Bones

Os, osteo, osse: _______________________ ology: _____________________________

A. The skeletal system is composed of _______________, _________________, and

_______________.

1. The functions of the skeletal system include:

a. __________________: Bones of the legs, pelvis and vertebral column

hold up the body, and almost all of the bones support
__________________.

b. __________________: Bones enclose and protect the brain, spinal cord,

heart, lungs, visceral organs and bone marrow.

c. __________________: The action of muscles on the bones is necessary

for limb movement, breathing and other movements.

d. __________________: _________________________ is the major producer of

red and white blood cells.

2. Bone is a type of ________________________ in which the matrix is hardened

by the deposition of ____________________________ and other minerals in a
process called ____________________________.

3. Bone can refer to an organ composed of osseous tissue, ______________,

__________________, ____________________, ___________________,
__________________, and ______________________ connective tissue or it can simply
refer to the osseous tissue.

B. Shapes of bones

1. _____________ bones are longer than wide and serve as ______________ acted
upon by skeletal muscle to produce movements. Examples include the
___________, _______________, __________________, ______________.

2. ________________bones are similar in length and width. They have limited

movement and glide across one another. Examples include the ______________
and _______________.

3. ___________ bones _________________ and __________________ soft organs and

provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment. Examples include the
______________ bones, _______, ______________.

4. __________________bones have elaborate shapes that do not fit into any

other category. Examples include the __________________ and the many bones of
the skull.

C. Bone (Osseous) tissue is made up of cells, fibers, and ground substance.

 1. Cells found in bone tissue include:

a. ___________________ cells are ___________ cells that develop from

fibroblasts and give rise to most other bone cells since most other
bone cells are _________________.

b. _____________________ (osteo: bone, blast: _____________________) are

bone- forming cells. These cells line up in a single layer and
synthesize the organic components of bone matrix which is
then hardened by mineral deposition.

c. ______________________ are former osteoblasts that have become

trapped in the matrix they deposited in small cavities called
_____________. Osteocytes have fingerlike processes that are
connected to other osteocytes by ____________________.

i. Functions of osteocytes include deposition and resorption of

bone matrix.

d. ______________________ (osteo: bone; clast: ______________) are bone-

dissolving cells on the bone surface. These cells do not develop
from osteogenic cells, but from ____________ cells originating in the
_____________________.

i. Osteoclasts have a __________________ border facing the bone

surface that increases its surface area, making it more efficient
at ________________ bone.

2. The ________________ of bone tissue is composed of organic and inorganic

material with organic matter contributing about __________ of the weight.

a. The organic components include ___________________ and various

protein- carbohydrate complexes such as
glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.

b. The inorganic matter is 85% _________________________, a crystallized

__________________________ salt, but also may contain
sodium, potassium, magnesium, fluoride, sulfate,
carbonate, and hydroxide.

3. Bone is a _________________ of the organic and inorganic components with

the protein components (_______________) provides some degree of
____________________, and the inorganic components providing ___________________
and ____________________.

4. Bone tissue can form into either compact bone or spongy bone.
 a. ________________bone is arranged like the rings around a tree with
each ring called a ___________________ deposited around a central or
_________________ canal.

i. A Haversian canal and its lamellae are called an

__________________.

ii. Each bone has nutrient foramina on their surface for

___________________ to enter into the bone, which then
enter narrower ________________ canals that cross the
matrix and feed into the Haversian canal.

b. _________________ or cancellous bone consists of a lattice of slender

rod, plates and spines called _______________________ (trabe: ____________;
cul: ____________). Spongy bone is spongelike in appearance with the
spaces filled with ________________.

i. The bone is arranged in lamellae, but lacks

_______________________ since there are plenty of space for
vessels to pass through already.

5. _______________________ is a general term for soft tissue that occupies the

marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces between trabeculae and larger
Haversian canals.

a. ________ bone marrow is _______________ (hemo: __________; poietic:

___________) produces ____________________ and consists of
a meshwork of reticular tissue surrounded by immature red
blood cells and adipocytes.

i. In adults, red marrow is limited to the skull, vertebrae, ribs,

sternum, pelvis, and proximal heads of the humerus and
femur.

b. In adults, most red marrow turns to fatty _____________bone marrow

which no longer produces blood and is filled with
_______________________.

D. Parts of a bone

1. Bone is covered with a sheath called the ____________________ (peri:

____________; oste: bone) which consists of a tough outer fibrous layer of collagen
fibers and an inner layer of __________________________ cells.

a. Some of the collagen fibers are continuous with tendons that bind
muscles to bones, and others perforate the bone matrix called
_______________ fibers.
 i. These collagen fibers provide a strong attachment and a
continual sheath from muscle to tendon and from tendon to
bone.

2. A long bone is composed of a cylinder of compact bone which encloses a

______________ cavity which contains ______________________.

3. The ends of the bone are _______________ bone which are always enclosed
by compact bone.

4. The shaft of the bone is called the _________________, and the expanded
head at each end is called the ___________________.

a. The diaphysis provides ________________ and the enlarged epiphysis

strengthens the joint and provides an enlarged surface for
___________________of ligaments and tendons.

5. The layer of hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces is known as

________________ cartilage that enables the joint to move easier.

6. The inside surface of bone is called the __________________ which is a thin

layer of reticular connective tissue and osteogenic cells.

7. Children have a plate of hyaline cartilage separating the marrow spaces in

the diaphysis and epiphysis called the ________________________________.

a. The epiphyseal plate is the zone where the bones _______________ in

children, but fuses after adolescence.

8. Flat bones are arranged like a sandwich with outer layers of compact bone
and an inner layer of _______________ bone called ___________________.

E. Bone Formation and Growth (Ossification)

1. Embryonic bone growth occurs by intramembranous or endochondral

ossification.

a. __________________________ ossification occurs in the flat bones of the

skull and begins with the parallel arrangement of embryonic
connective tissue and the eventual formation of trabeculae that is
converted to compact bone at its surfaces giving it a sandwichlike
appearance.

b. ________________________(endo: within; chondro: cartilage) ossification

is the formation of bone from hyaline cartilage. Most bones of the body
develop in this way with the gradual replacement of hyaline
cartilage by bone.

2. Ossification does not end at birth with the growth and remodeling of bone
continuing throughout life.
 a. Bone elongation occurs between infancy and adulthood along the
epiphyseal plate.

i. The epiphyseal plate has _____________ cartilage in the middle

with transitional zones on each side where cartilage is
transformed into bone.

ii. _____________________ multiplication and hypertrophy causes

the elongation of bone by pushing the reserve cartilage
towards the end of the bone.

aa. During early adulthood the cartilage in the epiphyseal

plate is depleted and replaced by a line of
______________ bone called the
____________________________.

b. Bone thickening and widening continues to occur throughout life,

known as _______________________ growth.

i. Appositional growth occurs by _____________________ depositing

the organic matter of bone and then calcifying it which then
traps it as an _______________.

c. Bones are constantly in a process of deposition of new bone and

______________ of old bone, replacing _____% of skeletal tissue each
year.

i. The architecture of bone is determined by the stresses placed

upon it.

F. Bone mineralization occurs when ______________, ______________________, and other

ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue.

1. The process begins when ______________ deposit collagen fibers along an

__________. These fibers are then encrusted in minerals.

a. Most tissues contain inhibitors that prevent calcium and phosphate

from reaching high enough concentration to precipitate, but bone
neutralizes these inhibitors to form __________________________.

2. Mineral _________________ is the process of dissolving bone and releasing

the products into the blood.

a. ________________ have a hydrogen pump on their border. The

movement of hydrogen into the ECF pulls _____________ out of the
cell.

i. _____________________________ is formed in the extracellular

space that dissolves bone minerals.
 ii. ____________________ also secrete an enzyme called
_______________________ that digests the collagen of
the matrix.

G. Other factors affecting bone.

1. Hormonal regulation of bone deposition and resorption occurs with

________________,_____________________ and ____________________________ and
over 20 other hormones that affect bone.

a. During puberty, testosterone, estrogen, and growth hormone cause

rapid bone growth.

Review Questions

1. Define osteology.

2. What are the functions of the skeletal system?

3. What are the four different types of bones, and name an example of each.

4. What is the difference between an osteoblast and an osteocyte?

5. What is the structural unit of compact bone?

6. What types of cells do osteogenic cells give rise to?

7. What is the function of an osteoclast?

8. What are the components of the matrix of bone tissue?

9. What is hydroxyapatite, what would happen if there was insufficient amounts of it

in bone?

10. Outline the structure of compact bone.

11. What is the function of bone marrow? What type of marrow produces blood
cells?

12. What are Sharpey fibers and what is their function?

13. What are the endosteum and periosteum?

14. How does long bone growth occur in children?

15. Name at least five tissues found in a bone.

16. What ions are used to form bone? Where are these ions taken from?

17. If calcium was deficient in the blood plasma what would happen to bone
density?

18. A common treatment for osteoporosis aredrugs that inhibit activity in one of the
bone cell types. Inhibiting which cell type would be beneficial to bone deposition?
19. What are the 3 main hormones regulating bone mass?