late
hand.
+ Llyri a mono-
89'i3 gint.
90'5 Uyric.
Added by a
hand, mistakenly.
is
Meaning
uncertain.
907
1
after 'adar'
? Scr. err. for cunllei//i. 90' 3 cunlleiA Cp. ioy4 ; Red Book: a chanon kunlleith 579'i7 ; ygkynlleith gayaf, io3r2o. 90"i3 cev ewur. Cp. llu ewt:r io7'i6 ; Taliessin : Pan yO baruaOt
[g02].pan yO keu
io35'36
;
efOz,
iv^;
and
90'i4 nof/Ium.
I
9rio cul grum = culgrum = OTO^. culgrwm. 9ri4 der^id ych kigho2 = derffid ych kynghor.
92'2'6'io pelis
92.5
and a
riv
r39''7-
Read: uchei.
92"9 ariweu
92'ii gar.
i.e.
arfeu.
The
'5
top
is
Read:
The u
is
irregular.
Read:
Mug.
This
wr.
Mugc
in
'6.
The word
for
smoke = muf,
See Index,
s.v.
mug.
'
93'3
am
diallad.
937 a lataut mechit. Metre and rhyme require mechit a las! 9310 Duv.in. There is something like a stop quite close to the
93' 1 3 ffruinclaymas. Cler. err. for frruinclymas
-zcys 35^9.
= ffrwynglymws.
Ti ae guaredi.
Cp.
'
bendigws 361,
94'5
App. a
95 "4 Arthur, ced huarhei=cyd hwaryei. More like c than t. ? erasure here. 95'9 can/.
95'i2 bragat. Cp. blaen bragat briwei mab fyvno, Aneirin, 68 banadyl rac bzagat yn rychua baiwat, Tal., 257 GarOy ar adwy gCizaOl redyat ffyzyf. taer bziOgyzyf tarO bzagat, R.B. 1288' 1-2.
; ;
136
B.B.C.
? From Lat. leg-io, and corrupted early into lleg. 968 Nybei...^. Kei...verev. Omit. Three syllables are missing
95' 1 5 "eg.
a phei ny bei prob. before 'ny bei.' Read: f oet diheit aghev Kei guin a Uachev.
I |
Nu
duv ae digonhei
96'ii y
place here.
5 syllables.
We want
for
be a
cler. err.
the name of a district, or we should not have more than for c or ^, we have y/cawin, wh.
suggests the Ifceuin of the Bk. of LI. Div, a place not far from Gloucester, the home of the nav guiton of '12. See Mabinogion^ 2io'i5, io8"3, i38'22, where Ifkawin ab Panon is mentioned, the
man
who, perhaps, gave his name to Forth Yscewin, now Port Skewet. Cp., however, Stivingewidin in Herefordshire, (Elsdon
= dawn
or dusk.
dawning ; and
96'i6
97'i
.
always with dy- prefixed, i.e. (/x-gwySei. a. Quire vii ends here, but the poem
97'4
The beginning of the poem is wanting. %o\vdauc. The scribe here devotes two
and rather than spoil the symmetry of his page he writes the end Sometimes many lines syllable of '4 on the blank at end of '2. intervene between the first and second half of a word (cp. 98'4).
97"lo'l2 %.
= guallauc.
Wr. on top margin.
See note
97*4.
98"4 'pe\eidrad.
Cp. Aneirin: gwyngalch a phedryollt bennawr, 3'i7; Taliessin: yt lethrynt lafna(i2 ar penna(J2 difgowen, 98"5 hv yfcun gur. Cp. huyfcur looii. L33'5'
98"4 penaur, helmet.
987
98'i2
2nmarch
= /orf.
ga.n
vy march.
Nim gad^
= mod. Nim
98'i3'i4
Tawuy, Tawue. Towy enters the sea at Llan Stephan and Tawfe flows into Swansea Bay. If the poet lived at Carmarthen Priory the nessaw would indicate the Towy, and the eithaWy the Taw^. -17 For XLix raedy^\AyJ>.
P2
137
99*1 y
sorrow."
gan viyavarvy. Silvan Evans treats this as "fy avarwy = my Cp. Nyt ynat neb daut ny dzefnOy. gOafcaOt r kynn
;
gOifcaO auarOy, R.B., 1176-1-2 ar erdrych auarwy, 99-3 bri/iwid for bria^id. Cp. hOaer and Ohaer.
Myv.
i6ib.
iflrun = ys dr^n. Cp. Aneirin: e wayw drwn ozeureit, 1T\^ rac taryf trun, 34'io. \ Ir. ia!'r(7 = strong, firm. Or. wr. Dormarch. The r is erased 99-8-9 Dorm:ach oet hunnv.
997
i
in
both instances.
Omit
oet
hunnv.
= [neus] dygrwydr
.
. .
ar
wybr vynyJ.
in He
OotzV, but see 13, '15. He, &> see also ioo'3'57.
99'ii.
metathesis for ry-re-int, unless there is a 99*i2'i4 ryer^int. ? verb ar-u. Cp. bref-, gal-, llef-an^. See Notes 6019, 72"i4, loo'i.
loo'i-2 ry-re-eit.
Cp. Ny reei warthec heb Oyneb rud, Tal., 39-19; a rea y vaan vaOa a rea y vaan vechan, R.B. Proverb. The simple verb rhe-u denotes to cry like a bird, or bellow like a beast. Cp. S. rd, O.E. rarian., M.H.G. r'eren., E. roar. Cp. also V^ gweryru,
.
Begun as ^.
teith-i-auc, z.. trisyHabic. ioo-6'8 Mi. wi. wiw. vinteu. j/. bet .jaghev.
. .
[to neigh.
W\ = wyf; wiw = Read : mi wy' vyw, wynteu yme8 ... Mi fyw yn. With 'wi. 'uny' = mod. wjr/'/yw, wy' vyw, wynteu yn awgheu.
;
y = y = ym
compare 'aAd.' = mod. ar rid, 92-5. Cp. hv yfcun gur, 98-5. Mod. a/'r8w/= solicitous, anxious, sad.
See pebir gur, 98-6.
.
S.
EVANS.
Om\\yd. wa.Tc\ = i/am, for vuam. J.M.J, thinks that we have here, apparently, a compound name, 'Fechid Diristan.' ior6 oMiwod = oth Syvod. d/'od. Scribe wrote first limb of _y.
.ydvam
in dev.
ior6 Fechid
diristan.
Prof.
102-2 Itewon,
i.e.
ISewon.
We
find
it
in
MSS.,
in Salesbury's
New
Testament,
in the
mod.
As Bible, but not in the editions of Bps. Morgan and Parry. well write Jdgual and Jadhael for Idwal and Ithel. tThe combination iu
is
impossible in Welsh.
See Grammar,
40,
i.
138
B.B.C.
I02'2
Haw
= y8
M.
Cp.
common
it
The pronoun
in the verse.
seldom counts
See
"6.
1027 goayfgelho?. Omit last letter = unfinished 2. 1027 vyh^wo = mod. f'enw, i.e. one syllable /^enw is heard in the dialects of GwyneS and Morgannwg only. In Deheubarth the vy:
of vya is dropped, i.e. 'John yw enw i, Torri enw, Instances of /4enw are very rare in vellum MSS. I02'i2 merchzV. Late addition.
io3'i
had
etc."
Mar:Madaucma.hMarcdutapBkfyna/>Cyn/_yn. Addedboth
;
here and at io4'2 by a xviith century hand. Madauc died, 1159. Cp. .(4awr gynhoruan huan arwyran, Anein'n, 57 I03'4 anhaur.
eftalhaOzoawa&garmaOngarant, T'a/. i7'9; ana/ia6zy dbyn,2i'i2. io3"io drein .... guae loegir in dit kein. App. a scr. err. for kyngrein. Cp. Red Book : Yz aelwyt honn neus cud drein mwy gozdyfnaffei ychyngrein, 1041 '26, & Myv., A rac pyrth ban syrth Drein has krein or cyngrein for its Saeffon ygkrein, 226^.
-.
rhyme-word
is
in
many
other places.
called
J.
Dr.
There is a farmhouse on the Dulas, which Garvagy on a tombstone in Nantmel churchyard. D. Rhys spelt it Gorh Fagu at the end of the xvith century.
is, in the MS., like the one reproduced in io4'3 This big initial facsimile on page loo'g, with floriated additions in red. \'^VA-
io5'3 ar^ad ar +^rad, i.e. a dissyllable. Cp. an_Klan = an +_g'lan, io5"4 calchwreith,_/^2. of calchfrith, enamelled in various colours. This superior is patched with red. Ditto in lo5'5 diobeith".
lines 8, 10, 12, 14, 16.
Also after
is
where,
not visible in
certainly
cases.
The
meaning,
io5'5
no part of the word. Haul owi = Hawl Ow/n, rhyming with'mjnn' ;'in the ultima
if
any,
is
not app.
It is
ioS'6
interchanges with^, as kedrn, kedj'rn thus Read: Hil te-irn in he-irn henweith.
;
Ow^n = Own.
io5'8 veuder.
io5'8 anhyweith=r/)'.
B.B.C.
2Q
Darfuam oe
leith.
See
^a^r.
The
wh.
by a late hd., should come after v at the end of line 8, not before am at the beginning of the next. = [here. Cp. io5'8. io5"9 Dara/=darT'7' darfu. The hyphen is abnormal and prob. Ir. ? erasure io5'io beirt-car.
= ta bard of elegant song. Clwm is io5'io bart clvm diledieith that which is bound up in cynghaneS. Cp. cwlwm cerS. Scr. err. for 'bras.' Cp. cirn bras, loi'ii. I05'i4 Oet buelin b/as.
'
Joined at the top. de varanres. Baranres = //^a. Ox. gloss. 1067 cwtendigeid i.e:en=an + bendigeid = a-blessed, accursed. io6"8 cvin from L. cena. Cp. ivenestir with L. minisir-um.
io6"4-5
goWwad.
io6'6
Ac edrych
uir
io6'9 vachdeith,
i.e.
machdeith, "damsel."
:
J.R.
io6'i4 traha a/treguch = 4 syllables i is more like i in MS. 10616 kadaul. Altd. into the affected form, k^daul. The punctum
delens
is
faint.
J.
Davies
108
The end is clubbed, as if a stop followed. outer third of this page is stained almost black by gall or lime water. The original writing is read with some difficulty. The
?
lo8'2
gitmxn.
The vellum
is
the i and
first
limb
of
+ Cp.
cler.
cwyr aberth
in S.
Evans's Dictionary.
io8'3
for A-ywir=tri-wyr.
See Red
The
is faint,
and the h
erased.
app. an altd. letter. io8'i2 mi nyd. Vellum almost as black as the writing. io8'i3 Nyduid # yfcoleic. Something Repetition of 9i"5'6.
lo8"u
Faint
erased,
uid probably.
.
. .
10815
Pell
hetiv.
i039'i-2.
140
B.B.C.
ep.
epithet.
ac, 38'I4.
66'4.
ab = mab,
4-3,
See am.
mab Llywarch
89' 11
;
hen, 107T4
Ardudwy
Berch
Berffro
Aren
Brin, 63'8.
LI.
L65->4.
Argad,
mab
Aron,
mab
Diwinvin, 68'I7.
Taradir, 52'i2.
Llachev 99-16
cp.
teulu 103-16.
cp.
LIvagor.
[67-18.
cp.
aden,
14-2.
Alun Dywed, mab Meigen, 65 12. Alun Diwed, tad Run, 6512. am = ab q.v., 69' 12, 94 6'i2.
ameraudur,
72'9.
;
See Arthur,
amgant, yr, 64'i5 yn 66' 1 6. anau 671, anav 98, I5'4, i6"i2 rad ac anaw, 77 '12.
Awarnach,
in neuat, 95-5.
35-9.
Awraham,
Anguas edeinauc,
B.B.C.
94'i4.
awen, Tedei
tad, 63-7.
141
baban.
See maban.
77-2,
Bangor,
8riri8.
bann cogev, 8318; teulv bann, ar vann caer lo6'l i"i3 ; io3'5 banev bre, 89"4.
;
Bradwen, 69'3. Bran, m. Ywerit clod lydan, 99-14. Bran, vab Llir lledieith, 104-16. breenhin na breenhin [Henri, son of Henri II.] 62-15.
breichir, 27-11.
94'8.
5^^ Tauautir.
7812,
;
79-5-8,
87-12;
clvm, io5'lo
5i"i3,
78T2
;
loo'ii
kiwrev
;
beirt, 22'6
gostec
beirt, 78'i2
yscinvaen
eir,
beirt, loo'ii;
bard37 '6
;
42-8
bartoni,
I2"9,
Bridein.
bartrin,67'8'io: cavkeineid9'9
pridit.
See Beduir.
68-14
kewin
90-8.
:
bedwen, 47T7'ii.
beteu, englynion
y,
Bedwir 647,
Llydau, 67' I.
(Beli,
ab
Bro priw
;
uchei/i, 92-8.
bychan breichvras,
biv, 47"3, 90'2.
62'i.
Bri-, 65-10.
Brython
guernin 68 '4.
11-5,
bre,
banev
tri,
89-4,
6o-9-i5-i6, 61-14.
bodauc,
65-3.
Bucheslum
Buellt, 75-2.
seri,
march Gugaun
cletywrut, 27-9.
142
B.B.C.
carrec
camhur
icxj'io.
Kaswallaun,
mab
Caer lleon, 6r3. coed Uuiuein, 603. Cors Mochno, 6r2. Kyminaud, 6r3. Kynuid, 92'io.
.
Jeithion, 6r4.
Keduyv,
i'^.
Kei, 287,
95T13,
;
96'4'ii,
Guin
;
94'3, 96-9
Keiwin
46'8, 96'i2
Kadwaladir,
48-2,
51 '16, S2'3,
gur hir, 96-5. Keidav, tad Guendolev, 99"I2. Kein [ ? karin i.e. karn] caled,
Kadwallaun,
filius
K., 27"i2.
See 27'12
brad, 43'8
tri
trined
keli,
in celi,
36'i2; trindaud
pimp c,
39"2; ar
vann
447
c, io6'iri3.
See Casttll
kad, 6r3.
6o'20.
Kemeis
tir,
69-8.
Reon,
Sallauc, 55"S.
Seen, io2'2.
Wantvy,
99'2.
Wyrtin, 57 '9.
Kain, 44'i6, Ka-i, 45'8.
Camlan, 64'6. Karadauc B[reichvras], 28' 12. Caringrun, m'ch Guin m. Nud,987 Carnawlauc, march O. m. Vr.,278.
Karrauc, 63'i4. fioo'2. Karreian clod edmic, tad Meuric,
B.B.C.
Kerwid,
63'3.
Clytno
idin, tad
K?non,
64-2-5.
Kewin
kigrun,
Kelvi, 69"6.
kian, 67 '6.
11 v,
Coed Coed
Coel,
64' 13.
mab
Kinvelin, 68-15.
52-5,
Kymri
49-14, 58-12,
Convy, nant,
74-12.
18-3, 58-12.
mab Corknud,
5f 96-15.
103-9,
merch
Lut, 98-8.
Kinlluc, 108-10.
mab
67-1
5,
Kynon,
69-7.
mab
Cristonogion, 71 '8.
Cuelli, 95-2.
Cuhelin
Kinvael, 69-7.
Kinveli, 697.
Ky-.
See Ki-.
cp. kinteic.
Kinvelin,
6-4,
Kyheic, 101-2-8.
(Kyhoret, 69-18.)
kyfnissen, 69-2.
kyminauc,
94-16.
48-9-17, kad, 61-3.
9-9, 15-6.
CWev, Aber
cletyfrut
ep. of
[Deu], 55-11.
kyminaud Kymraec,
Gugaun.
Kynan Kynan
Kyndur, 33.
(Cynfric, tad Llewelin), 46-19.
Clun kein,
68-6.
144
B.B.C.
Dilan, 63'8.
Dinon,
3'4.
Kynon,
64-1,
I03'9,
67'i5,
mab
Clytno
idin,
Dinvythuy, 47'ii.
direid 810, 20'4, 7o'ii, 83'8
diristan, Fechid, lor6.
:
m. Clytno
idin, 64'5.
di-
I03'l.
59" 1 2.
5 "2.
Kyven Venvy,
Div Maurth, 57'3; dyv Llun49'i3; dyv Merchir 463, io2'ii dyv
;
57'lo.
diweir teulv,
tri,
I04'l.
Daear diarchar,
darogan,
7'2.
68"9.
[99'8-9ci
Maelgun,
39-6, 70-3,
8-2,
247, 27-6,
drvd
arall.
Denvy, 758.
desseffor, Llog, i6'il.
Druduas, 937.
dev kenev
in
kywrenhin, 57"io.
[Deu] CWev, Aber, 55'ii. Deudor, llugirn, 77'!. Deutur (MS. ineutur), 2"2.
Dunaud
duffyr
deinwin,
t.
Deinoel, 56'l.
9"i,
Dews 86"io.
Dyar
56" 10,
duwir 627.
Didmuy,
diessic
Riv, 59'u.
diessic alltudion.
r/.
627.
diffnn,diffrint, 9ri.
Diffuis,
s8m, 63-10.
Guy,
47'i.
145
Eitoel, 11-2.
Eiwonit
Ewionit74-7
Elaeth, 7o-ri2.
Elchwith, 67-14.
Elffin, 67-8-10.
Dyganhvy,
Dyved
63'i,
;
caun, 74'6
Elgan,
Eliffer, seith
meib,
5-9.
pendeuic
Eliffner,
ab Ner,
68-8.
Dywed, Diwed,
Eluan gaur,
103-4.
See div.
tir,
69-5.
Emer
Llydau,
t.
Beidauc
rut, 67-2
Emreis, 96-3.
Epint, 65-15. Erbin, tad Dyael 4-3, 65-16, tad
Gereint, 71-11.
Edar, 46-10. Cp. Etar, An., 37-1. Edeinauc, 18-7 ep. of Anguas,
;
Edeirnaun, 74-11.
Edirn,
in, 79-3.
;
L94''3-
Erch, Aber,
Ergig, 74'3-
64-8.
ehon
Eidal
tuthbleit.
tal
See Ruthir
e.
t.
[72-3. Ergrid avon, in, 64-2. Erir Tywi a Teiwi, 51-17* eriron,
67-17-18.
Erthir,
Ervid, 68-3.
(Eryri, pendeuic, 48-18).
escyp 56-12,
84-3,
ethlin, 55-14.
agkyueith 61-9* *
.
(Eingyl, 48-17).
Euas,
74-3.
Eva, 43-12. Ewionit 74-7, Eiwonit 69-4. Ewur, Uv, 107-16. See Pal. Notes
Or" cp. Ir. Ibar.
146
B.B.C.
Fechid
femen,
diristan, ior6.
36'2.
*
fetnin-a.
37'8.
7rii,
fill,
Gormant, 77-7. Goronvy, t. Hywel welmor, 73-14 goror nant 64-15 gwris 64-17 kimry73-i3; niynit90-3:5ri7
;
gorterch, 50-6
g.
Creurdilad
98-8.
75-7.
i.e.
fonogion Mugc,
93'6.
5fMechit.
Guin
mab Nud,
Frangc,
56-2,
y Freigc, AT9Berffro.
goruir, 77-6, g.
Edwin,
gosper, 21-9.
gotev, gueith, 101-15.
i.
Gowanon,
seith
guaew,
cp.
6-6.
grande, 51-18:
i.
734.
Greid, 10-11-12.
72'i3 737-
guaedlan,
5-2
;
4-7, 64-11
5-2.
guaedlad,
guadlan,
Garvy
saer, 47'i6
garrvin, ep. of
Kynan,
Lleinnauc, 97-8-10,
Lleynnauc, 97-12.
Gwallauc,
mab
Goholheth,
100-3.
1035
ep. of
Gwallauc
hir, 63-14.
1.72"ii.
mab Kad
gyffro, 28-8.
Gimry,
y, 48"9.
See Kymri.
guanas 66-3-6. See Gvhir. Guarvy,5o-6,Warruy, 59'io, 74-5. gueilgi, 91-4 g. dowyn, 76-13. gueith, 27-3, 588, lor 1 5 g. aryw:
*
See Teiwi.
derit, 4-7,
506, 62-13
g. finaun
Glan Teiwi,
6o'io.
59-10
13-6,
g. wtic, 83-1
1*
gveith,
gweith, 100-16.
94'8.
Gueith,
Kad
Aber, 61-3.
ep of Guynev, 287.
gweli64-i
I.
Gohoev
gvvelugan,
100-4.
2-4.
fio7-io.
64-14,
GoUwin,
castell, 58*6.
B.B.C.
147
Guendolev, 505, 51-4, 5316, mab Keidav, colowin kertev, 99'ii. Guener, 217.
gvenin, 90'6-i2
guenith, 72-13.
;
guenen
35' 11.
58'i4; brad
gulad,
ciureithau,
Guent,
74-3.
637
gwenwas, 87'3. cp. gwessgvin. gwenvlad, 78'5, guenglad, 43-9 * gwerid, 5r8 gverid, 64'3.
;
i,
arbennic
78-3.
= virginitat-em.
68'4.
gwessgvin, io4'i5.
^.gwenwas.
gurach 95^5
guraget
revit,
617.
[66" i.
Gugaun
Gvhir, 74"4
guanas
G., 66"2.
Guriad, 637.
Gurien, 637, Guryen, 63'5.
a, io2'3.
66'9.
gur guin,
44-8.
Gurrith,
2'3.
Gurtheym gurtheneu,
Cwtic, gueith, 83'ii.
67'5.
Guin Godybrion,
Guindodit, 66'i.
94'8.
Guynev godvff
brado, 55'9;
;
hir,
march
Kei,
clas Guinet,
57'4
;
588
tir
55-10
69-18).
148
B.B.C.
Hal
Jal, 74'ii-
and Jaspar
Griffith, 5
m, 46
m*
Judas.
Cp.
78-8.
Jeithon
hir,
ar clawr, 103-6.
Deheuparth,
Jessu, 25-10, 50-13, 53-13. Jev, dyv 46-4, dyw 488. See Deutur. ineutur, 2-2.
Inis Pridein, 27-7, 28-1-6-1
1.
Hawren,
Teir
Job.
H^n
egluis, 63-9.
jo2,
is
in
I,
82-11.
codic, 81-4.
iscol,
buch, 8r6.
of
Itewon, 102-2.
Iwerit, in
Judas
See
[Ywerit.
Gwallauc, 63-14
103-7
:
of Jeithon,
28-7.
Rodwut,
54-4.
92-14.
Iwerton,
*
Llachar
68-6,
68-17.
66-8.
cp.
mab Run,
milur tnirein,
Uyv
niver, 68-10.
57-5.
Bro
Hiryell,
Llachev, 96-9,
Elvy, 68-4.
1404-41
98-8.
Morvael,
64-8.
28-11.
Padarn, 63-16.
hwetil, 51-9.
95-15.
1.
llawur, llywiaudir,
= Arthur 72-10.
Hyuel,
767.
76-9, guledic
75-4, haelaf
73-13
149
o nef Uaur, new a, 786, 10115 hid laur, 5812; y duv llaur,
;
Lloegir,
mab
Lleynnac, 100*4.
Lloegruis, 54-9.
lloer, 38-11,88-7.
Hog
Uu
Uog^orth, 16-12,72-2.
ouit, 66-2.
*
[28-12.
B.,
Llvagor, march
lluoet agor, 77-1.
Karadauc
Lledneint, y rug Lie win ae, 68-13. Uedneis, ep. of Livid, 69-8.
Llein, 74-8.
/./>'.
Lluc vynit,
108-9.
Lleinauc,
tad
Gwallauc,
97-6,
Lleinnauc,-8,-io, LIeynnauc,-i 2.
Merchin march,
46-15.
kad Coed,
60-3.
Llemenic,
68-4.
Tawlogev,
Llyant, 46-1.
68-19.
mab Llywarch
105-5.
h6n, 107-14.
Llev Powis,
Ueutir Guynnassed, 67-3. cp. lleerror tir, 45-6, and note scribal
Llenn altered
Ueuon, 96-13 Uevreu 36-4.
;
to Lie?/, 66-14.
lleon, 77-9.
Llychur, 67-3. Llydau, ep. of Emer, 67-2. Llyr,t. Manawidan, 94-10. SeelAir
Uyth-er, 36-4
;
-ir ig cuir,
;
38-11.
(Llewelin ap Cynfric, 46-19). Llewin ae Lledneint, y rug, 68-13. Llia gvitel, 65-14. \See Llyr.
Llir lledieith, tad Bran,
Lliv, 67-3. Llyv, Aber, 108-15 llyv niver, ep. of Llachar, 68-io.
Llywarch
see
93-11,
h^n,
107-8-13,
104-16.
Llyuarchh^n,64-i4.
Meibon
= Meigen,
Aber
64-17.
Lliv, 67-3,
Llyv, 108-15.
dew, Seliw,
Vrien.
Lloegir,
55''4'i6, 64-13,
103-11,
Lloegyr, 48-7.
(Llywy, 69-16).
150
B.B.C
Mab.
maban,
io3't.
mab Guendit
48'i2, 5112,
6r5
vebin,
38'8,
a vascul a
mascul-us.
Mathauarn, yg gurthtir, 68' 16. Maur, ep. of Gereint, 72'5. mawr, Maes, 69'2i.
maurtreuit,ep.ofMug,93"i,io8'5.
maurhidic,42"9, 657, io7'4, maurSee Mor. idic, 63' 1 2.
teulu,
f65'4'5.
Maurth, 387,
lonet, 57-3.
Madauc, mab y Guyn o Win llyuc, Madauc, mab Maredut, 103-05. Madauc, vir Vrien, 6yb.
Maelenit, 75"2, 103-3.
Mechit, 93"3,
fonogion
937
;
Maelgun,
I'S,
46'i6, 99'8
llu, 4^4.
treuit
Maen.
See Rid Vaen ked. Maes Guitnev, 1067. Maes mawr, 69'20. Maes meuetauc, 67"i4.
Mechit, 93'i-2, io8'5-6.r/.67-i9. Mei, meirch, 67"20. See meirch. meibon. See Eidauc, ElifTer, Lly-
mab Run
;
64'i5'i7,
;
ab
tad
Run
65'2
meibon 67'i9
Manauid,
94'ii.
Manawidan ab
Llyr, 94'io.
mangaled, Meiri, 54'i4. Mantvy, 99"2. See kaer Wantvy. maon, minit, 6o'20. March, 67-12.
mam
duu
88"i3,
modridaw
:
teernet,
mam
Crist, 29-4-5
[133-24].
;
meirch Mechit,
Meironit, 747.
93'2, io8'6
Mei
march
L^7'i9-
Keincaled, Drudluid,
terwenhit,
Du
hir
Guynev,
See finaun w.
77'6.
cp. ioi'4.
manic, goruir,
Menvy, kyven,
75'2,
chyrdit, 487.
merwerit, 22' i.
Mug, maur treuit, 93' i, lo8*5, Mugc, 93'6. Note that maur treuit do not mean mawr dre/ydd as usually
ion 0/ Mugc, beat
''the
Mervin, 46"i2.
transliterated
meuetauc, Maes, 6yi4. Meuric ar kewin y gureic, 97m. Meuric, mab Karreian c.e., looz.
Mihagel, 32 '12. milur mirein = Llachar, 68'5. mineich yn varchogion, 47'io,
^a/mavvrdrew/ydd. 7%<;ffonog-
mighty smiter'
to death.
Mechydd
6- cp.
See
93'67, *
Mechit.
mur,
I03-I5, eluit
galon
'8,
Pry-
myneich
56'i3.
;
dein
'12,
gwerennic
77"6.
minit Eidin, 957 Eilivert 2yi*; maon 6o'20 ; Hir vinit, 66"8
;
io2'8.
94'6.
Hirerv m.
6g-9.
Mirtin,37,5,Myrt-,i,2-i,6-2-8-ii.
mynwent Corbre,
88'6.
63'io.
Mynvy,
dyffrin, 74*4
tir,
59"I4.
Mochnvy,
;
rid, 47'3.
diessic un-
Nant Convy, 74" 1 2. See Pennant, nav kanmaul, 43"9; navgradnew, nav guiton 96'i2; nav 42"5
;
mab
Peredur,
657
Mor
Morccanhvc
Mordei, kinytion, 53'2. (Morfryn, tad Merddin), 46'i7'2i. Morgant, o hil, 77'8.
new a Uaur, 78"6, iori5. i;^. 58"i2. new ac eluit, 88"i3. See direid,
nav, Pedyr, Periw, Reen.
Morien, by^.
morua,
Nynhav,
46-14.
B.B.C.
Oeth ac Anoeth,
offereid, 84'2.
teulu, 66'4.
Ogyrven, 97,
14-9, 15-2.
Omni,
66"i7.
on, 37-8.
onn
Pennant Turch,
pen palach,
95"6.
66'I3.
orian, i3'5.
Owein,
6o'4,
64T1, bet
in
Llan
Penrin, 74"5. penwetic, ep. of Peredur, 65"8. Peredur penwetic, tad Mor, 65'8.
perthic, 53-17.
f^ael 26-9.
;
Peryton, 63'i5.
pilgeint, 2r8, 707.
Owein
92*9,
Reged,
92' 13.
mab Llywarch hfin, Pimlumon, 477. pimp kaer, 39'2. pimp dirnaud, 40'I0. pimp penaeth, 54'2.
Pill,
;
io8'4.
Passcen,
filius
Vrien, 28"2.
inis,277,
P.,
67-2;
teernweilch
P., 79-3
milvir P.,
cp. infra.
ioo"5 ; milguir Bridein, 1007. (Prydein, 69-20), 73'io; otirion P., 60-6 ; traufev P., 52-12 mur
;
Prydein, 103- 1 2.
Prydin, kad im, 49-3.
pridit 87-12, 103-2.
pridit
See\>3.x\..
11 12.
103-2.
pedryal, 64"8
i
=
i
prise, 57-15.
peddrael,26'i
95"9
;
;pedrydant,76'i
* *
pedryfanhauc, 553.
pelis, 92"2'6"io.
pegor, 18-5.
64-2.
Q2
153
See Alld.
R.
Reged, ep. of Owein, 92'i3. ren new, 29-12, 32-33, reen, 137 Devs ren, g'l 83'2'io, 88'i5
; ;
Ruvein, 82-15.
ruyw,
mab
.
Ren
Ri-.
88-11, 93'io.
Ry
Rys,
68-20.
Rid Reon, 52-4, 64-3. Rid Vaen ked, 65-II. Rid Vochnvy, 47'3.
Ryterch hael,28-5,Ryderch49-l6, h. 56-16, Riderch h. 57-16, 64-9, Ritech h. 52-1 1. ? Rydirch, 503.
Ryd
Britu, 66-17.
Saeson
60-6,
pen Saeson
5i'i3,
66-7,
52-5,
Saesson,
48-10,
(Sais, 125-29).
69-1.
; rinn, 94-9. Ris, o hil, 57-11 ; Rys, 2-9. Ritech, Riterch. See Ryderch h.
(Sanauc, 69-14.)
108-4.
Sarffren, iny, 58-5. seint 34-4, 71-n, 85-5, 106-4. seith seint, etc., 34-4.
seith guaew...kad...tan, etc., 6.
Romani,
Ros,
61-14.
74-9.
Rowynniauc,
74-9.
seith
meib
Eliffer, 5-8-9.
tra, 49-8.
Seithennin
sinhuir
vann
63-11,
(69-15),
kywranc R. ar Drvd
69-1.
Seliw,
Selyw
Seri.
65-12.
tad Llachar, 68-6. tad Meigen, 64-i6"i7, 65-2. rut, ep. of Beidauc, 66-16-19, 67-1. Ruthir ebon tuthbleit, march
Gilberd, 28-8.
suinau, 23-24.
\(>y^^, io7"3.
'
ton navfed, 53-5. Trewruit, 68-19. See Tryuruyd. Tri aghimen kad, 107-13.
Taguistil.
tir
Guinet, syg.
Tal
tal
art, 49'2.
P., 27-7.
Talan, 10816,
Taliessin,2-8,5'8,6'5,7'i, io2'9'io,
P., 28-11.
Tri gohoev etystir I. P., 28'6. Tri thorn etystir I. P., 28-1. Tri llv rac drech, 25-9.
Taw, pont
ar, 47'i4,
63T.
Tdv.
kimerev, 57-12
Dormach,
88-8
;
99-9.
eithaw98-i5,Tawuy47"i4,98'i3
'
trydit
Ryuet
;
;
tri
diweir
Tedei,
teulv, 104-1
tryde
llv 25-12.
Teernon,
Tegigil, 74-10.
Tryuan 1-7 alld Try van 64-7. Tryuruyd ly, Trywruid 94-11,
;
t.
finhaun, 35-5
traetheu 95-10.
Cp. Trewruz'd,
-
teulu
*
bann
>
Madauc
uchel tytin, 64-1.
t.
Oeth ac Anoeth
66-4
tri
Teyrnuron,
tir,
34-3,
;
89-3,
;
Vgnach, 102-8-12 ;mab Mydno,-7. Vnic bariffvin, 53-5. Vrien, 76-12 m. Ll'rch hen 107-15
:
92-2
tir
Brycheinauc
;
74-1
tir
;
tad Pass;
Diwneint, 72-11
tir
elvittir, 69-5
59-14
urtin,64-l.
Yordin-eiii.
Uthirpendragon,94-7.
vtvt, 49-5. 76-3-
54*4.
B.B.C.
155
wineu.
uir
Vagv,
vanncaer,yar,io6'il,vank.io6'i3.
[98-14"'d 68-3,
Wantvy, kaer,
99'2.
-i,
44-13
veibonin, brad gulad, 6o'5. Welmor, ep. of Hywel, 73' 1 3wenestir, finaun, io6'8-ii.
Vochnvy,
rid, 47'3.
Ynys, teir rac, 75-3. See Inis. Yscolan 8r2, Iscolan, 81-3. Cp. ystarn de winev, 83- 1-3-6.
*
Ystrad wy.
Ysradvi, 74-5.
l59"'0'
Kad
ar, 61-1.
125-33).
(Wiliam Sion,
156
BBC.
Some of the
2 sg.
;
Pres. Ind., in old poetry, often ends in -it, i.e. -j'8 = -y vel -;. Anigiffredit 937, gg'io clivit 20'5 kyuerchyt 79'l6 digonit 197; doit erchit 97'i6 gogyuerchit gS'i guneit 235 imwaredit 98'2, io2'i 196 medrit 92-5 rotit gS'i sillit 999. Kedwi 43'i2, erti SJ'i.&c. of taraw=tereu 3 sg. Pres. Indicative of a8aw = eteu 102-5 63'I3 of cadvv = iycheidw I4'6; of llanw = lleinw ion ;ofberwi = beirvv lori oferchi = eirch 31 'ii (a/yocyv-eirch 319, 50-4, go- 96' 1 4, en-eirch 50-2, kywr- 166) parch-av = peirch 50'S of trenghi 70'I2 = treinc 709 ; of diang-av = ry dieinc 918 of coSi 436 = caw8 146 of digoni = dichaun 717 of no8i = naw8 8-ii, 70-1 1 of cronni =
;
2.
-i45'4,
gwyl47'8.
69-6,
3 sg.
Preterites in -aud. Diwaud 42-13, 44-7, diwod 452, divaud rym divod 6ri3 guaraud 39-8. Preterites in -as, -es, -is, -wys, -ws. Bradas 81-9; cauas 66-3,
dylivas 87-8; guelas iori6, rythwelas 101-12; ry dadlas 74-2: tuyllas 81-9: digon^j 100-14; rotes 42-16, 66-15; ry toes 106-7: cedwt's 43-12, ry chedwis 14-7 ry chynis 14-8 treghis 21-13, 7"^ brissuis 101-3 crevis bendiguis 35-9 bilwis43-l ha.ra.uys 4313 86-IO; kynnuis 40-8; guiscvis 43-16; ry wiscuis 75"io; minnvis 44-4; pechuis 41-14 tinnuis 97-5-1 1 ; bendigaj- 36-1 ffruinclymuus 93-13. 3 sg. Perfects Passive in -ad, -ed. Caffad95-2; caffod 16-2; diallad
; ;
'<
63-3 ; rim artuad 231 ; ry parad 85-10 ; suinad 23-10 arched 73-10 ; colled 95-2; digoned 36-8; ganed 6514, 73-9, ri aned S3-15; proued 40-1 ; roted 2312 ; ry doded 81-1017.
;
Prof. Strachan writes in the Revue Celtique, 1907: "It is well-known that the Subj. of the Irish verb has formally only two tenses, a present and a past. I have discovered clear indications that in British, as in Irish, there were at one time only two tenses ... In the same passage an earlier text shews the past Subj. when a later exhibits the plpf. Thus R.B, Mab. yr nas gwelsei=^ W. B. kyn nys rywelhei 454'22 &c. Later plpf. Subj. forms = plpf. Ind., and have come from them. The spread of the plpf. Ind. to the Subj. goes along with the disappearance of A forms in the Subj., whereby the past Subj. came to coincide in form with impf. Ind., except in a few words and even there is a tendency to substitute byium for bewn.
. . .
As Thurneysen has pointed out K7.., XXXI, 10, the plpf. Ind. is in itself a British innovation, modelled on the impf. In Early Welsh the impf. is still found in a plpf. sense in the apodosis of conditional sentences, e.g. din a collei bei nas firinkei man would have been lost if He had not redeemed him bei yscuypun nys guna'wn \i I had known &c." B.B.C., 4i'i & Si'ia.
. .
.
In his paper on the SuBj. Mood in Irish Prof Strachan has shown that reis found with the "In Welsh ry is past, only in exceptional circumstances, absent in the instances quoted from the B. B.C. and in a couple of others, but more generally it is present. Here obviously we are confronted with a Welsh innovation to get a more distinct form to express the plpf. sense. similar use of ry is found with the Pres. Subj. when it has the force of a perfect, cf. Eriu II, 218. This use, however, is not without its exception." See * Continued a digonJu}m=yih2X we have done 30-3. from page 112 q.v.
B.B.C.
57
51-14, 52-1
Chrome:
the MS.,
The above
i8-i in/?^(/, A48-3 B41-5 ; K 104-3 coloured in Chrome: 88-3 the hound Dormarch on page 97 the human head on page 25, also corners of the square enclosing D, g-i, with black in the centre. For further details see Facsimile, and its prefatory note.
; ; ;
!
78-3-5-8-10-13, 82-3, 85-1; B 91-9; 046-9-11-13; 63-4-5-13, 107-11; 46-14 ; 83-13, 90-14, 107-15; 65-1, 66-2-8, 90-4; 90-1 ; S 91-1 ; 3-5-7, 19-10, 27-1 1, 65-2, 83-16, 89-3, 107-13, 108-1. Certain of the large capitals are floriated, in Black, B 87-3,
; ; ; 10-12, 86-6 ; fount, in smaller capitals, represents red letters in except those enumerated below which are black.
62-1-6, 70-13;
23-4
341-5,87-3; D 73-1 47-7, K 104-3; N 742; S io6-6; V76-10. K 18-1 M 84-2 N 24-9.
;
&
of the Verbs have crowded out the analysis of the printed over a year ago, otherwise the Verbs would have fared similarly. As there is no real end to any work, only a leaving off, I stop with the few corrections and First comes xx-17 of the preface. additions which follow. " Nis credav goel can nid kerth. Why do we say God bless you " do not know, but the persistence of to the man who sneezes ? the ritual shows the importance of the dogma in our ancestral are all suckled in creeds outworn when we are religion. grown up we repeat our catechisms, ancient and modern, with equal Our minds are fervour and equal ignorance of the meaning. swayed by nursery tales, and we ever find it necessary to dash past dark places to escape bogies of the mind. Our bard, to keep up his In the hands of my Lord I will dress to-day a spirits, sings aloud sneeze I hear, I will it will not hurt me, I will not believe it. dress me seemly well 1 will not believe an 07nen, because it is not Later he tries certain; He who created me will sustain me.' 82-3-7. to rationalize on the subject, for he reflects that where there is a But it is safe to assume that nose there will be sneezing, 83-5. sneezing perturbed his soul to the end. 46- 1 7 The statement that Merhin is the author of the matter on 47-62 is too absurd to discuss. Note the dates of the events, p. xxiii, etc.
The Tables
orthography.
We
We
'
May -day,
1
igoj.
J.G.E.
B.B.C.
58
Scribal Errors.
gelho. 112 Kitoel /or Eitol. cp. 67-17, & Bruts 140. I2'iimer for ?me/. i2'5 ev /(?r ?aev = wyv. [?fi'Al6'9 a hun for ? Ahun i.e. Anton-y, the father of monachism. cp. Omit. 23"3 nin cred z". 31-9-10 aor^ .... w^[gert 41 12]. 29'3 weUi for wellig, 3sg. Pres. Ind. of gwelligaw /r^w gwall 43'i4 guyth for gwynh, see 44-2. Llywarch Reynolds. 49'9) 891 1, 9ri4 j^scud, /scuid/c>r the old monosyllabic scuid.
76 ge\ho/or
64'i urtin
for
m'rtin.
brzyvhun.
878 dybVas.
94'5
Omit.
70-5 imyo^l
for ? ya.r varcA can. /or imyoW. Note /^esgip ae ^^igneid, and metre. i.e. Ryhun ryve8w-dawd.
Cp.
= uvelin. 8'i odiu = godiv. 9-12 Cathyr = |Ir. cinteir. = prayer, from Lat. Pet-o. \y\ mywir from mevior-xa.. = reen, ruling power, from an oblique case oiregen-s. 9" ren lo'4 kywyrgirn kyvle = kyvr-gyrn kyv-let/. = coat of mail. 5314 nym|ad = ny mad. 47'6, 58'6 dillad = ? yn oeth = ? yn oeb But cp. R.B. 7-30 66'5 yinoeth guas.
6'3 vuelin
Metre requires a dissyllable. J ?dvyl/as. mi ae guared? for jfs mi ae guared = ae guared jfs mi. Arnun nin cred ni nep = Arnun nep nin cred, 23'3. 105106. kedy2i?|mteith for kedymteith. Equations.
Z'^pedi
I
Eirymynyd acdo
oeth
86'3 di-iawi. Cp. gwa-80/ dot, loo'i6 golchiw. Verbal noun. | cp. molim.
Bit glaf
pob trOm 110m Uet noeth. dowry. Eng. dole, O.E. ddi, geddl.
Additional Notes.
22'i, 87'i5 dinwrtj-hate
.
.
dinwrt;j.fune.
diwnute
The plpf. is an imperfects, and dissyllables. innovation in Welsh. See note on p. 157. 22'i2 pir wu-ii/ This rhymes with dikivolw. The/is mute. Cp. the rhyme-words of kyvle = kyv-le/'lo'4 Ili = lliy62'l5, &c. 25'9drech = ?/^;. <)/drych. drech drem = ? mirror-look. Cp. He took such cognisance of men and things, If any beat a horse you felt he saw Yet stared at nobody, you stared at him, And found, less to your pleasure than surprise, He seemed to know you and expect as much. S. Browning. = ^before May g.' Pug/te. See xxx7-i8. -/- is usually 23'i K\niev\n reduced to n/t. Cp. An/;un 3814 ca/;yn 166 k'm/iuan 6'5 ; ke\ne\dforke\nAe\d, from keinieid 99, i5'4 tormew/zoeS io3'9. 389 anotun = abyss, from an + go+dwvyn. The intensive particle an must not be confounded with the negative an, in words like
.
diwnune
i.e.
achvant 73'4, awhetauc 127, ^weir 876, enrydet 547, ^ryuet 557, where the a is affected by the following palatal vowels.
B.B.C.
1
59
6r5
aliens, strangers. Lat. al-i-us. cp. Taliessin 43'8 Noc eillon deu traeth GOell kaeth Dyfet. Deu traeth app. the strands of Fishguard and Newport. Both strands belong to the old lordship Marcher, or barony of Kernes, which "was " in Dyved. The originally independent of the Palatinate of Pembroke Norman leader "Martin de Tours or de Turribus," brought the etllon Note that Newport is into deu traeth, and established them there. Trevdraeth, vel 'Trewdrath' in Welsh. 62' 1 4 a llyr en Hi. cp. Tal. AtOyn eryr ar Ian llyr pan llanhOy 9-4 ;
eilon
dy llyr 6626 ; Myv. : Val twryf ebyr yn llyr llawn 1 56''9. Cp. m^rweryh, 88'8 below. 67'13 anoeth bid. Cp. anoeth byd braOt bOyn kynnuU R.B. I3'i8'20. 67'i5 Cylchuy drei. Cp. An. calc drei. | Myv. ysgwyd amdrei i6o^'52. Cp. Khy-vel, & CaXmor. Howel vab GronO 73'I3 Hywel welmor. ... a gynhullo6 anreitheu drwy losci tei a diffeithaw haiach yr holl wladoeh." Bruts i-j^y]. 8 1 '6 See note p. 133, and footnote 28 of page xviii. 82' I -7 See XX' 1 7, and postscript, page 158. = ? /Jyduu = pyd/w, or pydwj', i.e. ' a sneeze can 82"4 Nid ew wy|duu I won't believe it.' See Postscript. do no harm 82 '4 coel = /r. eel, gl: auspicium. Kerth = cerZ-wj. 'a rei onadunt a adassant 83' I Redact, cp. Laws MS.E, fol. i y redech, ac ereill yn gvbyl a dalyassant, ac ereyll o newyd a
dylleinO
Saddle thy bay, with bridle white, coursing Hiraethog with quivering mane. 88'8 merwerit mor, the tossing or tumult of the sea, [? flood-tide], = wave, agitation, frivolity, pleasure 22'l. cp. \x. mor-fairrge;
ossodassant.'
also.
Bran mab
Loth's article in Revue Celtique, 1907, and 6214 above. = xm-reachabXe. i.e. unattainable. 96'9 d\heit The Ysgavynwyn of Aneirin, 20'6, naturally 96' II Ys/awingun.
llyr.
See
M.
= Ysgavnwyn. See Note p. 137. suggests Yscawingum 98-13 urth i fruin yd wet. The line is app. a syllable short. Read: For the assimilation of ? wrth i ffrwy yd hw-eS, (See x'3l). of consonants cp. cayd k. = ca yd kerth 82"6 arid = ar rid wi wiv = wyt/ 7/yw loo'6. 92'5 gS'iS^rirmorterruin. See page xi, footnote 4 & cp. Pal. Note 5ri7. ior6-8 FechidXooVi like a verb 3 sg. Pres. Ind. Sense suggests ' nu nyth ervill,' but that does not explain the bungled im djoA! The third line contrasts favourably the reception given to the subject of the poem by the bard with that by Tristan. I02'2 Ban deuaw o csi^rfeon o imlat ac itewon. See xvi-xviii, & cp. Ef kyrch kerdoryon fe fyberO Seon. Tal. 42'3. Br. Matez 'servant'; corn, maghteth, io6'9 vachteith = morwyn. Gothic mag-ath-s, O.E. maid O. Ir. -macdacht, 'adult' V.Henry. aX. magd, s^xyzni.' ci. m'ddchen.
; ; ; '
. .
160
B.B.C.
Corrections
"
&
Additions
the Battle of ArvderyS, in which Maelgwn ix"8-9 subject and his men took a decisive part." When I wrote that sentence I was mentally fast asleep.* As Maelgwn is said to have died in 547, he could not have been at ArvderyS in 573. Though I had learnt this from the Annales Cambriae, and noticed the change of metre at 47, yet, in common with others, I failed to perceive that two different dialogues had been compressed into one, till Mr. Egerton Phillimore called my attention to the fact. The scribe, we may suppose, turned over two or more leaves of his original together, thus omitting the end of the first, and the beginning of the second dialogue. The speakers being the same in both dialogues the change of subject escaped the scribe's notice, and long has his mistake lived undetected. The first half only, therefore, concerns Maelgwn, with whose court Taliessin is associated. Myrbin, called the King of Dyved in the Vita Merlini, figures as the bard of the men of the South. These two bards are the representatives of the rival combatants. Mr. Phillimore identifies Traeth Tryvrwyd, 1-6, the Tribruit of Nennius, with the Solway Firth, which appears as Tracht Romra in the Irish Life of Adamnan. That Maelgwn made a descent on Dyved is clear. Witness the death of Dywel ab Erbin, 4'2, and his grave in the Plain of Caeo, 65T6. The name of Elgant figures as one of the four princes of the adjoining parish of LI. Sawyl, and is commemorated in Trallwng Elgan, in the upper hamlet of Talley parish. Erbin and Elgan figure in the line of the sixth century Kings of Dyved, J where Kyndur appears among their ancestors. Kedvyw, or its cognate Cetiu {B. of LI. Ddv, 149^ occurs in Blaen Cediw in LI. Gan and Llether Cadvan, in LI. Gathen, commemorates his companion. These and other interesting identifications Mr. Phillimore proposes to print soon.
is
;
The
xxiii-xxviii.
These pages were written with the help of the Bruts, and Lewis's Topographical Dictionary. The dates given are
those of the Druts, which are generally a year or two out. The history of Lewis needs revision, but as Histories of England, including the latest, are silent on the events treated in our text, I found it impossible to verify anything. Students will therefore accept nothing on trust. is too late" xxiV9-i5 Omit: "It only mentions Bachwy "Robert of Belesme" "or Bachwy." The rivulet Bachwy is a
local
*See on Welsh MSS., Report Books of Wales, vol. i., pp. 66-67. on Welsh MSS., vol. t Report
B.B.C.
vol.
i.,
p.
120;
i.,
p. 714.
JCardiff
MS.
25, p. 77.
161
tributary of the Severn, which it joins above Llan Idloes, as stated by Lewis, who nevertheless makes the mistake of writing " "
Machawy
Note
or
Bachwy
elsewhere,
Gint. Mr. Arthur Jones, of the Manchester University, has called my attention to Mr. Alex. Bugge's Norsemen in Ireland^ where it is shewn that the foreigners who held the Irish coast were not Danes, but Norwegians. Mr. Jones also points out that in the Bruts Norsemen were confounded with Germans (267'20-2i, 273'io-ii). Llvvch Garmon = We.\ford. " and again at Winchester in 1 172." Prof T. F. Tout. xxvii"i7 omit
xxiv.
41.
For Senghenyh read Seinhenyb = Sueineshe = Swansea Lt. Col. Morgan, xxiii. Read: Oh the little more, and how much it is; And the little less, and what worlds away. Robert Browning. I mis-quoted from memory, having read the lines between Sidney and Melbourne in 1881, and never seen them again. Cancel Pal. Notes i2'5, 22-I2, 29-3, 94'5, 95'4, iof6^ Cancel last paragraph of Pal. Notes ir4, 307, 7rio'', 82'9, 83'ib,
xxviii'27 Castle.
84'8, 92'8
;
also
first
sentence of footnote
&
17, p. xiv.
for 'na?^/'
I4"6.
637 Tedei. cp. 'cithara notissima Tithen' oi Vita Merlini.'E..V. For folio xv/i (p. 35) read xvin and for zf//* (p. 105) read /,//*. For the compositor's 'agressively' read 'aggressively' xx'29
;
for 'everthing'
r^rt^^'
everything' xxvi'i5
;
for
'<?
bawSyn'
'
in
some
copies read ' bawSyn' xxxvi7 for 'firmament,' read firm<i>neni' 120T for 'di/iJculty,' read^ di^culty' 140-22 transpose ae to ea in ^raed' = Tea.d, 137, last line cancel repetition of in ix7, and of a xxiii' 1 3.
; ; :
INDEX*
Kewin ir aelwyd 47'9. Kyminaud, kad, 6r3.
ISevion/or KerSorion,
llu
xvii.
Drum
98-13
xi n. 4b.
2'4.
Elei, 94-6.
Myrtin, ?64-i.
tir,
[" 4^xi,
[Erjethlin,
5514.
cp.
E.P.
Gwythneint
huimleian
Pal.
94-5.
Gwytheint
51-9, 55-7-I3.
tad read Omit Fechid and urtin. For Ywerit Note on 888 (p. 160), and cp. Bruts, 303.
niant
see
162
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