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Design Charts of Piled Raft Foundation On Soft Clay
Design Charts of Piled Raft Foundation On Soft Clay
Design Charts of Piled Raft Foundation On Soft Clay
2003 Copyright 2003 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers ISBN 1 880653 -60 5 (Set); ISSN 1098 6189 (Set)
Sung-Gyo Jeong
Department of Civil Engineering, Dong-A University Busan, Korea
ABSTRACT
For the structure foundation under the soft clay layer conditions, the design charts are first presented for the evaluation of both bearing capacity and total settlement in the raft alone foundation system. Loadsettlement relationship curves are used to evaluate the ultimate soilbearing capacity. The total settlement is evaluated by applying various traditional safety factors of the uniformly distributed loads. Then, the parametric studies are carried out for the piled raft foundation system. In the numerical analyses, elasto-plastic finite elements models are used to present the foundation response and the design charts, which enable the determination of the raft size and pile length and spacing if piles are available.
Based on their research work, an attempt is made to give insights of using such numerical results in the solution of certain problems connected with the piled raft foundation on layered soils in particular regions in Busan.
ANLAYSIS METHOD
Considering the behavior of piled raft foundation and soil system, it was decided to use the computer program, called PLASIS (Verneer and Brinkgreve, 1995) as a computer tool to develop the design charts. This geotechnical finite element program can analyze the behavior of a raft and piles on a layered soil profile. As for the element type, six node triangular elements were used. The side resistance was modeled by using interface elements between the piles and the soil layers if piles are available. The contact between the raft and the soil is assumed to be frictionless. In the numerical model as shown in Figure 2, the ground was divided into three layers and the ground water was assumed to be on the top of the ground. And also, the considered basic design parameters for the foundation were selected to incorporate relevant variables as follows [Pile group to raft width ratio ( B g / B r ) , Pile length (L) , Pile spacing (S ) , and Raft size (B) ]. The soil material properties required for the computer analysis were determined from laboratory testing. With the given data as shown in Table 1, the foundation behavior with regard to the settlement and bearing capacity was acquired from the results of computer analysis.
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Total settlements in raft foundation The total settlement at the center of the raft is evaluated by applying different safety factors of the uniformly distributed loads. So, it can be chosen the limit allowable settlements to meet the local codes requirements. Figure 4 shows the immediate settlement after the loading and the consolidated settlement in different sizes of raft widths. The consolidated settlement was obtained when the excess pore pressure reached the nearly zero value.
Fig. 2 Typical finite element mesh. Table 1. Material properties in numerical analysis
kN/m2 Upper Sand Clay Lower Sand Raft Pile 1.2e4 5.0e3 1.7e4 2.5e7 2.0e8 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.25 d kN/m2 17.0 11.11 17.0 23.0 sat kN/m2 20.68 16.92 20.68 23.0 x m/day 8.64e-3 8.64e-5 8.64e-3 y m/day 8.64e-4 8.64e-6 8.64e-4 Cu kN/m2 2.0 30.0 2.0 u 34.7 0 34.7
RAFT FOUNDATION
The foundations that can be considered first for minor structures on this area are reinforced concrete rafts. Rafts spread the loads over the widest possible area to reduce the settlement. There is, therefore a need for more information on the overall behavior of raft foundation on deep clay soil layer. This paper fist examines the bearing capacity and the total settlement of the raft foundation. Since the sand layer is typically placed on the soft clay layer in this area, it next examines the effects of the total settlement by improving the soil stiffness in the first sandy layer stiffness. The numerical analysis results in the paper are presented in the form of non-dimensional units. Bearing capacity in raft foundation The load-settlement relationships are used to evaluate the ultimate soilbearing capacity with different sizes of the rafts. Figure 3 shows the bearing capacity versus the raft width. It tells when the maximum raft width can be the depth of the fist sandy layer ( D f ) to get the maximum ultimate bearing capacity.
Fig. 4 Total settlements with respect to the raft widths Soil improvement in raft foundation The behavior of foundation load transfer into the supporting soil can be evaluated from the distribution of vertical stress with depth. When the upper layer is significantly stiffer than the lower layer, the stress in the lower layer is greatly reduced. Consequently, the consolidation settlement of the clay layer can be reduced by improving the first layer stiffness. Figure 5(a) shows the vertical stress distribution under the centerline of the loaded area. It is shown as the depth for ratios of Youngs moduli E c / E1 = 1,10,100 and 1000. Figure 5(b) shows the distribution of vertical stress along the horizontal beneath the raft according to the ratios of moduli. It shows the normalized values with the applied load (q o ) . From the numerical results, when the soil stiffness is increased to 100 times of original stiffness, the vertical stresses looks to be reduced effectively.
Fig. 5 (a) vertical stress under the center (b) horizontal stress beneath the raft Figure 6 shows the total settlement reduced with different sizes of raft
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Effects of pile length in piled-raft foundation The pile length and the settlements are plotted in Figure 8. As expected, the total settlements are decreased as pile length increased. In the differential settlements, it sometimes becomes negative (upward dish shape) in particular B g / Br ratio. When the B g / Br is closed to the fully piled raft, it approaches to the zero values
Fig. 8 Effects of pile length Effects of pile diameter in piled-raft foundation To examine the pile diameter effects on the settlements, the results are plotted in Figure 9. It indicates that the pile diameter effect is minimal, regardless of B g / Br ratio in both total and differential settlements.
Fig. 6 Total settlements with the improvement of soil stiffness in different sizes of the raft widths
COLCLUSIONS
In this study, the foundation for a particular area that has thick clay layer under the relatively less thickness sandy layer has been considered. A simple design charts for calculating the ultimate soil bearing capacity and the total settlement of the raft foundation first has been developed. Then, the effect of the soil stiffness has been studied to reduce the total settlement. Finally, various parametric studies were carried out for the pile raft foundation.
REFERENCES
Prakoso, W. A. and Kulhawy, F. H. (2001). "Contribution to piled raft foundation design," J Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Eng., ASCE, Vol 127, No 1, pp 17-24. Desai, C. S., Johnson, L. D., and Hargett, C. M. (1974). Analysis of pile-supported gravity lock J Getechnical Eng., ASCE, Vol 100, No 1, pp 1009-1029 Vermeer, P. A. and Brinkgreve, R. B. J. (1995). PLAXIS uses manual version 6.1, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Clancy, P. and Randolph, M. F. (1993). An approximate analysis procedure for piled raft foundations Int. J. Numer. and Analytical Methods in Geomech. 17(12), pp 849-869 Hemsley, J. A. (2000) Design applications of raft foundations, Thomas Telford, London, England.
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