A Novel Harmonic Reduction Technique for Controlled Converter by Third Harmonic Current Injection

Ali M. Eltamaly
Electrical Engineering Dept., King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia e-mail eltamaly@ksu.edu.sa Abstract Three-phase controlled converter has many applications in interfacing renewable energy sources and adjustable speed drives as a rectifier or inverter. The utility line currents of this converter have high harmonic distortion more than the harmonic standards. This research introduces a new technique of circulating third harmonic currents from dclink to the line currents to reduce its harmonic contents. The new proposed system uses single-phase controlled converter to control the angle of injection current for each firing angle of the three-phase converter. A detailed analysis is introduced to achieve a relation between the firing angles of three and single-phase controlled converters. Also a detailed design for other injection path components is introduced. A simulation and experimental work is introduced to prove the mathematical derivations. Analysis, simulation and experimental results prove the superiority of the proposed technique. Index Terms Three-phase controlled converter, harmonic distortion, third harmonic injection, power quality. Nomenclature
If va,ia on opt Thirdharmonicinjectioncurrent. Thevoltageandcurrentofphasea. Thefiringangleofthreephaseconverter. TheangleofVon,3referredtovain180Hzdomain. TheanglebetweenVon,3,andIfin180Hzdomain. TheanglebetweenVon,3,andIfforminimumTHDinline currentsin180Hzdomain. TheanglebetweenVaandIfin180Hzdomain. TheanglebetweenVa,andIfforminimumTHDinline currentsin180Hzdomain. Thepeakvalueofphasevoltage, Theangularvelocityofthefundamentalfrequency. Thermsvalueoflinetolinesupplyvoltage Thermsvalueof(3k)harmonicofthevoltagebetween pointsdandn. Thermsvalueof(3k)harmonicofthevoltagebetween pointsfandn. Thermsvalueof(3k)harmonicofthevoltagebetween pointsoandn. =1,2,3,4,.. Fouriercoefficients. Inductorandcapacitorindclink Tuningcapacitorintheinjectionpath. Thedutyratioofboostconverter. a Vbi Theturnsratioofsinglephasetransformer. The output dc voltage of singlephase controlled converter.

I. INTRODUCTION Three-phase controlled converter has many applications such as ac and dc adjustable speed drives (ASD), induction heating, power supply and utility interfacing of renewable energy (RE) systems with electric utility. These applications use controlled converters as a rectifier or as an inverter. Line currents of the controlled converter have high harmonic contents. Many techniques were used to reduce this harmonic such as a reduction by using increased pulse numbers [1], active and passive filters [2]-[4], modulating the controlled signal of dcdc converter connected with it by third harmonic components [5], or by third harmonic injection from dc-link to the line currents [6][9]. The third harmonic injection technique has been used in uncontrolled converters in [10][13]. A review of three-phase improved power quality of uncontrolled converter by different techniques is shown in [14]. Third harmonic injection technique in the controlled converters was first introduced in 1969 [15]. This technique uses the third harmonic voltage in the dc-link to inject a current to the line currents. References [16], [17] used three LC branches tuned around the triple of utility frequency to inject the third harmonic current to the line currents. This technique has many disadvantages due to the LC branches due to its high cost, bulky, and need precise values for L and C to share third harmonic currents equally. References [18], [19] used interfacing delta-star transformer to circulate the injection current to the neutral of Star. This technique increases the cost due to the interfacing transformer. Other references [8], [9] used star-delta transformer in the reinjection path with unloaded delta to circulate the injection current through the neutral of star to the line currents. Some other references [6], [10], [20], and [21] used zigzag transformer to circulate third harmonic injection current to line currents and to block the fundamental component from circulation. The injection of third harmonic has been controlled by using single-phase boost rectifier to circulate the power in third harmonic back to dc-link to increase the converter efficiency and to control the value of injection current [21]. This technique is suitable for uncontrolled rectifier because it is easy to control the third harmonic current in injection path but it is not easy to control the angle of the injection current, where the optimum angle of third harmonic current is in function with the firing angle [21], [22]. Reference [20] used a bidirectional switch in the third harmonic injection path to control the injection current for each firing angle of the controlled converter.

opt Vm VLL Vdn,3k Vfn,3k Von,3k k Ldc, Cdc Cinj: D

a0,ah,bh

In this paper, a new technique is proposed to reduce harmonic contents of line currents of controlled converter (rectifier/inverter) by using single-phase controlled converter and boost converter in the third harmonic injection path as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for ASD and RE respectively. The firing angle of single-phase controlled converter, is used to control the angle of the third harmonic injection current. The duty ratio, D of boost converter in the third harmonic path is used to control the amplitude of third harmonic current, If. A generalized analysis for the three-phase controlled converter with the new proposed injection technique is proposed to be used in case of rectifier or inverter. A new mathematical derivation to get a relation between the firing angle of the three-phase controlled converter, and the corresponding optimum value of the firing angle of single-phase controlled converter, opt is introduced. Also, a design details for the boost converter and single-phase transformer in third harmonic injection path is introduced in details. The limitation of using this technique in both rectifier and inverter modes of

operation are introduced. Excellent results in harmonic reductions of utility line currents of three-phase controlled converter were obtained from using this technique. If the supply voltage of phase a is taken as a dereference then the utility line current of vector, phase a along with va(t) at =20o is shown in Fig. 3(a). The waveforms of voltages at dc-link, Vdn, Vfn, Von are shown in Fig. 3(d). The voltages, Vdn, Vfn, Von are the voltages that used to circulate the third harmonic current in the injection path. So, a detailed harmonic analysis for these voltages for any value of the firing angle, is shown in details in the following sections. The harmonic analysis is focused on the triple fundamental frequency. In general, a non-sinusoidal waveform f(t) can be expressed as shown in (1).

If 3
If

Io

Vdc
* Vdc

If
Fig. 1 The proposed approach as a rectifier in ASD.

If

If 3

Fig. 2 The proposed approach as an inverter in renewable energy applications.

f (t ) = a0 + {ah cos (ht ) + bh sin (ht )}

h=1

(1)

Fig. 3 Various voltages and currents of the proposed approach at =20o [21].

By applying Fourier transform to the waveforms of Vdn the following triplex harmonics can be obtained as following:
3
5 + 6

And, from (3) the following equations can be obtained for odd and even value of k respectively:
b3k = 3VLL (1)kn / 2 2 9 k 2 1

)[k

p cos

(k n ) k n cos(k p )] (6)
p p sin

a3k =

Vm sin t *cos (3k *t ) dt

+

(2)

b3k =

3VLL (1)3k / 2 2 9 k 2 1

) [k sin(k ) k
n

(k n )]

(7)

b3k =

5 + 6

Vm sint *sin(3k *t ) dt
+

(3)

From the above Fourier results, Vdn,3k for odd and even k can be obtained as in the following:
Vdn ,3k = 1 2
2 2 a3 + b3 =

3VLL 1 + 9 K 2 1 sin 2 9k 2 1

(8)

From (2) the following equations can be obtained for odd and even value of k respectively:
a3 k = 3VLL (1)

The angle of Vdn,3k for the odd values of k can be obtained from the following equation:
a dn,3k = tan 1 3k b 3k

2 9 k 2 1 3VLL (1)

kn / 2

)[k sin(k ) k
n p

p sin

((3k 1) )]

(9)

(4)

a3 k =

2 9 k 2 1

3k / 2

).[k

n cos

(k p ) k p cos(k n )]

k n sin k p k p sin (k n ) dn,3k = tan 1 k p cos(k n ) k n cos k p

( )

( )

(10)

(5)

where k n = 3k 1 , and k p = 3k +1

The angle of Vdn,3k for the even values of k can be obtained from the following equation:
k n cos k p k p cos(k n ) dn,3k = tan 1 (11) k n sin k p k p sin (k n )

( ) ( )

Same analysis is introduced for Vfn, and the following results are obtained: (a) Voltage and current of phase a.
a3k = 3
11 + 6

Vm 7 + 6
11 + 6

sin t * cos (3k * t ) dt

(12)

b3k =
(b) Voltage of phase a and reinjection current.

Vm sin t *sin 7 + 6

(3k *t ) dt

(13)

From (12) the following equations can be obtained for odd and even value of k respectively:
a 3k = 3VLL (1)kn / 2 2 9 k 2 1

)[k sin (k ) k
n p n p

p sin

(k n )] (k n )]

(14)

(c) Voltage, current of phase a and reinjection current.

a3k =

3VLL (1)(3k 1)/ 2 2 9 k 2 1

) [k sin (k ) k
p cos

p sin

(15)

And, from (13) the following equations can be obtained for odd and even value of k respectively:
b3k = 3VLL (1)kn / 2 2 9 k 2 1

)[k )[k

(k n ) k n cos(k p )]

(16)

b3k =

3V LL (1)3k / 2 2 9 k 2 1

(d) The voltages Vdn, Von, and Vfn.

p sin

(k n ) k n sin (k p )]

(17)

From the above Fourier results of Vfn,3k for odd and even value of k can be obtained as in the following:
V fn,3k = 1 2
2 2 a3 + b3 =

opt = on ,3 + 3 180

(28)

9k 2 1

3VLL

) 1+ (9k 1)sin
2 2

(18)

The angle of Vfn,3k for the odd values of k can be obtained from the following equation:
k n sin k p k p sin (k n ) fn,3k = tan 1 . k p cos(k n ) k n cos k p

( )

( )

(19)

The angle of Vfn,3k for the even values of k can be obtained from the following equation:
k p cos(k n ) k n cos k p fn,3k = tan 1 k p sin (k n ) k n sin k p

( ) ( )

Fig. 4 FFT components of Von at =40o.

(20) (21)

Von,3k =

Vdn,3k +V fn,3k 2

Then, for odd values of k, Von ,3k can be obtained from the following:

Von,3k =

9k 2 1

3VLL

1 + 9k 2 1 sin 2

(22)

From (27) and (28) the phase angle between each vectors for various firing angles; =20o and 40o (as an example for rectifier mode) and =130o and 150o (as an example for inverter mode) are shown in Fig. 5(a) and (b) respectively. From (25) the relation between Von,3/VLL and the firing angle is shown in Fig. 6. In the same way, from (27) and (28), the variation of on,3, opt, and opt along with the firing angle of three-phase converter, is shown in Fig. 6.
Von ,3
If
opt

on ,3
opt = 180 3

And angle of Von,3k for odd values of k is,

on,3k
k n sin k p k p sin (k n ) = tan . k p cos(k n ) k n cos k p
1

( )

( )

(23)

Va

3
(24)

Von ,3k = 0 for even values of k

= 20
V on , 3

Fig. 4 shows the FFT components of Von,3k at =40o. It is clear from Fig. 4 that the third harmonic voltage Von,3 is the most dominant component in Von,3k. So, tuning the harmonic injection path around triple of utility frequency will circulate the third harmonic current freely. So, the following analysis will focus on the third harmonic component. By substituting k =1 in (22) and (23), the voltage Von,3 and its angle can be obtained as shown in (25) and (26) respectively.
3V Von,3 = LL 1+ 8sin 2 8 sin (4 ) 2sin (2 ) on,3 = tan 1 2 cos(2 ) cos(4 )

I a3

If
opt

on,3
opt = 180 3

Va

I a3

(25) (26)
If
opt

= 40 o
opt = 180 3 + 2
Va
3 2 *

The voltage, Von,3 is used to circulate third harmonic current through the injection path, If3 to reduce the harmonic contents in line currents. The optimum angle between the If3 and Ia1 is 180 with respect to triple utility frequency, 180Hz [10], [21] and [22]. Depending on this logic, the injection current, If3 can be drawn with respect to Ia1 at optimum injection angle. As shown in Fig. 3, the voltage va has been taken as a reference, so the phase angle of fundamental current is of phase a current is - and -3 respectively with respect to utility and triple of utility frequency respectively. Then, the optimum angle opt between va and If3 is shown in (27). (opt )= 180 3 (27) Also, the optimum angle between Von,3, If3, is opt which can be obtained from the following equation.

on,3
= 130o

I a3

Von 3
If

opt = 180 3 + 2

opt
V on 3

Va
3 2*

on,3

I a3

= 150o

Fig. 5. Phase difference between components for, =20o, 40o, 130o and 150o respectively with respect to 180 Hz.

0.4

Substituting (35) into (36) the optimum value of q is;

qopt = 1.5

Von,3 / V LL

0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 200 100 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

(37)

on,3

angle

0 -100 -200 0

The value of qopt is exactly the same as the value obtained for diode rectifier [6], [23]. The theoretical minimum THD associated with this technique can be obtained from substituting (37) into (35). Then, the minimum THD that can be obtained from third harmonic injection technique is 5.12%. The optimum value of reinjection current can be obtained from (27) and (37) and shown in (38). (38) In case of q=1.5 and variable reinjection current angle, (31) can be modified to be as shown in (39). if 1 5 I o + = I o + I o sin (3t + ) < t <
6 4 6 6 1 7 11 ia (t ) = I o + I o sin (3t + ) < t < 4 6 6 if 1 = I o sin (3t + ) ForElse where 3 2

opt , 3
20 40

opt ,3
60 80 100 120 140 160 180

3 I f = I o sin (3t 3 ) 2

Fig. 6 The variation of Von3/VLL, on,3, opt.3, opt,3 along with .

II. THE OPTIMUM AMPLITUDE OF INJECTION CURRENT The amplitude of optimum injection current for minimum THD, is a function of dc-link current, Io. So, the amplitude of injected current can be assumed to be qIo where q is a proportional constant. Then, the equation of injected current, if3 can be obtained from the following equation:
q i f 3 = I o sin (3(t )) 3

(39)

(29)

In case of phase a voltage, va is a reference voltage, then, the current of phase a can be determined from the following equation.
if q 5 I o + = I o I o sin (3(t )) < t < 6 6 6 6 q 7 11 ia (t ) = I o I o sin (3(t )) < t < 6 6 6 if q ForElsewhere = I o sin (3(t )) 3 3

The rms value of the supply current, Ia,rms can be obtained from (39) and rms of the fundamental component of line current, Ia1,rms can be obtained by Fourier transform of the current shown in (39). Substituting the new values of Ia,rms, Ia1,rms in (35) and equating the derivative of THD by zero, the optimum relation between , and opt can is obtained, which same as obtained before in (27). The variation on the THD with the firing angle at q=1.5 is shown in Fig. 7. III. DESIGN EXAMPLE A prototype model has been used to demonstrate the above analysis. The model is designed to feed 2kVA loads with supply line voltage of 220V. The model is used in simulation and experimental work. The dc-link parameters XL,dc and XC,dc are chosen to be 0.5 and 0.1 pu respectively. From the rating of the model the base value of supply current is 5.25A, and base impedance is Zbase=24.2. Then, XL,dc=2.42, XC,dc=12.1, Ldc=6.42mH, and Cdc=220F. These values of Ldc and Cdc is equally divided in the dc-link as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. To tune the third harmonic injection path around the triple of utility frequency to represent a short circuit for utility frequency, a 547F capacitor is used in series with the injection path, Cinj as shown in Fig. 8. So, most of the value of Von,3 will be across single-phase transformer, in case of neglecting the series impedance of zigzag transformer. A. Design of Single-Phase Transformer The values of Von,3/VLL varies between Von,3/VLL(=0) =0.1194pu to Von,3/VLL (=90o)= 0.358pu. If the operating range of the firing angle of controlled converter is assumed to be between 0o and 60o for rectifier and between 120o to 170o for inverter mode of operations, then the values of Von,3 varies between Von,3/VLL (=0)= 0.1194pu to Von,3/VLL (=60o)=0.3158pu. For the suggested maximum possible dc current, Io=3A=0.57pu, then from (38), the third harmonic injected current is If = 3.182A=0.606pu. Then the highest

(31)

The rms value of the supply current, Ia,rms can be obtained as shown in (32). (32) Also the rms value of the fundamental component of supply current, Ia1,rms can be obtained with the help of applying Fourier transform to equations (31) and the result is shown in the following equation.
I a1,rms = 6 (q +16)I o 16
I a ,rms = Io q 2 + 24 6

(33)

The THD of supply current can be determined from (34).

THD =
2 2 I a ,rms I a1,rms 2 I a1,rms

(34)

Substituting (32) and (33) into (34) the following equation can be obtained.
THD = 32 2 q 2 + 24 1 27 (q +16 )2

(35)

For minimum THD, the derivative of the THD should be equal to zero,
d THD = 0 dq

(36)

possible VA of single-phase transformer occurs at highest possible values of Von,3 and If3 which is, 0.316*0.606/ =0.11 pu. Then, the rating of single-phase transformer is about 11% of the rated VA of the controlled converter. B. Design of Single-Phase Boost Converters Third harmonic injection current can be controlled by varying the duty ratio of the boost converter. Current sensor is used to measure the actual dc-link current and the third harmonic injection current. The error signal between these two currents is used to control the duty ratio of the boost converter. 10 kHz switching frequency of the boost converter is used in simulation and in the practical prototype. The schematic of the control circuit of the boost converter is shown in Fig. 9. The output dc voltage of single-phase controlled converter Vbi can be obtained from (40). The relation between output voltage from single-phase controlled converter and dc-link output voltage can be obtained by the boost converter duty ratio as shown in (41). From (40) and (41) and solving the resultant equation for turns ratio of single-phase transformer, a, (42) can be obtained. From (42), the relation between optimum turns ratio of single-phase transformer and firing angle, , for different duty ratio of boost converter can be drawn as shown in Fig. 10. It is clear from Fig. 10, the optimum value of the turns ratio of the transformer is the one in the middle of the diagram for flexible operation around this value. Then, a=0.2 was chosen for turns ratio of single-phase transformer which means the duty ratio will be around 0.6. In the same way as (42) an equation can be obtained for the optimum duty ratio of boost converter in terms of a as shown in (43). Fig. 11 shows the relation between optimum duty ratio of boost converter and firing angle, , for different turnsratio of single-phase transformer.
70 60 50
THD%

Io

If
Fig. 9 The schematic of the control circuit of the boost converter.
0.45 Optimum Turns Ratio of single-phase Transformer 0.4 0.35 D=0.8 0.3 D=0.2 0.25 D=0.0 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 D=0.4 D=0.6 D=0.0 D=0.2 D=0.4 D=0.6 D=0.8

20

40

60

80 100 Firing Angle

120

140

160

180

Fig.10 The relation between optimum turns-ratio of single-phase transformer and , for different duty ratio of boost converter.
1 0.9 0.8 Optimum Duty Ratio 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 a=0.5 a=0.4 a=0.3 a=0.2 a=0.5 a=0.4 a=0.3 a=0.2

=20, 140 =40, 160

0.1 0 0 20

a=0.1 40 60 80 100 Firing Angle 120

a=0.1 140 160 180

40 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250

Fig. 11 The relation between optimum duty ratio and firing angle, , for different turns-ratio of single-phase transformer.
=0.0
300 350

Fig.7 The variation of THD with the angle at q=1.5 for different firing angles .

Vbi =
Vdc Vbi
a=

2 * 2 Von,3 * * cos opt a 1 = 1 D

(40) (41) (42) (43)

1 + 8sin 2 * cos opt 4 (1 D )cos

D = 1

1+ 8sin 2 * cos opt 4 a cos

( )

Fig. 8 Tuning the third harmonic injection path around the third harmonic frequency.

The angle of injection current, can be controlled by controlling the firing angle of single-phase controlled converter, . The relation between the optimum values of , and the firing angle, of three-phase converter can be obtained from (26), (27) and (28) and as shown in Fig. 6. In

case of operating range of firing angle, between 0o and 60o in a rectifier mode and from 120o to 170o in inverter mode, the corresponding optimum values of firing angle of single, opt is between 0o and 180o for rectifier and inverter modes of operations. In case of the turns ratio of single-phase transformer, a=0.2, then the maximum reverse voltage for each thyristor is 0.3158/0.2=1.579 pu=347.4V and the maximum current is the maximum current of injected current times the turns ratio of single-phase transformer= 0.606*0.2=0.1212 pu=0.6363A. IV. DESIGN OF ZIGZAG TRANSFORMER The third harmonic injection can be transferred to line current using zig-zag transformer [6], [10], [12], [20]-[22] or threephase transformer with open delta [8], [9]. The required kVA times rating of three-phase transformer with open delta is the kVA required for zig-zag transformer [13]. For this reason zig-zag transformer has been used in this research. The rms values of the winding voltages are VLL/3 [13]. Then, the VA rating of zigzag transformer can be obtained from (44). Then from this equation and as discussed before that If3=0.606pu, The VA rating of zigzag transformer is Szigzag=0.606/3=0.202pu, which means that, the VA rating of zigzag transformer is about 20.2% of the VA rating of the controlled converter. (44) S zig zag = V ph zig zag * I f V. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A prototype model has been introduced to demonstrate the above analysis. The prototype model is designed to feed 2kVA loads with supply line voltage of 220V. The prototype model is used in simulation and experimental work. The simulation of the proposed technique has been performed by using PSIM computer program. Same values of the components used in simulation program have been used in the experimental prototype to compare these results. The simulation and experimental work has been performed in a rectifier and inverter modes of operations. The simulation and experimental results are identical and agree with the mathematical analysis. Fig. 12 shows the relation between THD and the value of q for mathematical analysis (44) and experimental analysis at =20o. This figure reveals that the optimal value of q is 1.5 for the minimum THD as previously concluded from (37). Also, this figure shows the importance of third harmonic injection technique in reducing the harmonic contents in utility line currents. Fig. 12 shows the relation between THD and the angle of If with respect to Von, at If /Io=1.061 for different values of firing angle, . It is clear that the best THD occurs around opt which obtained from (13). The value of opt increase with increasing the firing angle. The simulation and experimental waveforms for =20o and 40o as an examples are shown in the following sections.

A. Experimental results at =20o Fig. 13 shows the waveforms of voltages vd, vf, von at =20o. Fig. 14 shows the voltages vd, vf, von at =140o. Fig. 15 and Fig.16 show the supply current waveform with respect to phase a voltage without injection of 3rd harmonic current at =20o as an example of rectifier and =140o as an example of inverter respectively. Fig. 17 shows the FFT components of ia without harmonic injection. It is clear from this figure that the supply current has very high THD mostly of 5th and 7th harmonics. The THD of this current is about 54%, which is greater than all harmonic standards. Fig. 18 and Fig. 19 show the utility line current, ia and injection current, if along with va, with optimum harmonic injection current for =30o and =130o respectively. It is clear from Fig. 18 and Fig. 19 that the THD is about 5% which is acceptable by the harmonic injection standards. The results shown in Fig. 18 and Fig. 19 prove the superiority of the proposed injection technique.

30 25 20 THD% 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 q 2 2.5 3 Eqn (35) Experimental

Fig. 12 The relation between THD and the value of q.

Fig.13 The voltages vd, vf, von at =20o (100V/div.).

Fig.14 The voltages vd, vf, von at =140o (100V/div.).

Fig. 17 The FFT components of ia without harmonic injection (0.5A/div).

Fig. 15 The supply current along with va at =20o without harmonic injection (100V/div., and 1A/div).

Fig.18 The utility line current, ia and injection current, if along with va, with optimum harmonic injection current for =30o (100V/div., and 1A/div).

ia

va

Fig. 16 The supply current along with va at =140o without harmonic injection (100V/div., and 1A/div).

Fig.19. The utility line current, ia and injection current, if along with va, with optimum harmonic injection current for =130o (100V/div., and 1A/div).

VI. CONCLUSION Utility line currents of three-phase controlled converters have THD higher than harmonic standard limits. This high THD can produce a lot of problems in the power systems. One of the most effective techniques is the circulation of third harmonic current from dc-link to the line currents. This paper introduces a single-phase controlled converter in the injection path to control the angle of injection current for each firing angle of three-phase controlled converter. The power circulated in the third harmonic injection path is recovered by using boost converter connected between the output of singlephase controlled converter and the dc-link. Boost converter can control the amplitude of injected current. In this paper, the optimum relation between the firing angles of three-phase and single-phase controlled converters for minimum THD is introduced. Also the optimum amplitude of the injected current is introduced mathematically and experimentally. The THD of the utility line current from simulation and experimental results proves the mathematical results for this technique. The THD of the utility line current with optimal harmonic injection current is about 5% which is lower than limits of harmonics standards. REFERENCES
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