Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORT&H) Government of India New Delhi

Structural Evaluation of Pavements in Eastern India using Falling Weight Deflectometer

Road Research Scheme (R-81) Draft Report

Transportation Engineering Section Civil Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India 2003

Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur-721 302, India

Dr. B. B. Pandey

Dr. K. Sudhakar Reddy

Preface
We take a great pleasure in submitting the draft report of the Road Research R-81 Structural Evaluation of Pavements in Eastern India using Falling Weight Deflectometer sponsored by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MORT& H), New Delhi. The progress of the findings of the research scheme has already been submitted to the MORT&H in the form of technical reports No. 1 to 5 along with the research digest. The present report contains evaluation of in-service pavement layer moduli from the extensive field data collected by indigenously developed Falling Weight Deflectometer and an overlay design methodology based on present investigation. It is expected that the findings will open a new era in the evaluation of in-service pavements as well as strengthening of pavements.

Dr. B. B. Pandey Professor of Civil Engineering Co-Principal Investigator

Dr. K. Sudhakar Reddy Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Principal Investigator

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ROAD RESEARCH SCHEME R-81

NAME OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT SPONSORING AUTHORITY
: : Structural Evaluation of Pavements in Eastern India Using Falling Weight Deflectometer (Road Research Scheme R-81) Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) (Roads Wing) Government of India No: 1, Parliament Street New Delhi 110 001

INVESTIGATOR IN-CHARGE i.
Principal Investigator (Upto 30.6.2002 & CoPrincipal Investigator from 4.10.2002) : Dr B.B.Pandey Professor of Civil Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721 302,West Bengal

ii.

Co-Principal Investigator : Dr K. Sudhakar Reddy Associate professor Civil Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721 302,West Bengal Research Staff : M. Amaranatha Reddy Junior Project Officer Civil Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721 302,West Bengal

iii.

Date of Commencement of Project

: 11-01-1999 ( Date of receipt of first installment of fund)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The R-81 research team is grateful to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORT&H) for sponsoring the research project R-81 entitled Structural Evaluation of Pavements in Eastern India using Falling Weight Deflectometer. The research team would like to express their sincere thanks the Director of the Institute, Dean of Sponsored Research, IIT Kharagpur for the encouragement given to the team for carrying out the investigation. Also, the team is thankful to the Head and faculty members of Civil Engineering Department, IIT Kharagpur for their co-operation extended during the course of the investigation. The help extended by Mr. Subrata Halder of M/S Eastman Hydroquipment, Kolkata in

fabricating the equipment is gratefully acknowledged. The team is also thankful to Mr. Ranjit Bhattacharya of RB Enterprises, Kharagpur for their help in assembling the electronic circuits. The team would like to thank the PWD Engineers of Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal state for their co-operation and help during field data collection.

(B.B. Pandey)

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ABSTRACT OF THE RESEARCH REPORT

Application of mechanistic principles in the design of pavements is gaining popularity all over the world. Indian Roads Congress (IRC) has adopted a mechanistic approach for design of flexible pavements in India. Selection of appropriate layer moduli is an important component for the mechanistic design of flexible pavements. Among the various methods available for the estimation of layer properties, structural evaluation of pavements using Falling weight Deflectometer (FWD) is popularly used all over the world. Since a number of structural responses are measured by the FWD, it is possible to explain the structural behaviour of pavements more accurately. IRC guidelines for design of flexible pavements recommend the use of different models for estimating the moduli of subgrade and granular layers. The main concern among the researchers in India in using the empirical relationships recommended by IRC is that there has not been any validation of the relationships for the specifications and construction practices adopted in India. Thus, it is essential to have adequate data for selection of realistic layer moduli appropriate for the conditions prevailing in India. Hence, a rational approach for predicting the pavement layer moduli is desirable for the analytical design of pavements. Indian Roads Congress (IRC) recommends the use of Benkelman beam for design of

flexible overlays. However this method does not permit a reliable prediction of the performance of pavements as only one deflection is measured under a static load where as a moving wheel of a vehicle applies a dynamic load on a pavement surface. A more rational approach is to carry out structural evaluation of in-service pavements by FWD and develop an overlay design methodology based on this. Keeping these requirements in view, the research scheme R-81 aims at (i) the development a rational procedure for structural evaluation of in-service pavements and (ii) design of overlays. An extensive review of relevant literature related mostly to various methods of nondestructive testing of pavements, backcalculation techniques, models available for the estimation of pavement layer moduli and FWD based overlay design procedures has been made to seek direction for the present research work. Though different types of FWDs are available commercially, the high cost of the imported FWDs is making it difficult for most of the agencies in India to use them. Hence, a low-cost FWD designed and fabricated for evaluation of pavements. Salient feature of this equipment

are that it is possible to apply a load of 100 kN with a pulse duration of about 20 to 30 m and all the operations are controlled hydraulically and testing is quick. The FWD is housed inside a vehicle for easy maneuverability. The performance of this equipment was found to be excellent. A number of pavement sections with different surfacing thickness and condition were selected for detailed structural evaluation in different seasons in a year using the FWD. Some pavement carrying heavy traffic and constructed recently with latest construction equipment and specifications were also evaluated. BACKGA, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based program, was developed for backcalculation of effective moduli of pavement layers. The results were found to be highly satisfactory. FWD evaluation was done on one pavement stretch having a cold mix recycled layer to estimate the moduli values before and after recycling. It has been observed that there is a significant improvement in the modulus values of the pavement layer after it was milled and recycled using cement and bituminous emulsion. Based on the field evaluation, various models were developed for the estimation pavement layer moduli from different pavement parameters and the validity of some of the available models was examined. From the deflection data obtained from new pavements, elastic moduli of bituminous layers were obtained for different temperatures to evaluate the effect of temperature on the moduli. Temperature adjustment factor was developed for estimating the bituminous modulus in the range of 25 to 40o C. Based on FWD data, a design procedure for estimating thickness of bituminous overlay over flexible pavement has been proposed. Also design CBR value to be adopted in the flexible pavement design is also presented. Key Words: Structural Evaluation, Falling Weight Deflectometer, Backcalculation, Elastic Modulus, Temperature, Seasonal Variation, Design CBR, Overlay Design.

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Figure Figure Figure Figure 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Title of the Figure Chapter 2- Literature Review Working Principle of FWD Relationship between BDI, Shape Factor and Subgrade Modulus Overlay Thickness Versus Structural Index (SI) for Medium Subgrade WSDOT Overlay Design Flow Chart Chapter 3-Development of Falling weight Deflectometer A Schematic Diagram of the FWD (IITKGP_FWD2) Schematic Details of the Falling Mass System Schematic Details of the Geophone Frame Schematic Diagram of the Loading Plate Arrangement Schematic Diagram of the Hydraulic Circuit General Arrangement of Data Acquisition System High Speed Data Collection Setup using NOTEBOOK Software Typical Responses of Geophones and Load cell Chapter 4 Field Evaluation of Pavements using FWD Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure Figure Figure Figure 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Locations of Various Test Sections Sketch Showing the Typical Layout of Test Locations for 4-Lane Divided and 2-Lane 2-way Carriageways Measured Surface Deflections at Km. 1.895 of NH Measured Surface Deflections at Km. 134.030 of NH-6 Measured Surface Deflections at Km. 131.100 of NH-6 Main Processes in Cold Mix Recycling Operation Chapter 5- BACKGAIIT Program for Backcalculation of Layer Moduli Crossover Operation Flowchart for BACKGAIIT A Typical Three Layer Pavement System Considered Fitness Values Obtained with Different GA Parameter Sets Fitness Value and Computational Effort for Different Parameter Sets Variation of Fitness with Population Variation of Fitness with Generations Variation of Fitness with PC Variation of Fitness with Pm Variation of Average Error in Remaining Life with Computational Effort Chapter 6- Analysis of Pavement Evaluation Data Linearity of Deflections Observed at Km 109.100 of NH-6 Average Modulus of Bituminous Layer from Seasonal Modulus Average Modulus of Base Layer from Seasonal Modulus Average Modulus of Subgrade from Seasonal Modulus 58 62 64 64 64 66 Page 8 19 34 37

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

42 43 43 44 44 47 50 56

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

69 70 73 74 75 76 76 76 76 78

82 105 106 106

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Figure 6.5

A Typical 3-Layer Pavement System with Strains considered in the Design and their Location

108

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photograph No Photograph 2.1 Title of the Photograph Chapter 2- Literature Review IITKGP_FWD1 Chapter 3- Development of Falling Weight Deflectometer Photograph 3.1 Photograph 3.2 Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 An External View of the In-Vehicle FWD Rear View of the FWD A View of Data Acquisition System A View of Signal Integration and Amplification Circuits Data Files Storage Setup using NOTEBOOK Software Catch - In Position Geophone Frame Down Catch-Out Geophone Straightening Laboratory Calibration of Load Cell Arrangement made for Calibrating the Geophones in the Field Chapter 4- Field Evaluation of Pavements using FWD Photograph 4.1 Photograph 4.2 Photograph 4.3 Photograph 4.4 Photograph 4.5 Cross-section Details of the Two In-service Pavements Two Views of Structural Evaluation at Km 152.000 of NH-6 Structural Evaluation at Km 131.000 of NH-6 Two Views of Cold Mix Recycling Machine Field Evaluation of Recycled Portion at Km 131.000 of NH-6 60 63 63 66 66 41 47 47 49 49 53 53 53 53 54 55 Page 11

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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title of the Table Chapter 2- Literature Review Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 2.3 Table 2.4 Table 2.5 Table 2.6 Table 2.7 Table Table Table Table Table 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Salient Features of Some Backcalculation Programs Values of k Suggested by Different Investigators/ Agencies Values of k1 and k2 suggested by Different Investigators/ Agencies Regression Coefficients values for K- model for Different Unbound Granular Materials Modular Ratio Values suggested by Various Researchers Poissons Ratio Values adopted in Different Design Procedures Suggested Elastic Modulus Values for Bituminous Materials Chapter 3-Development of Falling Weight Deflectometer Main Components of FWD Equipment with their Functions Some Components of FWD Equipment with their Functions Data obtained for Calibrating the First Three Geophones Calibration Factors for different Geophones Repeatability of Deflection Data for IITKGP_FWD2 Chapter 4-Field Evaluation of Pavements using FWD Details of In-service Pavement Test Sections Investigated Chapter 5- BACKGAIIT Program for Backcalculation of Layer Moduli Fitness and Computational Effort Values for the Best Twenty Parameter Sets Backcalculated Moduli obtained with Some GA Parameter Sets Performance of Some GA Parameter Sets having CE less than that of the Best Set Details of Three Layer Hypothetical Pavement Sections Considered Details of Backcalculated Moduli obtained for Different Hypothetical Pavements Chapter 6- Analysis of Pavement Evaluation Data Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 6.4 Table 6.5 Modulus Ranges considered for Different Situations Layer Moduli for Km 1.865 to 2.000 of SH (Salua Deflection Data Collected during the Year 2001-2002. Layer Moduli for Km 2.850 to 3.000 of SH (Salua Deflection Data Collected during the Year 2001-2002 Layer Moduli for Km 4.625 to 5.000 of SH (Salua Deflection Data Collected during the Year 2001-2002. Layer Moduli for Km 1.835 to 2.000 of SH (Salua Deflection Data Collected During the Year 2000-01. Road) for the Road) for the Road) for the Road) for the 83 84 85 85 86 51 52 55 56 57 14 17 17 21 23 29 32 Pag e

Table 4.1

59

Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 5.5

75 76 77 79 80

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Table No. Table 6.6 Table 6.7 Table 6.8 Table 6.9 Table 6.10 Table 6.11 Table 6.12 Table 6.13 Table 6.14 Table 6.15 Table 6.16 Table 6.17 Table 6.18 Table 6.19 Table 6.20 Table 6.21 Table 6.22 Table 6.23 Table 6.24 Table 6.25 Table 6.26 Table 6.27 Table 6.28 Table 6.29 Table 6.30 Table 6.31

Title of the Table Chapter 6- Analysis of Pavement Evaluation Data Layer Moduli for Km 3.370 to 4.000 of SH (IIT Bypass) for the Deflection Data Collected during the Year 2000-01. Layer Moduli for Km 15.000 to 15.270 of NH-60 for the Deflection Data Collected during the Year 2001-02. Layer Moduli for Km 15.000 to 15.270 of NH-60 for the Deflection Data Collected During the Year 2000-01. Layer Moduli for Km 123.795 to 124.000 of NH-6 for the Deflection Data Collected during the Year 2000-2001 Layer Moduli for Km 125.000 to 125.270 of NH-6 for the Deflection Data Collected during Summer Season of the Year 2001-02 Layer Moduli for Km 134.000 to 134.270 of NH-6 for the Deflection Data collected during the Year 2001-02 Layer Moduli for Km 134.800 to 134.860 of NH-6 for the Deflection Data collected during the Year 2000-01. Layer Moduli for Km 150.000 to 150.245 of NH-6 for the Deflection Data collected during the Year 2001-02. Layer Moduli for Km 150.000 to 150.275 of NH-6 for the Deflection Data collected during the Year 2000-01 Layer Moduli for Km 151.000 to 151.245 of NH-6 for the Deflection Data collected during the Year 2001-02 Layer Moduli for Km 151.000 to 151.245 of NH-6 for the Deflection Data collected during the Year 2000-01 Layer Moduli for Km 152.000 to 152.245 of NH-6 for the Deflection Data collected during the Year 2001-02 Layer Moduli for Km 152.000 to 152.245 of NH-6 for the Deflection Data collected during the Year 2000-01 Layer Moduli for Km 153.000 to 153.245 on NH-6 for the Deflection Data collected during the Year 2001-02 Layer Moduli for Km 153.000 to 153.245 of NH-6 for the Deflection Data collected during the Year 2000-01 Layer Moduli for Km 188.000 (NH-6), 270.000 (NH-5) and 206.000 (NH-6) for the Deflection Data collected during Winter Season of the Year 2001-02 Layer Moduli for Km 319.600 to 319.870 on NH-33 for the Deflection Data collected during the Year 2001-02 Layer Moduli of Recycled Pavement Stretch Layer Moduli values for the Deflection Data collected from Km 131.220 to 131.800 on NH-6 Different Pavement Layers during Construction Layer Moduli values for Km 125.000 to 125.540 on NH-6 (Average Pavement Temperature 37.5oC) Layer Moduli values for the Deflection Data collected on Km 131. 860 and 131.910 on NH-6 along Transverse Direction (Average Pavement Temperature.32.5oC) Layer Moduli values for the Deflection Data collected on Km 112. 000 to 112.540 of NH-6 at different Pavement Temperatures Layer Moduli values for the Deflection Data collected on KM 126. 000 to 126.540 of NH-6 at different Pavement Temperatures Layer Moduli values for the Deflection Data collected on KM 131. 100 to 131.640 of NH-6 at different Pavement Temperatures Subgrade Moduli estimated using Different Models Granular Base Modulus values Suggested by different Researchers

Page 86 87 87 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 93 93 94 94 95 96 97 98 98 99 100 100 102 103

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Table No Table 6.32 Table 6.33 Table 6.34 Table 6.35 Table 6.36

Title of the Table Chapter 6- Analysis of Pavement Evaluation Data

Page 103 104 109 110 110

Average Ratios of Moduli of Base Course and Underlying (Subgrade) Layer Typical Values of Layer Moduli for Different Pavements Deflections measured at Km 150.000 of NH-6 during Winter Season of the Year 2001-02 Results of Backcalculated Moduli Values for Km 150.000 [Winter Season] Overlay Design
Appendix-A Field Evaluation of Pavements using FWD

Table A-1 Table A-2 Table A-3 Table A-4 Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-11 A-12 A-13 A-14 A-15 A-16 A-17

Table A-18 Table A-19

Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 1.820 to 2.000 of SH (SALUA Road) Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 2.850 t0 3.000 of SH (SALUA Road) Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 4.625 to 5.000 of SH (IIT BYPASS) Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 3.370 to 4.000 of SH (IIT BYPASS Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 15.000 to 15.270 of NH-60 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 123.745 to 124.000 of NH-6 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 125.000 to 125.270 of NH-6 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 134.000 to 134.270 of NH-6 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 134.800 to 134.860 of NH-6 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 150.000 to 154.245 of NH-6 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 151.000 to 151.305 of NH-6 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 152.000 to 152.245 of NH-6 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 153.000 to 153.245 of NH-6 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 188.000 to 188.270 of NH-6 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 206.500 to 206.710 of NH-6 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 270.000 to 270.270 of NH-6 Thickness Details for the Stretch from Km 319.600 to 319.870 of NH-33 Pavement Thickness Details for Km for Km 131.020 to 131.200 of NH- 6 Thickness Details for New Pavements

129 129 130 130 130 131 131 131 132 132 132 133 133 133 134 134 134 135 135

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Table No Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7 B-8 B-9 B-10 B-11 B-12 B-13

Title of the Table Appendix-B Measured Surface Deflections Measured Deflections for Km 1.895 to 2.000 of SH during 2001-02 Measured Deflections for Km 2.850 to 3.000 of SH during 2001-02 Measured Deflections for Km 4.625 to 5.000 of SH During 2001-02 Measured Deflections for Km 1.825 to 2.000 of SH during 2000-01 Measured Deflections for Km 3.370 to 4.000 of SH during 2000-01 Statistical Parameters for Km 3.370 to 4.000 of SH during 2000-01 Measured Deflections for Km 15.000 to 15.270 of NH-60 during 2000-01 Measured Deflections for NH-6 Km 123.795 to 124.000 during 2000-01 Measured Deflections for Km 125.000 to 125.240 on NH-6 during Summer Season of 2001-02 Measured Deflections for Km 134.000 to 134.270 of NH-6 during 2001-02 Measured Deflections for Km 134.800 to 134.860 of NH-6 during 2000- 01 Measured Deflections for Km 150.000 to 150.245 of NH-6 during 2001-02 Measured Deflections for Km 150.000 to 150.245 of NH-6 during 20002001 Measured Deflections for Km 151.000 to 151.245 of NH-6 during 2001-02 Measured Deflections for Km 151.000 to 151.245 of NH-6 during 2000-01 Measured S Deflections for Km 152.000 to 152.245 of NH-6 during 20012002 Measured Deflections for Km 152.000 to 152.245 NH-6 during 2000-01 Measured Deflections for Km 153.000 to 153.245 NH-6 during 2001-02 Measured Deflections for Km 153.000 to 153.245 NH-6 during 2000-01 Measured Deflections for Km 188.000 to 188.270 NH-6 during 2001-02 (Winter) Measured Deflections for Km 206.500 to 206.710 of NH-6 during 2001-02 (Winter) Measured Deflections for from 270.000 to 270.270 of NH-5 during 20012002 (Winter) Measured Deflections for Km 319.600 to 319.870 of NH-33 during 200102 (Winter) Measured Deflections for Km 131.020 to 131.200 of NH-6 (Before Recycling) Measured Deflections for 131.020 to 131.200 of NH-6 (7 days after Recycling) Measured Deflection for Km131.020 to 131.200 of NH-6 (28 days after Recycling) Measured Deflection values from Km 131.200-131.800 on WMM) Measured Deflection values from Km 131.200-131.680 on DBM-1 Measured Deflection values from Km 131.200-131.800 on DBM-II Measured Deflection values from Km 125.000-125.540 on DBM-I Measured Deflection values from Km 125.000-125.540 on DBM-II Measured Deflection values across the Pavement Width on DBM-I Km 131.860 of NH-6 Measured Deflection values across the Pavement Width DBM-II at Km 131.910 of NH-6

Page

136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 155 155 156 156 157 157 158 158 159 159 160 160 160

Table B-14 Table B-15 Table B-16 Table Table Table Table Table Table B 17 B-18 B-19 B-20 B-21 B-22

Table B-23 Table B-24 Table B-25 Table B-26 Table B-27 Table B-28 Table Table Table Table B-29 B-30 B-31 B-32

Table B-33

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Table No Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table B-34 B-35 B-36 B-37 B-38 B-39 B-40 B-41 B-42 B-43

Title of the Table Appendix-B Measured Surface Deflections Measured Deflection values for Km 112.000 to 112.540 [TEMP 40oC] Measured Deflection values for Km 112.000 to 112.540 [Temp 35oC] Measured Deflection values for Km 112.000 to 112.480 [Temp 30oC] Measured Deflection values for Km 126.000 to 126.660 [Temp 40oC] Measured Deflection values for Km 126.000 to 126.540 [Temp-35oC] Measured Deflection values for Km 126.000 to 126.540 [Temp-30oC] Measured Deflection values for Km 130.100 to 130.640 [Temp-40oC] Measured Deflection values for Km 130.100 to 130.640 [Temp 31o C] Measured Deflection values for Km 130.100 to130.640 [Temp 25o C] Load and corresponding Surface Deflections Measured on Km 109.100 of NH-6

Page

161 161 162 162 162 163 163 163 164 164

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CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION PAGE

Certificate Dedication Acknowledgement Bio-data of the Author Abstract List of Figures List of Photographs List of Tables Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL 1.2 NEED FOR THE PRESENT STUDY 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH 1.4 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF PAVEMENTS 2.2.1 Static/Creep Loading Equipment 2.2.2 Dynamic Loading Equipment 2.3 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF FWD 2.4 SOME COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FWD MODELS

i ii iii v vi ix x xi

1 1 3 3 4

5 5 5 6 6 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 15

Dynatest FWD JILS FWD Carl Bro FWD

KUAB 2m- FWD

2.5 OTHER FWD MODELS

Nagaoka FWD IITKGP_FWD1

2.6 VARIATIONS OF FWD 2.7 BACKCALCULATION OF PAVEMNT LAYER MODULI 2.8 SELECTION OF LAYER MODULI FOR ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS

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2.8.1 Elastic Modulus of Subgrade

16 16 16 17 20 20 23 25 26 28 29 30 30 31 31 32 33 35 36 36 37 37 37 38 39

Laboratory Evaluation Estimation Structural Evaluation of Pavements

2.8.2 Granular Layer Modulus

Laboratory Tests Estimation Structural Evaluation \2.8.3 Bituminous Layer Modulu

2.9 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON BITUMINOUS LAYER MODULUS 2.10 POISSONS RATIO 2.11 ANALYTICAL DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS 2.11.1 Asphalt Institute Method 2.11.2 Shell Pavement Design Method 2.11.3 Australian Road Design Method 2.11.4 Indian Roads Congress Method 2.12 FLEXIBLE OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURES 2.12.1 Overlay Design Procedures based on Structural Evaluation using FWD

Idaho Flexible Overlay Design Method WSDOT Overlay Design Method North Carolina DOT Method
2.12.2 Overlay Design using Other Methods

Austroads Shell Method Indian Roads Congress Method

2.13 SUMMARY Chapter 3 DEVELOPMENT OF FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 IN-VEHICLE FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER 3.2.1 Main Components of FWD

41 41 41 45 45 45 45

The Vehicle Supporting Frame Mass and Rubber Pad Arrangement

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Loading Plate Assembly Six Rubber Pads Catch Arrangement

46 45

45

Geophone Arrangement
3.2.2 Power Supply 3.2.3 Data Acquisition System

46 46 47 47 48 48 48 50 50 52 52 53 54 54 56 57

Data Acquisition Card Screw Terminal Board

3.2.4 Amplification/Integration of Load Cell And Geophone Signals

General
3.3 OPERATION OF THE FWD

Vertical Movement of Loading Plate Assembly Height of Fall Geophone Frame Movement
3.4 CALIBRATION OF SENSORS

Load Cell
Calibration of Geophones 3.5 REPEATABILITY OT THE FWD DATA 3.6 SUMMARY Chapter 4 FIELD EVALUATION OF PAVEMENTS USING FWD 4.1 GENERAL 4.2 IN-SERVICE PAVEMENT SECTIONS 4.3 NEW PAVEMENT SECTIONS 4.4 EVALUATION OF SELECTED PAVEMENTS USING FWD 4.5 EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT SECTION WITH RECYCLED LAYERS 4.6 SUMMARY Chapter 5 BACKGAIIT PROGRAM FOR BACKCALCULATION OF LAYER MODULI 5.1 GENERAL 5.2 GENETIC ALGORITHMS 5.3 DETAILS OF BACKGAIIT PROGRAM 5.4 PARAMETER SETTING 5.5 SUITABILITY OF THE SELECTED GA PARAMETERS FOR OTHER THREE LAYER

58 58 59 61 61 65 66 67 67 68 69 71 79

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PROBLEMS 5.6 SUMMARY Chapter 6 ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT EVALUATION DATA 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS FROM DEFLECTION DATA 81 6.3 BACKCALCULATED LAYER MODULI 6.3.1 Layer Moduli of Thin Old Pavements 6.3.2 Layer Moduli of Thick Old Pavements 6.4 EVALUATION OF COLD- MIX RECYCLED PAVEMENT SECTION 6.5 LAYER MODULI OF NEW PAVEMENTS 6.6 EFFECT OF PAVEMENT TEMPERATURE ON PAVEMENT LAYER MODULI 6.6.1 Development of Temperature Correction Factor 6.7 DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF LAYER MODULI FROM DIFFERENT PARAMETERS 6.7.1 General 6.7.2 Subgrade Modulus 6.7.3 Granular Base Modulus 6.7.4 Modulus Values Obtained 6.8 SEASONAL VARIATION OF LAYER MODULI 6.9 SEASONAL ADJUSTMENT FOR SUBGRADE MODULUS 6.10 PROPOSED FWD BASED OVERLAY DESIGN METHOD Chapter 7 CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 7.1 ISSUES EMERGING FROM LITERATURE REVIEW 7.2 MAIN FINDINGS / CONCLUSIONS FROM THE PRESENT STUDY 7.3 SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH REFERENCES APPNDEX-A THICKNESS DETAILS OF PAVEMENT SECTIONS APPNDEX-B DEFLECTION DATA LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 111 111 112 115 116 129 136 165 101 102 102 104 104 107 107 83 84 88 95 96 96 101 101 81 81 80

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