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Outlining vs. Freewriting, Structure in Narrative Writing
Outlining vs. Freewriting, Structure in Narrative Writing
House notes
Teaser
The patient wakes up on the floor of his front hall with paramedics breaking
in, when he comes to, he finds he is outside his house. He panics, punches
one and runs back in.
Act 1
Scene 1: Getting the case at the hospital. Patient has headaches, seizures,
agoraphobia. Discussion with Cutty in the hall. Some results from preliminary
scans.
Scene 2: Going to patient’s house. Patient is locked in. won’t let people in.
Scene 3: Patient on bed, the doctors discuss taking him to the hospital, but
he won’t go.
Scene 4: At hospital, House talking about kissing Cutty.
Scene 5: Discussion at the patient’s house.
Scene 6: House brings people to invade the shut-in’s house, in order to
provoke a seizure, right on time for the commercial break.
Act 2:
Scene 1: At patient’s house. There is some sort of colon blockage. He won’t
leave the house. House tells him that he will find a surgeon that will perform
surgery in his home.
Scene 2: Discussion in the hall. House wants to put him under, slip him to the
hospital and have him back before he wakes up. Ethical dilemma.
Scene 3: They have set up a surgery, and put him under.
Scene 4: Lunch with Cutty and the doc that she’s actually dating. They talk
about her relationship with House.
Scene 5: Cutty finds out about the fake surgery. She won’t let the patient
leave the hospital to take him back home before he wakes up, there is too
much risk of post-op complications.
Scene 6: Patient wakes up, realizes he isn’t at home. Cue seizures.
Act 3:
Scene 1: Patient, now back home, is suing. Cutty removes the team from the
case.
Scene 2: Discussion of whether House and Cutty’s relationship is in the way
of the case.
Scene 3: One of the doctors apologizes to the patient.
Scene 4: House and Cutty’s boyfriend talk about the relationship with Cutty.
Scene 5: House on phone talking about surgery in house.
Scene 6: Surgery at home. Gas from his intestine ignites. They are under
supervision of the patient’s lawyer.
Scene 7: Docs at home eating take-out. Cue trouble: Patient’s legs are numb.
Act 4:
Scene 1: Stable patient. Diagnosing. Organic toxins? He’s OCD. Cleans his
tub with ammonia and bleach. Chlorine poisoning.
Scene 2: At hospital talking about a pacemaker. And the relationship.
Scene 3: House on the phone. The patient is getting worse. They are too
late. House says to give him morphine, and hope for whatever may happen.
(Here we have an extra commercial break, but it isn’t the break of a new act,
merely a way to make more money. )
Scene 4: Looking at xray, House cuts open the patient’s hip, finds metal in
hip from a bullet that had hit him years ago. Talk about rose petals and
happiness. He’s pretending he’s happy by shutting himself in.
Scene 5: 2 docs talk about relationship.
Scene 6: House plays guitar at home. Mosquito bite.
Scene 7: Patient leaves home because of House’s accusations of him
shutting himself in to avoid conflict due to fear brought on by his mother.
House visits Cutty, but can’t bring himself to knock on the door.
Maybe you can piece together the story from that. Sometimes my notes
for scenes are only intelligible by me.
So let’s look at this in terms of structure. In act 1 we introduce the
problems, both the patient, and that House is macking on Cutty, which is not
good news for her relationship with her actual boyfriend. As this is a serial
program, this introduces the episode’s problem, but gives us the series
storyline of House getting it on with Cutty despite objections from both to the
contrary. We have a minor climax, or crisis in the last scene to hold us
through the commercial break.
In Act 2, we spend a lot of time diagnosing the problem, performing a
surgery, and complicating the relationship issues. Isn’t it funny how I can
describe any episode of House in one generalized description? Here we ramp
up the level a bit, but things are kind of moving along.
In act 3 we learn that the problem is persistent, and often something they
did in act 2 has compromised treatment. We also raise the stakes on the
relationship game, finding out the kiss wasn’t so innocent. Another climax at
the end of this act, and our graph of structure kind of looks like a hill with
speedbumps.
Act 4 resolves everything for the patient, but leaves the story arc open-
ended.
Now let’s look at any story that you might have. When you’re a beginning
writer, you probably have a mess of a story in front of you. I’m a fan of
putting in the actual work in physical writing before setting out, and a
beginning writer might feel self-conscious about doing this. Real writers don’t
outline like this, do they? It all just comes out of their heads and onto the
page and its done, right? I should be able to do it that way too, and all of that
pre-writing seems like a lot of work when I should just be getting onto the
book.
Let me assure you that plenty of writers do this pre-writing, and for some
of us, we have done it in the past, and now we do it all in our heads, which is
the art of making it look easy.
So, humor me and do it. Take out a piece of paper and write your
beginning on it at the top, or on the left if you want to make it a timeline, or
best yet, write it on a notecard, and keep a stack ready.
You have a character, a conflict, a beginning, an end, and a few points in
the middle. The first thing to look at is putting these things into a structure.
Is your beginning really the inciting incident of the story? Yes? Good, set that
down. Do your other points look like climax points, or are they bits of story
that lead to climax points? Are there points where the relative power or
success of your protagonist and antagonist changes? There probably should
be, people like an underdog and a come from behind win. Okay, put those
climax points on new cards, or on your paper.
Do these look like a logical sequence? Does a lot happen in the front half
of the book, and not as much in the back? What has to come before other
events? Does each event seem like an elevation of the conflict? Spending
this time right now, before a word is set down is worth the effort. Imagine
writing 90,000 words and then realizing that if you had done this now, you
would have turned left instead of right at 25,000 and saved yourself all of
that writing that will likely never get used. Foresight is having a plan, not
seeing just around the corner. I believe that just about every writer who
writes without an outline has at least this much planned out before setting
down, even if the story ultimately doesn’t head in that direction.
A four act structure has four climaxes, each a complication of the plot and
each larger than the last one. This is a simplification of a well-worn structure,
but it leads to a structure that can be expanded. I have done some
conversion of four act teleplays that I wrote years back into prose, and they
wind up being novella length, even with expansion. But if I inserted two or
three extra acts, they would easily be a novel. The difficulty is in taking a
story as concise as a television episode, and adding things that are critical to
the plot, without changing the overall story, because anything you add must
be absolutely relevant. A reader can see padding from a mile away. As a
writer part of your job is to trim the fat, not add to it.
If you want to write a novel in four acts, as I said before, a TV script has
enough scenes to be a novella, but a story can be infinitely long, all that
matters is making choices of what stays in and what doesn’t. We can add
scenes to our House example that would round out the story quite a bit, and
not be irrelevant at all. We can see Cutty thinking about the incident with
House. We can have her and her boyfriend arguing about it. Then we have
the boyfriend’s reaction. We don’t really see House talking about that
incident, or his subconscious desires for a relationship. In the TV series, the
story of the relationship plays out slowly, as we move from patient to patient,
and we think for an hour that the story is all bout that patient, but over time
we realize the story is about House, and that’s what keeps us coming back.
If we wanted to make a book of this one episode, the balance would
change. You notice we only get three or four scenes where we deal with
House’s relationships, and I’ve already doubled that number without much
thought. As we continue to put flesh on that story, the patient becomes more
and more of a prop, a symbol, or a foil. It is up to the writer to make the
patient’s plot influence the plot of House’s relationships. Often that means
that the patient sees what is going on, cuts through the subtext and says it
plainly. That’s not original, so as an author, you’d have to write incredibly
detailed and quirky characters to carry a less than original plot.
There is the Scott McCloud principle of points in a story to think about. He
is a comic writer that has done a lot of theorizing of plot and technique in
comic books. He has or had a story on his site, (scottmccloud.com) where
you can put in a number between 1 and 60 and get the same story in a
different number of panels. The same thing happens with writing a book. We
pick what gets seen and what doesn’t, what is significant and what isn’t.
Aristotle’s poetics is the earliest document I’m aware of that covers literary
structure. Yes, this is Aristotle the philosopher and not an Aristotle imposter.
There are a few forms of Greek drama to be aware of. We are most conscious
of the tragedies, what evolved into theatre. There were also comical plays
that were shorter that would show along with the tragedies to lighten the
mood. It was only later that comedies became plays of their own, largely
under the playwright Aristophanes. Aristotle also used philosophic dialogs
which were much more like closet dramas, an exercise in academics that
isn’t meant to be performed so much as be an instructional tool.
The tragedies were a high form of drama that were both a matter of
competition between playwrights and their wealthy patrons as they were a
near religious experience. I can go into plenty of detail on the evolution of
drama under the Greeks, but as a brief foray, the term scene comes from the
background setting called the skene, the term deus ex machina comes from
a machine that would be used to lift an actor over the skene dressed as a
god to fix everything (I know, if somebody asks if you are a god, you say
“yes”). Thespis was the first actor to step out of the chorus and deliver a solo
line, giving us the term thespian, thereby enabling us to fool conservative
politicians whose daughters are actors.
Aristotle gave us a seminal work called Aesthetics, in which he attempts
to categorize writing into genres, first in Poetics and Rhetoric, then dividing
Poetics into epos (epic poetry), lyrical poetry, and tragedy. In some ways this
is kind of similar to novels, short stories, and drama, but this is an
oversimplification. It is interesting to see how he identifies so many elements
of story in this work, any one of which could be an issue of this blog/podcast,
including plot, character, reversals, spectacle, diction, and action. I think his
thought on character are a very good basic understanding for a writer,
absolutely still applicable today to any fictional writing.
In a first nod to structure, he describes every plot as having a beginning,
middle and end. This may be a primitive version of the three act structure, or
it may be the well, duh part of the work.
What I really want to cover here is his rules for tragedy. His thinking and
analysis is really quite remarkable for a man looking at literature in such a
primitive state of development.
According to Aristotle, “the structure of the best tragedy should be not
simple but complex and one that represents incidents arousing fear and pity–
for that is peculiar to this form of art.” The hero suffers a reversal of fortune
that is the result of a tragic flaw. His definition of flaw isn’t quite what we
think of as a tragic flaw, his word, “Hamartia”, translates more to “missing
the mark”. There are some qualifications on this flaw that aren’t really
relevant in modern times, so I won’t delve too far into them, but as an
example, if the character isn’t noble, or the reversal of fortune happens
because of social forces, this disqualifies the work as a tragedy. These rules
certainly applied in the dramatic competitions of Aristotle’s times, but would
disqualify such works as Death of a Salesman.
Aristotle defined the unities, rules for tragedies. These are the rules that
delineate whether a tragedy qualifies as Aristotelian or not. They are:
1. The unity of action: a play should have one main action that it follows,
with no or few subplots.
2. The unity of place: a play should cover a single physical space and
should not attempt to compress geography, nor should the stage represent
more than one place.
3. The unity of time: the action in a play should take place over no more
than 24 hours.
You’ll notice right away that these cover some of our basic questions,
what, where and when.
Let’s look at action more closely. First, he was keen enough to tell us to
stick to the plot, that subplots were a distraction. He also was keen enough
to recognize a sub-plot. In drama, where time, measured in human terms of
how long an actor or audience member can go between relieving the
bladder, is a consideration. Remember, the actors had large costumes and
masks. So, stay focused. In a novel where you have unlimited pages, this is
still important, but the story can be much larger.
When we think about place, what he describes is having one setting, and
one setting only. News can come from off the stage by messengers, but the
story must take place in one location. This forces us to go deeply into the
character’s head for development and analysis, and not get distracted by
action. Action supports character, never supplants it.
And finally time. You have a character with everything in the world going
for him, and then it all crashes down within 24 hours, or thereabouts. This
concentrates the character development and catharsis (which is yet another
term he coined in this work).
Of course, once these rules were defined, others immediately broke them,
and literature continued to evolve and develop. The Aristotelian rules were
never more in effect than in the 17th century, when a fresh copy of them
was translated, and it given a certain neo-classicism element of the
enlightenment, people started adhering to the unities like nobody had
before, even in Aristotle’s time.
Still, an interesting set of structures to think about, and an interesting
challenge to your abilities. Take from it what you will.
So what can I give you about all of this? Everything I write has a different
structure and a different process, a way of thinking that is unique unto itself.
No one structure can be used for everything, but everything has some kind
of structure.
I like to think of novels in terms of an indefinite number of acts. As I am in
my freest writing mode, I tend to look at major events, and write myself
towards the next act goal. Some day I’d like to tackle a five-act Elizabethan
style play, but that’s a way’s off into the future, I think. For right now, I’ll
stick to books.
For a beginning writer, I hope that this small amount of thought can give
you a little more fortitude to get through your project. I’ll cover outlining
styles at some point, but I have never really seen anybody’s outlines but my
own. Writers aren’t very prone to revealing their very early work on a story
since it pales in comparison to the final product. Maybe they seem to think
this will undermine them in the mind of the reader.
My point in all this description of acts is to think about the major
movements of the work, and make sure there are several, there is a logical
flow through them, with reversals and rises and falls. If you have to divide a
book up, you’ll want to plan these points to coincide with act movements,
but there is a strategy to it.
As I plan out a narrative, acts are my major units, and I’ll look at the
overall shape to plan out how the story will progress. I look at whether the
action generally rises or falls, or if it is a bumpy progression. Any of those is
sufficient as a structure to tell a story, I don’t limit myself to following any
classical model unless it is by design, but straying from the models should be
done consciously.
I have a lot of time at work to listen to podcast books, and one I am
currently listening to is J.C. Huthins 7th Son trilogy. I listened to the first book
and put it down because it is a long story, and too much of anything can be a
bad thing. I think the story is good, well conceived, and most factors I
consider when judging a book were very good, though there was something
that lingered in my mind as unsatisfying about the first book. It took me a
while to put my finger on it. Story was good, characters were rich and
colorful, the villain was a solid villain, the story has hooks, but there was
something lacking. Then I realized that the first book isn’t the first book at
all. It’s the first act. There is a single distinct rise, a single distinct climax, no
reversal, and no resolution.
7th Son in its three parts is a long book in its totality, and it makes up for
it when you get into book two, but if I were J.C.’s editor (and he probably
didn’t have an editor when he recorded it), I would have put the end of the
first book at chapter nine or so in book two, leave the audience with a
cliffhanger, and probably developed a bit more of a turning point early in
book one to give it a full three acts. As it stands, book one feels like an
overdeveloped short story.
This is not to denigrate the work as it stands. The stopping point of the
first book is a choice, and being a podcaster myself, I know that it is a lot of
work to get these things out, and so when J.C. got to his first climax, it was a
probably good point to take a break and coordinate the marketing strategy
for book two. It is more logical than the place I chose to take a break in that
context, and it really is a killer book.
But I’ll pull in an example of why structure is important from another
branch of entertainment. The new Rachael Yamagata album is a double-disk
album that chose a different structure than the usual album. Now I knew
Rachael when she was in Chicago, and spent many hours at her old band’s
shows, so as a solo artist, I got on her bandwagon pretty early. I even have a
demo that is so early it was burned on her home computer and has a black
permanent marker cover. Her first Ep and album have a great structure to
them, they go from her slower darker moodier stuff to rockers, and it gives
every song a very individual feel, and makes listening a series of emotional
movements. When you put together an album, you arrange songs in an order
to accomplish this. On her double disk, she put all of the slow moody stuff on
one disk, and the rockers on the second disk. This means that one is
consistently upbeat and the other a consistent downer. The net result is that
the first disk feels like one really long song, and I couldn’t hum a melody
from any one of them, even though individually, they are as strong as any
work she has put out.
Same thing happened with Stabbing Westward’s Darkest Days album.
This is another band I knew back in the day. The songs were arranged in four
movements, and the slow dark part of the album is a long and dull blur.
What these lack is the highs and lows. As an experience, they are
consistent, and it doesn’t matter how high and intense they are on average,
we’ll still become familiar with the level, and familiarity really does breed
contempt. This is also the reason that Bergman films are fairly unpalatable to
American audiences. They are just long and dull no matter how artistic they
may be.
So as I look at my act structure, change is my friend, consistency in
narrative is the enemy. Remember this is a shape, it is a story arc, not a flat.
Think about sailing around the world with Magellan, a story in and of itself.
The wind is never consistent, but sailors in the doldrums do nothing and get
bored, but the inconsistency of wind and weather always keeps them busy.