SAEED

In a certain university 75% of the students passed Mathematics, 85% passed

Chemistry and 10% failed both subjects. A student is selected at random:

(a) Find the probability that the student failed Mathematics or Chemistry.

Let M be the event of passing Mathematics,

And let C be the event of passing Chemistry
P (M ) = 0 .7 5
P (C ) = 0 . 8 5
P (M C
∩ C C
) = 0 .1 0
P (M C
∪ C C
) = P (M ∩ C )C = 1 − P (M ∩ C )
P (M C
∩ C C
) = P (M ∪ C )C = 0 .1 0
P (M ∩ C ) = 1 − P ( M ∪ C )C = 1 − 0 .1 0 = 0 .9 0
P (M ∩ C ) = P ( M ) + P (C ) − P ( M ∪ C )
P (M ∩ C ) = 0 .7 5 + 0 .8 5 − 0 .9 0 = 0 .7 0
∴ P (M C
∪ C C
) = 1 − 0 .7 0 = 0 .3 0

(b) Find the probability that the student passed both subjects [3marks]

The probability that the student passed both subjects is:

P (M ∩C ) = P (M ) + P (C ) − P(M ∪C )
P (M ∪C )C =1− P (M ∪C )C =1− P(M C ∩C C )
=1− 0.10 = 0.90
∴P(M ∩C ) = 0.75 + 0.85 − 0.90 = 0.70
 (c) Find the probability that the student passed Mathematics but failed
Chemistry. [4marks]

The probability that the student passed Mathematics but failed Chemistry is:
P (M \ C ) = P (M ) − P (M ∩C )
P (M \ C ) = 0.75 − 0.70 = 0.05

(d) If the student failed Mathematics find the probability that the student also
failed Chemistry. [4marks]

The probability is:

P(M C
∩ CC
) 0.10
P(M \C ) =
c c
c
= = 0.40
P(M ) 0.25
Three urns A,B and C contain red and white marbles : A contains 3 red and 5 white
,B contains 2 red and one white and C contains 2 red and 3 white . An urn is
selected at random and a marble is drawn from that urn:

(a) What is the probability that it is a red marble? [3marks]

The probability that it is a red marble is:

R R R
P ( R ) = P ( A ).P (
) + P ( B ).P ( ) + P (C ).P ( )
A B C
1 3 1 2 1 2
P (R ) = . + . + .
3 8 3 3 3 5
1 2 2 173
P (R ) = + + = ≃ 0.481
8 9 15 360

(b) If the marble is replaced (in the urn from which it was drawn) and another
draw is made randomly, what is the probability that the two drawn marbles
are of different colours? [4marks]

The probability that the two drawn marbles are of different colures is:
1 3 5 1 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 2
P ( R W o rR W ) = . . + . . + . . + . . + . . + . .
3 8 8 3 8 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5
5 5 2 2 6 6
P ( R W o rR W ) = + + + + +
64 64 27 27 75 75
5 4 12 1 00 3 1
P ( R W o rR W ) = + + =
3 2 2 7 7 5 2 1 60 0

(c) Suppose that the marble drawn is from A and is red .If the marble is not
replaced and another marble is drawn randomly what is the probability that
it is also red? [4marks]
The probability that it is also red is:
1 2 1 2 1 2
P (R ) = . + . + .
3 7 3 3 3 5
2 2 2 142
P (R ) = + + = ≃ 0 .4 5 1
21 9 15 315

(d) If the drawn marble is red what is the probability that it came from A?

[4marks]

P (A ∩ R ) P (A )P (A / R )
P (R / A ) = =
P (R ) P (R )
1 3
( . )
3 8 45
P (R / A ) = = = 0.260
(173 / 360) 173
Let f(x) = kx (1-x), x≥0.
(a) Determine the largest interval on which f(x) is a probability density function
and hence determine the value of k. [4marks]

f ( x ) = k x (1 − x ) ; x ≥ 0
f (x ) ≥ 0
k x (1 − x ) ≥ 0
x = 1 ,x = 0

The interval is [0, 1]

To find the value of k:
b

∫f
a
( x ) .d x = 1

∫ kx
0
(1 − x ) .d x = 1

1
x x  2 3

∫ (x − x = −  = 1
2
k ) .d x k 
 2 3 0
1 1 0 0 
k  −  − k  −  = 1
2 3 2 3
1
k = 1
6
k = 6
 (b) Find P (X≥1/2), P (X≤1/3) and P (1/3≤X≤1/2). [3marks]

1
1
P (x ≥
2
) = ∫ 6x
1
(1 − x ) d x
2
1
1
P (x ≥ ) = 6 ∫ (x − x 2
)d x
2 1
2
1
x 2 x 3   1 1 1 
= 6  −  = 6  ( − ) − ( 0 .1 2 5 − )
 2 3  1  2 3 24 
2

1 1  1 1
= 6  − = 6 ( ) =
6 1 2  12 2

1
3 1
1
P (x ≤ ) = ∫ 6(x − x ) d x =  3 x − 2x 
2 2 3 3
3 0
0

1 2 1 1 2 7
= (3( ) − 2 ( )3 ) − (0 ) = − = ≃ 0 .2 6
3 3 3 27 27

1
2 1
1 1
P ( ≤ x ≤ ) = ∫ (6 x − 6x ) d x =  3 x − 2x 
2 2 3 2
1
3 2 1 3
3

 1 1   1 1 
= 3( )2 − 2 ( )3  − 3( )2 − 2 ( )3 
 2 2   3 3 
3 1 1 2 1 7 13
= ( − )− ( − ) = − =
4 4 3 27 2 27 54
 (c) Compute the mean µ. [4marks]

The mean m = ∫a
x f ( x ) .d x

b
m = ∫
a
x f ( x ) .d x

1
= ∫ − 6 x 2
m x (6 x ) .d x
0
1 1
 3 
= ∫ − 6 x =  2 x −
2 3 3 4
(6 x ) .d x x 
0  2  0

 3  3 1
m =  2 (1 ) 3
− (1 ) 4
 − [0 − 0 ]= 2 − =
 2  2 2

(d) Compute the variance σ. [4marks]

The variance σ:
1
1
σ = ∫  6 x − 6 x  . d x − (
2 2 2 2
x )
0
2
1
1
= ∫ − 6 x −
3 4
(6 x )d x
0
4
1
 6 x 4 6 x 5
 1
=  ( ) − ( )  −
 4 5  0
4
3 6 1 1
= ( (1 ) 4 − (1 ) 5
) − (0 ) − = = 0 .0 5
2 5 4 2 0
Weights of newborns in a hospital were registered at birth .The mean weight of 90
boys was 3.4 kg with standard deviation 0.5 while the mean weight of 100 girls was
3.25 kg with standard deviation 0.4.
(a) Investigate whether there is a difference in weights between boys and girls at
birth .Establish the null and alternative hypotheses .Find the estimated
standard error (ESE). [4marks]

Let Ma and Mb be the population means of the boys and girls respectively
H 0 :M a = M b

H 1 :M a = M b

The estimated standard error

sa 2 sb 2
E S E = +
n a n b
( 0 .5 ) 2 ( 0 .4 ) 2
ESE = + = 0 .0 0 4 3 7 7 = 0 .0 6 6 1 6
90 100

(b) Find the two sample test statistic z. Decide whether to accept or reject the null
hypothesis at the 5%significance level. [4marks]

The test statistic

xa − xb 3.4 − 3.25
Z = = = 2.267
ESE 0.06616

A Since Z = 2.267 ≻ 1.96 , then Z falls in the rejection region, we reject H0 at

5%
Significance level in favor of H1: Ma ≠ Mb

The rest of this question is concerned with the OU Stat file birthwt.ous
containing data on the birth weights of 71 babies (37 boys and 34 girls).Open
the file and read the associated notes.
(c) Obtain the mean and standard deviation for the boys and girls weights.

[3 marks]
(d) Obtain the z – sta stic for boys weights and girls weights and use it to test
The hypothesis Ho: Boy's weights at birth are the same as girl's weights at the
1%, 5% and 10 % significance levels. [4marks]