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8-16 Metallurgy For Heat Treatment
8-16 Metallurgy For Heat Treatment
, which is about 20 C below the eutectoid temperature. The holding time should be long enough for recrystallization to be proceed.
Recrystallization time depends on the degree of cold deformation. The higher the degree of cold deformation, the lower 29 recrystallization time is.
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Ref: http://www.astonmet.com/ss/images/win_ht1207_23.html
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Heat Treatment of Steels : Normalizing Normalizing is considered to be out of equilibrium since the air-cooling is considerably fast. Eutectoid temperature and composition become lower as cooling rate increase. Ar3 and Ar1 merge and full pearlitic microstructure is obtained in steels with >0.4%C
A3 Acm A1
Heat Treatment of Steels : Quenching and Tempering The purpose of quenching and tempering is to improve hardness, strength, and wear resistance of the parts. The desired microstructure is martensite or bainite or mixture of both depending on the hardness, strength, and toughness required in service.
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The hardness of martensite is a function of carbon contents only. The maximum hardness (fully matensite) is then a function of carbon contents in steels.
tempering
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time
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Heat Treatment of Steels : TTT and CCT Metallurgists use TTT and CCT diagrams to design the quenching severity required to achieve the target hardness value. TTT (time-temperature transformation diagram) indicates the isothermal transformation versus holding time. CCT (continuous cooling transformation diagram) indicates the transformation by the different cooling rate.
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Ref: William D., and Jr. Callister, 2007 Kitkamhorn, U. 3/21/2012 Kitkamhorn, U.
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Lower curve are of bainitic transformation Horizontal lines are of martensitic transformation
Modified from William D., and Jr. Callister, 2007
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TTT diagram of AISI 4340 steel (JIS-SNCM 439, DIN 20CrMo5) (0.4%C, 1.0%Mn, 0.8%Cr, 0.8%Mo, 1.85%Ni) 43
Ref: William D., and Jr. Callister 3/21/2012
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Heat Treatment of Steels : CCT diagram CCT curves are slightly on the lower right of TTT curves Better to follow CCT since most heat treatment processes are based on continuous cooling except martempering and austempering. 45
3/21/2012 Kitkamhorn, U. Ref: William D., and Jr. Callister, 2007
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%proeutectoid ferrite
%pearlite
%bainite Hardness
TTT and CCT Diagram of AISI 4340 steel (0.4%C, 1.0%Mn, 0.8%Cr, 0.8%Mo, 1.85%Ni)
Ref: William D., and Jr. Callister, 2007 Kitkamhorn, U.
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Heat Treatment of Steels : Quenching and Tempering Alloying elements except cobalt shift TTT to the right. This increases hardenability of the steels.
Ac3 Ac1 Ac3 Ac1
F+C Temperature A+F+C
A+F+C Temperature
F+C
A+F+C
F+C
A+F+C
F+C
Ms
Ms
1 2
1 2
In alloy steels with >0.4%C, some retained austenite exists after quenching.
Time
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Distance from specimen core Distance from specimen core
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As-quenched martensite is brittle because of strain accompanied with phase transformation. There is a volume expansion when austenite transforms into martensite. Tempering is a process used for stress-relieving of fresh martensite by heating to a temperature at a range of 150-650C for 40-60 minutes or longer. 51
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Tool steels such as hot-work tool steels, cold-work tool steels, and high speed tool steels, the tempering curves exhibit secondary hardening at tempering temperatures in a range of 450-600C. Such steels need to be tempered twice or more.
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austenitizing temperature
austenitizing tempering
After oil or air quenching to room temperature, the parts are dipped into cryogenic media such as liquid nitrogen. The parts are then tempered afterward.
The high alloy steels can be isothermal holding at a temperature above Ms for long time without undergoing phase transformation Large or complex high alloy steel parts can then be treated by martempering to avoid quench- cracking
tempering
time
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time
quenching
martempering
Coil spring and disc spring are examples of steel parts treated by austempered
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Heat Treatment of Steels : Summary of Metallurgical Factors during heat treatment Understand the concept of microstructural change due to thermal treatment Case 1
When crystallization of austenite and its transformation are the principles behind then what needed to be considered Austenitizing temperature must be proper selected depending on the chemical compositions of steels, the methods of cooling, and the final microstructure required. When austenitizing treatment is in the single austenite region such as hardening of medium carbon steels, treatment temperature and time should not be too high since austenite grain coarsening may occur. Proper cooling rate (quenching method) is required. The final microstructure required There is a limitationof miximum hardness of steel, which can be reached depending on the carbon conceration 60
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- Not all steels can be austempered practically. - Their kinetics of bainitic transformation determined whether austempering shall be applied to such steels.
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Oxidation Discoloration Carburization/decarburization Effectiveness of quenchant Stability of quechant temperature and its thermo-physical properties Transport of heat into/out of steel parts Parts configuration Jig Design etc
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References:
George E. Totten. Steel Heat Treatment Handbook : Metallurgy and Technologies, CRC Press, USA 2006 George Krauss. S T E E L S :Processing, Structure, and Performance . ASM International, USA 2005 Heat Treaters Guide: Practice and Procedure for Iron and Steel. ASM International 2nd edition, USA 1995 H. Eallentowitz et al. Materials for future automotive body structure Business Briefing:GlobalAutomotive Manufacturing & Technology 2003 Karen Connery and Len Switzer. High Quality Heat Treatment: Atmosphere choice of critical Heat Treating Progress, September 2008 Linde booklet: Furnace Atmosphere No.1 Gas carburizing and carbonitriding. Special Edition available from http://heattreatment.linde.com/international/web/lg/ht/like35lght.nsf/docbyalias/homepage Linde booklet: Furnace Atmosphere No.2 Neutral hardening and annealing. Special Edition available from http://heattreatment.linde.com/international/web/lg/ht/like35lght.nsf/docbyalias/homepage Linde booklet: Furnace Atmosphere No.3 Nitriding and nitocarburizing. Special Edition available from http://heattreatment.linde.com/international/web/lg/ht/like35lght.nsf/docbyalias/homepage William D., and Jr. Callister MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: AN INTRODUCTION John Wiley & Sons, 7th 2007
Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS), Universiy of Cambridge, http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/about/dissemination.html 63
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