FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets: List of Figures

Valid Through January, 2004
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
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September 1999 Revised May 2003 Page 1 of 24
PROTECTION AGAINST EXTERIOR FIRE EXPOSURE
Table of Contents
Page 1.0 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Changes .......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 3 2.1 For Fire Exposure from Buildings .................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Construction and Location .................................................................................................... 3 2.2 For Fire Exposure from Yard Storage ........................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Construction and Location .................................................................................................. 10 3.0 EXPOSURE FIRES (GENERAL) ......................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Exposing Building .......................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.1 Construction ........................................................................................................................ 12 3.1.2 Ventilation ............................................................................................................................ 13 3.1.3 Wind .................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.4 Effect of Fire Department .................................................................................................... 13 3.1.5 Length of Wall Creating the Fire Exposure ......................................................................... 13 3.2 Exposed Building ........................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.1 When Not Sprinklered ......................................................................................................... 13 3.2.2 Construction ........................................................................................................................ 13 3.2.3 Protection of Openings ........................................................................................................ 13 3.2.4 Protection Beyond Ends of Exposing Building ................................................................... 14 3.2.5 Protection of Side Walls ...................................................................................................... 15 3.2.6 Protection when Walls at an Angle with Exposing Building ................................................ 17 3.2.7 Protection for Roof When Lower Than Exposing Building ................................................. 18 3.2.8 Protection of Walls Above Lower Exposing Building .......................................................... 18 3.3 Fire Exposure From Yard Storage ................................................................................................ 19 3.4 Yard Housekeeping ....................................................................................................................... 19 4.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 20 4.1 FM Global ...................................................................................................................................... 20 APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...................................................................................................... 23 APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ..................................................................................... 24
List of Figures
Job Aid No. 1 for Using Tables 1 and 2. ........................................................................................................ 4 Job Aid No. 2 for Yard Storage. .................................................................................................................. 10 Fig. 1. Exposed building walls are longer than exposing walls. .................................................................. 14 Fig. 2. Protection for side walls of exposed building. .................................................................................. 16 Fig. 3. Protection for exposed building when walls are at an angle () with exposing building. ............... 18 Fig. 4a. Protection for exposed buildings higher than the exposing building. ........................................... 20 Fig. 4b. Protection of walls above the exposure (English units). ................................................................ 21 Fig. 4c. Protection of walls above the exposure (SI Units). ........................................................................ 22
List of Tables
Table 1a. Determination of Separation Distance, or Exposure Category for Use in Table 2 When Exposed Wall is 1, 2 or 3 hour ...................................................................................................... 5 Table 1b. Determination of Separation Distance, or Exposure Category for Use in Table 2 When Exposed Wall is Category C ......................................................................................................... 6
2003 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of Factory Mutual Insurance Company.
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Protection Against Exterior Fire Exposure

Table 1c. Determination of Separation Distance, or Exposure Category for Use in Table 2 When Exposed Wall is Category D ......................................................................................................... 7 Table 2. Multipliers for Space Separation ...................................................................................................... 8 Table 3. Levels of Passive Protection, P .................................................................................................... 15 Table 4. Protection for Longer Exposed Walls ............................................................................................ 15 Table 5. Multipliers for Non-Parallel Exposures .......................................................................................... 17
2003 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

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1.0 SCOPE This data sheet provides guidelines for recognizing and dealing with a potential fire exposure from one or more existing buildings or yard storage. Another objective is to enable designers and architects to avoid exposure problems when laying out new buildings. This data sheet does not discuss fire exposure from flammable liquid transmission pipelines. For discussion on that subject, refer to Data Sheet 7-32, Flammable Liquid Operations. This data sheet generally considers the fire exposure to be on adjacent property, where control of the exposure may be outside the influence of the owner of the exposed building. The data sheet may also be used, if applicable, when the fire exposure and the exposed building are on the same insured property and the exposing building is not adequately sprinklered. The latter case is infrequent. Provision of automatic sprinklers in the exposing buildings would greatly reduce the hazard. This data sheet assumes that unimpaired sprinkler protection is available in the exposed building. This data sheet does not apply to Maximum Foreseeable Loss (MFL) space separations, (Data Sheet 1-22, Criteria for Maximum Foreseeable Loss Fire Walls and Space Separation), since MFL space separation assumes an impairment to the sprinkler protection. This document should be used for exposing flammable liquids storage buildings that are unsprinklered. Refer to Data Sheet 7-29, Flammable Liquid Storage in Portable Containers for separation of flammable liquid yard storage pads, and separation and protection of detached, sprinklered flammable liquid storage buildings. For the recommended separation from storage tanks in the yard, refer to Data Sheet 1-57, Rigid Plastic Building Materials or Data Sheet 7-88, Storage Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids. This document is not intended to be used for exposure protection from another tenant within the same multi-tenanted building. For such situations refer to Data Sheet 1-19, Fire Walls, Subdivisions and Draft Curtains or Data Sheet 1-22. For a description of storage commodities, see Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity Classification. 1.1 Changes May 2003. This revision of the document has been reorganized to provide a consistent format. 2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS 2.1 For Fire Exposure from Buildings 2.1.1 Construction and Location 2.1.1.1 When the exposing building is sprinklered, and it can be established that the sprinkler protection in the exposing building is adequate and reliable, no fire exposure is considered to exist. 2.1.1.2 Exposed buildings should be separated from exposures according to Tables 1 and 2. Job Aid No. 1 should be used to facilitate the use of these tables. If an existing building is nearer to the exposure than the recommended separation distances determined from Tables 1 and 2, passive protection such as the provision of a fire-rated wall over the outside face, or active protection such as the provision of automatic outside sprinklers will provide the needed protection. For example, the provision of two layers of 58 in. (15 mm)-thick Type X gypsum board faced with steel panels, applied to the wall exterior will provide 1-hour fire resistance. For various combinations of protection using masonry, see Data Sheet 1-21, Fire Resistance of Building Assemblies. The categories of construction materials used for Table 1 are not based on the combustibility of a material only. Consideration is also given to the ease of ignition, and the potential for burn through or melting as it relates to an exposing building giving off radiant heat and an exposing building resisting it. CAT. A. Category A materials include steel faced panels or cementitious panels, with or without noncombustible insulation (as defined in Section 1.1). It also includes FM Approved (see Appendix A for definition), steel faced class 1 insulated panels on steel framing; and EIFS assemblies using noncombustible insulation or Approved class 1 insulation over gypsum board on steel framing. CAT. B. Category B materials include painted, unpainted or asphalt shingled wood; rigid plastic panels such as fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC); any aluminum panels; EIFS assemblies
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using EPS insulation or a combustible sheathing board; non-Approved insulated steel panels; or other assemblies supported by wood framing that is unprotected on the interior. CAT. C. Category C materials include Approved Class 1 insulated, steel or aluminum faced sandwich panels with thermoset plastic insulation; EIFS assemblies having noncombustible insulation and gypsum board sheathing; and aluminum or steel panels that are uninsulated or insulated with noncombustible insulation such as glass fiber, mineral wool, or expanded glass. It also includes cementitious panels or shingles over steel or wood. CAT D. Category D materials include painted or unpainted wood, metal faced wall assemblies with thermoplastic insulation such as expanded or extruded polystyrene, or polyethylene; metal faced panels with thermoset insulation, such as polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam, which are not Approved; all rigid plastic panels such as FRP or PVC; and EIFS assemblies having EPS insulation or a combustible sheathing board. 1. For additional details on exposing construction, refer to Appendix A and 3.1.1. 2. For additional details on the exposing occupancy, refer to Appendix A. 3. For additional details on the exposed wall construction, refer to Appendix A and 3.2.2.
Job Aid No. 1 for Using Tables 1 and 2.

1. Details include wall and roof construction type, percent window openings (include door openings if door construction has a lesser fire rating than the wall), exposing wall height and width. 2. Details include exposed wall construction type, details of unprotected openings and roof construction type.

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Table 1a. Determination of Separation Distance, or Exposure Category for Use in Table 2 When Exposed Wall is 1, 2 or 3 hour Exposed Wall
Construction
3 hr 3 hr 3 hr 3 hr 3 hr 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr 2 hr 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr 1 hr
Wall SFR Cat. A Cat. A Cat. B Cat. B SFR or Cat. A SFR Cat. A Cat. B Cat. B SFR SFR SFR SFR Cat. A Cat. A Cat. A Cat. A
Exposing Building Roof Occupancy NC, Class 1 Light, or Ordinary Combustible or High NC, Class 1 Light or or Ordinary Combustible NC, Class 1 High or Combustible NC, Class 1 Light or or Ordinary Combustible NC, Class 1 High or Combustible NC, Class 1 Light or or Ordinary Combustible NC, Class 1 High or Combustible NC, Class 1 High or Combustible NC, Class 1 Light or or Ordinary Combustible NC, Class 1 High or Combustible NC or Light Class 1 NC or Class Ordinary 1 NC, Class 1 or Combustible Combustible NC or Class 1 NC or Class 1 NC, Class 1 or Combustible Combustible High Light or Ordinary Light Ordinary High Light or Ordinary Light or Ordinary High
Percent Unprotected Openings in Exposing Wall Category for Use in Table 2 or Minimum Separation Required DNA No minimum separation required DNA No minimum separation required 70% No minimum separation required DNA No minimum separation required DNA Use Category 1 DNA No minimum separation required 0 - 80% 2 0 - 60% 2 DNA 2 DNA 3 No minimum separation required 0%, 100% 1 80% 3 0% , 100% 1 No minimum separation required 0%, 100% 1 0%<, 60% 3 0% , 100% 1 DNA 2 DNA 4 80% - 100% 3 60% - 100% 3 70%<, 100% 5 ft (1.5 m)
0%<, 20% 2
100% 4
0% 2
100% 4
Cat. B NC, Class 1 or Combustible Cat. B NC, Class 1 or Combustible
For explanation of Combustible, Stable Fire Resistive (SFR), Noncombustible (NC), or Class 1, see Appendix A.
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Table 1b. Determination of Separation Distance, or Exposure Category for Use in Table 2 When Exposed Wall is Category C CAT. C.: Category C materials include FM Approved Class 1 insulated, steel or aluminum faced sandwich panels with thermoset plastic insulation; EIFS assemblies having noncombustible insulation and gypsum board sheathing; and aluminum or steel panels that are uninsulated or insulated with noncombustible insulation such as glass fiber, mineral wool, or expanded glass. It also includes cementitious panels or shingles over steel or wood. Exposed Wall
Construction
Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C Cat. C
Wall SFR SFR SFR SFR SFR Cat. A Cat. A Cat. A Cat. A Cat. A Cat. B Cat. B Cat. B Cat. B
Exposing Building Roof Occupancy NC or Light Class 1 NC or Class 1 NC, Class 1 or Combustible Combustible Combustible NC or Class 1 NC or Class 1 NC, Class 1 or Combustible Combustible Combustible NC or Class 1 NC or Class 1 NC, Class 1 or Combustible Combustible Ordinary High Light Ordinary Light Ordinary High Light Ordinary Light Ordinary High Light or Ordinary
Percent Unprotected Openings in Exposing Wall Category for Use in Table 2 or Minimum Separation Required 0%, 40% 60% 80% 100% 1 2 3 4 0%, 30% 50% 80% 100% 1 2 3 4 0%, 25% 50% 80% 100% 6 0%, 30% 1 20% 1 0%, 25% 1 0%, 10% 1 0%, 5% 6 0%, 10% 1 0% 1 7 50% 2 40% 2 50% 2 30% 2 30% 7 30% 2 20% 2 DNA 6 DNA 7 DNA 9 DNA 7 8 80% 3 60% 3 70% 3 60% 3 60% 8 60% 3 40% 3 9 100% 4 80% 100% 4 5 100% 4 100% 4 100% 9 100% 4 60% 100% 4 5

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Table 1c. Determination of Separation Distance, or Exposure Category for Use in Table 2 When Exposed Wall is Category D CAT. D: Category D materials include painted or unpainted wood, metal faced wall assemblies with thermoplastic insulation such as expanded or extruded polystyrene, or polyethylene; metal faced panels with thermoset insulation, such as polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam, which are not FM Approved; all rigid plastic such as FRP or PVC; and EIFS assemblies having EPS insulation or a combustible sheathing board. Exposed Wall
Construction
Cat. D Cat. D Cat. D Cat. D Cat. D Cat. D
Wall SFR SFR SFR SFR Cat. A Cat. A
Exposing Building Roof Occupancy NC or Light Class 1 NC or Class 1 NC, Class 1 or Combustible Combustible NC or Class 1 Ordinary High Light or Ordinary Light
Percent Unprotected Openings in Exposing Wall Category for Use in Table 2 or Minimum Separation Required 0% 25% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0% 10% 20% 30% 50% 60% 80% 100% 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0%,15% 40% 60% 80% 100% 9 0% 3 0% 2 0% 5 0% 10 10% 4 20% 3 10% 6 10 20% 30% 5 6 30% 4 30% 7 40% 11 DNA 10 DNA 11 DNA 13 DNA 11 DNA 12 11 50% 60% 7 8 40% 5 40% 8 60% 12 12 80% 9 60% 6 60% 9 13 100% 10 100% 7 100% 10 100% 13
Cat. D Cat. D Cat. D Cat. D Cat. D Cat. D
Cat. A Cat. B Cat. B Cat. B Cat. B Cat. B
NC, Class 1 or Ordinary Combustible Combustible Light NC, Class 1 High or Combustible NC or Class Light 1 NC or Class 1 NC, Class 1 or Combustible Combustible Combustible Ordinary High Light Ordinary
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Table 2. Multipliers for Space Separation L/H or H/L of Exposing Wall (whichever is greater than 1.0) L = length in ft (m), H = height in ft (m) 2.5 3.2 4. 5. 6. 8. 10. 13. 16. 20.
1.0 Category Number
1.3
1.6
2.0
25.
32.
40 or higher
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
0.36 0.60 0.76 0.90 1.02 1.22 1.39 1.55 1.82 2.05 2.26 2.63 2.96
Separation Multiplier (multiply by lesser dimension, add 5 feet, (1.5 m) to obtain 0.40 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.66 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.85 0.94 1.02 1.10 1.17 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.33 1.00 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.42 1.51 1.58 1.63 1.66 1.69 1.14 1.26 1.39 1.52 1.64 1.76 1.85 1.93 1.99 2.03 1.37 1.52 1.68 1.85 2.02 2.18 2.34 2.48 2.59 2.67 1.56 1.74 1.93 2.13 2.34 2.55 2.76 2.95 3.12 3.26 1.73 1.94 2.15 2.38 2.63 2.88 3.13 3.37 3.60 3.79 2.04 2.28 2.54 2.82 3.12 3.44 3.77 4.11 4.43 4.74 2.30 2.57 2.87 3.20 3.55 3.93 4.33 4.74 5.16 5.56 2.54 2.84 3.17 3.54 3.93 4.36 4.82 5.30 5.80 6.30 2.95 3.31 3.70 4.13 4.61 5.12 5.68 6.28 6.91 7.57 3.32 3.72 4.16 4.65 5.19 5.78 6.43 7.13 7.88 8.67
building-to-building separation) 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.70 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 2.05 2.07 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.73 2.77 2.79 2.80 2.81 3.36 3.43 3.48 3.51 3.52 3.95 4.07 4.15 4.20 4.22 5.01 5.24 5.41 5.52 5.60 5.95 6.29 6.56 6.77 6.92 6.78 7.23 7.63 7.94 8.18 8.24 8.89 9.51 10.05 10.50 9.50 10.33 11.15 11.91 12.59
0.51 0.95 1.34 1.71 2.08 2.81 3.53 4.24 5.64 7.01 8.34 10.84 13.15
Additional comments regarding the use of Table 2 are as follows: 1. If the wall and roof of the exposing building are stable fire resistive (SFR) and there are no wall openings or roof openings (such as skylights or heat and smoke vents), no minimum separation is needed. 2. If the wall of the exposed building is asphalt shingle over wood or asphalt coated metal (ACM), increase the space separation recommended for Category D exposed walls by 25%. 3. If adequate horizontal or vertical fire cutoffs exist in the exposing building, they may be used to reduce the L/H (length/height) ratio and lesser exposure dimension as applicable. 4. It is reasonably accurate to interpolate between aspect ratios. 5. If the exposed construction is of a type noted in Category D, asphalt shingle or ACM, the space separation need not exceed 300 ft (91 m), regardless of other parameters in Table 1 and Table 2. For all other types of exposed construction, the space separation need not exceed 200 ft (61 m). 6. Where the occupancy is light or ordinary and the walls, roof and interior finish are all noncombustible, the height of the storage can be used to determine the L/H ratio. 7. For light occupancy classifications with combustible interior finish, increase the occupancy classification by one level. This applies to buildings that have combustible ceilings, combustible interior walls or wood floors. 8. For exposing buildings that are multistory with wood floors, use high hazard exposure. 9. For existing buildings where the exposing building is considerably longer than the exposed building, L may be effectively taken to be four times the actual separation distance if that distance is less than the actual length of the exposing building. While this method may be used for proposed installations, it may involve several iterations if the originally proposed space is less than needed. In each successive iteration the effective length must be increased until the proposed space is at least equal to the needed space. A more simplified approach is to use the entire length of the exposing building which may yield a more conservative answer.

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2.1.1.3 Where the exposure and space separation is such that a 2- or 3-hour fire rated exposed wall is needed, window openings need to be filled in with masonry or protected by automatic closing, shutters comparable in fire rating to that of the wall. Approved minimum 112-hour fire rated doors that are normally closed (equipped with a door closure) or automatic closing and latched should be provided in door openings (blank steel doors suitable for a class D opening). If the space separation provided is at least 5 ft (1.5 m), an alternative is to provide listed (tested by a nationally recognized laboratory) fire rated glass (such as ceramic glass, glass block or wired glass that has passed a hose stream test, see Data Sheet 1-21) and automatic window sprinklers. 2.1.1.4 Where the exposure and space separation is such that a 1-hour fire rated exposed wall is needed, listed minimum 34 hour fire rated glass should be installed in window openings in accordance with area limitations of the listing. Combustibles should be kept away from the inside of the exposed windows by a distance at least equal to the largest dimension of the window. Door openings should be protected by Approved, minimum 34-hour fire rated fire doors (suitable for a Class E exterior opening). The doors should be normally closed (self-closing) or automatic closing, and latched. 2.1.1.5 Where the exposed wall needs to be of a type outlined in Category C of Table 1, windows should be tempered glass. Where the exposure and space separation is such that a Category C exposed wall is needed, doors on the exposed wall should be normally closed (self-closing) or automatic closing, and latched steel doors that are either blank or have vision panels made of fire rated or tempered glass. 2.1.1.6 Where window or outside sprinklers are needed, they should be installed according to Data Sheet 2-8N, NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems 1996 Edition. They should be arranged for automatic operation. Window sprinklers can be considered an alternative to upgrading the type of glass, except where 2-or-3 hour fire rated exposed walls are needed and listed fire rated glass and sprinklers must be provided. 2.1.1.7 Combustible materials should not be stored or used within the separation space. When combustibles are stored within a space between buildings, adequate space separation should be provided between the yard storage and the buildings on both sides (see Section 3.0). The storage of fuels or chemicals near the interior side of an exposed wall should be avoided. 2.1.1.8 Exposed roof coverings, or portions thereof, should have a Class A roof system, based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test standard E 108, in the following areas: a) Where they are within a distance of 150 ft (46 m) from a building constructed with a wood roof, walls or floors, or combustible yard storage. b) On the entire roof of buildings subdivided by Maximum Foreseeable Loss (MFL) fire walls. See Data Sheet 1-22 for an explanation and details of additional protection that may be needed for the roof. c) Where the occupancy below the roof is susceptible to water, smoke or other nonthermal damage. When the roof of the exposed building is lower than the exposing building, protection for the roof should be provided within 50 ft (15 m) from the exposure as outlined below: a) For built-up roof coverings (BUR), place a minimum of 4 lb/ft2 (20 kg/m2) of pea gravel in a flood coat of hot asphalt or coal tar. b) For single-ply roof coverings, large stone ballast or concrete paver blocks should be provided as outlined in Data Sheet1-29, Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components. 2.1.1.9 When any significant exterior fire exposure exists, the fire department should conduct prefire planning taking into consideration protection of the exposed property. 2.1.1.10 Exposing buildings that are of noncombustible or fire resistive construction and that are vacant or contain only noncombustible contents do not necessitate space separation or other protection for adjacent buildings. 2.1.1.11 When the exposed wall is longer than the exposing wall, protection beyond the end(s) of the exposing building should be provided according to Section 3.2.4. 2.1.1.12 When the exposed wall is shorter than the exposing wall, protection for the end walls of the exposed building should be provided according to Section 3.2.5.
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2.1.1.13 When the exposed building is not parallel to the exposing wall, protection for the exposed walls should be provided according to Section 3.2.6. 2.1.1.14 When the exposed wall is higher than the exposing wall, and the separation distance between the two buildings is less than needed according to Recommendation 2.1.1.2, protection for the higher portions of the exposed wall should be provided according to Section 3.2.8. 2.1.1.15 If a combustible (see Appendix A) canopy or overhanging eave is provided on the exposed building, the separation distance between the exposing building and the outer edge of the canopy or overhang should be based on Category D exposed construction, regardless of the type of wall construction. Alternatively, separation which is adequate for the wall construction is acceptable provided the combustible canopy or overhang is sheathed with a material having fire resistance at least equal to that of the wall. 2.1.1.16 In some cases the potential for non-thermal damage to the contents of an exposed building will be significant. If so, automatic closing dampers should be provided on outside air intakes. For new construction, outside air intakes should be located as close to grade level as practical. 2.1.1.17 The most likely time for a major exposure fire to occur is during the demolition of adjacent property. Precautions for such demolition operations are outlined in Data Sheet 1-0, Safeguards During Construction, Alteration and Demolition and should be followed. 2.2 For Fire Exposure from Yard Storage Use Job Aid No. 2 to facilitate the application of recommendations in this section.
Job Aid No. 2 for Yard Storage.
2.2.1 Construction and Location 2.2.1.1 Refer to Section 3.3 for a list of various outdoor storages that are covered by other data sheets. Use this document to supplement those or where no other specific data sheet exists. For the exterior protection of the roof systems, see Section 2.2.1.8.

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2.2.1.2 When large quantities of high-value products are stored in the yard, consideration should be given to a sprinklered enclosure over them. This will a) protect the products themselves from fire, and b) reduce the hazard of exposure to nearby buildings. 2.2.1.3 Yard hydrants should be provided when combustible materials are stored outside the plant buildings (Data Sheet 3-10, Installation and Maintenance of Private Fire Service Mains and their Appurtenances). Hydrants should be provided just outside the ends of spaces between buildings and at intervals in between not exceeding 300 ft (90 m). 2.2.1.4 Relocating the yard storage so that separation distances are adequate is preferable to special exposure protection. For ordinary or light hazard yard storage with all types of exposed walls, and for high hazard yard storage with all types of exposed walls except Category D (Appendix A), use Tables 1 and 2 to determine needed space separation. Treat the yard storage as an exposing building, assuming the wall and roof of the exposing building are a Category A type and noncombustible, respectively, with 100% openings in the exposing wall and using the applicable details of the occupancy and exposed walls. Tables 1 and 2 should not be used to determine space separation between yard storage classified as high hazard and exposed Category D walls. For such situations the following formula should be used: (Equation 1) S = 3.07 LH or (Equation 2) S = 16 H where: S = minimum recommended space separation, ft (m) L = Length of the yard storage in the direction parallel to the exposure, ft (m) H = Height of the yard storage, ft (m) Use Equation 1 when L 24 H Use Equation 2 when L > 24 H Use Equation 1 and 2 only for yard storage of high hazard materials exposing combustible walls. When storage is in a yard, it is reasonable to assume that the maximum length (parallel to the exposed wall) across which a fire in any commodity will burn at its maximum rate of heat release is about 400 ft (122 m). In other words, the maximum length (L) used in determining the needed separation distance is 400 ft (122 m). Because of other factors such as re-radiation, more rapid fire spread could be expected throughout the entire fire cutoff area of a building. Consequently, this maximum length should not be used to determine building-to-building separation. Where adequate space separation is not available, and provision of a protected enclosure for the yard storage is not practical, provide water spray protection for the exposed building as outlined in Data Sheet 2-8N. 2.2.1.5 Unpaved yards should be mowed so that the height of grass and weeds does not exceed 4 in. (100 mm). All combustible trash should be removed from the premises. 2.2.1.6 Dumpsters (rubbish skips) should be located at least 35 ft (11 m) from exposed buildings, unless the exposed walls are of blank masonry or concrete construction. 2.2.1.7 Loaded trailers stored in the yard should be treated as a building separation would, taking into consideration the contents and construction of the trailer. 2.2.1.8 Metal chain link fencing should be provided around the yard, with an adjacent aisle space between it and yard storage to prevent direct access by vandals. (See Data Sheet 9-17, Protection Against Arson and Other Incendiary Fires.)
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3.0 EXPOSURE FIRES (GENERAL) When evaluating the magnitude of the exposure fire, the type of construction; area, percent wall openings and occupancy of the exposure should be considered. Consideration should also be given to the type of wall and roof exposed to the radiant heat. Recommended separations are based on estimated portions of the exposing flame height that is unobscured by smoke. For applications simplicity, exposing wall or storage heights are used for input. A fire that results in ignition of or radiant heat damage to nearby buildings or other property is an exposure fire. In many large exposure fires, the origin of the fire has been on neighboring or adjoining property. Plant buildings also have been exposed and damaged by exposure fires starting in yard storages such as lumber, roll paper, tires, plastics, etc., or in separate, unsprinklered structures. Automatic sprinklers and firefighters usually control the fire and keep it from spreading throughout the exposed building, although heat, water and smoke damage may be considerable. 1. It is necessary to consider fire exposure protection (to buildings) from a fire in adjacent buildings or yard storage when: a) Separation distances are close enough so that a hazard to the exposed building is judged to exist, and b) Any one of the exposing properties is unsprinklered, or has sprinkler protection that is inadequate or is not considered reliable. Once a fire exposure hazard is judged to exist, guidelines in this data sheet can be used to determine if separation distances between the exposing and exposed buildings are safe for the degree of protection afforded by the construction and sprinklers in the exposed building, or if protection for the exposed building is needed. Protection may be active, in which case water is applied directly to the exposed building during a fire, or passive, in which the exposed building is coated or shielded with a noncombustible or fire resistive material, or a large space separation is provided. Protection needed for the exposed buildings depends on the size and intensity of the exposure fire, the horizontal distance from the fire, and the position of the exposed portion in relation to the fire. The growth of a building fire will depend on a) the nature and quantity of combustibles in the building construction and occupancy, b) the amount of ventilation air, c) external factors such as wind velocity, promptness of detection, proximity of the local fire department, and available water supplies. In the vast majority of cases, it is reasonable to assume that there will be sufficient ventilation air to feed the fire. Table 1 combines construction and occupancy to give various degrees of fire exposure classification, and assumes that conditions are favorable for a free-burning fire. 3.1 Exposing Building 3.1.1 Construction If the exposing building is fire resistive such that the floor and/or roof deck, the framing and the exposing exterior wall (must be blank) are at least adequate for the expected exposure fire duration (so as to contain the exposure fire), no separation is needed for the exposed building. Exposing walls are categorized as either stable fire resistive, Category A or Category B. If a wall is fire resistive but tied to unprotected steel framing, for example, it may partially collapse as the steel fails early in a fire and is not considered stable. Such an assembly should be treated as Category A. Category A groups exposing materials that have some fire resistance or a high melting temperature that will not burn through. Consideration is given to the fact that some breakage or opening of panel joints may occur during the fire. Category B groups exposing materials that may burn through with a significant fire exposure, or may melt at fire temperatures, eventually allowing the exposed wall to feel the full effect of radiation. Masonry walls may be brick, concrete block or stone. Noncombustible (NC) walls have less fire resistance and are curtain walls constructed of panels such as protected metal, corrugated iron or cementitious panels on steel frame. Combustible walls may consist of wood or rigid plastic building materials. Wood walls with

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an exterior veneer of stucco, brick, masonry, etc., are considered to be Category B (Table 1) when considered as the exposing building (fire exposure from its interior), but is fire resistive when exposed from the exterior. The presence of cementitious shingles over exposed wood walls lessens space separation needed, while the presence of asphalt shingles over exposed wood walls increases the space separation needed. 3.1.2 Ventilation The exposure classifications given in Table 1 are based on well ventilated fires in the exposing buildings with adequate air supply to support the fire growth. Openings or spaces in the building wall are necessary to admit combustion air, while openings in the roof (vents, skylights, etc.) will discharge hot gases and allow entry of additional air to aid in the fire development. There is normally enough air within a building to feed a fire in the early stages. Typically openings are present or will develop in the early stages of a fire (windows or skylights break, heat and smoke vents open, combustible construction burns, steel panels buckle, aluminum panels melt, etc.). Consequently it is safe to assume there will be adequate ventilation for an exposure fire in the vast majority of cases. 3.1.3 Wind When the exposed building walls are combustible, it is assumed that wind will carry a spark or ember to the exposed wall and pilot-ignite the surface. 3.1.4 Effect of Fire Department The exposure categories (as determined by using Table 1) are based on full flame front at the exposure fire, however, long exposures to combustible materials could still cause ignition. It is assumed that the fire department and site conditions are adequate for the fire conditions, and that only a brief delay between ignition and fire department set up will be experienced. 3.1.5 Length of Wall Creating the Fire Exposure The relative exposure categories given in Table 1 are determined from the nature of the construction and occupancy in the exposing building, and the construction in the exposed building. An additional factor, however, is the aspect ratio of the potential flame front or the length/height or height/length ratio of the exposing wall. When two buildings are exposed by a rectangular building, the building exposed by the longer wall will experience the greater fire exposure, provided both walls are the same height and are fully aflame. Table 2 reflects the effect of the relative size of the flame front. 3.2 Exposed Building 3.2.1 When Not Sprinklered The exposed building will usually be sprinklered. If unsprinklered, but in need of sprinklers, sprinklers should be recommended. When not in need of sprinklers, the separation distances determined from Tables 1 and 2 still apply. 3.2.2 Construction Construction types and categories are described in Sections 1.0 and 2.0. 3.2.3 Protection of Openings Category D Walls. Exposed walls having a combustible exterior surface are about as vulnerable to fire exposure as ordinary doors and windows. Installation of fire doors and fire rated glass windows would serve little purpose. When the separation distance is adequate for Category D exposed walls, ordinary doors and windows can be tolerated. Category C Walls. Where separation distances are adequate for noncombustible construction, self-closing or automatic closing steel doors that are blank or have fire rated or tempered glass vision panels may be considered equivalent to the wall in fire resistance. When outside automatic sprinklers are not provided, fire rated glass is preferred in window openings, however, tempered glass may be tolerated. Ordinary windows can also be tolerated if they abut a corridor of noncombustible construction and occupancy.
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Fire Resistive Walls. When space separation is minimal, such that fire resistive exterior wall construction is needed, window openings usually need to be blocked in with material equivalent in fire resistance to that of the exposed wall, except as noted in Section 2.1.1.3. 3.2.4 Protection Beyond Ends of Exposing Building When the exposing building is shorter than the exposed one, protection beyond the ends of the exposing building is needed. Protection for the distance X2 Figure 1 beyond the end of the exposing wall should be the same protection that is required directly in front of the exposing building (X1 in Fig. 1). The distances X2, X3 and X4 are based on the angle , measured from a line perpendicular to the adjacent walls at the corner of the exposing wall. As increases, the level of protection needed is reduced. No additional protection is needed when exceeds 45. For more specific details, see Tables 3 and 4.
Fig. 1. Exposed building walls are longer than exposing walls.
Levels of exposed wall passive protection are ranked from best to worst as outlined in Table 3.

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Table 3. Levels of Passive Protection, P 3 Hour Fire Rated 2 Hour Fire Rated 1 Hour Fire Rated Category C* Category D*
* see footnotes to Table 1
For example, Category C is one level down from 1 hour fire rated. The protection of openings should be as outlined in Section 2.0 and 3.2.3 for the respective level of passive wall protection.
Table 4. Protection for Longer Exposed Walls Location of Exposed Wall with Respect to Exposing Wall Designation on Fig. 1 Distance Protection is Needed For Level of Protection* Directly across x1 L P 15 x2 0.25S P 15 < 30 x3 0.25S P-1 30 < 45 x4 0.5S P-2
S = Separation distance needed per Tables 1 and 2. If the actual separation distance d is greater than S for the type of exposed wall construction provided, the distance (X1, X2 or X3) that passive or active protection is needed for openings should be based on S and not d. If S is less than 40 ft (12.2 m) provide a level of protection P, P-1 and P-2, of at least 10 ft (3.0 m), 10 ft (3.0 m) and 20 ft (6.1 m), respectively, beyond the end of the exposing wall. P = Level of passive protection needed per Tables 1 and 2. For details on protection of openings or alternative sprinkler protection, see Section 2.0 and 3.2.3. P-1 = One level of passive protection less than needed per Tables 1 and 2 for the separation provided. P-2 = Two levels of passive protection less than needed per Tables 1 and 2 for the separation provided. L = Length of the exposing building. 3.2.5 Protection of Side Walls When the separation between buildings is adequate for the type of construction available, no additional protection is needed for the exposed wall or adjacent sidewall (exterior wall perpendicular to the exposed wall, see Fig. 2). When separation is inadequate for the exposed construction and passive protection or outside sprinklers are recommended for the exposed wall, and the exposure is longer than the exposed wall, protection will also be needed for some portion of the side wall of the exposed building. In such cases: a) Determine (using Tables 1 and 2) the safe separation distance (S) needed for that construction. b) Multiply that figure by 0.5. The result is the distance out from the face of the exposing building that protection is needed for the exposed building side walls. c) Subtract from this the actual separation distance (d) to arrive at (X), the length of the side wall that needs outside sprinkler protection (Fig. 2), or passive protection including the protection of openings, as outlined in Section 2.0. Outside sprinklers will protect the front wall, if it is at least 5 ft (1.5 m) away from the exposure. If the actual separation distance (d) is at least equal to 0.5 S, no side wall protection is needed. When the exposed building is fire resistive (such as masonry), having adequate separation for the wall, but having openings, openings need to be filled in with material of sufficient fire resistance along the front wall (or comparably protected) and possibly for some distance along the side wall. To determine this distance: a) Using Tables 1 and 2, determine the needed separation distance (S). b) Multiply that figure by 0.5. The result is the distance out from the face of the exposing building to where filling in or other protection of the openings in the exposed side wall is needed. c) Subtract d from this to determine X (See Fig. 2).
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Fig. 2. Protection for side walls of exposed building.

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The same procedure can be used for determining how far beyond that more fire resistant glass alone is needed (See Section 3.2.3), by multiplying 0.5 times S needed for combustible exposed walls (point beyond which plain glass windows are acceptable). 3.2.6 Protection when Walls at an Angle with Exposing Building The safe separation distances determined from Table 1 and 2 are for cases in which the exposed and exposing walls are nearly parallel. In that situation the exposed wall feels the most radiation. When heat radiation falls on a wall whose angle is greater than 15 with the exposing wall, the reduced intensity of radiation may be taken into account. This may be done by use of the multiplier (M) shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Multipliers for Non-Parallel Exposures (This is the angle between the exposing wall and the exposed wall.) 015 1530 3045 4560 6075 7590 90 M 1.00 0.92 0.84 0.75 0.66 0.58 0.50
Example 3.2.6.1: In Figure 3, the distance out from the exposing wall to the point where protection is needed may be determined as follows (assume is between 15D and 30D for the west exposed wall and between 60-75 for the south exposed wall): Assume the exposure is such that the masonry walls are adequate. But if the exposed walls were parallel to the exposing wall, the separation distance within which openings (currently tempered glass) need bricking in or fire rated glass and window sprinklers is 30 ft (9.1 m). From Table 5, the multiplier (M) is 0.92 for the longer west wall and 0.66 for the shorter south wall. It is necessary only to adjust the separation by using the multiplier, which varies with the angle . The same procedure may be used to determine how far out from the exposing wall that fire rated glass alone should be installed by calculating the needed separation from this exposure for Category C exposed walls, where tempered glass would be acceptable. For a given situation, assume that figure is 60 ft (18 m) if the walls are parallel. Since the west wall is between 15 and 30 of being parallel to the exposure, the multiplier per Table 5 is 0.92. Similarly the south wall is between 60 and 75 of being parallel to the exposure, so the multiplier is 0.66. Multiplying 60 ft (18 m) by 0.92 and 0.66 will yield the distance out from (as measured perpendicular to) the exposing wall in which fire rated glass is needed along the west (55 ft, 17 m) and south wall (40 ft, 12 m), respectively.
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Fig. 3. Protection for exposed building when walls are at an angle () with exposing building.
West Wall 60 ft 0.92 = 55 ft, 18 m 0.92 = 17 m South Wall 60 ft 0.66 = 40 ft, 18 m 0.66 = 12 m
3.2.7 Protection for Roof When Lower Than Exposing Building When the roof of the exposed building is below the top of the exposing building, the exposed roof may receive sufficient radiant heat to be ignited. A burning brand, large enough to cause pilot ignition, may also fall on the roof. For built-up roof coverings (BUR), placing a minimum of 4 lb/ft2 (20 kg/m2) of pea gravel on the roof in a flood coat of coal tar or asphalt is recommended. For single-ply membranes, large stone ballast or paver blocks may be used. (See Data Sheet 1-29.) It would only be necessary to provide this protection within 50 ft (15 m) of the exposure; however, the remaining portion of the roof should have a Class A rating, for the distance defined in recommendation 2.8. 3.2.8 Protection of Walls Above Lower Exposing Building When the height of the exposed building does not exceed the height of the exposing building, use Tables 1 and 2 to determine the safe separation distance or needed protection for the entire exposed wall. When the height of the exposed building exceeds the height of the exposing building (Fig. 4a), and the separation between buildings is not adequate according to Tables 1 and 2, protection for the portion of the exposed wall that is above the height of the exposing wall should be provided as outlined in Figures 4b and 4c. The type of protection needed should be based on the severity of the exposure (Tables 1 and 2) and the horizontal separation distance between buildings.

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When there is considerable height difference between a significant exposure and the higher exposed building, the level of protection of openings may be decreased one level for each story height above the distance of needed protection according to Figures 4b or 4c. As in example 3.2.8.1 below, windows on floors one through seven need to be bricked in (or have sprinklers and fire rated glass), those on the eight floor should have fire rated glass, those on the ninth floor should be tempered (or fire rated). Example 3.2.8.1 In Figure 4a, a nine-story sprinklered building with 12 in. (300 mm)-thick brick exterior walls and plain glass windows is exposed by a three-story unsprinklered building. Separation distance is only 30 ft (9.1 m). The exposing building is a plank-on-timber fully occupied furniture warehouse having wood walls and a fire area of 15,000 ft2 (1,400 m2) per floor. The length of the exposing wall is 112 ft (34 m). The story height in both buildings is 15 ft (4.6 m). What protection is required for the openings in the exposed building? Solution: The exposing building is multi-story, with wood walls and plank-on-timber floors, so the occupancy should be treated as high regardless of the exposure. Since the length of the exposing wall is 112 ft (34 m) and the height of the exposure is 45 ft (13.7 m), the aspect ratio of the exposure (for use in Table 2) is 2.5. The fire resistance of the exposed brick wall is in excess of 3 hours (see Data Sheet 1-21); however, separation would need to be adequate for exposed wall Category D for plain glass windows to be acceptable. The corresponding multiplier from Table 2 for category 1 and 13 is 0.48 and 4.65, respectively (for exposed 3-hour fire-rated walls and exposed Category D walls). The respective recommended separation distances are 27 ft (8.1 m) for 3 hour walls and 215 ft (66 m) for wood walls. The separation distance of 30 ft (9.1 m) provided is adequate for the brick walls, but not the plain glass. According to Figure 4b, the height above the exposure needing protection is at least 36 ft (11 m). Consequently, since the story heights are 15 ft (4.6 m), protection comparable to a 3 hr wall rating is needed for the first six floors, three up to the top of the exposing wall and three above it. The seventh floor and the eighth floor should have protection comparable to a 2 hr (blank wall or fire rated glass plus sprinklers) and 1 hr (fire rated glass) exposed wall, respectively. The ninth floor should have tempered or fire-rated glass to provide protection comparable to Category C. 3.3 Fire Exposure From Yard Storage Combustibles stored outdoors may create an exposure hazard to nearby buildings. There are a number of data sheets that consider this problem and discuss protection for yard storage. These include 7-10, Wood Processing and Wood Working Facilities; 7-28N, Explosive Materials; 7-29, Flammable Liquid Storage in Portable Containers; 7-85, Metals and Alloys; 7-88, Storage Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids; 8-3, Rubber Tire Storage; 8-7, Baled Fiber Storage; 8-10, Coal and Charcoal Storage; 8-21, Roll Paper Storage; 8-22, Storage of Baled Waste Paper; 8-24, Idle Pallet Storage; 8-27, Storage of Wood Chips; 8-28, Pulpwood and Outdoor Log Storage; 7-52, Oxygen. For outdoor storage that is not covered by any of the above data sheets, use this document to determine the separation and protection. When using this document, yard storage should be categorized as outlined in Appendix A. 3.4 Yard Housekeeping Unpaved yards with grass, weeds and bushes are hazardous, especially to buildings with combustible walls. Piles of combustibles, stored either in the yard or on nearby property, add to the hazard. Combustible yard storage may be vulnerable both to incendiarism and to fire spread from adjoining properties. These hazards may be reduced by yard paving, metal fencing, and the maintaining of an aisle space along the fence.
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Fig. 4a. Protection for exposed buildings higher than the exposing building.
4.0 REFERENCES 4.1 FM Global Data Sheet 1-0, Safeguards During Construction, Alteration and Demolition Data Sheet 1-19, Fire Walls, Subdivisions and Draft Curtains Data Sheet 1-21, Fire Resistance of Building Assemblies Data Sheet 1-22, Criteria for Maximum Foreseeable Loss Fire Walls and Space Separation Data Sheet 1-29, Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components Data Sheet 1-57, Rigid Plastic Building Materials Data Sheet 2-8N, NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems 1996 Edition Data Sheet 3-10, Installation and Maintenance of Private Fire Service Mains and their Appurtenances Data Sheet 7-28N, Explosive Materials Data Sheet 7-29, Flammable Liquid Storage in Portable Containers Data Sheet 7-32, Flammable Liquid Operations

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Fig. 4b. Protection of walls above the exposure (English units).
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Fig. 4c. Protection of walls above the exposure (SI Units).

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Data Sheet 7-52, Oxygen Data Sheet 7-85, Metals and Alloys Data Sheet 7-88, Storage Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids Data Sheet 8-1, Commodity Classification Data Sheet 8-3, Rubber Tire Storage Data Sheet 8-7, Baled Fiber Storage Data Sheet 8-10, Coal and Charcoal Storage Data Sheet 8-21, Roll Paper Storage Data Sheet 8-22, Storage of Baled Waste Paper Data Sheet 8-24, Idle Pallet Storage Data Sheet 8-27, Storage of Wood Chips Data Sheet 8-28, Pulpwood and Outdoor Log Storage Data Sheet 9-17, Protection Against Arson and Other Incendiary Fires The subject is also covered in NFPA No. 80-A, which is a guide (non-mandatory language) and not a standard. This data sheet goes into more detail and gives recommendations, especially regarding yard storage, for the prevention and reduction of the spread of fire. There are some differences between this document and NFPA 80-A. APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS Actual Separation Distance (d): The existing or proposed separation distance between adjacent buildings or between yard storage and a building. Class 1: Class 1 includes Approved plastic panels and plastic building panels. Approved Foam Insulated wall/ceiling constructions which utilize a polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam core and steel or aluminum-faced panels are considered Class 1. Approved insulated steel deck roof assemblies are also considered Class 1. Combustible: Combustible includes painted or unpainted wood, rigid plastic building materials that are not Approved, and Class 2 insulated steel decks. Concrete Block on Exposed (From the Exterior Side) Steel Frame: When any portion of the steel framing is on the exterior side of concrete block, expansion of the steel frame under heat exposure may open up the mortar joints. This tends to weaken the wall as well as permit the passage of heat and flame to the unexposed side. Some credit, however, can be given to this type of wall to act as a fire barrier under reduced exposure. If an exterior grade fire resistant coating (such as an intumescent mastic) is applied to the exterior side of the exposed steel to provide a comparable rating to that of the wall, that rating may be used to determine the separation. Otherwise, using the separation distances for noncombustible construction will provide a very conservative estimate of the needed separation. Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS). EIFS often use expanded or extruded polystyrene insulation (EPS). The exterior coating for the EPS is a thin (about 18 in., 3 mm) layer of proprietary plaster-like material which may be only 50% cement and 50% polymers. It offers considerably less thermal resistance than stucco (lath and plaster) which is typically 12 in. to 34 in. thick (13 to 19 mm). Fire Rated Glass: Glass such as wired glass, glass block or ceramic glass that has passed a minimum 34 hour fire endurance test and hose stream test. Fire Resistive: For more information including specific hourly fire ratings, refer to Data Sheet 1-21, Fire Resistance of Building Assemblies. This category includes concrete (tilt-up, precast, poured-in-place), concrete block, brick (but not quarter brick which is only about 12 in. (13 mm) thick when used as a veneer in EIFS systems), metal sandwich panels with a gypsum board core, and plaster/stucco (not EIFS). Well maintained concrete or masonry walls without openings generally need little or no separation or protection against fire exposure.
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High Hazard Occupancy: Storage of Class 3 or 4 or greater hazard commodities, storage of flammable liquids, plastics, roll paper, rubber tires and storage of any material judged to have a comparable or higher hazard. When palletized storage of Class 3 commodities are no more than one tier or 6 ft (1.8 m) high, the hazard may be reduced to Ordinary. Light Hazard Occupancy: Manufacture of noncombustible products in which small amounts of cutting oils, flammable liquids, or other combustibles are used. Assume a light hazard occupancy for use in Table 1 when the exposing building is a hospital, office (with minimal combustible furniture and limited books and papers in the open), school, or other building having a comparable occupancy hazard, or when any portion of the exposing building is combustible and the building is vacant. This classification can also be used for the palletized storage of Class 1 or 2 commodities to one tier high or 6 ft (1.8 m). Noncombustible (NC): Noncombustible walls usually consist of panels over steel framing. Panels may be painted or galvanized steel, corrugated iron, or corrugated cementitious supported on a steel frame. The panels are light in weight, and unless protected or adequately separated, they may buckle and open at their joints, or crack under fire exposure. Since heat will easily conduct through thin steel and ignite combustible insulation, insulations acceptable for use in this category include glass fiber, mineral wool and expanded glass. For other types of insulation, see Class 1 or combustible categories. Noncombustible panels also include protected metal panels and fiber-reinforced cement panels Approved and listed under Exterior Roofing and Siding. Ordinary Hazard Occupancy: Manufacture of Class 3 and Class 4 commodities. Storage of Class 1 or 2 commodities, and storages of Class 3 palletized commodities to one tier high or a maximum of 6 ft (1.8 m) high; metal-working in which significant amounts of cutting oils are present; or when the exposing building is occupied as a hotel, dwelling, retail store, garage, or any occupancy where there is a moderate amount of combustible material. Safe Separation Distance (S): The distance recommended per this document to prevent ignition of a building or its contents due to an exposure fire in an adjacent building or yard storage. Stable Fire Resistive (SFR): SFR walls are constructed of materials having a fire resistance rating at least adequate for the exposing occupancy. The exposing wall must be constructed so that it will not collapse in an uncontrolled fire. This includes freestanding fire walls. It does not include fire walls that are laterally supported by structural framework that does not have adequate fire resistance. APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY In September 1999, the March 1979 version was completely revised.

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